Arch Dams

Translated from the slides of

Prof. Dr. Recep YURTAL (..)

by his kind courtesy ercan kahya
Recep YURTAL .. n.Mh.Bl.

Arch Dams

Curved in plan and carry most of the water thrust horizontally to the side abutments by arch action. A certain percentage of water load is vertically transmitted to the foundation by cantilever action.

Recep YURTAL

Arch Dams

Recep YURTAL

.. n.Mh.Bl.

Recep YURTAL

.. n.Mh.Bl.

Arch Dams
n

Where & why we design it:

q q

q q

Appropriate when Width / Height of valley (B/H) < 6 Rocks at the base and hillsides should be strong enough with high bearing capacity. To save in the volume of concrete. Stresses are allowed to be as high as allowable stress of concrete. Connection to the slope of hillsides should be 45o at least.

Recep YURTAL

Arch Dams
Base width
Arch Width

Crest Downstream face Base width

radiousp

Upstream face

Height

Toe Axis

Central angle

Downstream Face

Base

Recep YURTAL

Arch Dam Types

n

Constant Center Arch Dam (variable angle)

q

Good for U-shaped valleys Easy construction Vertical upstream face Appropriate for middle-high dams

Recep YURTAL

Arch Dam Types

n

Variable Center Arch Dams (constant angle)

2

Good for V-shaped valleys Limited to the ratio of B/H=5 Best center angle: 133o 34

3-4
q

To obtain arch action at the bottom parts

1-2

Recep YURTAL

.. n.Mh.Bl.

Arch Dam Types

n

Variable Center Variable Angle Arch Dams

q

crest

Combination of the two above. Its calculation based on shell theory applied to arch dams

a a a

Recep YURTAL

.. n.Mh.Bl.

Arch Dam Types

Upstream

Recep YURTAL

Arch Dams
n

3.6.2 DESIGN OF ARCH DAMS

Structural Design: Load distribution in the dam body & beyond scope of this course
q q q q

Independent ring method Trial load method Elasticity theory Shell theory

Recep YURTAL

Arch Dams
n

Hydraulic Design
Determination of thickness at any elevation Effect of uplift force ignored Stresses due to ice & temp changes-important Arch action - near the crest of dam Cantilever action - near the bottom of dam Horizontal hydrostatic pressure is assumed to be taken by arch action

Arch Dams (design principles)

n

Independent Ring method:

h t
t
t/2 t/2

rm O

rd

rm = rd t/2
Recep YURTAL

Hh
p t

dFV

dFV
p

Differential force for infinitely small elemental piece with center angle of d :
R

x
r

dFV = p . r . d
Vertical component:

Ba

dFV = p . r . d . Sin

Recep YURTAL

Arch Dams (design principles)

Total

horizontal force:

H h = 2 .h.r . Sin

a
2

h : height of arch lib from the reservoir surface r : radius of arch a: central angle Equilibrium of forces in the flow direction (y): Hh = 2 Ry Ry: reaction force at the sides in y direction [= R sin (a/2)]

Hh
p t

dFV

dFV Reaction of the sides (R):

p

R a/2 Rx

Ry

R = .h.r
x Ry
r

R Rx a/2 The required thickness of the rib (t) when t << r :

Ba

R/t

all : allowable working stress

Recep YURTAL

for concrete in compression

t=

. h. r all

Arch Dams (design principles)

The volume of concrete for unit height for a single arch:

V=Lt
L: arch length (L = r a) (note that a is in radians)

.h 2 V= r a all

Arch Dams (design principles)

The required thickness of the rib (t):

Pressure

p = h:
t/2 t/2

p rd t= all

rm O

rd

rm = rd t/2

Reduction factor for base pressure at arch dams is zero (m=0)

Recep YURTAL

Arch Dams (design principles)

The optimum a for minimum volume of arch rib: dV / d = 0 a = 133o 34

This is the reason why the constant-angle dams require less concrete that the constant-center dams Formwork is more difficult In practice; 100o < a < 140o for the constant-angle dams

Arch Dams (design principles)

n

Displacement in an arch ring:

rm = all E
E = Concrete elasticity modulus rm = Radius from ring axis For the relation between center angle (2), beam length (L) & arch radius (r):
t/2 t/2

rm

rd

L r= 2 Sin
Recep YURTAL

O rm = rd t/2

rnek
n

Ykseklii 120 m olan bir barajn arlk ve kemer-arlk trnde yaplmas halleri iin taban geniliklerini ve birim kalnlktaki hacimlerini karlatrnz. Barajda taban su basnc kltme faktr 0.8 dir. b = 2.4 t/m

zm:

Arlk baraj iin:

b = w
b = 120

2.4 = 2.4 1.0

b = h

1 m
Hacim=

120

1 2.4 0.8

1 2.4 0.8

b= 95 m.

120 95

1 = 5700 m 2
.. n.Mh.Bl.

Recep YURTAL

Kemer-Arlk baraj iin:

m=0

b = h

b = 120

1 = 78 m 2. 4
120

1 Hacim = 120 78 = 4680 m 2

Hacim azalmas :
5700 4680 = % 18 5700

95 78

Arlk yerine kemer-arlk semeyle beton hacminde %18 azalma olacaktr. Bu seim ancak yamalar yeterince salam olduunda yaplabilir.
Recep YURTAL .. n.Mh.Bl.

rnek
n

Ykseklii 80 m olacak bir sabit yarapl (silindirik) kemer barajda tabandaki maksimum kemer kalnlnn, en fazla baraj yksekliinin ne eit olmas istendiine gore kemer yarapn hesaplaynz. Kemer halkalarnn emniyet gerilmesi 220 t/m, betonun elastisite modl 2106 t/m olduuna gre tepede anahtar noktasnda ortaya kacak sehimi bulunuz.

Recep YURTAL

.. n.Mh.Bl.

zm
h rd = t p
t = h/4 alalm t = 80 / 4 = 20 m :

p=h

h h rd = 4 ( h )
t
2 = 55 20 = 45 m 2

1 1 220 rd = h = = 55 m 4 4 1
rm E

rm = rd

= h

= 220

45 = 0.005 m 6 2 10

0.5 cm sehim oluur.

Recep YURTAL .. n.Mh.Bl.

rnek
n

Ykseklii 100 m ve tepe genilii 5 m olacak bir kemer barajn tepeden itibaren 0, 25, 50, 75 ve 100 m derinliklerdeki eksen yaraplar sra ile 95, 80, 63, 58, 50 m dir. Betonun emniyet gerilmesi 300 t/m ve elastisite modl 2106 t/m dir. Her seviyede kemer halkasnn kalnlk ve sehimini bulunuz.

Recep YURTAL

.. n.Mh.Bl.

Kemer Barajlar (Hesap Esaslar)

n

Bamsz Halkalar Yntemi

h t 0 25 50 75 100
Recep YURTAL .. n.Mh.Bl.

t
t/2 t/2

25 25 25 25

rm O

rd

rm = rd t/2

zm
2 2 h = bem = 300 = 200 t / m 3 3 rd p p t p rd ( h ) rm + t t= rd = rm + 2 ( h ) (rm + 0.5 t ) t = = 2 h h h
h rm + h 0.5 t t= h

h rm t= ( h h 0.5)
h rm t= (200 h 0.5)
bulunur.

= 1 t/m , h = 200 t/m

Sehim:

iin:

rm = h E
.. n.Mh.Bl.

Recep YURTAL

t=

h rm (200 h 0.5)

= h

rm E

Sra No

Baraj tepesinden itibaren derinlik h (m)

Eksen yarap Kemer kalnl rm (m) t (m)

Sehim (cm)

1 2 3 4 5

0 25 50 75 100

95 80 63 58 50

0,00 10,67 18,00 26,77 33,33

0,95 0,80 0,63 0,58 0,50

Recep YURTAL