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object. As the experience unfolds temporally, appearances that manifest a qualitative similarity with the presently affecting appearance are retained in consciousness on the basis of their affinity with the present appearance such that they continue to exercise an affective force on the subject and to inform the subjects present sense of the experienced object. On a more distant plane, experiences of the same or similar objects are awakened and re-collected into the present such that their affective force is restored, and these too contribute to the subjects present understanding of the object. The retained and re-collected experiences ground determinate anticipations about how the experience will continue to unfold. These associative connections arise passively, that is, without any explicit relating of similar appearances on the part of the subject. Moreover, the recollection (Wiedererrinerung) involved in association must be distinguished from memory (Erinnerung) . T he latter is directed to the object as temporally past, whereas association re-calls prior experiences to shape an experience that is directed to the object as temporally present. T he same is true analogously for the difference b etween associative anticipation of how the present object will unfold in a continued experience and the expectation of an object that is directed to the future. See also PRIMAL IMPRESSION; PROTENTION; RETENTION. ATTENTION. Attention is the act of directing ones conscious regard to an abstract content , that is, a moment of an object. It is distinguished from the presentation that grasps the object as a whole, say, the perception of a material thing in space. Attention grasps not the perceived thing as such, but, for example, its color. Attention, which apprehends the moment in its particularity, must be distinguished from abstraction , which is a higher-order act that grasps the abstract content as a universal object . M o re generally, attention is the directio n o f ones co nsciousness to something a part or an object that stands out in and against a wider context. T he part stands out in and against the context of the concrete object of which it is a part, while the object stands out in and against the context of other objects, and so forth. ATTITUDE. An attitude for Husserl is a fixed style that a willing life adopts to w ard th e w o r ld , a s tyle th at m a n ife sts th e inte re sts that this life habitually seeks to satisfy and the ends it seeks to achieve. An attitude governs our stance toward the world, and it thereby determines certain features of our encounter with the world and the achievements , including the cultural achievements, of a life lived in that attitude. Several attitudes play important roles in Husserls philosophy. The most fundamental is the natural primordial attitude in which the particular,