Lecture 3 ASD and LRFD Principles Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) see AISC p.

. 2-6 and 16.1-213 thru 217

The LRFD was developed in the 1980s as an alternative design method to the triedand-true Allowable Stress Design (ASD) method. It is based on a limit state philosophy. A limit state is a term used to describe a condition in which the structure ceases to perform as intended. A strength limit state defines the safety against failure due to loading and a serviceability limit state is a functional requirement such as deflection, drift or vibration. In general, the LRFD method uses a statistical approach in determining factored loads that are compared against ultimate member strengths. In other words:

iQi < Rn
where: I = (lambda) load factor Qi = working or service load (see IBC ch. 16) = (phi) reduction factor, see AISC p. 2-10 = 0.90 for limit-states involving yielding = 0.75 for limit-states involving rupture Rn = nominal resistance strength of member If plotted on a probability graph, 2 bell curves would emerge, one being the probability of loads and the other being the probability of a members strength being realized.

Probability of loads, Qi

Probability of member strength, Rn

Overlap = failure

Lecture 3 Page 1 of 6

LRFD Load Factors: see AISC p. 2-8 The following 6 load factors are used to obtain the most severe factored loads: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 1.4D 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (0.5L or 0.8W) 1.2D + 1.6W + 0.5L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) 1.2D + 1.0E + 0.5L + 0.2S 0.9D + (1.6W or 1.0E)

where: D = service dead loads L = service floor live load Lr = service roof live load S = snow load R = rainwater load W = wind load E = earthquake load Example 1 GIVEN: A flat roof is framed with 24-0 long W18x40 beams spaced 8-0 o.c. The service applied roof dead load is 25 PSF and the applied service roof live load = 20 PSF (per IBC ch. 16). The service wind load on the flat roof is -8 PSF (uplift). wu W18x40 W18x40 W18x40

24-0 24-0

Beam Loading F.B.D

8-0 Typ.

Roof Framing Plan

REQUIRED:
1) Determine the maximum LRFD factored uniform load on the beam, wu.

2) Determine the maximum LRFD factored moment on the beam, Mu.

Lecture 3 Page 2 of 6

Step 1 Determine D, Lr and W in terms of PLF: D = DL(Trib. Width) + Beam wt. = 25 PSF(8 ft) + 40 PLF = 240 PLF Lr = LL(Trib. Width) = 20 PSF(8 ft) = 160 PLF W = -8 PSF(8 ft) = -64 PLF Step 2 Determine maximum FACTORED uniform load, wu: 1) 1.4D 1.4(240 PLF) = 336 PLF 2) 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) 1.2(240 PLF) + 0.5(160 PLF) = 368 PLF

3) 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (0.5L or 0.8W) 1.2(240 PLF) + 1.6(160 PLF) = 544 PLF USE
Do not use neg. wind if it reduces pos. gravity loads

Do not use neg. wind if it reduces pos. gravity loads

4) 1.2D + 1.6W + 0.5L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) 1.2(240 PLF) + 0.5(160 PLF) = 368 PLF 5) 1.2D + 1.0E + 0.5L + 0.2S 1.2(240 PLF) = 288 PLF 6) 0.9D + (1.6W or 1.0E) 0.9(240 PLF) + 1.6(-64) = 114 PLF OR 318 PLF Step 3 Determine maximum FACTORED moment on beam, Mu: Mu = wu L2 8

(544 PLF )(24'0" ) 2 8

= 39,168 ft-lb Mu = 39.2 kip-ft

Lecture 3 Page 3 of 6

Allowable Stress Design (ASD) See AISC p. 2-7 and 16.1-216 thru 217
The Allowable Stress Design (ASD) method is based on the concept that the stress levels in a component do not exceed established specific allowable stresses under service loads. For any single component, there may be several different allowable stress limits that must be checked. The basic design equation for ASD is as follows:

Qi

Rn

where: Qi = working or service load (see IBC ch. 16) Rn = nominal resistance strength of member = (omega) safety factor, see AISC p. 2-10 = 1.67 for limit-states involving yielding = 2.00 for limit-states involving rupture 1.5 =

ASD Load Factors: see AISC p. 2-9 The following 7 load factors are used to obtain the most severe loads: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) D D+L D+(Lr or S or R) D+0.75L+0.75(Lr or S or R) D+(W or 0.7E) D+0.75(W or 0.7E)+0.75L+0.75(Lr or S or R) 0.6D+(W or 0.7E)

where: D = service dead loads L = service floor live load Lr = service roof live load S = snow load R = rainwater load W = wind load E = earthquake load

Lecture 3 Page 4 of 6

Example 2 GIVEN: Similar to Example 1, a flat roof is framed with 24-0 long W18x40 beams spaced 8-0 o.c. The service applied roof dead load is 25 PSF and the applied service roof live load = 20 PSF (per IBC ch. 16). The service wind load on the flat roof is -8 PSF (uplift). w W18x40 W18x40 W18x40

24-0 24-0

Beam Loading F.B.D

8-0 Typ. REQUIRED: 1) Determine the maximum ASD service uniform load on the beam, w. 2) Determine the maximum ASD service moment on the beam, Mmax. Step 1 Determine D, Lr and W in terms of PLF: D = DL(Trib. Width) + Beam wt. = 25 PSF(8 ft) + 40 PLF = 240 PLF Lr = LL(Trib. Width) = 20 PSF(8 ft) = 160 PLF W = -8 PSF(8 ft) = -64 PLF Step 2 Determine maximum SERVICE uniform load, w: 1) D 240 PLF 2) D+L 240 PLF + 0 = 240 PLF 3) D+(Lr or S or R) 240 PLF + 160 PLF = 400 PLF USE 4) D+0.75L+0.75(Lr or S or R) 240 PLF + 0 + 0.75(160 PLF) = 360 PLF

Roof Framing Plan

Lecture 3 Page 5 of 6

5) D+(W or 0.7E) 240 PLF + (-64 PLF) = 176 PLF 240 PLF (-64 PLF) = 304 PLF
Do not use neg. wind if it reduces pos. gravity loads

6) D+0.75(W or 0.7E)+0.75L+0.75(Lr or S or R) 240 PLF + 0 + 0.75(160 PLF) = 360 PLF 7) 0.6D+(W or 0.7E) 0.6(240 PLF) + (-64 PLF) = 80 PLF 0.6(240 PLF) (-64 PLF) = 208 PLF Step 3 Determine maximum SERVICE moment on beam, Mmax: Mmax = wL2 8

(400 PLF )(24'0" ) 2 8

= 28,800 ft-lb Mmax = 28.8 kip-ft

Lecture 3 Page 6 of 6