Futur TBT 4380966 01

FUTUR Active Set-Cement Technology TBT
Reference: Version: Release Date: EDMS UID: Produced: Owner: Author: Private 4380966 1.2 14-Mar-2011 1650674712 14-Mar-2011 12:45:50 Sylvaine Le Roy-Delage Mario Bellabarba, Helene Bulte, Sylvaine Le Roy-Delage,Carl Johnson
TBT,htraining, self integrity, pressure, ealin zonal sur g cem face D203, isolation, ent, casing D204, SHC,SCP, vent Inn XE107, ovative sustained ow, srpc, SCVF Cem FUTUR, casing ent, well
Copyright 2011 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved.
Sylvaine Le Roy-Delage\Mario Bellabarba, Helene Bulte, Sylvaine Le Roy-Delage,Carl Johnson\4380966\1.2\Release Date:14-Mar-2011\EDMS UID: 1650674712\Produced: 14-Mar-2011 12:45:50
FUTUR-TBT / Legal Information
Legal Information
Copyright 2011 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved. This work contains the condential and proprietary trade secrets of Schlumberger and may not be copied or stored in an information retrieval system, transferred, used, distributed, translated or retransmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, in whole or in part, without the express written permission of the copyright owner. Trademarks & Service marks Schlumberger, the Schlumberger logotype, and other words or symbols used to identify the products and services described herein are either trademarks, trade names or service marks of Schlumberger and its licensors, or are the property of their respective owners. These marks may not be copied, imitated or used, in whole or in part, without the express prior written permission of Schlumberger. In addition, covers, page headers, custom graphics, icons, and other design elements may be service marks, trademarks, and/or trade dress of Schlumberger, and may not be copied, imitated, or used, in whole or in part, without the express prior written permission of Schlumberger. A complete list of Schlumberger marks may be viewed at the Schlumberger Oileld Services Marks page: http://markslist.slb.com Marks of Schlumberger include but may not be limited to CemCADE, CemCRETE, CemSTRESS, EverCRETE, FLAC, FUTUR, FlexSTONE, GASBLOK, GMA, GasMigrationAdvisor, ISOBLOK, LabDB, SlurryDesigner, WELLCLEAN II, WellBook, Wellbook. List of Trademarks
Term CemCADE CemCRETE CemSTRESS FLAC FUTUR FlexSTONE GASBLOK GasMigrationAdvisor ISOBLOK LabDB Denition Mark of Schlumberger Mark of Schlumberger Mark of Schlumberger Mark of Schlumberger Mark of Schlumberger Mark of Schlumberger Mark of Schlumberger Mark of Schlumberger Mark of Schlumberger Mark of Schlumberger
Private Copyright 2011 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved.
FUTUR-TBT / Legal Information
WellBook WELLCLEAN Wellbook
Mark of Schlumberger Mark of Schlumberger Mark of Schlumberger
FUTUR-TBT / Document Control
Document Control
Owner: Author: Reviewer: Approver: Sylvaine Le Roy-Delage Mario Bellabarba, Helene Bulte, Sylvaine Le Roy-Delage,Carl Johnson Francoise Vogeleisen Mario Bellabarba
Contact Information
Name: Address: Sylvaine Le Roy-Delage SRPC 1 rue Becquerel 92140 CLAMART FRANCE 33 1 45 37 20 00 SRPCDoc-TBTCementing
Phone: LDAP Alias:
Revision History
Version Date 1.0 Description Prepared by Author: Mario Bellabarba, Helene Bulte, Sylvaine Le Roy-Delage, Carl Johnson Author: Francoise Vogeleisen 20-Dec-2007 Creation of the TBT
1.01
29-Jan-2008 Addition of a SlurryDesigner movie about the use of FUTUR icon. After feedback of Loic Regnault, minor update in 3.8 section. 18-Feb-2008 Update following LMS publication 16-Jun-2008 With the new release of SlurryDesigner software, Conventional and Multi-modal options have been renamed respectively Mid-Range and Select. 29-Nov-2010 Changed instructions for taking module test online for iLearn. Update of the DM about How to use the WebHelp format. Addition of the note about the obsolescence of SlurryDesigner. 14-Mar-2011 Technical update
1.02 1.03
Author: SRPC Doc/TBT Cementing Author: Francoise Vogeleisen
1.1
Author: Francoise Vogeleisen
1.2
Author: Loic Regnault
FUTUR-TBT / Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2 2.1 2.2 3 4 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 6 6.1 7 7.1 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 How to use Technology-Based Training (TBT)? _________________ 1-1 Executive summary __________________________________________ 1-1 Introduction __________________________________________________ 1-2 Navigation ___________________________________________________ 1-2 Viewing gures, tables, and animations ________________________ 1-6 Questions __________________________________________________ 1-10 Prerequisites ___________________________________________________ Hardware resources _________________________________________ Software resources __________________________________________ Objectives The Rules _____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 2-1 2-1 2-1 3-1 4-1 5-1 5-1 5-3 5-5 6-1 6-1 7-1 7-2
Cement Failures ________________________________________________ Failure in traction ____________________________________________ Failure in compression _______________________________________ Cement debonding (microannulus) ____________________________ Introduction ____________________________________________________ Exercise _____________________________________________________ Reservoir Hydrocarbon Identication __________________________ Exercise _____________________________________________________
FUTUR Design Methodology ___________________________________ 8-1 First Step : To dene the primary hydrocarbon type (oil or gas) in the well _________________________________________________________ 8-1 Second Step: To dene the D203 (D204 for US) Concentration _ 8-2 Third step: To dene the place of FUTUR in the reservoir _______ 8-4 Design Constraints _____________________________________________ Density ______________________________________________________ SVF _________________________________________________________ Concentration of D203 (D204 for US) _________________________ Water/Cement ratio __________________________________________ Exercise _____________________________________________________ 9-1 9-1 9-1 9-2 9-2 9-2
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FUTUR-TBT / Table of Contents
vi
10 10.1 10.2 11 11.1 11.2 11.3 12 12.1 12.2 12.3 13 13.1 13.2 13.3 14 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 15 16
Cementing in Gas Wells with FUTUR system __________________ Introduction _________________________________________________ Exercise ____________________________________________________ Workow Requirements _______________________________________ Introduction _________________________________________________ Workow ___________________________________________________ Exercise ____________________________________________________ CemCADE and GasMigrationAdvisor Applications ____________ CemCADE _________________________________________________ GasMigrationAdvisor Identifying the right solution ___________ Exercise ____________________________________________________ Design WellBook: Cementing Fluid Application _______________ Description _________________________________________________ Application with FUTUR systems _____________________________ Exercise ____________________________________________________ CemSTRESS Application ______________________________________ Description _________________________________________________ Purpose ____________________________________________________ Benets ____________________________________________________ Exercise ____________________________________________________ FUTUR Design Examples Post test Glossary ______________________________________
10-1 10-1 10-5 11-1 11-1 11-1 11-3 12-1 12-1 12-2 12-3 13-1 13-1 13-1 13-2 14-1 14-1 14-1 14-2 14-2 15-1 16-1 Gl.-1
______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
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FUTUR-TBT / List of Figures
vii
List of Figures
1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7 1-8 1-9 1-10 1-11 1-12 1-13 1-14 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 Navigation column table of contents (TOC) and previous/next buttons_ Collapse all icon ___________________________________________________ Expand all icon ____________________________________________________ Hide/show navigation icon__________________________________________ Index/Search function ______________________________________________ Thumbnail example ________________________________________________ Radia Software Manager desktop icon ______________________________ URL link example__________________________________________________ Cross-reference link example______________________________________ Exercise question link example ____________________________________ Test question login page __________________________________________ Submit button ____________________________________________________ Feedback window ________________________________________________ Coaching or test report____________________________________________ Cement sheath failure in traction due to pressure increase ___________ Cement sheath failure in traction due to temperature decrease _______ Cement sheath failure in compression due to pressure increase ______ Microannulus due to temperature or pressure decrease ______________ 1-3 1-4 1-4 1-5 1-5 1-7 1-8 1-9 1-10 1-11 1-12 1-12 1-13 1-14 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5
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FUTUR-TBT / List of Multimedia
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List of Multimedia
5-1 Cement sheath failure modelling____________________________________ 5-1
1-i
FUTUR-TBT / How to use Technology-Based Training (TBT)?
1-i
How to use Technology-Based Training (TBT)?

Executive summary ____________________________________________ Introduction ____________________________________________________ Navigation _____________________________________________________ TOC menu bar _______________________________________________ Viewing gures, tables, and animations ________________________ Viewing gures and tables ____________________________________ Viewing graphics and animations from thumbnails ______________ Viewing SVG Graphics ___________________________________ Using links __________________________________________________ URL links ________________________________________________ Cross-reference links _____________________________________ Questions _____________________________________________________ Exercises ___________________________________________________ Tests _______________________________________________________ Test feedback ___________________________________________ Coaching or test report __________________________________ 1-1 1-2 1-2 1-3 1-6 1-6 1-6 1-7 1-8 1-8 1-9 1-10 1-10 1-12 1-13 1-14
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3.1 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.2.1 1.4.3 1.4.3.1 1.4.3.2 1.5 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.2.1 1.5.2.2
1-1
1-1
How to use Technology-Based Training (TBT)?

Note A TBT is only viewable in OnLine format (WebHelp). Animations, questions and tests cannot be displayed in other formats.
Note If you have taken a TBT recently, simply review the Executive summary section. Otherwise, please continue to Section 1.2 for detailed instructions on how to use this TBT. 1.1
Executive summary
1. You can navigate from the TOC (Table of Contents) by clicking the links there, or use the previous (<)/next (>) buttons. 2. You must click the thumbnail to view all animations and some graphics. 3. URL links display content in a new window. Cross-reference links display the linked item inside the same document window. 4. The Check your understanding exercise links open a new window with a Perception database of questions for the section you have just nished. The answers are scored but not recorded. You can go through the questions as often as you like. 5. Some modules have iLearn and Posttest links. Other may simply have Exercises and Test links. Follow the instructions to access the iLearn-based testing. Test links also open a new window with a Perception database of questions for all the TBT sections. Enter your LDAP alias (username) and password to access the test. You will need to click the Submit button for each section when you have nished. The answers are scored and recorded. The passing grade will be given in the instructions with the link. You can take the tests as many times as you want. You can print a report of the test.
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1-2
1.2
Introduction
Technology-based training (TBT) is developed with you, the user, in mind. TBT enables you to take the course whenever you are available, 24 hours a day, seven days a week. You can proceed through the entire TBT or take one topic at a time. Each TBT is called a module and each module contains topics (also known as segments). If you compared a TBT to a book, the module is the book and the topics are the chapters in the book. The TBT modules assist you in learning new content and revisiting previously learned content, or they provide an introduction to a new product. Depending on the scope, the TBT may consist of a single topic or numerous topics. Each topic begins with a list of learning objectives. Each topic concludes with questions that serve as self-check exercises to reinforce your understanding of the material presented. This topic discusses: how to navigate through the TBT how to view graphics and animations from thumbnails how to use the questions to maximize the benets from the TBT.
1.3
Navigation
You can navigate through Schlumberger technology-based training modules using the table of contents (TOC) located in the left column, or the previous (<)/next (>) buttons to the right of the TOC column.
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1-3
Figure 1-1: Navigation column table of contents (TOC) and previous/next buttons
You can select a topic or subtopic by clicking the book icon, question mark icon or the text, e.g., (List of Figures, List of Multimedia and List of Tables or subtopics) to display an expanded list of the items in that section. Simultaneously, the information relating to the selected section displays in the right column. (A question mark icon indicates that there are no further subtopics in that topic.)
1.3.1
TOC menu bar

To collapse topics and subtopics, click the text or icons again, or use the Collapse all icon on the top menu bar.
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1-4
Figure 1-2: Collapse all icon
The related Expand all icon will also expand a selected topic or nested subtopic.
Figure 1-3: Expand all icon
The Hide/Show navigation icon can be used to hide the left TOC navigation column if needed.
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1-5
Figure 1-4: Hide/show navigation icon
The Print topic icon is used to print the topic content displayed in the right column. The TBT interface also allows for an index search. Click the Index icon or text, type in the search term and click Search.
Figure 1-5: Index/Search function
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1-6
1.4
Viewing gures, tables, and animations

Viewing gures and tables
The List of Figures and the List of Tables are located at the top of the TOC navigation column. Click the title or the corresponding book icon to display the gure or table in context.
1.4.1
1.4.2
Viewing graphics and animations from thumbnails

Likewise for animations and other videos, click the List of Multimedia text or book icon to display any available animations and videos. Click to select and view a particular animation. A thumbnail is a miniaturized representation of the actual graphic. Graphics can sometimes be too large to display in context, so thumbnails are used as placeholders for the larger graphic. To view the larger graphic, simply click the thumbnail to display the larger graphic in a new window. You can also print the graphic (press the Crtl and the P keys at the same time to display the print dialog box). Thumbnails are always used to link to animations. The thumbnail can be a movie icon or a miniaturized graphic of a scene in an animation. When you click an animation thumbnail, the animation is displayed in a new window. When you have nished viewing the graphic or animation, click the X in the upper right-hand corner of the window to exit and return to the TBT. The following graphic is an example of a thumbnail. Click the graphic to view the enlarged graphic in a new window.
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1-7
Figure 1-6: Thumbnail example
1.4.2.1
Viewing SVG Graphics

If you see an empty box where a graphic should be or click a thumbnail graphic and no graphic appears, the le could be an svg graphics le. An SVG viewer is required to view SVG les on the web. The Adobe SVG Viewer plug-in is available from Schlumbergers Radia Software Manager. To install the Adobe SVG viewer plug-in, follow these steps:
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1-8
1. Right-click the Radia icon (blue box) in the notication area (lower-right hand corner) of your desktop and select Launch Software Manager, or click the Radia icon on your desktop.
Figure 1-7: Radia Software Manager desktop icon
The Radia Software Manager window opens. 2. Locate the Adobe SVG Viewer Kit in the list and select Install. The plug-in is automatically installed. You should now be able to view SVG les on the web.
1.4.3
Using links
The TBT uses two types of links: URL links and cross-reference links.
1.4.3.1
URL links
When you click a URL link, it displays a web page in a new window, whether the page is in the Schlumberger network or on the World Wide Web. The text of the link is blue.
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1-9
Figure 1-8: URL link example
1.4.3.2
Cross-reference links
A cross-reference link is like a bookmark that marks the location of special information. The cross-reference link text is also blue. When you click a cross-reference link, it displays content in the TBT module within the same window. To go back to where you were before you clicked the link, click the Back button on your browser tool bar.
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Figure 1-9: Cross-reference link example
1.5
Questions
TBT exercise and test questions are designed to reinforce knowledge acquisition. The questions are based on the learning objectives stated at the beginning of each topic and on the content within the TBT. The exercise and posttest (test) questions are produced with a software called Questionmark Perception, and are all placed in the same database. All the exercise, test/posttest questions are randomly selected from the same database of questions.
1.5.1
Exercises
The exercise questions are self-checks for understanding. They are presented as Check your understanding subtopics and are typically located at the end of each topic. The questions are specic to the topic you have just completed. You can answer the exercise questions as many times as you like.
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1-11
When you are ready to answer exercise questions, click the questions link to connect to the questions server. A new window displays the Perception questions. Click the graphic below to see an example of an exercise question window.
Figure 1-10: Exercise question link example
Note Exercises are scored but not recorded.
1-12
1-12
1.5.2
Tests
Note Tests are scored and recorded. When you click a test link a test question login page window displays. Click the graphic below to see an example of a test question login page window.
Figure 1-11: Test question login page
The test assesses whether you have met the TBT learning objectives. The test use questions that are randomly selected from a pool of questions in the Perception database. The questions are presented by topics, or segments. Some TBT modules may have only one segment, others may have several segments. After each segment, you must click the Submit button.
Figure 1-12: Submit button
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Tip You can change your answers within a segment at any time before you press the Submit button. However, once you press the Submit button, you cannot change your answer.
Note If you get the Entrust Login window when you rst click the test link, simply close the window to continue. 1.5.2.1
Test feedback
After you complete and submit the nal segment in the test, a feedback screen displays your scored results. The feedback screen also lists each question, your response, whether your answer was correct or not, and feedback. Review the questions and the appropriate topics if necessary.
Figure 1-13: Feedback window
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1.5.2.2
Coaching or test report

When you nish reviewing the test feedback window, you can print a report of the test. At the bottom of the feedback window, click Link to display the test report. You can print the report for your records. Click the graphic below to see an example of a coaching or test report.
Figure 1-14: Coaching or test report
2-i
FUTUR-TBT / Prerequisites
2-i
2 2.1 2.2
Prerequisites
Hardware resources Software resources ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 2-1 2-1
2-1
2-1
Prerequisites
TBT, D203,D204
To use this training module effectively, you must be familiar with the basic concepts of Rock Mechanics, such as stress, strain and Youngs Modulus. You need to revise these topics and complete the module Rock Mechanics in the Basic Course, before starting this module. You also need to know the main features of CemSTRESS, Design WellBook: Cementing Fluid, GasMigrationAdvisor and CemCADE applications. In addition, a basic understanding of cementing terminology, practices, and slurry design is required. Quality Note All animations are *.swf les, you will need the appropriate plug-in. Click here to download the Flash Player 6 plug-in (it will only take a few minutes). 2.1
Hardware resources
Standard Schlumberger Laptop or Desktop with OPS Pack 3.5, 4.0 or above Minimum RAM size is 64 MB Screen Display supporting a resolution of 1024x768
2.2
Software resources
The following software and/or software licenses are required to complete this TBT: Microsoft Windows 2000 SP2 or above Microsoft Excel 2000 software for report generation Internet Explorer 5.5 or above OpsPack computer v3.5 or above Design WellBook Application CemSTRESS Application GasMigrationAdvisor Application
2-2
Private
CemCADE Application
2-2
3-i
FUTUR-TBT / Objectives
Private
Objectives
3-i
3-1
FUTUR-TBT / Objectives
3-1
Objectives
TBT, D203, D204
Upon completion of this module you will be able to: 1. Recognize the various types of cement sheath failure and their causes. 2. Identify the additives that are part of FUTUR Active Set-Cement technology and the properties they control. 3. Recognize that the knowledge of the type of hydrocarbon (oil or gas) in the well is a prerequisite for FUTUR design. 4. Understand the FUTUR design methodology. 5. Knowing the target density you should be able to identify the best potential blend by adjusting a blend property; the Solid Volume Fraction (SVF). 6. Understand that oil or gas exposure require different design rules for FUTUR systems. 7. Be aware of the design constraints of FUTUR systems. and work with those constraints. 8. Understand gas well cementing requirements when using FUTUR systems. 9. Be aware of the required workow when implementing a FUTUR design. 10. Understand the requirement to use CemCADE and GasMigrationAdvisor to be able to identify the level of risk associated with gas migration. 11. Understand the role of SlurryDesigner when designing FUTUR systems for a particular well scenario. 12. Understand the role of Wellbook in dening the use of FUTUR systems for a particular well scenario. 13. Given knowledge of the downhole conditions, you should be able to analyze and predict possible cement sheath failure with CemSTRESS. 14. Be familiar with FUTUR designs and be able to input data required by SlurryDesigner to effectively design a blend.
Note Please, be inform that the SlurryDesigner application is now obsolete and should be replaced by the Design WellBook: Cementing Fluid software.
4-i
FUTUR-TBT / The Rules
Private
The Rules
4-i
4-1
4-1
The Rules
TBT, D203, D204
The training is divided up according to the rules below. After each rule is explained in its own section, you will be asked to test your understanding of that section.
Table 4-1: The FUTUR systems Rules I FUTUR systems are: designed and laboratory tested depending upon the primary hydrocarbon type (oil or gas) to be isolated, designed to contain D203/204 which control the level of swellability of the set cement system. II FUTUR systems reduce the risk of unwanted hydrocarbon communication in a well: by properly designing a swellable cement system for predicted oil or gas exposure, by ensuring proper and efcient placement techniques using CemCADE placement software and WELLCLEAN II. III If future mitigation of damage to the cement sheath is required, a swellable cement system can be effectively used as it swells on contact with any formation hydrocarbon uids. IV Depending upon changes in downhole conditions, there are three main mechanisms of cement sheath failure including: failure in traction, failure in compression, cement debonding. V The choice of Solid Volume Fraction (SVF) / porosity is important when designing any swellable cement system. VI The Water/Cement Ratio is very important when designing a FUTUR system in case of gas exposure. VII FUTUR systems can be designed with blends of multiple particles size or can be designed to work in conventional cement systems.
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4-2
Table 4-2: The Oil Exposure Rules VIII The swellable characteristics of FUTUR system are dictated by specic requirements when exposed to oil: the nominal concentration of D203/D204 will be lower than for an FUTUR system designed for gas exposure. IX For certain FUTUR designs, the swelling properties of the set cement can be measured: with linear expansion molds. X For other FUTUR designs at low density , the Technical Memo must be used. XI Very high rates of swellability can be achieved in oil: Systems that have too high a concentration of swellability may suffer internal matrix damage. It is mandatory to follow SlurryDesigner to avoid over-swellability. Table 4-3: The Gas Exposure Rules XII D203/D204 must be used in conjunction with a gas migration additive, for example GASBLOK, for cementing across gas zones. XIII When designing a FUTUR system for a gas well, the gas migration risk must be determined using: CemCADE placement software which ensures the best possible placement and mud removal program. GasMigrationAdvisor (GMA) which selects the most appropriate gas migration control additive for the liquid slurry phase. XIV The swelling properties of FUTUR systems are only activated once the cement has cured and hardened into a set state. FUTUR system does not function as a gas migration control additive in the liquid slurry phase. Table 4-4: Software Usage Rules XV After using CemCADE and GasMigrationAdvisor (if necessary) to design an FUTUR system efciently, you need to perform: a Wellbook diagnosis to determine if a FUTUR system can be used in any particular well scenario. the slurry design using SlurryDesigner application.
5-i
FUTUR-TBT / Cement Failures
5-i
5 5.1 5.2 5.3
Cement Failures
Failure in traction ______________________________________________ Failure in compression _________________________________________ Cement debonding (microannulus) _____________________________ 5-1 5-3 5-5
5-1
5-1
Cement Failures
D203, D204, TBT
There are three mechanisms of cement sheath failure that can lead to loss of zonal isolation or loss of cement integrity: 1. Failure in traction (leading to tensile cracking in the cement) 2. Failure in compression (leading to the destruction of the cement matrix) 3. Cement debonding (microannulus) from the casing and/or the formation (leading to microannulus). This 4min animation, Multimedia 5-1, will give an overview of the modelling of cement sheath failure in compression.
Multimedia 5-1: Cement sheath failure modelling NOTE: Multimedia is currently available only in HTML publications.
5.1
Failure in traction
Cement fails in traction whenever its tensile strength is exceeded. This kind of failure is typical for wellbore pressure or temperature increases, when the formation is soft (low Youngs Modulus) and/or the cement is rigid (high Youngs Modulus).
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5-2
rock cement crack
casing pushing outwards
Figure 5-1: Cement sheath failure in traction due to pressure increase
A pressure increase inside the wellbore has the effect of pushing the casing outwards. In a non-conned conguration (when the surrounding medium is soft), the rock is not rigid enough to contain the push, thus the casing and cement sheath expand outwards. This expansion involves a deformation of the cement sheath as it increases in diameter. Such deformation would stretch the cement creating tangential stresses. A Portland cement has a much higher resistance to failure in compression than in tension. In these circumstances, the cement frequently fails under the tensile stress, showing radial cracks that extend vertically along the wellbore. Temperature increases will also produce an outward expansion of the casing due to thermal dilation. Similar to the case of an increase in pressure in a non-conned conguration, this expansion may create tensile cracks in the cement.
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rock cement crack gap casing
Figure 5-2: Cement sheath failure in traction due to temperature decrease
Even a temperature decrease in the wellbore may lead to cement cracking, especially when the interface between casing and cement is unbonded, and the interface between cement and formation is fully bonded. In this case, the cement sheath would have a tendency to retract and become smaller in diameter. However, the bond to the rock may prevent the cement sheath contraction. Thus the cement sheath could develop tensile stresses that may lead to cracking.
5.2
Failure in compression
Cement fails in compression when its rupture compressive strength is exceeded. This kind of failure is typical for wellbore pressure and/or temperature increases, when the formation is rigid (high Youngs Modulus), or when the cement sheath is between two casings.
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rock cement crack
casing pushing outwards
Figure 5-3: Cement sheath failure in compression due to pressure increase
Due to pressure increase inside the wellbore, the casing will be pushed outwards. In a conned conguration (when the surrounding medium is hard), the rock (or the external casing) is rigid enough to contain the push, so the cement sheath becomes squeezed between the casing and the formation (or between two casings). In these circumstances, the push creates compressive stresses in the cement. If the compressive stresses exceed the cement rupture strength, a failure in compression occurs.
Note Rupture strength is different from the compressive strength. The compressive strength is the maximum compressive stress attained at the end of a crush test (in which the cement is free to expand laterally during the loading). The rupture strength is the maximum compressive stress that the cement would support when not allowed to expand laterally, or if lateral compressive stresses are applied. The rupture strength is greater than the compressive strength. Temperature increases will also produce the effect of pushing the casing outwards, due to thermal dilation. Similarly to the case of the pressure increase, in a conned conguration this push may lead to cement failure in compression.
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5-5
5.3
Cement debonding (microannulus)

Microannulus occurs when the cement sheath loses its bond with the casing and/or the formation. Microannulus typically occurs when there is a pressure decrease or temperature decrease in the wellbore.
Microannulus
Figure 5-4: Microannulus due to temperature or pressure decrease
A pressure or temperature decrease inside the wellbore has the effect of contracting the casing inwards. If the bond at the casing/cement interface is weak, the casing detaches from the cement, creating a gap.
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FUTUR-TBT / Introduction
6-i
6 6.1
Introduction
Exercise ________________________________________________________ 6-1
6-1
FUTUR-TBT / Introduction
6-1
Introduction
TBT, D203, D204
FUTUR Active Set-Cement technology is a new concept for zonal isolation formulated with a new material that has self-healing properties. Quality Note Such material does not negate the need for good cementing practices, but will enhance chances of success where there are risks to long term cement integrity. The objective of FUTUR is to provide long-term zonal isolation with a material that has self-repairing properties within the set cement. This material eliminates potential leak paths by automatically repairing itself when a microannulus or internal crack provides a ow path for hydrocarbons. The concept focuses on the reduction of risk of downhole or surface leaks in oil and gas wells, through autonomous cement sheath repair and without the need for well intervention. FUTUR is a reactive material, responding with a swelling mechanism whenever hydrocarbons leak through the cement matrix due to a loss of cement integrity. This 3min animation will give an overview of the technology of FUTUR system.
NOTE: Multimedia is currently available only in HTML publications.
Note D203 is NOT commercialized in the US by Schlumberger. For US Schlumberger commercializes ONLY D204. 6.1
Exercise
Check your understanding and knowledge of the previous sections by answering the following exercise questions. Click here to view the questions
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FUTUR-TBT / Reservoir Hydrocarbon Identication
7-i
7 7.1
Reservoir Hydrocarbon Identication

Exercise ________________________________________________________ 7-2
7-1
7-1
Reservoir Hydrocarbon Identication

TBT, D203, D204
One key difference compared to other cementing systems is that design-rules depend on the reservoir uid. A typical crude oil can contain thousand of different chemical compounds. Depending on its main components the crude oil is classied as parafnic, naphtenic, aromatic or asphaltic. Liquids obtained from different petroleum reservoirs have different characteristics. Some are black, heavy and thick while others are clear with a low viscosity and a low specic gravity. Note Some of their properties and behaviors are for instance described in the following book The Properties of Petroleum Fluids, William D. and Mc Cain Jr, PennWell (second edition). The behaviors of a reservoir uid during production are given by the shape of its phase diagram and the position of its critical point. There are ve types of reservoir uid. They are usually called: black oil, volatile oil, condensate gas, wet gas, dry gas. Fluid type is the deciding factor in many of the characterizations of the reservoir: Black oils consist of a wide variety of chemical species including large heavy, non-volatile molecules. Volatile oils contain relatively fewer heavy molecules and more intermediate (dened as ethane through hexane) than black oils. At the opposite, dry gas is primarily methane with some intermediates. Hydrocarbon mixture is gas in the reservoir and no liquid is formed at the surface in the separator. Condensate and wet gas are intermediate.
7-2
7-2
The condensate gas includes fewer heavy hydrocarbons than the oils. As the pressure declines, liquid condenses from the gas to form a free liquid in the reservoir. A wet gas exists solely as a gas in the reservoir. No liquid is formed in reservoir but some liquid are formed in the separator. Futur Cement technology considers two types of hydrocarbons: liquid hydrocarbons or oil, gaseous hydrocarbons, which for design purposes, include the following three families: condensate gas, wet gas, dry gas.
Quality Note When designing FUTUR, it is very important to be able to characterize the reservoir uid. This information can usually be obtained from the operators production department. 7.1
Exercise
8-i
FUTUR-TBT / FUTUR Design Methodology
8-i
8 8.1 8.1.1 8.1.2 8.2 8.2.1 8.2.1.1 8.2.1.2 8.2.2 8.2.3 8.3 8.3.1
FUTUR Design Methodology

First Step : To dene the primary hydrocarbon type (oil or gas) in the well ____________________________________________________________ 8-1 Introduction __________________________________________________ 8-1 Exercise _____________________________________________________ 8-1 Second Step: To dene the D203 (D204 for US) Concentration _ 8-2 Well Conguration ___________________________________________ 8-2 Oil Conguration _________________________________________ 8-2 Gas conguration ________________________________________ 8-3 Concentration of D203 (D204 for US) _________________________ 8-3 Exercise _____________________________________________________ 8-4 Third step: To dene the place of FUTUR in the reservoir ______ 8-4 Exercise _____________________________________________________ 8-4
8-1
8-1
FUTUR Design Methodology

TBT, D203, D204
8.1
First Step : To dene the primary hydrocarbon type (oil or gas) in the well
Introduction
D203 (D204 for US) is a polymer, which can swell in contact with hydrocarbon. Absorption of hydrocarbon is the main phenomenon that governs swelling of D203 (D204 for US). Absorption is a bulk phenomenon, which involves a volume change of the material if the particle is not too rigid. For polymeric materials that are made of chains of macromolecules forming coils, absorption implies a signicant swelling. The solvent molecules slowly diffuse into the polymer and induce a swelling. At equilibrium, the polymer network will contain a specic volume of solvent. In our case, D203 (D204 for US) is the polymer and solvents are hydrocarbons, which can be liquid or gaseous. Liquid is roughly composed of long hydrocarbon chains while gas is composed of small hydrocarbon chains. One molecule of liquid hydrocarbon is therefore longer than one molecule of gaseous hydrocarbon. Hence, a liquid molecule, which diffuses into one grain of D203 (D204 for US), will make it swell bigger than a gas molecule. FUTUR cement system is a responsive material and part of it is D203 (D204 for US). It should swell to cure potential leaks, however excessive swelling may lead to other problems such as loss of integrity of the cement sheath. You should then dene a matrix with the right concentration of D203 (D204 for US). Indeed, as D203 (D204 for US) swells more in oil than in gas, you will need less D203 (D204 for US) in oil than in gas.
8.1.1
8.1.2
Exercise
8-2
8-2
8.2
Second Step: To dene the D203 (D204 for US) Concentration

Once you know the type of hydrocarbon leak you want to prevent (oil or gas), you can evaluate the quantity of D203 (D204 for US) that is needed. The quantity of D203 (D204 for US) is needed for the whole matrix and is not function of the sack of cement/blend. The quantity of D203 (D204 for US) required will be presented in kilograms of D203 (D204 for US) by m3 of slurry then conversion to %BVOB will be explained.
Potential Severity: Potential Loss: Hazard Category:
Serious Process Natural phenomena
It is very important to respect the quantities presented below as excessive swelling may lead to loss of matrix integrity. If you put a higher quantity of D203 (D204 for US) than the one recommended for extended slurry in oil conguration, for example, then there is an increased risk of excessive swelling.
8.2.1
Well Conguration
Oil Conguration
For oil conguration you will need: 130kg 150kg D203 (D204 for US) per m3 of slurry (45.5lbm/bbl 52.5lbm/bbl or 78g/600mL 90g/600mL) for a MidRange or a Select design, which is composed of cement, D203 (D204 for US) and eventually possibly other particles like a coarse and a ne particle, 33 kg (2) D203 (D204 for US) per m3 of slurry (11.6lbm/bbl or 19.8g/600 mL) for an extended system at 1,437kg/m3 (12lbm/gal). These two concentrations take into account: the ability of D203 (D204 for US) to swell efciently in oil so you do not need to add too much of D203 (D204 for US), the responsiveness of the matrix to swelling.
8.2.1.1
8-3
8-3
An extended matrix is very porous hence more sensitive to expansion of D203 (D204 for US) grains. That is why you need less D203 (D204 for US) to get a good level of expansion.
8.2.1.2
Gas conguration
The concentration of D203 (D204 for US) depends on the methane composition of the gas to be isolated (condensate, wet and dry): 197kg (10) of D203 (D204 for US) per m3 (69lbm/bbl or 118.2g/600mL) of slurry if methane content in condensate gas is less than 83%mol, 200kg to 250kg of D203 (D204 for US) per m3 (7087.5lbm/bbl or 120-150g/600mL) of slurry if methane content in wet gas is 83%mol<=methane<=91%mol, 300kg of D203 (D204 for US) per m3 (105lbm/bbl or 180g/600mL) of slurry if methane content in dry gas is 91%mol<methane<95%mol. Specic rules apply for systems containing D035 (US only). They are available from D204 technical memo InTouchSupport content #4407412). Quality Note For methane concentrations greater than 95%mol, there is no recommended blend design with D203 (D204 for US). The product champion for FUTUR should be contacted for assistance.
8.2.2
Concentration of D203 (D204 for US)

FUTUR cement systems are blended to included D203. To calculate the required quantity of D203 (D204 for US) in %BVOB, you need the quantity of D203 (D204 for US) in kg per m3 of slurry, the absolute density of D203 (D204 for US) and SVF of the slurry.
D 203 / D 204 % BVOB = 100
QuantityD 203/ 204(kg /m3of slurry ) d D 203 / D 204 (kg/m3 ) SVF
Quality Note The absolute density of D203 (D204 for US) is generally 1200kg per m3, however this should be conrmed with an helium pycnometer.
8-4
8-4
8.2.3
Exercise
8.3
Third step: To dene the place of FUTUR in the reservoir

Depending of the type of uid (oil or gas) you want to isolate, the placement of FUTUR will be different. It is recommended to place FUTUR system above the reservoir.
Potential Severity: Potential Loss: Hazard Category:
Serious Process Natural phenomena, Nuisance noise
In cases where the annular volume is small and you want to use FUTUR all along the well, FUTUR system may be used across the production zone IF and only IF production zone is gaseous. If you have risks of gas leakage and you produce oil, you must NOT place FUTUR system designed for gas case in front of the oil reservoir.
8.3.1
Exercise
9-i
FUTUR-TBT / Design Constraints
9-i
9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5
Design Constraints
Density _________________________________________________________ SVF ____________________________________________________________ Concentration of D203 (D204 for US) ___________________________ Water/Cement ratio _____________________________________________ Exercise ________________________________________________________ 9-1 9-1 9-2 9-2 9-2
9-1
9-1
Design Constraints
TBT, D203, D204
Quality Note It is very important to be aware of the design constraints of FUTUR system and work with those constraints. FUTUR systems are designed inside an envelope. Limits of this envelope can be dened as Density, Solid Volume fraction, Quantity of D203 (D204 for US), which is linked to the type of hydrocarbon FUTUR is designed to isolate. Water cement ratio (in case of gas exposure)
9.1
Density
FUTUR system are designed for densities between 1440kg/m3 and 1920 kg/m3 [12lbm/gal and 16lbm/gal].
9.2
SVF
The SVF is an important parameter for FUTUR systems. For oil conguration, SVF should be between 48 and 55%, except for extended slurries where SVF is in a range of 20 to 30%. For gas conguration, SVF should fall between 48 and 52% with a strong preference for 50%. Exceptions are described in D204 technical memo InTouchSupport content #4407412 (designs with D035 for US only). Because SVF is almost xed, the way to reach the target density is to play with other additives such as coarse and ne particles. Then either your density is reached with a simple blend of cement and D203 (D204 for US) or you have a blend with coarse, medium and ne particles.
9-2
9-2
Quality Note The preferred SVF is 50% whatever the type of hydrocarbon. 9.3
Concentration of D203 (D204 for US)

Quantity of D203 (D204 for US) is linked with SVF (see section 8 (p. 8-1)). It is therefore important to check that concentration of D203 (D204 for US) remains correct if SVF has to be changed.
9.4
Water/Cement ratio
In case of gas exposure the Water/Cement ratio is also an important parameter for the design of FUTUR. It must be at least 51%. This ratio is based on the water and cement requirements for the blend only, without any additional solid or liquid additives.
9.5
Exercise
10-i
FUTUR-TBT / Cementing in Gas Wells with FUTUR system
10-i
10 10.1 10.2
Cementing in Gas Wells with FUTUR system

Introduction ___________________________________________________ Exercise _______________________________________________________ 10-1 10-5
10-1
10-1
10
Cementing in Gas Wells with FUTUR system

TBT, D203, D204
10.1
Introduction
FUTUR is a new cement system that can contribute to long-term well integrity by preventing the ow of hydrocarbons in the event of cement sheath failure. Once the slurry has been placed and after it has set, FUTUR provides an effective barrier against the possibility of oil or gas leaks through a damaged cement sheath. FUTUR provides this protection due to a component of the set cement matrix that reacts in the presence of oil or gas. If, once FUTUR has set, there is damage to the cement sheath resulting in ssures or a micro-annulus through which hydrocarbons begin to ow, the material within the set cement matrix will react with the hydrocarbon and close off the ow path. FUTUR can be a useful tool in reducing the risk of gas migration; however it is only one element in addressing this complex issue. FUTUR by itself cannot address all the circumstances surrounding gas migration. The FUTUR slurry selected for a cement job must be analyzed and optimized as would any other slurry used for cementing across gas zones. It is important to recognize that gas migration has the potential to occur at different stages during and after cement placement and hydration. Within Schlumberger, we characterize the phases during which gas migration can occur as follows: Immediate Gas Migration Phase, resulting from a hydrostatic under-balance that occurs across a gas zone during cementing operations, and which can be addressed by using CemCADE to design the uid pumping schedule, Short-Term Gas Migration Phase, resulting from the migration of gas through the cement slurry during the hydration process, and which can be mitigated by following the recommendations for placement and uid design given by the GasMigrationAdvisor, Long-Term Gas Migration Phase, resulting from failures in the cement sheath after the cement has set, which relies on the properties of the nal, set cement matrix.
10-2
10-2
In its simplest form, gas invasion occurs when pressure is lower in the annulus than at the formation face. Gas then migrates either to a lower pressure formation or to the surface. The severity of the problem may range from residual gas pressure (Sustained Casing Pressure) of a few psi at the wellhead to a blowout. In the past, various techniques have been developed to tackle individual factors that contribute to gas migration. However, gas migration is caused by numerous related factors. Only by addressing each factor systematically can a reasonable degree of success be expected. There is no single solution for preventing immediate, short term and long term gas migration at the same time. Different solutions need to be used to address the gas migration potential during each of these phases. The following list is not exhaustive, but represents the minimum requirements for dealing with gas migration
Gas Migration Stage Immediate Gas Migration Good knowledge of pore pressures over the interval to be cemented. Appropriate uid densities and pump rates to maintain dynamic and static overbalance during and after cementing (the use of CemCADE greatly facilitates this step). Centralization and good stand-off to ensure uids are placed as designed. Proper use of spacers and appropriate displacement rates to ensure that there is no path for gas to migrate through channels of unremoved drilling uid. Mitigation Techniques
10-3
10-3
Gas Migration Stage Short-Term Gas Migration
Mitigation Techniques Good knowledge of pore pressures over the interval to be cemented. Use of the GasMigrationAdvisor software to determine the risk of gas migration, and the optimal slurry properties and appropriate gas migration control additives (FLAC, ISOBLOK or GASBLOK) to minimize the risk. Centralization and good stand-off to ensure that there are no areas when incomplete mud removal would create a path for gas migration.
Long-Term Gas Migration Good knowledge of the future stresses to which the well may be subjected (stimulation, injection, drawdown, extreme pressure testing, etc). Use of the CemSTRESS software to select the best cement system to conserve cement integrity under these planned stresses. Incorporating FUTUR into the well construction plan.
It must be stressed that the solutions presented above are not exclusive of each other. In order to reduce the risk of Long Term Gas Migration, one must have a slurry, spacer and placement design that address the risks of Short-Term and Immediate Gas Migration as well as a system that addresses Long-Term Migration issues. Similarly, if one designs a slurry that only addresses Short-Term Gas Migration without addressing factors such as proper uid placement and drilling uid removal (that may result in Immediate Gas Migration), or the durability of the cement once it has set (that may result in Long-term Gas Migration), it is unlikely that the slurry alone will be able to prevent gas migration during the life of the well. A FUTUR system by itself will not counter the risks of gas migration. If the slurry is not placed correctly, FUTUR will not be able to prevent gas migration through contaminated or improperly removed mud. Likewise, a FUTUR slurry that is placed in front of a hydrocarbon zone has little chance of preventing short term gas migration if it is not designed in accordance with GasMigrationAdvisor recommendations. The channels formed by the migration of gas during the cement-setting process are too large to be closed-off by the self-healing capabilities of FUTUR.
10-4
10-4
With a FUTUR system, as with any cement slurry, it is necessary to analyze the well conditions and the placement of the cement slurry to determine the steps necessary to mitigate the potential for gas migration during all three gas migration phases. According to the recommendations set out by the GasMigrationAdvisor, FUTUR systems need to be designed for the specic gas migration risk that may be encountered in the well.
Gas Migration Severity Low Severity Zero Free Fluid. Control uid loss with D193 or D167/168 FLACs. GasMigrationAdvisor and SlurryDesigner will give recommended concentrations based on BHCT. Add FLAC as required to achieve a uid loss of <50mL when using D193 or <100mL when using D167/168. Never use less FLAC than recommended by SlurryDesigner. Medium Severity Zero Free Fluid. Use D500, ISOBLOK or D400 gas migration control additives. GasMigrationAdvisor and SlurryDesigner will give recommended concentrations based on BHCT. Add gas migration control additive as required to achieve a uid loss of <70mL when using D500 or ISOBLOK, or <40mL when using D400. Never use less gas migration control additive than recommended by SlurryDesigner. High Severity Zero Free Fluid. Use D700, D600G, D500, ISOBLOK or D400 gas migration control additives. GasMigrationAdvisor and SlurryDesigner will give recommended concentrations based on BHCT. Add gas migration control additive as required to achieve a uid loss of <50mL (<40mL when using D400). Never use less gas migration control additive than recommended by SlurryDesigner. Mitigation Measures
10-5
10-5
10.2
Exercise
11-i
FUTUR-TBT / Workow Requirements
11-i
11 11.1 11.2 11.2.1 11.2.2 11.2.3 11.2.4 11.2.5 11.3
Workow Requirements
Introduction ___________________________________________________ Workow ______________________________________________________ Well History ________________________________________________ Root Causes _______________________________________________ Well Dynamics ______________________________________________ Reservoir Fluids ____________________________________________ Design Methodology [Safety Net] ____________________________ Exercise _______________________________________________________ 11-1 11-1 11-1 11-2 11-2 11-3 11-3 11-3
11-1
11-1
11
Workow Requirements
TBT, D203, D204
This section allows you to be aware of the required workow when implementing an FUTUR design.
11.1
Introduction
There are 5 sections that a user would work through in order to establish which uid type they would choose for the cementation of any particular well: Well History Root Causes Well Dynamics Action / Assessment - uid recommendation: FlexSTONE [if YES answer] Action / Assessment - uid recommendation: continues towards FUTUR system [if NO answer] Reservoir Fluid Action / Assessment - Fluid recommendation: FUTUR system Design Methodology
Note This workow should be always utilized when considering the use of FUTUR system in an oil or gas well. 11.2
Workow
The following questions need to be answered before designing a FUTUR system.
11.2.1
Well History
1. Is there a history of hydrocarbon leaks and/or pressure/isolation problems within your clients well portfolio? [List the types of problems to choose]
11-2
11-2
2. Are the hydrocarbon leaks and/or pressure/isolation problems associated with the quality of the cement? Specically: Has there been a history of problems associated with short term gas migration issues (refer to section 10: Cementing in Gas Wells with FUTUR system (p. 10-1))? Has there been a history of problems associated with long term gas migration issues (refer to section 10: Cementing in Gas Wells with FUTUR system (p. 10-1))?
11.2.2
Root Causes
1. Do you know what causes these problems that damage the cement sheath? If not, it could be prudent to implement the use of FUTUR to mitigate risks from unwanted hydrocarbon communication ONLY if steps have been taken up front to mitigate the short term gas migration risks with the appropriate techniques. 2. Can these causes be reduced to an acceptable minimum or eliminated by a systematic change in the drilling or completion program?
11.2.3
Well Dynamics
1. Are there any or a series of dynamic changes of pressure and/or temperature occurring in the well once completed (For example, pressure testing the casing, fracture-stimulation treatment, drill-stem test, etc)? 2. Do you require that the cement sheath maintain its integrity without failing (i.e. does not crack in tension, compression or develop microannuli), and is the client expressing concerns for this possible mode of zonal isolation failure? a. If YES, the user should be directed to use another technology such as FlexSTONE. b. If NO, the user would continue to be directed towards a FUTUR solution. 3. Have you performed a cement sheath stress analysis on the particular well concerned using CemSTRESS? a. If YES, and the cement sheath is predicted to fail in tension and/or compression, the user should be directed to use an alternative technology such as FlexSTONE. b. If YES, and the cement sheath maintains matrix integrity but generates a microannulus, the user would continue to be directed to look for another solution including FUTUR or FlexSTONE systems solution at this stage of questioning.
11-3
11-3
4. Is your customer willing to accept possible cement sheath damage with the knowledge that the cement sheath has the ability to self-repair over time? a. If YES, the user should continue with the strategy of using FUTUR take steps to look at well design using CemCADE. If cementing a gas well, usingGasMigrationAdvisor is mandatory after to have done a preliminary FUTUR design with SlurryDesigner. b. If NO, reconsider the FlexSTONE Isolation Suite option, or use other CemCRETE / conventional systems.
11.2.4
Reservoir Fluids
1. What is the well type? [List either a producer or injector] 2. What is the reservoir uid(s)? [List the types of reservoir uid] Assessment - Fluid recommendation: FUTUR system
11.2.5
Design Methodology [Safety Net]

1. Have you been through the TBT for FUTUR system Software response: Before a FUTUR system can be fully designed and recommended; you must work through the TBT and complete the associated quiz. Wellbook would not process the input without an attachment of the quiz record from the TBT, perhaps?
11.3
Exercise
12-i
FUTUR-TBT / CemCADE and GasMigrationAdvisor Applications
12-i
12
CemCADE and GasMigrationAdvisor Applications

CemCADE _____________________________________________________ GasMigrationAdvisor Identifying the right solution __________ The different level modes of GasMigrationAdvisor _____________ Exercise _______________________________________________________ 12-1 12-2 12-2 12-3
12.1 12.2 12.2.1 12.3
12-1
12-1
12
CemCADE and GasMigrationAdvisor Applications

TBT, D203, D204
This section allows you to understand why using CemCADE and GMA is mandatory to be able to identify the level of risk associated with gas migration.
12.1
CemCADE
As part of the ability to properly assess the applicability of FUTUR systems to any particular well scenario, it is highly recommended that the CemCADE cement job design and simulation program is run to understand the placement and mud removal qualities of the proposed cement job. The optimum design, and subsequently the success of a primary cement job is more likely to be achieved when actual well data (depths, temperatures, formation properties, caliper, survey, etc.) and uid rheology (mud, chemical wash, spacer and slurry) are used. Therefore, when all actual well information becomes available, the primary cement-job design must be re-evaluated by running CemCADE with these data to see what design changes are required. State of the art primary cement-job designs are complex and take into account a high number of parameters. They cannot be created without the help of CemCADE. It naturally follows that any change in the design parameters, such as the difference between initial and actual data, require the CemCADE design to be updated. Consequently, any data differences require the design to be veried by rerunning the CemCADE program. Invariably, this will be the case with most job designs because the actual caliper and survey data will often be different from the data used in the initial job design. Since all of the actual well data only become available when job-execution planning is under way, the service location is responsible for ensuring the design is correct. For jobs designed by the service location, this should naturally occur since the design was completed locally with the client. When the cementing design is being performed for a gas well, only once a concise CemCADE design has been completed and is as close to the real-well conditions as possible it is then prudent to import the CemCADE design into the GasMigrationAdvisor risk identication program.
12-2
12-2
12.2
GasMigrationAdvisor Identifying the right solution

The GasMigrationAdvisor application is the key component in dening the appropriate gas migration control solution to use for a specic well. Note The GasMigrationAdvisor documentation should be consulted for further information (see InTouchSupport content #4135345), although a brief summary is given below.
12.2.1
The different level modes of GasMigrationAdvisor

There are two modes to the GasMigrationAdvisor software: a low level mode and a high level mode. In the low level mode, the GasMigrationAdvisor application is used as a stand alone advisor for generic well design (e.g. to reply to tenders) where no specic cement job design is available. The output is a recommendation of which chemical solution is appropriate. Reference should then be made to the appropriate product technical memo and SlurryDesigner application for the recommended concentration.
In the high level mode, the GasMigrationAdvisor software is coupled with CemCADE designs and WELLCLEAN II simulator output for a specic cement job. The CemCADE design is required to verify the well security for the whole well and during the entire job. WELLCLEAN II simulator output is
12-3
12-3
required to dene the Mud Removal Risk (MRR) in the GasMigrationAdvisor application. If the MRR is high, the Gas Migration Severity is not given and the user is asked to improve the mud removal design. There are two types of recommendation to improve the mitigation of the short -term gas migration: Increasing the PDL by changing the lengths of the different uid columns and/or changing the densities of the uids. However, this will require a redesign using CemCADE application for well security and WELLCLEAN II simulator for mud removal. A recommendation for the appropriate chemical solution to be used based on the Gas Migration Severity. Once the design and appropriate chemical solution has been selected, SlurryDesigner application should be used to determine the initial estimate of product concentration with reference being made to the appropriate product technical memo for additional information on product use. The design should be tested as usual following API/ISO procedures to meet the key service quality requirements.
12.3
Exercise
13-i
FUTUR-TBT / Design WellBook: Cementing Fluid Application
13-i
13
Design WellBook: Cementing Fluid Application

Description ____________________________________________________ Application with FUTUR systems ______________________________ Exercise _______________________________________________________ 13-1 13-1 13-2
13.1 13.2 13.3
13-1
13-1
13
Design WellBook: Cementing Fluid Application

TBT, D203, D204
This section allows you to understand the role of Design WellBook: Cementing Fluid when designing FUTUR systems for a particular well scenario. Failure to use WellBook: Cementing Fluid program to properly design the FUTUR system could result in job failure (either during placement or post job).
13.1
Description
WellBook: Cementing Fluid aims at helping eld engineers and lab technician/engineers design cement slurries easily and efciently. It is intended as a companion tool for LabDB/CemCADE and replaces the slurry design features of these applications. TheWellBook: Cementing Fluid application is a standalone PC application dedicated to the design of cement slurries. The application: guides the user through the blend and additives selection process, computes the appropriate blend composition to reach the design target, provides advice/warnings to the user on selected additives in the slurry, allows the user to manage his/her additives stock and create local user additives, generates reports (cost, lab and operator) about the slurry that can be easily printed in the form of Excel spreadsheets. provides a unit system management tool that allows the creation of custom unit systems.
13.2
Application with FUTUR systems

The use of WellBook: Cementing Fluid for the design of FUTUR slurries is critical as so far there is no other means of achieving a proper design. The wizard generates examples of FUTUR designs based on user inputs which are:
13-2
13-2
Type of hydrocarbon (oil or gas), Methane concentration (if gas is selected), Target density, Target SVF. Depending on the conditions, more than one design may be proposed to the user. Most designs generated by FUTUR Design WellBook: Cementing Fluid dont need further self-healing validation unless clearly indicated by a warning automatically displayed: Please request a self-healing validation via InTouch ticket (see InTouch contentID#4570999).
13.3
Exercise
14-i
FUTUR-TBT / CemSTRESS Application
14-i
14 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4
CemSTRESS Application
Description ____________________________________________________ Purpose _______________________________________________________ Benets _______________________________________________________ Exercise _______________________________________________________ 14-1 14-1 14-2 14-2
14-1
14-1
14
CemSTRESS Application
TBT, D203, D204
This section allows you to have a good understanding of how to analyze and predict possible cement sheath failure with CemSTRESS.
14.1
Description
CemSTRESS software is a standalone program, that helps to quantify the risk of cement cracking associated with post-cementing events. It is a software tool devoted to analyzing the impact of mechanicals changes in wells where zonal isolation and integrity are crucial for a clients project. The purposes of this application are: To help to quantify the risk of cement cracking, To help to pre-design cementing jobs to provide cements with improved mechanical durability, To justify to the customer a job design where a zonal isolation problem may occur, To suggest guidelines for appropriate solutions and remedies. For the given cement, section geometry and downhole conditions (temperature and/or pressure change), the program will assess the risk of: cement cracking (failure in traction), shear failure (rupture in compression), microannulus formation (debonding of the cement either from the casing or from the formation). It will provide recommendations with respect to the cement system to be chosen as a function of the robustness of the cement system. It performs sensitivity analyses and allows you to generate a customer report in MS Word.
14.2
Purpose
CemSTRESS will simulate stresses induced by pressure and temperature variation in cemented cased well bores. The program performs calculations on well sections with the following:
14-2
14-2
multiple casings, complex well pressure and temperature proles, determines risk of specic cement failures, performs sensitivity analysis, recommends alternative cement systems to avoid the failures, And provides the following capabilities: technical support of all cement systems in the eld, with the ability to analyze a clients well and recommend the appropriate cement system for well conditions. the means to conduct a sensitivity analysis of numerous well parameters, a means to produce a customer report with the stress simulations, failure modes and recommendations of the most suitable cement system.
14.3
Benets
The aim of CemSTRESS software is to fully support all cementing technologies, and to work along side SlurryDesigner software in providing a complete solution to zonal isolation problems when the integrity of the cement sheath is at risk. It will fulll the function of providing the ability to analyze the stresses in a cement sheath and determine if hydraulic isolation is maintained or compromised.
14.4
Exercise
15-i
15
FUTUR-TBT / FUTUR Design Examples
Private
FUTUR Design Examples
15-i
15-1
15-1
15
FUTUR Design Examples

TBT, D203, D204
This is an example of a FUTUR cement slurry designed with the following data: BHST= 28 degC [82 degF] BHCT= 44 degC [111 degF] BHP< 4000 psi Gas Migration Risk high according to GasMigrationAdvisor, Type of hydrocarbon uid: gas, composition is:
Composition (%mol) C1 (CH4) N2 CO2 He C2 C3 iC4 nC4 C5 iC5 nC5 nC6 11.67 3.8 0.35 0.36 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.02 83 0.671 0.3
Density = 1,440kg/m3 [12lbm/gal], SVF = 50%. Here are examples of FUTUR blends given by Design WellBook: Cementing Fluid:
Table 15-1: Example of design that doesnt need further self-healing validation. Cement class G, % BVOB D178, % BVOB D124, % BVOB D203 (D204 for US), % BVOB (kg/m3 slurry) 29 11 27 33 (198)
15-2
15-2
Table 15-2: Example of design that needs further self-healing validation. Cement class G, %BVOB D178, % BVOB D076, % BVOB D203 (D204 for US), % BVOB (kg/m3 slurry) 49.9 10 6.8 33.3 (200)
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This test assesses your understanding of the material presented in this WBT. A score of 80 percent or above means that you have met the objectives of this training. If you do not pass the test, review the study material and take the test again. The posttest is accessed through iLearn. To take the test you must rst enroll in the EverCRETE TBT module in iLearn and then start the test from iLearn. After you complete the posttest, you must click the Submit button. Your test is scored and the results are displayed. Scroll down to review each question, your response, and whether your answer was correct or not. Click here to go to the iLearn catalog. Note If you do not know how to take an IT Module test from iLearn, go to: http://intouchsupport.com/intouch/MethodInvokerpage.cfm?caseid=4253433 for instructions.
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FUTUR-TBT / Glossary
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Glossary
Term API BVOB BVOL BWOC Pf Pi Pv SVF Denition American Petroleum Institute By Volume Of Blend By Volume Of Latex By Weight Of Cement Final pressure in thickening time tests Initial pressure in thickening time tests Plastic viscosity Solid Volume Fraction

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