Viscous VS Invicid Flow Viscous Flow Invicid Flow A type of fluid flow in which the flow Flow of ideal

al fluid that is assumed to consists of continuous steady motion of have no viscosity [4] particles [1] Described by Euler equation: [2] 1) The motion at a fixed location is always constant ( ) ) 2) ( Characterized by Navier-Stokes equation: [2] Example: 1) 1) Aerodynamic flow (Flow past ( ) ) 2) ( wings) The fluid flow is affected by viscous force Example: [2] 1) All scenarios where viscous force is significant 2) No flow OR fluid is completely invicid except liquid helium below around 1 Kelvin Diagram: 2) Free surface waves) flow (Water

Takes no account of friction caused by 1 layer of fluid sliding over another OR over solid objects Diagram:

Diagram 2: Invicid Flow over a Flat Plate [3] Diagram 1: Viscous Flow over a Flat Plate [3]

Detailed classification of flow based on Reynolds Number: [5] Range Description 0 < Re < 1 Highly viscous laminar creeping motion 1 < Re < 100 Laminar (Strong Re dependence) 100 < Re < 103 Laminar (Boundary layer theory useful) 103 < Re < 104 Transition to turbulent 104 < Re < 106 Turbulent (Moderate Re dependence) 6 10 < Re < Turbulent (Slight Re dependence) Classification of viscous flow based on Reynolds Number: [6] Range Description Re > 1 Motion of fluid of small viscosity Re < 1 Very viscous flow

Internal VS External Flow The classification depends on whether the fluid is forced to flow in confined channel OR over a space Internal Flow External Flow Flow that is contained (bounded) by wall Flow where there is no restraining walls [5] & the fluid is free to expand no matter Viscous flow will grow, meet & permeate how thick the viscous layers on the the entire flow immersed body may become [5] There is an entrance region where Fluid flows around a submersed object nearly invicid upstream flow emerges & OR submersed object moves through a enters the duct fluid [7] This is due to pressure force (Pressure There will always exist a region of flow gradient) OR gravitational force is used outside the boundary layer in which to move the fuid & overcome the velocity, temperature & concentration viscous shear force (friction) offered by gradients are negligible [8] walls [7] Diagram:

Diagram 3: Internal flow through Duct [5]

Compressible VS Incompressible Flow The key difference between compressible & incompressible fluid is the way the forces are transmitted through fluid Compressible Flow Incompressible Flow Fluid density change when it is Fluid density remains the same when it subjected to high pressure gradient is subjected to high pressure gradient In gas, the change in density is Instantaneous transmission of forces accompanied with change in through the fluid [9] temperature [9] Fluid responds directly to the forces by Imposition of force at one end of a moving, displacing neighbour particles & system does not result in an thus establishing the appropriate flow intermediate flow throughout the field system Fluid compresses near where the force was applied Compressed fluid expands against neighbouring fluid particles itself to compress & set motion of wave pulse that travels throughout the system Transmission of force is not instantaneous (Occurs through motion of transverse waves)

Laminar VS Turbulent Flow Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow Fluid moves slowly in layers within a Fluid undergoes irregular fluctuations pipe, without much mixing among the OR mixing [11] layers [10] Speed of fluid at a point is continuously Typically occurs when the velocity is low undergoing changes in both magnitude OR fluid is very viscous & direction Diagram: Fluid velocities are high Diagram:

Diagram 4: Laminar Flow [10] Determined by Reynolds Number: 1) Formula:

Diagram 5: Turbulent Flow [10]

2) Classification: Reynolds Number < 2000 2000 < Re < 4000 > 4000 Type Laminar Transitional Turbulent

3) The values depend on the shape of pipe, roughness & shape of pipe inlet

Natural VS Forced Flow Forced Flow Fluid is forced to flow over a surface OR tube by external means such as pump & fan [12] Natural Flow Fluid motion is caused by natural means such as the buoyancy effect that manifests itself as the rise of warmer fluid & fall of the cooler fluid [12]

Steady VS Unsteady Flow Steady Flow Unsteady Flow All fluid properties, e.g., velocity, Fluid properties are function of time temperature, pressure & density are Can be further divided into three independent of time [13] Periodic flow, non-periodic flow & This does not mean the velocity & random flow: acceleration are constant Formula: Diagram:

Diagram 6: Steady Flow [13] Can be further divided into 2: [14] 1) Steady uniform flow Conditions do not change with position & time, e.g., flow of water in a pipe of constant diameter at constant velocity 2) Steady non-uniform flow Conditions change from point to point in the stream but do no change with time, e.g., flow in tapering pipe with constant velocity at inlet but velocity changes along the length of pipe toward exit

Diagram 7: Unsteady Flow Classification [13] Another classification comprises of: [14] 1) Unsteady uniform flow At a given instant time, the conditions at every point are the same but will change with time, e.g., pipe of constant diameter connected to a pump pumping at a constant rate which then switched off 2) Unsteady non-uniform flow Every condition of the flow may change from point to point & with time at every point, e.g., waves in channel

1D Flow Flow parameters (Velocity, pressure, depth) vary in one primary dimension [14]

1D, 2D & 3D Flow 2D Flow Flow parameters vary in two primary dimensions [14]

3D Flow Flow parameters vary in three primary dimensions [14]

Nomenclature v P x t F D Re : : : : : : : : : : Velocity Pressure Position Time Constant density External body force acting per unit mass Diameter of pipe Viscosity Reynolds Number Any fluid properties

REFERENCE [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Gillespie, R., (n.d). The Viscous Flow. Robert Gillespie Real World Fly-Casting. Retrieved June 2, 2013, from http://www.robertgillespie.net/page3/page12/page36/page36.html Howell, P. B6a Viscous Flow: Lecture Notes [PDF document]. Retrieved from http://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/system/files/coursematerial/2012/2386/9/B6aLecture Notes_img.pdf Sert, C. Viscous Flow over Immersed Bodies [PDF document]. Retrieved from http://www.me.metu.edu.tr/people/cuneyt/me306/ME%20306%20Part%202%20 Viscous%20Flow.pdf Inviscid Flow. (n.d). In Wikipedia. Retrieved June 2, 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inviscid_flow Bahrami, M. Fluid Mechanics: Viscous Flow in Ducts [PDF document]. Retrieved from http://www.sfu.ca/~mbahrami/ENSC%20283/Notes/Viscous%20Flow%20in%20D ucts.pdf Zielinski, G. T. Fundamentals of Fluid Dynamics: Elementary Viscous Flow Introductory Course on Multiphysics Modelling [PDF document]. Retrieved from http://www.ippt.gov.pl/~tzielins/doc/ICMM_TGZielinski_ViscousFlow.slides.pdf ITP: External versus Internal Flow. The Pillar Curriculum for Chemical Engineering. Retrieved June 2, 2013, from http://pillars.che.pitt.edu/student/slide.cgi?course_id=10&slide_id=18.0 External Flow. (n.d). In Wikipedia. Retrieved June 2, 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_flow Morrison, A. F. (2004). Compressible Fluids. Retrieved from http://www.chem.mtu.edu/~fmorriso/cm310/compressible_flow.pdf Laminar & Turbulent Flow [PDF document]. Retrieved from http://udel.edu/~inamdar/EGTE215/Laminar_turbulent.pdf Turbulent Flow. (n.d.). In Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Retrieved from http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/609625/turbulent-flow Cengel, Y., Cimbala, M. J. (2006). Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications. The McGraw-Hill Companies Fluid Mechanics. Retrieved June 3, 2013, from https://ecourses.ou.edu/cgibin/ebook.cgi?doc=&topic=fl&chap_sec=03.2&page=theory Abidin, U. Introduction [PDF document]. Retrieved from http://www.fkm.utm.my/~ummi/SME1313/Chapter%201.pdf

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