Imfashanyigisho Kuri TIG

REPUBULIKA YU RWANDA
Ubunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa bwa Komite yIgihugu yIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro B.P. 7477 KIGALI
Imfashanyigisho ku Gihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro (TIG)

Igitabo cyUmukangurambaga
Mata 2005
ISHAKIRO......ii
0. IJAMBO RYIBANZE....v
i I. INTEGO ...viii Intego rusange.viii Intego zihariye..viii ISOMO I: UBURYO BUTANDUKANYE BWO GUHUGURA ABANTU BAKURU...1 1.1. Intangiriro.............1 1.2. Intego zisomo.....1 1.3. Uko abantu bakuru biga...1 1.4. Uburyo bunyuranye bwo guhugura..1 ISOMO II: IMYITWARIRE NINSHINGANO ZUMUKANGURAMBAGA UYOBOYE ITSINDA.5 2.1. Intangiriro...5 2.2. Intego yisomo.....5 2.3. Umukangurambaga icyo ari cyo...5 2.4. Ibyo umwigisha cyangwa umukangurambaga agomba kwitwararika.....6 2.4.1. Kumenya neza abo agiye kuganira na bo...6 2.4.2. Imyifatire yumwigisha mu gihe atanga ikiganiro...6 2.4.3. Ubutumwa nyirizina..7 2.4.4. Bumwe mu buryo bushobora gukoreshwa.....9 2.4.5. Gukoresha isuzumamigendekere ya gahunda9 ISOMO III: ITANGABUTUMWA HAGATI YABANTU BABIRI CYANGWA MU ITSINDA ..12 3.1. Intangiriro......12 3.2. Intego yisomo...12 3.3. Amatsinda......12 3.4. Uburyo bunyuranye bwo guhugura....13 3.5. Ibigomba kwitabwaho...14 3.6. Uburyo uhugura yifata imbere ya kamere zitandukanye zabahugura.16 ISOMO IV: GUHINDURA IMYUMVIRE NIMYITWARIRE.............................................18 4.1. Intego yisomo...18 4.2. Inzira.18 4.3. Uburyo...18 4.4. Ibice byingenzi byisomo........19 4.4.1. Igisobanuro cyuburyo bwo kwigisha abantu bakuru bushingira ku ngero zifatika....19 4.4.2. Ibice byingenzi byo kwigisha wifashishije ingero zifatika.....19 4.5. Bumwe mu buryo bwo kuyobora ibiganiro.........20 4.5.1. Intego.20 4.5.2. Uko bayobora ibiganiro...21 ii
Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG
4.5.3. Ibiranga umukangurambaga mwiza mu matsinda.....21 4.6. Uburyo bwimfatanyamikorere...21 ISOMO V : IBIKUBIYE MU ITEKA RYA PEREZIDA WA REPUBULIKA N10/01 RYO KU WA 07/03/2005 KU GIHANO NSIMBURAGIFUNGO CYIMIRIMO IFITIYE IGIHUGU AKAMARO NKUKO RYAVUGURUWE KANDI RYUJUJWE KUGEZA UBU.........................23 5.1. Intangiriro..23 5.2. Intego zisomo...23 5.3. Igihano nsimburagifungo ni iki, gikorwa na nde, gikorwa ryari?...........................................23 5.4. Ni iyihe mirimo yihutirwa izaherwaho mu irangizwa ryigihano nsimburagifungo?.24 5.5. Ibigo bishaka gukoresha imirimo abari mu gihano byemererwa bite?.................................25 5.6. Ibyitabwaho na Komite yAkarere /Umujyi mbere yo kwemerera ikigo.25 5.7. Uri mu gihano atungwa na nde, agikora ataha he?..................................................................25 5.8. Bigenda bite se iyo uri mu gihano akoze ikindi cyaha mu gihe akiri mu gihano?...............25 5.9. Ese igihano nsimburagifungo gishobora gusubikwa?.............................................................25 5.10. Inzego zishinzwe gucunga no gukurikirana irangizwa ryigihano nsimburagifungo...26 5.11. Ubunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa bwa Komite yigihugu ya TIG.29 5.12. Iki gihano kizatangira ryari?......................................................................................................29 5.13. Amahame agenderwaho mu gihano nsimburagifungo cyimirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro .29 5.14. Imiterere rusange yIteka rya Perezida n 10/01 ryo ku 07/03/2005 rishyiraho igihano nsimburagifungo cyimirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaronkuko ryavuguruwe kandi ryujujwe kugeza ubu...32 5.15. Ingingo zakwitabwaho mu gusobanura igihano nsimburagifungo ....33 ISOMO VI : POLITIKI YA TIG....35 6.1. Intangiriro ....35 6.2. Intego.....35 6.3. Inyito TIG...35 6.4. Intego ya TIG35 6.5. Igihano nsimburagifungo mu mahanga no mu Rwanda..36 6.6. Amateka36 6.7. Politiki yateganyijwe ......36 6.7.1. Icyerekezo rusange..36 6.7.2. Imirongo minini..37 6.7.3. Amahame remezo...37 6.7.4. Ishyirwa mu bikorwa..37 6.8. Izindi nzego zizunganira TIG38 6.9. Imiterere nimikoranire ya TIG nizindi nzego...38 6.10. Ibyafasha TIG.39 6.11. Inzitizi..39 6.12. Gahunda yibikorwa.39 6.12.1. Ingamba....40 6.12.2. Ibikorwa....40 6.13. Imiterere nimirimo izakorwa...40 6.13.1. Imirimo izakorwa..41 6.13.2. Imirimo itazakorwa ..41 6.14. Imikoranire ninzego za Leta....41 6.15. Imikoranire nabikorera ku giti cyabo...42 iii
ISOMO VII : GUKUMIRA NO GUKEMURA AMAKIMBIRANE ASHOBORA KUVUKA MU ISHYIRWA MU BIKORWA RYIGIHANO NSIMBURAGIFUNGO CYIMIRIMO IFITIYE IGIHUGU AKAMARO...43 7.1. Intangiriro.43 7.2. Intego yisomo...43 7.3. Amakimbirane ni iki?...................................................................................................................43 7.4. Ubwoko bwamakimbirane44 7.5. Amakimbirane ashobora kuvuka mu gihe cyigihano nsimburagifungo..44 7.6. Ibihembera amakimbirane.44 7.7. Uko amakimbirane yigaragaza...44 7.8. Ingaruka zamakimbirane ku gihano nsimburagifungo...44 7.9. Uburyo bwo gukumira amakimbirane yavuka mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryigihano nsimburagifungo...44 7.10. Uburyo bwo gukemura amakimbirane.44 ISOMO VIII: UBURENGANZIRA BWIKIREMWAMUNTU NISHYIRWA MU BIKORWA RYIGIHANO NSIMBURAGIFUNGO.47 8.1.Intangiriro...47 8.2. Intego yisomo. .47 8.3. Uburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu ningeri zabwo.47 8.4. Kurengera no kubungabunga uburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu mu gihe cyigihano nsimburagifungo.... ...49 8.5. Uruhare rwabakatiwe TIG mu kubungabunga uburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu 50 8.6. Uruhare rwabaturage bakiriye abakora TIG mu kubungabunga uburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu...50 ISOMO IX : INKIKO GACACA: UBUTABERA BWUNGA...52 9.1. Intangiriro..52 9.2. Intego yisomo...52 9.3. Intego zInkiko Gacaca .52 9.4. Ibihano dusanganywe mu mategeko ahana yu Rwanda..53 9.5. Imiterere yibihano biteganyirijwe guhana abakoze jenoside yabaye mu Rwanda53 ISOMO X: URUHARE RWA POLITIKI YUBUMWE NUBWIYUNGE MU ISHYIRWA MU BIKORWA RYA TIG............57 10.1. POLITIKI YUBUMWE NUBWIYUNGE57 10.1.1. Intangiriro.57 10.1.2. Intego yisomo...57 10.1.3. Zimwe mu mpamvu zamacakubiri amunga umuryango nyarwanda...57 10.1.4. Inkingi zubumwe nubwiyunge.57 10.1.5. Uruhare rwabaturage mu kwimakaza ubumwe nubwiyunge.58 10.1.6. Ingamba zafatwa mu kwimakaza ubumwe nubwiyunge bwAbanyarwanda...58 10.2. IMIBANIRE MYIZA YABATURAGE .58 10.2.1. Imibanire yAbanyarwanda mbere yubukoloni..58 10.2.2. Imibanire yAbanyarwanda mu gihe cyubukoloni na nyuma yabwo...59 10.2.3. Imibanire yAbanyarwanda nyuma ya jenoside...59 iv
10.2.4. Imibanire yabazakora TIG nabandi Banyarwanda mu byiciro binyuranye....59 10.2.5. Imibereho yabaturage...61 10.2.6. Imigambi ya Leta mu gushyigikira imibanire yAbanyarwanda...62 10.2.7. Gusaba imbabazi no kubabarira....62 UMWITOZO UGENEWE ABAKURIKIRANYE AMAHUGURWA.64 INYANDIKO ZIFASHISHIJWE66 ISUZUMAMIGENDEKERE YAMAHUGURWA...67
Ijambo ryibanze
Mu rwego rwo gutangiza gahunda yamahugurwa ku gihano nsimburagifungo cyimirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro, Ubunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa bwa Komite yIgihugu yIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro (TIG) bwateguye iyi mfashayigisho izifashishwa nabazahugura abandi ku nzego zinyuranye. Mu byukuri kunguka ubumenyi binyura mu nzira nyinshi kandi ntibirangira. Umuntu wese atangira kwiga akivuka, akazakomereza mu mashuri, mu kazi ndetse no mu buzima busanzwe. Mu mashuri hakurikizwa gahunda yuburezi muri rusange. Umuntu ukuze we akomeza kwihugura mu mirimo ya buri munsi no mu mibanire ye nabandi, bigaragaza ko kunguka ubumenyi bihoraho mu buzima bwumuntu. Iyo tuvuze igihano Nsimburagifungo, abenshi ntibahita bumva neza imiterere yacyo, icyo kigamije, abazagikora, inyungu igihugu nabazagikora bazakivanamo, nibindi bibazo bijyanye nubushya bwicyo gihano mu mategeko ahana yu Rwanda. Abenshi bamenyereye ibihano bisanzwe mu mategeko nko kwicwa, gufungwa, ihazabu, nibindi. Leta yu Rwanda yatekereje Igihano Nsimburagifungo hagamijwe guhana no guhindura imyumvire yAbanyarwanda bagize uruhare muri jenoside yo muri 1994. Ni igihano rero giteganywa namategeko cyane cyane itegeko ngenga n 16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/06/2004 rigena imiterere, ububasha nimikorere byInkiko Gacaca zishinzwe gukurikirana no gucira imanza abakoze ibyaha bya jenoside nibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakozwe hagati yitariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990 niya 31Ukuboza 1994; Iteka rya Perezida n 10/01 ryo ku wa 07/03/2005 rigena uburyo Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro rishyirwa mu bikorwa nkuko ryavuguruwe kandi ryujujwe kugeza ubu ndetse ninyandiko ya Politiki ku Gihano Nsimburagifungo. Iyi mfashanyigisho igamije gufasha abazahugura abandi gusobanukirwa neza na politiki yiki gihano, aho gihurira nibindi bihano, uburyo kizakorwa nukuntu iki gihano kinjira mu murongo wubutabera bwunga Abanyarwanda. Imfashanyigisho kandi irimo nandi masomo yafasha abahugurwa gusobanukirwa naho Igihano Nsimburagifungo gihuriye nizindi gahunda za Leta zafasha abazihabwa guhindura imyumvire nimyitwarire nka Politiki yubumwe nubwiyunge, uburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu, Gukemura no guhosha amakimbirane, nandi masomo. Harimo kandi amasomo aganisha ku mibanire yAbanyarwanda, ku myigire yabantu bakuru, guhindura imyumvire nandi. Abagize uruhare mu gutegura iyi mfashanyigisho ni Ishami ryUburezi, Ubukangurambaga nAmahugurwa nabandi bakozi bo mu mashami anyuranye. Hifashishijwe kandi ubumenyi bwimpuguke mu mahugurwa nubukangurambaga zo mu bigo bikorana nUbunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa bwa TIG byaba ibya Leta, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta nabaterankunga. Abo bose bakaba barunguranye ibitekerezo bihagije ku nsanganyamatsiko, inyigisho nimyitozo yakoreshejwe. Turizera ko iyi mfashanyigisho izarushaho kumurikira no gufasha Abanyarwanda ndetse nAbanyamahanga bashaka gusobanukirwa nIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro kimwe nabandi bifuza kuzajya babisobanurira abandi.
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Turashimira abo bose bagize uruhare mu kunoza inyandiko ziyi mfashanyigisho. Turashimira byumwihariko Umuryango wUbumwe bwIbihugu byi Burayi ku nkunga waduhaye kugira ngo iyi mfashanyigisho ibashe gukorwa no kujya mu icapiro.
Uburyo bwo gukoresha iki gitabo

Umwihariko wiki gitabo ni uko cyanditse mu buryo bworohereza umukangurambaga gutegura amasomo yifuza gutanga. Buri mutwe ugizwe ningingo zikurikira : Intangiriro ku nsanganyamatsiko Intego zisomo ku nsanganyamatsiko Ibisobanuro birambuye mu bika binyuranye bigize umutwe winsanganyamatsiko Umwanzuro nisuzumabumenyi bya buri mutwe winyigisho
Amasomo ane abanza ni umwihariko wa mwarimu cyangwa umukangurambaga. Naho amasomo atandatu akurikira asozwa numwitozo rusange wafasha abahugurwa gusobanukirwa kurushaho ninyigisho bahawe. Mu mpera zimfashanyigisho hari ninyandiko zinyuranye zifashishijwe mu gutegura iyi mfashanyigisho ku buryo uwashaka gukora ubundi bushakashatsi burambuye cyangwa kwisomera izo nyandiko yazishaka akazibona. Imfashanyigisho isozwa nibibazo byisuzuma rusange byafasha umukangurambaga kugenzura niba isomo yatanze ryasobanutse ku buryo bunogeye abahugurwa nicyo yakora kugira ngo ibyanzwe nicyiciro kimwe bikosorwe mu cyiciro gikurikira. Bikorewe i Kigali, ku wa 28 Mata 2005.
Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa wa Komite yIgihugu ya TIG. Emmanuel TWAGIRUMUKIZA
vii
I.
Intego rusange
Intego ziyi mfashanyigisho
Gusobanurira Abanyarwanda nAbanyamahanga ibijyanye nIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro nuburyo kizashyirwa mu bikorwa.
Intego zihariye
Nyuma yamahugurwa, abahuguwe bazaba basobanukiwe: nIteka rya Perezida rigena uburyo Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro kizashyirwa mu bikorwa kandi baganiriye ku buryo bashobora kuryigisha abandi; Inzego zitandukanye zishinzwe gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryigihano nsimburagifungo, inshingano za buri rwego nuruhare rwa buri muturarwanda mu migendekere yiyo gahunda; Ibyafasha abahawe igihano nsimburagifungo kucyakira neza kandi bakagikora nkuko amategeko abiteganya; Ingamba zatuma umuryango nyarwanda muri rusange wakira neza abazakatirwa igihano nsimburagifungo no gutuma abakatiwe basubizwa mu buzima busanzwe, bitabira gahunda rusange zigihugu babana neza nabandi; Ubumenyi bwibanze bwabafasha gusobanurira Abanyarwanda iyi gahunda no kubabera isoko yibitekerezo bishimangira ibyo bigisha.
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Isomo rya I Uburyo butandukanye bwo kwigisha abantu bakuru

1.1. Intangiriro Abantu bakuze biga ku buryo butandukanye nubwabana. Imfashanyigisho zabo zigomba gukorwa hakurikijwe amahame yo kwigisha abantu bagimbutse. Abo bantu bakuze ni inararibonye. Inyigisho ibabereye ikaba ya yindi ibinjiza mu byo babonye kandi basanzwe bazi, igasubiza ibyo bakeneye muri uwo mwanya nibyo bifuza ko bihita bihinduka mu mibereho yabo. Ikibazo abantu bakuze bahita bibaza ku nyigisho ni iki : << Ese ifitanye iyihe sano nimibereho yanjye ya buri munsi ?>> Inyigisho yose idakomoza ku mibereho yabo ya buri munsi nticengerwa kandi yibagirana vuba. 1.2. Intego yisomo Nyuma yiri somo, abahuguwe bazaba bashobora: - Gukoresha uburyo bunyuranye bwo guhugura bubereye abantu bakuze ; - Gufasha uwigisha gutegura isomo rijyanye nicyiciro agiye kwigisha, hitawe cyane cyane ku bibazo biri aho hantu.
1.3. Uko abantu bakuru biga Abantu bakuru bafite ibintu byinshi bazi, ibyo babonye, basomye, ibyo bakoze nibyo bakorewe. Kubahugura, ni nko kubasembura. Niyo mpamvu kubahugura bisaba kwita kuri ibi bikurikira: ibyo babonye mu buzima bwabo nibyo bazi bikoreshejwe mu kubamenyesha ibintu bishya; imyigishirize iganisha ku buzima bwa buri munsi, ni ukuvuga ko iba igamije gutanga ibisubizo ku byo bakeneye cyangwa ikagira ibyo ihindura bifuza ko byahinduka mu mibereho yabo bwite cyangwa mu mibanire yabo nabandi; uburyo nimirimo yo kwigisha bishyira imbere uwiga, akivumburira ubumenyi; igihe cyose abigishwa bubashywe, ntibakozwe isoni cyangwa ngo basekwe; inyigisho ishishikariza kwitegereza no gusesengura; imyigishirize ihinduka hakurikijwe ibigomba kwigishwa nahigishirizwa; gahunda nuburyo bwo kwigisha bigenwa bishingiye ku byifuzo byuwiga; gahunda nuburyo bwo kwigisha bihabwa agaciro kimwe ningingo zinyigisho.
1.4. Uburyo bunyuranye bwo guhugura Biragaragara ko hari uburyo bwinshi umuntu yakwifashisha mu guhugura. Uwigisha ahitamo uburyo akoresha ashingiye ku itsinda ahugura. Ni kimwe nuko na none ashobora gukoresha uburyo bumwe cyangwa bwinshi mu nyigisho imwe.
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Bumwe muri ubwo buryo bwo kwigisha ni ubu bukurikira : Uburyo bwo kwigisha Uwiga nuwigisha baganira / bungurana ibitekerezo ku buryo burambuye Kubazwa ugasubiza Igisobanuro Ikiganiro kirambuye ku nyigisho runaka, aho usanga uhugura asaba abahugurwa kungurana ibitekerezo Ibyiza byubu buryo Icyitonderwa Ntibugomba gukoreshwa kenshi kuko ubu buryo bushobora guheza abiga badakunda kuvuga cyane. Ni byiza ntangiriro irangiye. kubukoresha mu nigihe inyigisho
Bituma abiga bigira hamwe ikibazo runaka bashingiye ku bitekerezo bya buri muntu Kubaza ibibazo biganisha Bufasha gusuzuma ku cyo wifuza, ko abigishwa ubumenyi nuko abiga bakubwira ku ngingo runaka babona ibintu. Biha uruhare buri wese kandi ituma abantu batekereza vuba. Butuma abiga bose bakora cyane cyane bamwe badashobora buri gihe kuvugira mu ruhame. Butuma abantu batanga ibitekerezo ari benshi kandi bugatuma inyigisho bayigira iyabo koko. Yoroshya ibibazo byimibanire yabantu bisanzwe bikomeye ikabyerekana neza abantu bakabibona
Gukorera matsinda
mu Kugabanya itsinda mo udutsinda duto tuza kugira ibiganiro batangiramo ibitekerezo byabo ku bintu runaka
Imirimo ihabwa amatsinda igomba gutegurwa neza mbere kandi ikagira uyiyobora kugira ngo badata igihe.
Umukino twigana Gukina umukino inshingano wahimbwe, higanwa ibintu biba mu buzima busanzwe hagamijwe kwerekana uko umuntu yahangana nikibazo kiri mu mukino. Aho itandukaniye nikinamico, ni uko umuntu ntabanza kwitoza mbere yo gukina. Kwigana Ubu buryo busaba abahabwa inyigisho gutekereza ku kintu runaka gishobora kubaho, bakagitekerezaho cyangwa bakagikina kugira ngo kigaragare mu buzima busanzwe. Urugero: uhugura ashobora kubaza abahugurwa gutekereza ko bahindutse Abadepite bajya impaka ku itegeko rigena imishahara fatizo yabakozi. Noneho akababaza kuvuga muri make ingingo zingenzi umuntu yakwibandaho aramutse arimo gukora kuri
Abiga bashaje bashobora kudahita bemera ibyo berekwa. Bisaba guhimba. Ni ngombwa kubanza kwitegura neza.
Ubu buryo bufasha Uhugura agomba gukurikira abahabwa inyigisho neza ko ibiganiro biganisha ku kuvuga ku bintu ubundi buzima busanzwe. babonaga bibarenze. Bufasha abahabwa inyigisho gushobora kwishyira mu mwanya wabandi iyo batekereza ku kibazo runaka (cyane cyane ikibazo gishobora gukurura impaka cyangwa gikomeye).
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Uburyo kwigisha Inkuru isobetse
bwo Igisobanuro icyo kibazo. Ni inkuru ishingiye ku byo abantu bahura na byo mu buzima ikagezwa ku bahabwa inyigisho kugira ngo bayijyeho impaka barebe ukuntu ibibazo nkibivugwa muri iyo nkuru byasubizwa igihe cyose bahuye na byo mu buzima bwabo. Abiga bahabwa umurimo bagomba gukora mbere cyangwa nyuma yihugurwa, hanyuma bagasabwa gukora ubushakashatsi aho baba ku kibazo runaka bakazavuga ibyo bagezeho mu gihe cyinyigisho. Gusaba abahabwa inyigisho gutanga ibitekerezo ku kibazo runaka hanyuma bikandikwa ariko ntihagire icyo bivugwaho mbere, kugeza igihe hafi buri wese ukurikira inyigisho aboneye amahirwe yo gutanga igitekerezo cye. Uhugura ayobora impaka zigibwa ku byagiye bivugwa. Abakurikira inyigisho bagabanywamo amatsinda mato (akenshi atarengeje abantu batandatu), buri tsinda rihabwa ikibazo riganiraho muri make, ibitekerezo bya buri tsinda bikandikwa. Nyuma uyoboye ihugurwa akayobora ibiganiro byo guhuriza hamwe ibitekerezo.
Ibyiza byubu buryo
Icyitonderwa
Ubu buryo bufasha guhuriza hamwe ibitekerezo, bugafasha abahabwa inyigisho kubona ibisubizo bifatika byibibazo nyakuri. Uhugura ashobora gukoresha udukuru yakase mu binyamakuru. Butuma cyane cyane abiga bagira amakuru arambuye ku kibazo runaka gihangayikishije igihugu cyane cyane iyo gikorerwa ubuvugizi.
Uhugura yagombye kumenya neza niba ibibazo abahugurwa babihuje nibyo babona mu mibereho yabo. Ibibazo bibazwa nyuma yinkuru bigomba na byo gutegurwa mu buhanga kugira ngo biyobore koko impaka zigibwa kuri icyo kiganiro.
Ubushakashatsi
Ubushakashatsi bugomba kuyoborwa neza kugira ngo koko hakusanywe amakuru afite akamaro gusa.
Ikusanyabitekerezo (Brainstorming)
Bufasha gukusanya ibitekerezo byabiga bitarigera bitangwa ku kibazo runaka. Bufasha gupima ubumenyi bwabiga ku nsanganyamatsiko.
Uhugura agomba kumenya ko impaka zigibwa nyuma yumwitozo, hagafatwa umwanzuro wibitekerezo nyakuri.
Kuganira bucece bucece kandi mu ruhame (Buzz group).
Kimwe nikusanyabitekerezo ubu buryo burafasha mu ntangiriro yisomo kandi bufasha gupima icyo abiga bazi ku nsanganyamatsiko runaka.
Uhugura agomba kuganisha amatsinda ku kibazo yasabye ko kiganirwaho kugira ngo ikiganiro cyihute ; kenshi ni hagati yiminota ibiri nine (2-4)
Gutanga ibyo uhugura yateguye
Uwigisha aganirira abo Ibintu yigisha ku byo azi mu rwego bivugwaho runaka. gito.
byinshi Kubera ko uwiga atabigiramo mu gihe uruhare, ubu buryo bwagombye gukoreshwa babwira abiga incamake yingingo yingenzi -3-
Uburyo kwigisha Ikiganiro mpaka
bwo Igisobanuro
Ibyiza byubu buryo
Icyitonderwa bakwiye gufata. Ubu buryo bugomba kwitonderwa mu kubukoresha kuko rimwe na rimwe abahabwa inyigisho bashobora kugira amarangamutima igihe baburana uruhande bafashe. Uhugura agomba kwibutsa mbere na mbere ko mu igibwa ryimpaka hatagamijwe kureba ufite ukuri cyangwa utagufite, si no kugaragaza uwatsinze cyangwa uwatsinzwe. Utwo dukino tugomba gukoreshwa mu bwitonzi kuko udukino tumwe na tumwe ushobora gusanga tutajyanye numuco. Utwo dukino tugomba kuba dufite icyo dusobanura igihe cyose dukoreshejwe, tugomba kuba dushimangira inyigisho kandi duhura nintego yinyigisho.
Abahabwa inyigisho bagabanywamo amatsinda (akenshi abiri) hanyuma bagasabwa kujya mu mpande zitandukanye cyangwa zihanganye, bakabazwa impamvu bafashe uruhande runaka ku kibazo bahawe.
Ni ingenzi cyane mu rwego rwo kumva ibitekerezo binyuranye ku kibazo cyatanzwe. Bituma abahabwa inyigisho barushaho kumenya kwisobanura.
Udukino nimyitozo Abahabwa inyigisho bahabwa imyitozo bakora bizihiwe, ibashimisha, ibasetsa; nkumukino ngororamubiri, indirimbo, ibiparu ...
Utwo dukino turasetsa kudukoresha kandi abigishwa bose barasabana cyane. Urwo rwenya iyo rukoreshejwe neza rutuma abahabwa inyigisho bashyikirana neza.
UMWANZURO Muri iri somo hakubiyemo uburyo bunyuranye umuntu uhugura abandi yakenera. Ikigaragara ni uko twagerageje gutanga bumwe mu buryo bwifashishwa mu gihe cyo guhugura. Ntitwabumaze inyuma, kuko hari ubundi bushobora kuboneka bitewe nabo umuntu aganira na bo, bitewe ninyigisho yateganyijwe, igihe inyigisho yateganyirijwe, ahantu inyigisho itangirwa, nibindi. Ni uruhare rero rwuhugura cyangwa umukangurambaga guhitamo uburyo bumunogeye. Ikindi ni uko nta nuwavuga ko uburyo ubu nubu buhagije kugira ngo inyigisho yumvikane neza. Uburyo bwose ni magirirane, bwaba ubu twabagejejeho cyangwa ubundi bushobora kuvuka bitewe na za mpamvu twavuze haruguru.
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Isomo rya II Imyitwarire ninshingano z Umukangurambaga uyoboye Itsinda

2.1.Intangiriro Umurimo wo guhugura usaba ubushishozi kugira ngo utunganire uwukora nabo ukorerwa. Uruhare runini ariko ku migendekere myiza ruba ku ruhande rwabahugura aribo twita Abakangurambaga. Uruhare rwibanze rwumukangurambaga ni ugufasha abahugurwa kuvuga ibintu uko biri no kuvumbura igikwiye gukorwa ngo ubuzima burusheho kuba bwiza. 2.2.Intego zisomo Nyuma yihugurwa abarikurikiranye bazaba bashoboye: - Gusobanukirwa nimyifatire nimyitwarire iranga umukangurambaga nyawe imbere yuhugurwa - Gusobanukirwa nuburyo bunyuranye bukoreshwa mu isuzumamigendekere ya gahunda kugira ngo intego yateganyijwe igerweho - Kumenya uko ubutumwa nyirizina butangwa ku buryo buha ijambo uhugura, akavuga igitekerezo cye kandi ubwo butumwa bukagirira akamaro abitabiriye ikiganiro. 2.3. Umukangurambaga icyo ari cyo
Umukangurambaga ni ijambo ryinyunge rigizwe namagambo abiri: gukangura nimbaga Gukangura: Muri iyi mvugo ni uguhwitura ugamije gutuma umuntu usa nkaho yari arangaye
akanguka agakurikirana ikiganiro cyangwa ibisobanuro runaka kugira ngo arusheho gusobanukirwa, cyangwa se kumuhwitura amwereka ibyo akwiye gukora binyuranye cyangwa byuzuza ibyo yari asanzwe azi cyangwa akora kugira ngo ahindure imyifatire cyangwa imikorere.
Imbaga : Muri iyi mvugo bivuga abantu benshi, abaturage muri rusange, utabashyize mu nzego
zitandukanye barimo zifitanye isano nimirimo bakora cyangwa imitungo bafite. Umukangurambaga atandukanye numwarimu akenshi bitewe nicyiciro cyabantu aganira na bo, aho baganirira nibyo baganira. Umukangurambaga ntiyigisha arakangura; ashishikariza abantu igikorwa iki niki, akenshi basanzwe bazi cyangwa se yifuza ko bamenya. Umukangurambaga rero yumvikana nkumuntu ufite inshingano yo kuganira nabantu bingeri zinyuranye, mu byiciro byabo binyuranye, ku bintu bibafitiye inyungu hagamijwe kubafasha kwiyungura ibitekerezo, kugira ngo bashobore guhindura imyumvire, imitekerereze, imikorere nimibanire hagati yabo. Muri iki gihe tumaze imyaka 11 tuvuye muri jenoside yahitanye imbaga yinzirakarengane zirenga miliyoni, usanga mu mikorere, mu mibereho no mu mibanire yAbanyarwanda hari byinshi byahindutse biba bibi kurushaho. Abanyarwanda turishishanya, turikekana, turabeshyana, ntitwigirira icyizere, bigatuma twigaya, tukisuzugura. Ariko ikibabaje ni uko tumaze guca umuco wubaka, umuco ukunda, umuco utoza ubupfura nubuntu, umuco ukuza kirazira, kirazira izira amahano, izira amarorerwa. Ni nkaho rero dukeneye -5-
ubukangurambaga bugamije gukangura, guhwitura imbaga nyarwanda ikazanzamuka, ikagaruka mu nzira iboneye, ikagarukira umuco nyarwanda wubaha ukubaka. Aha ni ngombwa kwibuka ko umukangurambaga atari umuntu uba wenyine. Umurimo wubukangurambaga utuma ahura kenshi nabantu benshi (imbaga). Abo bantu bari kumwe na we bareba uko ameze muri rusange : imyambarire, igihagararo, ibyo akora, bumva imvugo ye, bakanamushyira ku munzani bamushima cyangwa bamunenga kandi akenshi bakabikora batabimubwira cyangwa ngo babimugaragarize. Iyi mfashanyigisho ifasha umukangurambaga kwitwara neza mu murimo ashinzwe w ubukangurambaga 2. 4. Ibyo umwigisha cyangwa umukangurambaga agomba kwitwararika Kumenya abo agiye kuganira na bo Imyitwarire ye mu gihe atanga ikiganiro Ubutumwa nyirizina Uburyo bushobora gukoreshwa mu gutanga ikiganiro Gukoresha isuzumamigendekere ya gahunda 2.4.1 Kumenya neza abo agiye kuganira na bo 2.4.1.1. Ubumenyi cyangwa imyumvire yabo Kumva neza ko abo agiye kuganira na bo atari ibicucu, ko bafite urwego rwimyumvire kuri ibi nibi wenda yashobora kugira icyo imwungura. Kumva ko agomba guhera ku byo bazi ku ngingo baganiraho akagenda abafasha kuvumbura ibindi batari bazi cyangwa na we atari azi neza. Ibi bizamufasha kuvumbura ururimi (imvugo) abaganirizamo. 2.4.1.2. Ururimi bavuga Kumenya niba bavuga bakikira amagambo cyangwa niba bavuga batuye; niba batega imitego bashaka kumusuzuma. Na none kandi ururimi azaganiramo nabiyita injijuke zo mu mujyi sirwo azakoresha aganira nabahinzi bo mu cyaro, kabone nubwo bwaba ari ubutumwa bumwe ashaka kugeza kuri ayo matsinda yombi atandukanye. 2.4.1.3. Ibikorwa bibahuza Kumenya ibikorwa bihuza abantu nahantu runaka bifasha mu gutegura uburyo uri buganire na bo yakenera. Akenshi umurimo uhuza abantu utuma batekereza, cyangwa bahora baganira ku nyungu bahuriyeho. Ubutumwa bwumukangurambaga buzumvikana igihe abugeza ku bantu bafite umurimo ubahuza kuruta kutagira icyo bahuriyeho kandi binabafashe mu mibereho yabo kuko bazakomeza kubiganira hagati yabo, aho bahurira ku gikorwa runaka. 2.4.2. Imyitwarire yumwigisha mu gihe atanga ikiganiro Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, umwigisha cyangwa umukangurambaga aba aganira, nabantu bakuze kandi bajijutse mu ngeri zose. Abo bantu baba bamuhanze amaso, bamuteze amatwi bamwiga cyangwa bamwigiraho. Akaba ariyo mpamvu agomba kwitwararika uko agomba kwifata, kwitwara imbere yabo, mu buryo bwimyambarire, mu mvugo cyane cyane yirinda kwiharira amagambo cyangwa kwitangaho ingero buri kanya, akamenya ko igihe aganira na we aba yiga. -6-
2.4.2.1. Kumenya neza icyo akora kandi akagikora ku gihe Bituma yigirira icyizere, bigatuma nibitekerezo avanye mu bo aganira na bo ashobora guhita abyinjiza mu kiganiro. Ibi bituma ikiganiro kirushaho kugenda neza, kandi buri gihe uhugura akamenya ko igihe aganira agomba kugira icyo yiyungura kimufasha mu bindi biganiro. Ariko ubumenyi afite no kuba inararibonye ntibyatuma yiyemera mu mvugo ye kuko kwiyemera no kwigirira icyizere biratandukanye. 2.4.2.2. Kugira imvugo yoroshye kandi yumvikana Imvugo ye igomba kuba imvugo yoroshye, yumvikana, inoze. Kuganira atanga ingero zaho ari birafasha ariko akazisobanura. 2.4.2.3. Kwirinda kwitarura abo aganira na bo Umukangurambaga cyangwa umwigisha ntagomba kwitarura abo aganira na bo. Arabegera nuriya utavuga cyane akamenya kumwegera akamutega amatwi. Agomba kumenya kwishyira ku rwego rwabo aganira na bo atitesheje agaciro ariko kandi atanerekana ko akeneye ikuzo. Gusabana nabo aganira na bo ntibivuze ko ahita ahinduka nka bo. 2.4.2.4. Kwirinda gutwama cyangwa kurogoya Mu gihe ayobora ikiganiro yirinda gutwama uvuga cyangwa kumurogoya. Agomba kumuha umwanya agatanga igitekerezo cye uko acyumva, akemera ukuri kwe. Ibitekerezo byabandi ni byo bimwereka ko yibeshye cyangwa ko afite ukuri koko. Agomba kumenya gukemura impaka ntawe asesereje. 2.4.2.5. Kwiha gahunda ishoboka no kuyubahiriza Ni kimwe mu bituma abo yatumiye mu biganiro bamugirira icyizere. Agomba gukuza umuco wo gukorera igikorwa mu gihe cyagenwe. 2.4.2.6. Ikiganiro cyateguwe kigomba kuba gifite intego Uwigisha agomba kuba yumva neza intego zikiganiro, bityo bikamufasha kuyobora ikiganiro cye agusha kuri za ntego.. 2.4.2.7. Gahunda igomba kumvikanwaho: Uyitanga nabayihabwa bagomba kuyubahiriza; kubahiriza igihe uko cyagenwe bituma haba icyizere hagati yuhugura nabo ahugura. Mbere yo gutangira ikiganiro, uhugura agomba kugeza gahunda ye ku bo ahugura kugira ngo bayemeze.
2.4.3 Ubutumwa nyirizina

2.4.3.1. Ubutumwa bwose nkuko byavuzwe haruguru bugomba kugira intego Iyi ntego ishobora kuba ari rusange cyangwa intego yihariye. Intego rusange: Igamije kugera kuri benshi mu gihe kirekire Intego yihariye : Akenshi ni iyuwo mwanya, igamije kugera ku itsinda runaka ryabantu bitabiriye ikiganiro muri icyo gihe cyihariye. 2.4.3.2. Abahugurwa bagomba kumva ko bafite inyungu mu kiganiro -7-
Bivuga ko ikiganiro kigomba kugira aho gihurira nimibereho nubuzima bwabo rusange. Ubutumwa bugomba kuza butanga inzira cyangwa uburyo bwo gufasha gukemura ibibazo abaturage bahantu runaka bafite muri icyo gihe. Mu kiganiro bagomba kugira uruhare rwo gushaka no kuvumbura izo nzira cyangwa ubwo buryo bumva buzabafasha kwikemurira ibibazo bahura nabyo mu mibereho yabo ya buri munsi. 2.4.3.3. Ikiganiro kigomba kugira isano nibyifuzo byabo kigenewe Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, intego yubutumwa igomba kuba igamije gufasha abigishwa kumenya no gusobanukirwa neza ikibazo runaka mu gihe iki niki kandi bikanabafasha gushaka no kubona inzira zo kugikemura. 2.4.3.4. Kumvikana kuri gahunda Ubutumwa bugomba kuba buri muri gahunda kandi iyo gahunda ikabanza kumvikanwaho. Uwateguye ikiganiro agishyira kuri gahunda, yaba iyumunsi cyangwa iyigihe runaka, iyo gahunda akayigeza mbere ku bo yatumiye yifuza ko baganira, bakaza bazi icyo baje kuganiraho. Byaba ari ikosa rikomeye gutumira abantu (imbaga ) mu kiganiro runaka, bahagera ukababwira ibitagize aho bihuriye nibyo bari biteguye kumva. Ibi umwigisha cyangwa umukangurambaga agomba kubyirinda. 2.4.3.5. Kubahiriza igihe Utanga ikiganiro cyangwa inyigisho agomba kubahiriza igihe. Iri ni ihame umwigisha agomba kubahiriza kandi akarigenderaho. Icya mbere agomba kubahiriza isaha, akahagerera igihe yageneye ikiganiro. Gukererwa no gukerereza abandi ni ingeso mbi ishobora, iyo imaze kuba umuco, kudindiza iterambere mu nzira izo ari zo zose. Muri rusange, Abanyarwanda bakwiye gukuza umuco wo kubahiriza igihe, buri gikorwa tukamenya kugikora mu gihe cyakigenewe. 2.4.3.6. Guteganya imfashanyigisho Utanga inyigisho cyangwa ikiganiro agomba kwitegura neza kandi ateganya imfashanyigisho ituma ubutumwa atanga bwumvikana neza. Hari uburyo bwinshi bushobora gukoreshwa bitewe nikiganiro atanga, aho agitangira nabo aganira na bo. Ashobora kwifashisha ikibaho ningwa cyangwa impapuro ngari (flip charts) namakaramu (marqueurs) agashushanya, ashobora kwerekana filimi (film) yateguwe kuri icyo kiganiro akayisobanura neza, ashobora gukoresha agakino gasobanura igikorwa runaka (sketch), ashobora no gusobanuza ibice byumubiri we (amaso, umunwa, izuru, amaboko, intoki, ibirenge) ashobora kandi gukoresha inyandiko nibindi. 2.4.3.7. Kumvikana ku mategeko agenga imigendekere myiza yikiganiro Ikiganiro cyose kigira ugitanga nabagihabwa, kigira uburyo gitangwamo, aho gitangirwa nigihe. Ni yo mpamvu rero hagomba amategeko yumvikanyweho abitabiriye ikiganiro bagomba kubahiriza kugira ngo ikiganiro cyabo kigende neza, kigirire akamaro abacyitabiriye. Aha twavuga ko abitabiriye ikiganiro babanza kumvikana kuri ibi bikurikira : Kumvikana ku ngingo ziri buganirweho; Kwemeranywa ku gihe ikiganiro kiri butangirweho; Kwemeranywa ku buryo buri bukoreshwe mu gutanga ikiganiro; Kwemeranywa ko ufata ijambo asaba uyobora ibiganiro umwanya akavuga igitekerezo cye; Kwemeranya ko ntawe ugomba kurogoya uwahawe umwanya cyangwa ijambo; Kwirinda kurangaza abandi cyangwa kurogoya ikiganiro ku buryo ubwo aribwo bwose, bugomba gutuma bagira uruhare , buri wese, muri icyo kiganiro. -8-
2.4.4. Bumwe mu buryo bushobora gukoreshwa ni ubu bukurikira:

Uburyo buvumbura amatsiko; Uburyo bwo kujya impaka; Uburyo bwo kubaza ibibazo; Uburyo bwerekana ibintu; Uburyo bwo gukorera mu matsinda; Uburyo bukoresha itangazamakuru. NB. Ibisobanuro bijyanye nuburyo bunyuranye bwo guhugura murabisanga mu isomo rya mbere
2.4.5. Gukoresha isuzumamigendekere ya gahunda

Muri gahunda yibikorwa ibyo ari byo byose, gusuzuma uko iyo gahunda yagenze ni ngombwa kuko bisaba uwayihaye gusubiza amaso inyuma akareba inzira yanyuzemo, uburyo yakoresheje, ibibazo yahuye nabyo, uko yabikemuye, ibitarakemutse, ibyo yashoboye gushyira mu bikorwa, ibyo atashoboye gukora nimpamvu yabiteye, agafata ingamba nshya kugira ngo agere ku ntego yihaye. Kugira ngo isuzumamigendekere rya gahunda rigende neza, ni ngombwa gutegurwa neza ku buryo bukurikira : Gukurikiranira hafi ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda, umunsi ku wundi; Kureba ko intego wari wihaye wayigezeho; Kureba ko gahunda yakurikijwe; Kureba uruhare abagenewe ibiganiro babigizemo; Kureba uko ikiganiro cyumvikanye cyangwa cyakiriwe; Kumenya niba uburyo bwakoreshejwe bwari bukwiye; Kugira amasomo uvana mu byakozwe. 2.4.5.1. Gukurikiranira hafi ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda Birafasha cyane kuko ari bwo umwigisha ashobora kumenya uko igikorwa cyari cyateganyijwe cyagenze umunsi ku wundi. Ni byo shingiro ryo gusuzuma neza uko gahunda yashyizwe mu bikorwa. 2.4.5.2. Kureba ko intego yagezweho Intego y ikiganiro igomba gutuma abakigenewe bagira icyo basigarana, gishobora kubafasha guhindura imikorere, imyifatire nimitekerereze ya buri munsi. Uyobora ikiganiro ashobora kwifashisha uburyo bunyuranye kugira ngo asuzume ko hari icyo bumvise: Ashobora kubaza ibibazo byoroheje byumvikana ku kiganiro cyatanzwe akeneye ibisubizo bigufi bisobanutse; Ashobora gusaba abantu babiri kuvuga muri make icyo bungutse mu kiganiro bahawe; Ashobora gusaba abamuteze amatwi abatunguye, buri wese akavuga icyo asigaranye, yumva kizamugirira akamaro.
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2.4.5.3. Kureba ko gahunda yari yateganyijwe yakurikijwe Ni ukuvuga ko: Igikorwa cyari cyateganyijwe cyari cyakorewe mu gihe cyari cyagenewe ; Igikorwa cyakorewe abari bakigenewe naho cyari cyateganyirijwe gukorerwa. 2.4.5.4. Uruhare abagenewe ibiganiro babigizemo Kureba ko abatumiwe mu biganiro babyitabiriye, ko ibiganiro byabashimishije, ko hari icyo basigaranye kizabafasha, kumenya niba bifuza ibindi biganiro nkibyo. 2.4.5.5. Kureba ko ikiganiro cyumvikanye Kumenya uko ikiganiro cyafashije abacyitabiriye gusobanukirwa nibibazo bahura na byo buri munsi no kubona inzira cyangwa uburyo bwo kubafasha kubikemura. Burya gusobanukirwa neza nikibazo ukamenya ko nta gisubizo cyangwa nta muti wacyo, nabyo ubwabyo ni igisubizo kuko bigufasha kubona neza cya kibazo ukamenya uko witwara. 2.4.5.6. Kumenya niba uburyo bwakoreshejwe mu gutanga ikiganiro bwari buboneye Akenshi kumenya niba uburyo wakoresheje mu gutanga ikiganiro runaka bwari bunogeye abacyitabiriye bigaruka kuri bimwe byavuzwe haruguru mu zindi ngingo Bimwe mu bishobora kukwereka ko uburyo bwakoreshejwe bwari bushimishije ni ibi bikurikira: Uko abantu bakurikiranye ibiganiro (barambiwe cyangwa wabonaga bafite inyota yo gukurikira, bifuzaga gukomeza, ...), Uko babaza ibibazo; Uko basubiza ibyo babajijwe; Uko abantu bashaka kukumva, kukwegera na byo byerekana ko hari icyiza bavanye mu kiganiro watanze. 2.4.5.7. Kugira amasomo uvana mu byakozwe Igikorwa cyose kigomba kugira isomo gisigira uwakigizemo uruhare wese.Umwigisha wakurikiranye gahunda yinyigisho cyangwa yibiganiro yatanze agera aho nawe yibaza icyo akuye muri gahunda yose yari yihaye. Yibaza niba yarubahirije gahunda uko yayihaye cyangwa se niba hari ibyo atashoboye gukorera igihe cyabyo. Ibyo yashoboye gukora arabyishimira ndetse agashimishwa nuko yashoboye kubikora. Ibyo atashoboye gukora nabyo yibaza impamvu atabishoboye, noneho akitegura bihagije kugira ngo azashobore kubikora neza mu kindi gihe yihaye.
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Yibaza kandi uko yageze ku ntego yagombaga kugeraho: niba yarayigezeho ku buryo bushimishije bikamushimisha kuko hari icyo abandi bashoboye kunguka ariwe biturutseho. Niba atarashoboye kugera ku ntego ye, yibaza impamvu atayigezeho ningaruka bishobora kugira ku bagombaga guhabwa iyo nyigisho. Umwanzuro Kwigisha ni ugutanga ubumenyi ufite, ariko ni no kunguka ubundi utari ufite. Umwigisha mwiza ahora yiyungura mu bumenyi kubera ko iyo yigisha na we aba yiga. Kwigisha si umurimo woroshye, ni umurimo usaba gutegurwa neza, usaba ibikoresho byinshi, nuburyo bunyuranye butuma inyigisho itangwa neza ikakirwa neza nabo igenewe. Kwigisha ni ukugira uburyo no kumenya kubukoresha. Akaba ariyo mpamvu umukangurambaga agira uburyo akoresha butuma ashobora kwitegura neza kugira ngo ikiganiro cyangwa isomo rye rishobore kugera ku ntego yaryo; intego yo gutuma umunyarwanda ashobora guhinduka mu myumvire, mu mitekerereze, mu myifatire, mu mikorere no mu mibanire ye nabandi bafatanya kubaka igihugu cyamahoro mu majyambere arambye.
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Isomo rya III. Itangabutumwa hagati yabantu babiri cyangwa mu Itsinda

3.1. Intangiriro Mu gihe cyamahugurwa, umukangurambaga aba afite uruhare runini. Uruhare rwe rwibanze ni ugufasha abahugurwa kuvuga ibintu uko biri no kwivumburira ikigiye gukorwa. Abahugurwa bafata neza ibyo bivugiye ubwabo. Mu gihe cyamahugurwa, uhugura ashobora kwifashisha uburyo bunyuranye kugira ngo ubutumwa bwe bugere ku bo bugenewe. Muri iri somo ntabwo tubuvuga bwose ahubwo turi bwibande ku bukunze gukoreshwa nubumenyi ngombwa uhugura agomba kuba afite kugira ngo agere ku ntego. 3.2. Intego zisomo : Nyuma yisomo, abahugurwa bazaba basobanukiwe nuburyo bwingenzi bwakwifashishwa mu guhugura ndetse nubumenyi bwibanze uhugura agomba kuba afite mu gihe cyitangabutumwa. Mu gutanga ubutumwa ku bantu babiri cyangwa benshi, uhugura ashobora gukoresha uburyo bukurikira: 3.3. Amatsinda Kugira ngo abahugurwa babashe kungurana ibitekerezo, rimwe na rimwe biba byiza iyo bakorera mu matsinda. Dore uko amatsinda agenda arutana nigihe yakoreshwa. Babiri babiri Igihe hari ingingo basa naho batavugaho rumwe cyangwa bifashe kugira icyo bavuga, babanza kuyivuganaho babiri babiri, nyuma bakayigarukaho bose hamwe. Bikoreshwa na none iyo ari ingingo zireba ubuzima bwabantu ku giti cyabo; mbere yo kubishyira muri rusange, ni byiza ko bibanza kuganirwaho mu matsinda ya babiri, byaba na ngombwa kandi bishoboka, umuntu akaba yakwihitiramo uwo abwira. Batatu Itsinda ringana gutya riba iyo umuntu ashaka ko buri wese agira uruhare. Iyo ari batatu ubwabo, ntibyoroshye ko habamo utagira igitekerezo atanga. Bane, batanu, batandatu. Abantu bangana gutyo mu itsinda bo bakoreshwa nkiyo bagiye gukora gahunda yibikorwa cyangwa bagiye kungurana ibitekerezo ku kintu gisaba gucukumbura. Gusa uko rigenda riba rinini ni nako kungurana ibitekerezo bigenda bitwara umwanya munini no gufata ibyemezo bigatinda. Hagati ya batandatu na 12 Iryo tsinda ribereye kungurana ibitekerezo iyo hari igihe gihagije. Iyo itsinda rigizwe numubare urenze 12, biba ngombwa ko haba uriyobora wateganyijwe. - 12 -
Mirongo itatu Abantu bangana batya mu itsinda bashobora kugirana ubumwe bakanatanga umuganda wibitekerezo mu gihe bamarana iminsi 4 cyangwa 5. Biba ngombwa ariko ko rimwe na rimwe itsinda nkiri rigabanywamo udutsinda duto duto. Hagati ya 30 na 200 Itsinda nkiri rishobora gukoreshwa nkiyo hakenewe guhuza abantu ngo bagezweho amabwiriza cyangwa ibitekerezo bishya. Ariko kugira ngo ibintu bigende neza, hagomba kuba hari abahugura binzobere nitsinda ryababafasha na bo bazi akazi kabo kandi bateguriwe neza gukora uwo murimo mu itsinda nka ririya. Nubwo itsinda riba ari rimwe, birakwiye ko hateganywa umwanya wo kugira ngo abantu baganire kuri ayo mabwiriza cyangwa ibyo bitekerezo bishya mu matsinda mato, banakore gahunda yuko bizashyirwa mu bikorwa. Iyo bitagenze bityo niyo abantu batashye ubona babyakiriye, iyo bavuye aho bagasubira iwabo bagenda badohoka buke buke ntihagire igikorwa. 3.4. Uburyo bwo guhugura Uburyo bukoreshwa mu mahugurwa bugomba guha abahugurwa kugira uruhare mu biganiro. Hashobora gukoreshwa bumwe mu buryo bukurikira: Udukino Kugira ngo ibiganiro bitarambirana, ni ngombwa guteganya agakino, nka nyuma ya buri masaha abiri. Ibi bituma abantu batarambirwa amahugurwa kandi bagashishikarira gutanga ibitekerezo bikaba birimo ubushishozi buhagije. Utwo dukino twongera kandi ubusabane mu itsinda. Agakino gashobora kuyoborwa nuhugura kimwe nuko umwe mu bahugurwa yabikora igihe hari ubishoboye. Bitewe nimiterere nubushobozi byitsinda, bishobora kuba indirimbo cyangwa imbyino; icyingenzi ni igituma abantu baruhuka mu mitwe bakanasabana. Gusaba abagize itsinda gusubiza ibibazo Ibibazo bimwe na bimwe biba byiza iyo bishubijwe nabahugurwa, uhugura we akaba yabunganira gusa. Akenshi nibo batanga ibisubizo byiza. Hari nigihe umwe mu bagize itsinda ashaka kubaza ibibazo byumutego ngo arebe uhugura uko abyitwaramo. Icyo gihe ni byiza gusaba abandi gusubiza ikibazo cye akenshi baba bamuzi bihagije bazi nicyo agamije. Gusimburana ibimenyetso Mu mikoreshereze yibimenyetso, intego zigerwaho neza iyo ibimenyetso byubwoko bumwe bidakurikiranye. Gukurikiranya ibimenyetso byimikino cyangwa byamashusho si byiza. Amasengesho Bitewe nukwemera kwabagize itsinda, amasengesho iyo akoreshejwe mu gutangira no mu gusoza bigira akamaro. Ibi ariko bikorwa ku bushake bwabagize itsinda.
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3.5. Ibigomba kwitabwaho Muri iki gice turareba ibintu byingenzi bishobora gufasha uhugura gutunganya umurimo we neza. Kubera ko umurimo wo guhugura abantu bakuru usaba ubwitonzi nubushishozi, hari inama uhugura agirwa kugira ngo ibyo akora birusheho kunogera abo abikorera. Kubahiriza igihe. Inama ya mbere igirwa uhugura ni ukugera aho amahugurwa abera nibura isaha mbere yuko amahugurwa atangira, kugira ngo abahugurwa bahagere ibyangombwa byose biteguye. Iyo abahugurwa basanze byose biteguye icyizere kiriyongera, bakagira nubushake bwo gukurikirana ibyo uhugura ababwira. Bituma na none igihe cyubahirizwa, buri kintu kigakorwa mu mwanya wacyo. Gutegura aho abantu bicara Amahugurwa agenda neza iyo abantu bicaye ku buryo nta muntu bigaragara ko yicaye ahasumba abandi cyangwa inyuma yabo. Uburyo bwiza bwo kwicara mu gihe cyamahugurwa ni ubu bukurikira: ku ruziga, ku gice cyuruziga, impande 4, inyuguti ya U cyangwa V. Umukangurambaga agomba gukora ku buryo buri wese abona bagenzi be neza, icyo gihe uvuga abandi baba bamubona kimwe. Bituma kandi bose babona ko bafite agaciro kamwe, bikanababuza kurangara no kwihisha inyuma yabandi, kimwe no kwivuganira ibyo bishakiye. Bituma na none buri wese yumva neza ibivugwa. Uburyo abahugurwa bicara ubiteganya bitewe numubare wabantu batumiwe, bitewe kandi naho inama izabera. Iyo wandika ku kibaho cyangwa ku mpapuro zagenewe amahugurwa (flip chart), wirinda kwandika uvuga kandi si byiza kwandika uteye umugongo abahugurwa. Wandika uhagaze ku ruhande kandi ucecetse, ukavuga urangije kwandika. Gutekereza ku murimo wo guhugura. Uhugura kandi agirwa inama yo gushaka akanya mbere yo gutangira amahugurwa ko gutekereza ku murimo agiye gukora no ku bo agiye kuwukorera. Ibi bimufasha guha umurongo ibitekerezo bye no guha umubiri ingufu. Nkuko umuhanga Townsend1 abivuga, ni byiza ko umuntu uhugura afata iminota 15 mbere yo gutangira yo kwitegura gukora umurimo wo guhugura: gutegura umubiri: kuwuha ingufu, kureba uko uhagaze muri rusange no guhumeka neza; gutegura umutwe: kugerageza gutekereza uko abagize itsinda bameze, icyo batekereza nuko yabafasha gutera imbere akurikije intego yamahugurwa.
Gutegura umubiri no gutsinda ubwoba Gutegura umubiri bivuga kwegeranya ingufu umuntu yifitemo, akoresheje uburyo bwo gufata akanya ko guhumeka ashyitsa umwuka mu nda. Gutegura umutwe byo bisobanura gutekereza ku byo umuntu agiye gukora, akagerageza no kwiha ishusho yumurimo we utunganye. Ibi bituma ibyo akora byose bigenda bigana kuri ya shusho ya gahunda itunganye yishyize mu mutwe. Rimwe na rimwe umuntu ugiye kuyobora amahugurwa agira ubwoba iyo ari ubwa mbere cyangwa atarabimenyera.
1
John Townsend in Amahugurwa agamije kurwanya ubukene : Igitabo cyimyitozo, Ukwakira 2003
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Dore imwe mu myifatire iboneye yafasha umukangurambanga kurwanya ubwoba akayobora amahugurwa neza2: kwitegura bihagije: nta kintu gitanga icyizere nko kuba ibintu byose biteguye neza; kutiremereza (ugira ngo urwanye ubwoba) kuko niwiremereza mu gihe wibwira abahugurwa, bizatuma babibona bitume na bo bihagararaho; gerageza kwirangaza gato mbere yo gutangira. Kwiha ishusho yuko ibintu byaba bimeze wabitunganyije uko ubishaka. shaka ahantu wamara nibura iminsi itanu wiherereye wenyine mbere yo gutangira guhugura; shaka ahantu hatari urusaku wakorera imyitozo yigikanu mbere yo gutangira. Ibibazo byibika mu ntugu no mu bikanu iyo umuntu afite ubwoba; bumwe mu buryo bwo gutuma utuza no gutuma umutima udateraguza ni uguhumeka winjiza unasohora umwuka ugashyitsa mu nda inshuro nyinshi zikurikirana. Ibi wabikora nigihe cyose ufite akanya mu gihe cyamahugurwa; gerageza kuvugisha abahugurwa mu gihe batangiye kuza. Ubikore wishimye kandi utuje. gerageza kumenya amazina namasura ya bamwe mu bo uhugura kuko biba byiza iyo uhaye ijambo umuntu umuvuze mu izina.
Kumenya abahugurwa Uhugura agomba kumenya ibyiciro binyuranye byabo ahugura. Muri ibyo byiciro harimo: - umubare wabo - imyaka yabo - igitsina - ibyo bakora - ubumenyi bwibanze bafite - ibyo bakunda nibyo banga - amahugurwa babonye nibindi bakeneye kumenya. Kugenzura uburyo ubutumwa watanze bwageze ku bahugurwa Ikwirakwiza ryubutumwa mu gihe cyamahugurwa ni uburyo buhuza abantu bagahana amakuru, ubumenyi nibindi. Ni uburyo buhuza abantu cyangwa amatsinda yabantu ngo babashe kumenya ibyo bahugurwamo. Ku buryo bwigishushanyo ubutumwa butangwa ku buryo bukurikira: Uko ubutumwa bugera ku wo bugenewe E
Utanga ubutumwa (Emetteur)
R Ubutumwa
Aho ubutumwa bunyura (Canal) Uwakira ubutumwa (Rcepteur)
Ubutumwa R Uko ubutumwa bugaruka ku wabutanze Mu gutanga ubwo butumwa, hagomba kwifashishwa ibimenyetso (code) biziranyweho nimpande zombi. Ibyo bimenyetso bishobora kuba ururimi rumwe hagati yabavugana, kwica ijisho, ibimenyetso byumubiri (gestes), etc.
2
Byavuye mu gitabo cyanditswe na International Institute for Environment Development, idem
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3.6. Uburyo uhugura yifata imbere ya kamere zitandukanye zabahugurwa
Bamenya
Ahatira abandi kwemera igitekerezo cye, ibyo avuga ashobora koko kuba abizi neza cyangwa se ari indondogozi. Bene uwo, uhugura aramucecekesha kubera ibibazo bye bidashimishije. Ahubwo urushaho gushimangira igitekerezo cyabandi atitaye kuri bene uwo muntu. Uti ibyo avuze ni byiza ariko reka twumve icyo abandi babivugaho.
Nyirandabizi
Ahora yiteguye kukugoboka yihagazeho. Umwifashisha mu gihe mujya impaka umusaba kugira icyo abivugaho kandi ukamushimira.
Indondogozi
Avuga ibyo abonye byose, usibye ibyo murebera hamwe. Ntahwema kuvuga. Uko ugiye kuvuga umuca mu ijambo uti ese ntitwatandukiriye? Rimwe na rimwe iyo utanga ijambo wirinda guhuza amaso, kugira ngo utamuha ijambo ngo avuge
Sebibazo
Ashaka kugutesha umutwe cyangwa agashaka kumva igitekerezo cyawe. Agerageza gushimangira igitekerezo cye. Ibibazo bye ubibaza abandi bari mu nama, ukirinda gusubiza ibibazo bye.
Semahane
Akunda gusenya abandi cyangwa akagira impamvu ze zituma yijujuta. Komeza utuze ugerageza kumwumvisha ko ibibazo bye mufatanya kubishakira ibisubizo mwiherereye.
Mwibone
Akunda kujya impaka zurudaca no kwitandukanya nabandi. Ashobora kugira umutima mwiza ariko agashimishwa nibye gusa. Mu byo avuga, ugerageza gukuramo ibyiza gusa ariko ntubyiteho ukivugira ibindi.
Mutanyurwa
Ntashaka rwose kumenya ibitekerezo byabandi nibyawe. Ntashaka ko hari icyo abandi bamwigisha. Umuteza abandi umubwira ko wamufasha kwiga ikibazo mwembi, ukamusaba ko yemera ibitekerezo byabandi.
Nyirasoni
Aba afite ibitekerezo ariko akananirwa kubisobanura. Umubaza ibibazo byoroshye. Umufasha kuvuga ibitekerezo bye na we akigirira icyizere.
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Gatsimbanyi
Agira ibitekerezo atsimbararaho kandi agarukaho uko abonye akanya ko kuvuga. Umugarura aho mwari mugeze, ukifashisha kimwe mu bitekerezo bye.
Nyirandangare
Ahora arangaye kandi akarangaza nabandi. Umuhamagara mu izina ukamubaza ikibazo cyoroshye kimugarura mu murongo wibyo mwiga.
Katabirora
Byose ntacyo bimubwiye. Yishyira hejuru cyangwa akibwira ko ibyo bavuga bitamureba. Ugerageza kubimucengezamo. Umwanzuro Ukora umurimo wo guhugura asabwa kwitegura bihagije. Mu myiteguro agira uretse ibirebana nibyo agomba kugeza ku bahugurwa, harimo no gushyira ku murongo ibitekerezo nimigenzereze bye. Asabwa rero gukora icyo ari cyo cyose gituma ibyo akora byose biganisha ku ntego yamahugurwa.
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Isomo rya IV Guhindura Imyumvire nImyitwarire
4.1. Intego Nyuma yisomo abahugurwa bagomba kuba bashobora: - Gufasha abo bazahugura kugira imyumvire isobanutse kuri TIG ku buryo byabafasha guhindura imyumvire nimyitwarire yabakora TIG - Gusobanurira byimazeyo Abanyarwanda bose akamaro ka TIG nicyo bayitegerejeho - Gusobanurira abahugurwa imyitwarire nyayo ikenewe ku bakora TIG nibigo byabakiriye - Guhuza ibitekerezo byabahugurwa ku bijyanye nuko babona TIG, abagomba kuyikora nabandi baturage babakiriye, abagomba gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa byayo kandi bijyanye nuturere baturukamo. 4.2. Inzira Mu nyigisho nkiyi hazitabazwa cyane uburyo bwo kwigisha abantu bakuru bushingira ku ngero zifatika. Cyakora kugira ngo intego yisomo ize kugerwaho, uhugura azitabaza uburyo bubwiriza, inzira zisobanura ndetse hanitabazwe ibibazo nibisubuzo. Kwifashisha ingero zinyuranye uhereye ku bintu bigaragara cyangwa ku byaba byararanze ubuzima bwa bamwe mu bahugurwa.
4.3. Uburyo
Hifashishijwe amatsinda yabantu babiri, babwirana zimwe mu ngero zibikorwa byiza byaranze ubuzima bwabo. Uyobora ibiganiro abasabe kubwirana hagati yabo icyaba cyaratumye ibyo bikorwa biba byiza. Hanyuma amatsinda yose ashyirwe hamwe aganirire muri rusange imyanzuro ibonetse muri uwo mwitozo kandi banabwirane icyo uwo mwitozo umaze mu kwigisha abantu bakuru kandi hagamijwe kubafasha guhindura imyitwarire nimyumvire, haba ku barebwa no gukurikirana ibijyanye nishyirwa mu bikorwa rya TIG, ku bagomba kuyikora nabandi baturage muri rusange bazakira abakora TIG. Bose bari hamwe, baganire kandi bungurane ibitekerezo ku nyito nyayo yicyo uburyo bwo kwigisha abantu bakuru bushingira ku ngero zifatika bushatse kwigisha muri rusange. Uwigisha aragerageza gusobanurira abahugurwa ibice byingenzi byubwo buryo twavuze haruguru. Kwifashisha amasinema, amagambo mbwirwaruhame bikomoka ahantu hakorwa imirimo yigihano nsimburagifungo nkibiboneka muri Kenya, Zimbabwe, Ubushinwa.
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4.4. Ibice byingenzi bigize isomo 4.4.1. Igisobanuro cyuburyo bwo kwigisha abantu bakuru bushingira ku ngero zifatika Apprentissage empirique/empirical learning Iri jambo ni irinyamahanga kandi ryakunze gukoreshwa nabantu benshi bagiye bavuga bihagije ku bijyanye no kwigisha. Biva ku nshinga apprendre / learning bivuga gutanga inyigisho, amakuru cyangwa ukabihabwa. Naho kuba bavuga ko ari apprentissage empirique/ empirical learning bisobanuye ko bene izo nyigisho zishingira cyane ku ngero, ku bikorwa bya buri munsi abahabwa izo nyigisho bivugira ubwabo. 4.4.2. Ibice byingenzi byo kwigisha wifashishije ingero zifatika: Inyigisho ishingira ku ngero zifatika ihererekana mu bice bine byingenzi : (1) Urugero rwako kanya rushingiye ku byabaye ku muntu yaba ukurikira inyigisho cyangwa undi rubonekaho, (2) Gutekereza ku rugero rwigikorwa cyatanzwe, (3) Kugereranya ku buryo bwa rusange uhereye ku rugero rwafashweho ikitegererezo (4) Gushyira mu bikorwa ibyafashweho umwanzuro Ku gishushanyo: Urugero rwako kanya rushingiye ku byabaye ku muntu yaba ukurikira inyigisho cyangwa undi rubonekaho
D Gushyira mu bikorwa ibyafashweho umwanzuro Gutekereza ku rugero rwigikorwa cyatanzwe
Kugereranya ku buryo bwa rusange uhereye ku rugero rwafashweho icyitegererezo
Uhugura agomba kumenya ko mu kwigisha abantu bakuze biga neza ari uko babigizemo uruhare (paticipation active). Uruhare rwuhugura ni ugufasha uhugurwa muri iyo nzira kandi akamenya gucengera neza buri gice agambiriye korohereza uwo ahugura.
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Gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo kwigisha abantu bakuru bushingira ku ngero zifatika
Ni umukino cyangwa igikorwa cyabantu babiri cyangwa benshi bahuriraho bagakina agakino gashushanya ubuzima busanzwe gafitanye isano ningingo zihugurwaho. Kuri uyu mwanya, uhugura akoresha amatsinda anyuranye mu dukino dutandukanye kugira ngo ahindure imyitwarire yabahugurwa cyangwa kugira ngo yigishe amahame mashya. Udukino dutandukanye ku bitabiriye amahugurwa cyangwa ku bakurikira inyigisho bifasha mu gutanga icyitegererezo cyako kanya. Urugero rwagakino: Kwinubira gukora Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro aho urebwa nacyo aho agikorera. Ibibazo bikurikira byakwifashishwa mu gufasha abakurikiye inyigisho kumva neza akamaro ka buri gice. Ibyo bibazo ni ibi bikurikira: Imyanya ikinwa mu gakino irasobanutse? Mu gakino byagenze bite? Ni irihe somo mwakuyemo ? Ni akahe kamaro se iri somo ryaba ribafitiye ? Gusesengura udukino 2 cyangwa 3 no gukuramo umwanzuro. Uwo murimo ukorerwa mu matsinda Ibimenyetso bigaragaza inyigisho nyayo (apprentisssage efficace)
Inyigisho igenewe abantu bakuru iba nziza ari uko: bigaragara ko igera kandi yateguriwe uwo igenewe : Abantu bakuru bashobora kugabana imirimo ibagenewe mu kwiga kwabo kuko baba biyumvisha neza akamaro bibafitiye. Nibo barebwa ninyigisho ntabwo ari abandi bitegurirwa. isubiza byukuri icyifuzo cyangwa inyungu zako kanya : kubera ko inyigisho yahereweho ari iyinjira mu buzima bwabo busanzwe kandi ahanini yahereye ku kibazo amahugurwa ashaka gukemura. ihamagarira abari mu mahugurwa kugira uruhare rugaragara (kuvuga, gutanga ibitekerezo, gufata imyanzuro nibindi). igihe ingero zikoreshwa zavanywe mu buzima busanzwe : bamwe bigira ku bandi ndetse na mwarimu agira icyo yigira mu bo yigisha. igihe uvuga wese abona igisubizo ku cyifuzo cyangwa ikibazo icyo ari cyo cyose yakwibaza (feed back) hagaragaramo ubwubahane hagati yuhugura nuhugurwa na byo byongerera ingufu numurava mu myumvire nihinduka ku bagenewe inyigisho runaka. hari umwuka mwiza mu bigishwa, umwuka uzira inabi, guterwa ubwoba, uburakari, bituma inyigisho icengera vuba. kuba inyigisho itangirwa ahantu heza, nta wicwa ninzara, ntawe urwaye, byongera amahirwe kubakurikiye inyigisho runaka. 4.5. Bumwe mu buryo bwo kuyobora ibiganiro 4.5.1.Intego Iki gice kiragaragaza bumwe mu buhanga bukoreshwa cyane cyane mu bayobora ibiganiro mu matsinda kandi hagamijwe ibi bikurikira : Kumenya guhitamo umukangurambaga mwiza ; - 20 -
Gushyira mu bikorwa bumwe mu buhanga bwo kuyobora ibiganiro nko gutega amatwi, kubaza ibibazo biboneza ku ngingo yisomo, gusubira mu kibazo cyangwa igisubizo cyatanzwe nuhugurwa, gukoresha amagambo yoroshye, asobanutse kandi magufi ; Guteganya uburyo bwo kwita ku bahugurwa bafite imyitwarire idasanzwe.
4.5.2. Uko bayobora ibiganiro Mu ruhame, uyobora ikiganiro asaba abahugurwa kuganirira hamwe ku bijyanye na bumwe mu buhanga bukoreshwa mu kuyobora ibiganiro mu matsinda, Gutanga incamake kuri buri gice cyingenzi bibanda ku ngingo yavuzwe haruguru nko kubaza ibibazo biboneza ku ngingo yisomo, gusubira mu kibazo cyangwa mu gisubizo cyatanzwe nuhugurwa, gukoresha amagambo yoroshye, asobanutse kandi magufi, Kugabanyamo amatsinda ya babiri. Guha buri tsinda umukoro utandukanye nuwandi matsinda. Buri tsinda risabwe gushyira mu bikorwa ubwo buhanga bwavuzwe haruguru harimo nuwafashe umwanya wumukangurambaga nabandi bakurikiye inyigisho. Iyo myanya igomba guhinduranywa nka nyuma yiminota 2 cyangwa 3.
Uburyo bunoze butuma uhugurwa yisanzura ni ukwita ku kiganiro kiba hagati yuyobora ikiganiro cyangwa amasomo nuhugurwa. Ni ngombwa gushyigikira uruhare rufatika rwuhabwa amasomo kuko bituma inyigisho irushaho kuba nziza. Nta kwiharira ijambo mu biganiro nkibi. 4.5.3. Ibiranga umukangurambaga mwiza mu matsinda Kuba abasha gukora amatsinda yabahugurwa kandi akababaza niba hari umuyoborabiganiro mwiza bigeze bagira cyangwa utarababereye mwiza. Guha buri tsinda akanya ko gushyira ku rutonde imigenzo myiza babona umukangurambaga yagombye kugira. Aha twavuga : kuba umuntu ususurutsa kandi ugaragaraza ko yakwakira imyitwarire yabandi, ari umuntu uzi guhitamo no gukora amatsinda nta kindi ashingiyeho, kuba yafatikanya inyigisho ye nabo yigisha, guteganya ibikenewe kandi adashobora gusesagura imitungo yahawe, kwitwara neza mu gukemura impaka, kumva no kwishyira mu mwanya wabakurikiye inyigisho, kugira ubwiyoroshye mu gusubiza ibyifuzo byabahugurwa, kugira ubumenyi mu nyigisho ahugurwamo no kugira ubushobozi bwo kwigisha bushimishije.
4.6. Uburyo bwifatanyamikorere (mthodologie participative / participatory method) Imirimo mu matsinda Muri rusange itsinda riba rigizwe nabantu 4 kugeza kuri 8. Uyu mubare utuma habaho ubushobozi buhagije bwo gukemura impaka zavuka, gutanga ibitekerezo byihariye bya buri muntu, bituma buri tsinda rikora umurimo ku giti cyaryo, rikagereranya umurimo wakozwe nuwayandi matsinda kandi hakabaho nubwuzuzanye. Hamenyekana akamaro ninkunga ya buri wese mu itsinda aherereyemo. Cyakora kugira ngo imirimo mu matsinda irusheho kugenda neza, ni ngombwa ko imirimo itangwa ku buryo busobanutse, kugena igihe umurimo runaka ugomba kumara, kwibutsa abagize buri tsinda ko bagomba gutega amatwi no kumva ibitekerezo bya buri wese, kubibutsa ko ntakwiharira ijambo ndetse ko hagomba gutegurwa ibibazo biyobora ikiganiro kuko bituma abagize amatsinda baguma mu murongo wibiteganyijwe.
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Imigendekere yimirimo mu matsinda: Gushyira abantu mu matsinda ya bane cyangwa umunani. Imirimo ikorwa amatsinda yitaruranye kugira ngo hatabamo gukoperana imyanzuro. Aha biba byiza iyo bashishikarijwe kwicara barebana, mbese bakoze uruziga, Buri tsinda ryishakamo umuyoborabiganiro, Uyobora ibiganiro agomba kwizera ko umurimo wa buri tsinda wumvikanye neza kuri bose, Amatsinda arangije imirimo, ni ngombwa gukora incamake ku mirimo yose yayavuyemo.
Kwisanisha (Simulation) Ni bumwe mu buryo bwo kugaragaraza ikigamijwe. Bifasha abigishwa cyangwa abahugurwa kwimenyereza igikorwa kigambiriwe nta gutinya ibindi bintu bishobora kuba imbogamizi niyo byaba bishobora kuba biteye ubwoba. Udukino tugufi (Jeu de rle/ role play) Bene utwo dukino twakinwe nabantu 2 cyangwa benshi, ni two twerekana kandi tukamenyesha icyo abahuguwe bakuye mu nyigisho zatanzwe. Dushobora kuba dutunguranye cyangwa tubanje gutekerezwaho. Si ngombwa ko tuba twanditse. Tugira akamaro kuko akenshi ari udukino tuba dushekeje kandi dukubiyemo inyigisho yatanzwe. Urugero rwibyabaye ku muntu (Etude de cas/ case study) Ishobora kuba inkuru nyayo cyangwa inkuru mpimbano yateguwe mbere. Itangwa nkinkuru mbarirano kandi akenshi ifasha abigishwa cyangwa abahugurwa kuko iba iganisha ku ngingo uwateguye amahugurwa ashaka ko zumvikana neza. Biba byiza kandi iyo habonetse umwanya uhagije wo kugaruka ku byavuzwe byose muri iyo nkuru hakavamo isomo. Umwanzuro Ubu buryo tumaze kuvugaho si bwo bwonyine kamara mu gucengeza imyumvire no guhindura imyifatire. Hari izindi nzira zakoreshwa ariko ubu bwagaragaye nka bumwe mu bwabashije kugaragaraza umusaruro uhagije. Cyakora abahugura nabahugurwa bashobora kurebera hamwe ubundi buryo bwakoreshwa biramutse bibaye ngombwa.
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Isomo rya V Ibikubiye mu Iteka rya Perezida n 10/01 ryo ku wa 07/03/2005 ku Gihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro nkuko ryavuguruwe kandi ryujujwe kugeza ubu
5.1. Intangiriro Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro ni gishya mu mategeko yu Rwanda. Mu mahugurwa yabazahugura abandi ni ngombwa ko umukangurambaga afasha abahugurwa gusobanukirwa neza nIteka rya Perezida riteganya uburyo igihano nsimburagifungo kizakorwa ninzego zinyuranye zishinzwe gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryacyo. Iri somo rigamije gufasha abazahugura abagize Komite zigihano nsimburagifungo mu nzego zinyuranye kubona uburyo umurimo wabo utazagarukira ku kwigisha gusa, ahubwo hagamijwe no kuzabahindura imyumvire, imitekerereze nimyitwarire ku byerekeye Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro, kuko ari byo bizabafasha kubisobanurira abandi no kuzuza neza inshingano zabo. Nyuma yibisobanuro bizatangwa numwigisha, abari mu mahugurwa bazungurana ibitekerezo ku bizahinduka ku myumvire yAbanyarwanda biturutse ku gihano gishya nsimburagifungo cyimirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro cyinjijwe mu mategeko ahana yu Rwanda. Muri iri somo hazakoreshwa uburyo bwo gukusanya ibitekerezo byabahugurwa no kubafasha kubitanga batitangira (brainstorming) kandi bizabasaba kurangwa numwete bavuga ibyo basanzwe bazi ku gihano nsimburagifungo cyimirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro, ibyo bagishima, uko bacyumva, uko babona cyashoboka, ibyo babona kizageza ku gihugu nabagituye, ibyo bakinenga, uko bumva kivugwa nabaturarwanda muri rusange. 5.2. Intego zisomo Iri somo rirangiye abahugurwa bazaba basobanukiwe neza nibi bikurikira: Agaciro Leta yu Rwanda iha Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro; Uburyo iki gihano gishyashya mu mategeko ahana yu Rwanda kizahindura imyumvire yAbanyarwanda muri rusange; Aho igihano nsimburagifungo gihuriye nibindi bihano biteganywa namategeko yu Rwanda namahame yicyo gihano haba mu Rwanda ndetse no mu bindi bihugu; Mu buryo bwibiganiro, udukino nimirimo mu matsinda, abahugurwa bazaba basobanukiwe kurushaho kandi bumvise byimazeyo inshingano zabo bwite muri Komite yurwego barimo.
5.3 Igihano nsimburagifungo ni iki, gikorwa na nde, gikorwa ryari? Nkuko Iteka rya Perezida N10/01 ryo ku wa 07/03/2005 ryerekana kandi rishyiraho uburyo Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro gikorwa ribisobanura mu ngingo yaryo ya 2, igihano nsimburagifungo ni igihano cyo gukora imirimo idahemberwa ifitiye igihugu akamaro, gikatiwe uwahamwe nicyaha cya jenoside cyangwa ibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu ushyirwa mu rwego rwa kabiri nInkiko Gacaca hakurikijwe itegeko ngenga ryo ku wa 19/6/2004, - 23 -
wireze akemera ibyaha akanabisabira imbabazi bikemerwa nInkiko Gacaca, akayikora mu gihe afungishijwe ijisho kandi akayikorera ahantu habyemerewe. Iyo mirimo izakorerwa ahantu hatandukanye: hashobora kuba mu butegetsi bwite bwa Leta cyangwa mu bindi bigo ibyo ari byo byose byemerewe na Komite yigihano nsimburagifungo ku rwego rwAkarere/Umujyi, kubera inshingano byahawe zifitiye abaturage akamaro ninyungu imirimo ikorwa izaba ifitiye abaturage muri rusange. Uwakatiwe icyo gihano agikora iminsi itatu mu cyumweru indi akikorera kandi ataha iwe mu gihe afungishijwe ijisho kandi akagikorera ahantu habyemerewe, anakurikiranwa ninzego zabigenewe. 5.4. Ni iyihe mirimo yihutirwa izaherwaho mu irangizwa ryigihano nsimburagifungo? Nubwo TIG ishobora gukora imishinga myinshi inyuranye, ingero zubwoko bwimirimo izakorwa ziri mu ngingo ya 3 niya 25 zIteka rya Perezida. Imirimo izibandwaho ni nkiyi ikurikira: Imirimo yerekeye gufata neza inzuzi nibiyaga; Gufata neza ibidukikije, gutera amashyamba no gukorera asanzwe; Gutunganya ibishanga namaterasi yindinganire; Imirimo yo gushyira ibikoresho mu mazu akoreshwa mu buryo bwa rusange no kubisana; Imirimo yerekeranye no gufata neza amazu ya Leta nibindi byo mu mutungo wayo nkubusitani abantu baruhukiramo nubusitani bwumurimbo; Imirimo yo kubaka no gusana amashuri, amavuriro, amazu yabatishoboye ariko bisabwe nUbuyobozi bwAkarere cyangwa ubwUmujyi namazu yibigo bikorera abaturage; Kubaka no gusana imihanda namateme; Kurwanya isuri; Guhinga imyaka izagaburirwa abagororwa muri gereza cyangwa abandi Leta ifite inshingano zo gutunga; Ibindi byagenwa na Komite yIgihugu yigihano nsimburagifungo.
Ubwoko bwimirimo itazakorwa nabari mu gihano nsimburagifungo Kugena imirimo izakorwa bizita ku bushobozi bwuri mu gihano bwaba ubwumubiri cyangwa ubwubumenyi, ariko hari imirimo batazakoreshwa kuko babibuzwa namategeko. Hubahirijwe ingingo ya 76 yItegeko Ngenga N16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/06/2004 rigena imiterere, ububasha nimikorere byInkiko Gacaca zishinzwe gukurikirana no gucira imanza abakoze ibyaha bya jenoside nibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakozwe hagati yitaliki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990 niya 31 Ukuboza 1994, imirimo itazakorwa nkigihano nsimburagifungo ni iyi ikurikira: kuba umupolisi cyangwa umusirikare; gukora umurimo wa Leta; kuba umwarimu cyangwa umuvuzi mu bigo bya Leta cyangwa ibyabikorera ku giti cyabo.
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5.5. Ibigo bishaka gukoresha imirimo abari mu gihano byemererwa bite? Inzego zubutegetsi nibigo bya Leta kimwe nimiryango itegamiye kuri Leta byifuza kwandikisha imirimo kuri rwa rutonde, bibisaba mu nyandiko Komite yAkarere cyangwa yUmujyi yo mu ifasi byifuza ko ikorerwamo. Ibaruwa isaba kwemerwa nkikigo cyakira abari mu gihano nsimburagifungo yandikirwa Perezida wa Komite yAkarere/Umujyi iherekezwa na: 1. Kopi iriho umukono wa Noteri ninyandiko yubutegetsi yemera umuryango cyangwa kopi yitegeko rishyiraho urwego rwubutegetsi rwa Leta; 2. Kopi yamategeko agenga ikigo gisaba kwemererwa; 3. Urutonde rwamashami yikigo naho afite icyicaro; 4. Imyirondoro yabagize inama yubutegetsi, iyabagize biro yumuryango niyababihagarariye mu mashami yabyo, igaragaza amazina, igihe naho bavukiye, ubwenegihugu, umwuga naho bibarurirwa. 5.6. Ibyitabwaho na Komite yAkarere / Umujyi mbere yo kwemerera ikigo Komite yAkarere cyangwa yUmujyi yandikiwe ikora iperereza ryose rya ngombwa. Ifata icyemezo ishingiye ku kamaro imirimo isabirwa gukorwa yagirira abaturage nicyo yamarira uyikora mu rwego rwo kongera gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe abari mu gihano. 5.7.Uri mu gihano atungwa na nde? Agikora ataha hehe? Kubera ko uri mu gihano akora iminsi 3 adahemberwa indi agikorera nurugo rwe kandi ataha iwe, aritunga bikagabanyiriza Leta umutwaro wo gutunga abagororwa benshi. Iyo uwakatiwe yanze kurangiza igihano nsimburagifungo, icyo gihano kivanwaho, agasubizwa muri gereza kuharangiriza igihano cyigifungo yakatiwe nUrukiko Gacaca. 5.8. Bigenda bite se iyo uri mu gihano akoze ikindi cyaha mu gihe akiri mu gihano nsimburagifungo? Ikigo gikoresha imirimo kimenyesha bidatinze Komite yAkarere cyangwa yUmujyi hamwe numukozi ushinzwe ibyigihano nsimburagifungo mu Karere cyangwa mu Mujyi, ikosa ryose uwakatiwe akoze hamwe nikintu cyose yangije cyangwa cyamwangije akora akazi. Komite yAkarere ifata ibyemezo byose isanga ari ngombwa. Iyo ari ikindi cyaha akoze, igihe yari amaze muri icyo gihano kiba imfabusa, agasubira muri gereza kurangiza igice cyigifungo yagombaga gukoramo igihano nsimburagifungo kandi akanakurikiranwa ku cyaha gishya yakoze, hubahirijwe ingingo ya 74 y itegeko-ngenga n 16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/06/2004 rigena imiterere, ububasha nimikorere byInkiko Gacaca zishinzwe gukurikirana no gucira imanza abakoze ibyaha bya jenoside nibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakozwe hagati yitariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990 niya 31 Ukuboza 1994. 5.9. Ese igihano nsimburagifungo gishobora gusubikwa? Igihe kigenewe imirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro gishobora gusubikwa bitewe nimpamvu zikomeye. Iryo subikwa ryemezwa na Komite yAkarere bisabwe na Komite yUmurenge, ibyibwirije cyangwa imaze gusuzuma impamvu zitera isubikwa. Iyo impamvu yateye isubikwa itakiriho, uri mu gihano nsimburagifungo arangiza iminsi yose yari asigaje. 5.10. Inzego zishinzwe gucunga no gukurikirana irangizwa ryigihano nsimburagifungo - 25 -
Kugira ngo igihano nsimburagifungo kigende neza, Leta yashyizeho inzego zigomba gukurikiranira hafi irangizwa ryIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro. Ni muri urwo rwego hashyizweho Komite yIgihugu, Komite zIntara/Umujyi wa Kigali, Komite zUturere/Imijyi na Komite zImirenge. Imiterere yazo ninshingano zabazigize bigaragarira mu Iteka rya Perezida. Komite yigihugu yIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro(ing.4-7) Komite yIgihugu yIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro igizwe na: 1. Minisitiri ufite Ubutabera mu nshingano ze: Perezida; 2. Minisitiri ufite Ubutegetsi bwigihugu mu nshingano ze cyangwa intumwa ye ifite Amajyambere Rusange mu nshingano zayo: Visi-Perezida; 3. Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa wa Komite yIgihugu: Umwanditsi; 4. Umushinjacyaha Mukuru wa Repubulika cyangwa umwungirije mu kazi; 5. Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa wUrwego rwIgihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca cyangwa umwungirije mu kazi; 6. Komiseri Mukuru wa Polisi yIgihugu cyangwa umwungirije mu kazi; 7. Uhagarariye Minisiteri ifite amagereza mu nshingano zayo; 8. Uhagarariye Komisiyo yIgihugu yUbumwe nUbwiyunge; 9. Uhagarariye Minisiteri ifite umurimo mu nshingano zayo; 10. Abantu 2 bahagarariye imiryango iharanira Uburenganzira bwa Muntu; 11.Abantu 2 bahagarariye imiryango iharanira inyungu zabakorewe ibyaha, umwe wigitsina gore nundi wigitsina gabo. Urwego rukoresha imirimo rwakiriyemo abakatiwe igihano nsimburagifungo rwohereza intumwa iruhagararira muri Komite yIgihugu igihe cyose yateranye. Inshingano za Komite yIgihugu ni: Kwemeza politiki yigihano nsimburagifungo, gahunda yingamba, ibikorwa ningengo yimari bya Komite yIgihugu yigihano nsimburagifungo bya buri mwaka; Kwemeza raporo ku irangizwa ryigihano nsimburagifungo mu gihugu hose no kuyishyikiriza Minisitiri wIntebe; Kugira Guverinoma inama mu bibazo bijyanye nimirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro no ku buryo iyo mirimo yakwemerwa nkigihano gishobora gusimbura igihano cyigifungo ku byaha bisanzwe; Gufata ibyemezo byose ibona ko ari ngobwa kandi byubahirije amategeko namabwiriza ariho, bigamije ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro; Gukemura no gufasha gukemura ibibazo byose Komite zIntara cyangwa Komite yUmujyi wa Kigali zahuye na byo mu irangizwa ryigihano nsimburagifungo; Kwerekana imirimo idashobora (ishobora) gukorwa hakurikijwe ibivugwa mu ngingo ya 3 niya 25 zIteka rya Perezida ryerekeye igihano nsimburagifungo no gukemura impaka zivutse kuri bene iyo mirimo; Gushyiraho amategeko ngengamikorere yayo.
Komite yIntara nUmujyi wa Kigali ( ing.4, 14,17,20 ig.1 ) Komite yIntara cyangwa iyUmujyi wa Kigali yigihano nsimburagifungo igizwe na: 1. Umukuru wIntara cyangwa Umuyobozi wUmujyi wa Kigali: Perezida wa Komite; - 26 -
2. Umushinjacyaha wIntara cyangwa wUmujyi wa Kigali cyangwa umwungirije mu kazi: VisiPerezida wa Komite; 3. Umukozi ushinzwe ibyigihano nsimburagifungo ku rwego rwIntara cyangwa Umujyi wa Kigali: Umunyamabanga wa Komite; 4. Umuyobozi ufite imicungire yamagereza mu nshingano ze ku rwego rwIntara cyangwa Umujyi wa Kigali; 5. Umuyobozi ushinzwe ubutegetsi namategeko ku rwego rwIntara cyangwa rwUmujyi wa Kigali; 6. Umukozi ufite mu nshingano ze Inkiko Gacaca nubumwe nubwiyunge mu nshingano ze ku rwego rwIntara/ Umujyi wa Kigali; 7. Uhagarariye Polisi yigihugu ku rwego rwIntara cyangwa rwUmujyi wa Kigali cyangwa umwungirije mu kazi; 8. Abantu 2 bahagarariye amashyirahamwe aharanira uburenganzira bwa Muntu akorera mu Ntara cyangwa mu Mujyi wa Kigali; 9. Abantu 2 bahagarariye mu Ntara cyangwa mu Mujyi wa Kigali amashyirahamwe aharanira inyungu zabakorewe ibyaha, umwe wigitsina gore nundi wigitsina gabo; 10. Umukangurambaga ushinzwe amategeko mu nzego zabari nabategarugori mu Ntara cyangwa mu Mujyi wa Kigali. Urwego rukoresha imirimo rwakiriyemo abakatiwe igihano nsimburagifungo rwohereza intumwa iruhagararira muri Komite yIntara igihe cyose yateranye. Komite yIntara cyangwa yUmujyi wa Kigali ishinzwe guhuza ibikorwa bijyanye nirangizwa ryigihano nsimburagifungo mu Ntara cyangwa mu Mujyi wa Kigali. Muri urwo rwego: - Ikemura kandi igafasha gukemura ibibazo byose Komite yAkarere cyangwa yUmujyi yigihano nsimburagifungo iri mu ifasi yayo yahuye na byo; - Ishyikiriza Komite yIgihugu ibyifuzo byose byatuma irangiza ryIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro rirushaho kugenda neza; - Ifata, mu ifasi yayo, ibyemezo byose ibona ari ngombwa kandi byubahirije amategeko namabwiriza ariho kugira ngo Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro kirangizwe neza; - Gushakisha imirimo ishobora gukorerwa mu Ntara cyangwa mu Mujyi wa Kigali nkigihano nsimburagifungo mu Ntara cyangwa mu Mujyi wa Kigali, ikayishyikiriza Ubunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa bwa Komite yIgihugu yigihano nsimburagifungo; - Ihuza ibikorwa byigihano nsimburagifungo mu ifasi yayo, ikabikorera isesengura na raporo igenera Ubunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa bwa Komite yIgihugu (ing.17) - Iterana rimwe na rimwe mu gihembwe nigihe cyose bibaye ngombwa itumijwe na Perezida wayo cyangwa umusimbura (ing.20, ig.1) Komite yAkarere / Umujyi Komite yAkarere cyangwa yUmujyi yUrwego rwigihano nsimburagifungo igizwe na: 1. Umuyobozi wAkarere cyangwa Umujyi: Perezida wa Komite; 2. Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bwa Repubulika ku rwego rwAkarere cyangwa Umujyi: Visi Perezida; 3. Umukozi ushinzwe igihano nsimburagifungo cyimirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro mu Karere cyangwa mu Mujyi: Umunyamabanga; 4. Umukozi ufite mu nshingano ze Inkiko Gacaca nUbumwe nubwiyunge mu nshingano ze ku rwego rwAkarere cyangwa Umujyi; 5. Ushinzwe ubukungu nimari ku rwego rwAkarere cyangwa rwUmujyi; - 27 -
6. Uhagarariye Polisi yIgihugu ku rwego rwAkarere cyangwa rwUmujyi cyangwa umwungirije mu kazi; 7. Abantu 2 bahagarariye imiryango iharanira Uburenganzira bwa Muntu ikorera mu Karere cyangwa mu Mujyi iyo bahari; 8. Abantu 2 bahagarariye mu Karere cyangwa mu Mujyi amashyirahamwe aharanira inyungu zabakorewe ibyaha umwe wigitsina gore nundi wigitsina gabo; 9. Umukangurambaga ushinzwe amategeko mu nzego zabari nabategarugori mu Karere cyangwa mu Mujyi. Urwego rukoresha imirimo rwakiriyemo abakatiwe igihano nsimburagifungo rwohereza intumwa iruhagararira muri Komite yAkarere cyangwa Umujyi igihe cyose yateranye.
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Komite yAkarere yigihano nsimburagifungo ishinzwe ibi bikurikira: Yandika kandi igafata ibyemezo byerekeye ukwemerera ibigo byabisabye, kuba byakwakira abakatiwe nInkiko Gacaca gukora igihano nsimburagifungo; Ishaka mu ifasi yayo imirimo nimishinga ishobora gukorwa nkigihano nsimburagifungo ikayikorera raporo igenerwa Komite yIntara; Ishyira abakatiwe nInkiko Gacaca barangije kimwe cya kabiri cyigihano cyigifungo bahawe kandi batuye cyangwa bacumbitse mu ifasi yayo, aho bagomba kurangiriza igihano nsimburagifungo. Abashinzwe amagereza bagomba gushyikiriza Komite zIntara nUmujyi wa Kigali urutonde nimyirondoro byabafunzwe basigaje amezi atatu bagafungurwa, kugira ngo bakore iyo mirimo, na zo zikarushyikiriza Komite zUturere; Igenera uwakatiwe wese ingengabihe na gahunda yuko igihano nsimburagifungo kirangizwa hakurikijwe ibiteganywa mu mutwe wa IV wIteka rya Perezida wa Repubulika rishyiraho igihano nsimburagifungo Isabira kongera gufungwa uri mu gihano nsimburagifungo utayikoze nkuko biteganyijwe, hubahirijwe ingingo ya 80 y itegeko-ngenga N 16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/06/2004 rigena imiterere, ububasha nimikorere byInkiko Gacaca zishinzwe gukurikirana no gucira imanza abakoze ibyaha bya jenoside nibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakozwe hagati yitariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990 niya 31 Ukuboza 1994; Ifata mu ifasi yayo, ibyemezo byose ibona ari ngombwa kandi byubahirije amategeko namabwiriza ariho kugira ngo Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro kirangizwe neza; Ikora buri kwezi raporo yibikorwa byayo no ku irangizwa ryigihano nsimburagifungo mu Karere cyangwa mu Mujyi, ikayishikiriza Komite yIntara cyangwa yUmujyi wa Kigali, ikanagenera kopi Ubunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa (ing.18) Iterana byibura rimwe mu kwezi nigihe cyose bibaye ngombwa , itumijwe na Perezida wayo cyangwa umusimbura (ing.20 )
Komite yUmurenge Komite yUmurenge yIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro igizwe na: Umuhuzabikorwa wUmurenge: Perezida; Ushinzwe imibereho myiza yabaturage: Visi-Perezida; Umunyamabanga watowe: Umunyamabanga; Ushinzwe amajyambere mu murenge; Abahuzabikorwa butugari twose tugize Umurenge; Abantu 2 bahagarariye ku Murenge amashyirahamwe aharanira Uburenganzira bwa Muntu iyo bahari; 7. Abantu 2 bahagarariye ku Murenge amashyirahamwe aharanira inyungu zabakorewe ibyaha iyo bahari; 8. Ushinzwe umutekano ku rwego rwUmurenge; 9. Umukangurambaga ushinzwe amategeko mu nzego zabari nabategarugori ku Murenge. Igihe Komite yUmurenge iteranye, Ikigo gikoresha imirimo yakiriwemo abarangiza igihano nsimburagifungo kiri muri iyo fasi cyohereza ugihagararira muri iyo nama. Komite yUmurenge yigihano nsimburagifungo ishinzwe ibi bikurikira: ikurikirana mu ifasi yayo, irangizwa ryigihano nsimburagifungo, ikabikorera raporo buri kwezi ikayishyikiriza Komite yAkarere cyangwa yUmujyi; - 29 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
ifata ibyemezo byose ibona ari ngombwa kandi byubahirije amategeko namabwiriza ariho kugira ngo igihano nsimburagifungo kirangizwe; ishyikiriza Komite yAkarere cyangwa Umujyi ibyifuzo byose byatuma irangizwa ryigihano nsimburagifungo rirushaho kugenda neza; Ikurikiranira hafi imyitwarire ya buri munsi yabari mu gihano nsimburagifungo, ikayikoraho raporo ishyikirizwa Komite yAkarere (ing.19)
5.11. Ubunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa bwa Komite yIgihugu yIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyimirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro (ing 4, 8-12) Ubunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa buteye bute? Ubunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa bwegamiye kuri Minisiteri ifite Ubutabera mu nshingano zayo, bukaba bufite ubwisanzure mu micungire yabakozi numutungo kandi buyoborwa nUmunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa ushyirwaho niteka rya Minisitiri wIntebe abisabwe na Minisitiri ufite Ubutabera mu nshingano ze (ing. 8) Uwo Munyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa yahawe ninama yAbaminisitiri Abanyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa babiri bamwungirije, kandi kugira ngo buzuze neza inshingano zUbunyamabanga, bagenewe nabandi bakozi bahoraho. Imirimo yabakozi bUbunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa isobanuye mu Iteka rya Minisitiri wIntebe n20/03 ryo ku wa 15/8/2004, rigena imiterere nububasha byinzego zimirimo mu Bunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa Inshingano zUbunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa bwa Komite yIgihugu yIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro Ubunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa bwa Komite yIgihugu ya bushinzwe: Gutegura no gushyira mu bikorwa imirimo yose ijyanye nigenamigambi ryigihano nsimburagifungo, gahunda yingamba nibikorwa numushinga wingengo yimari byUbunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa; Gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryibyemezo bya Komite yIgihugu; Gukurikiranira hafi, guhuza no kugenzura ibikorwa byabakozi bashinzwe ibyimirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro mu rwego rwigihugu; Gukora raporo yisuzumabikorwa / isesengura ryibikorwa byigihano nsimburagifungo buri mwaka; Gusesengurira Komite yIgihugu raporo za Komite zitandukanye zimirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro; Gutegura inama za Komite yigihugu no gukorana nizindi komite zIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro; Guhuza ibikorwa byo gushaka inkunga yimishinga izakorwa nkigihano nsimburagifungo; Gukora indi mirimo yose Komite yIgihugu ibushinze (ing.9)
5.12. Iki gihano kizatangira ryari? Igihano nsimburagifungo kizatangira igihe Inkiko Gacaca zizaba zaciye imanza za mbere, bityo zikagira abo zigikatira.
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5.13. Amahame agenderwaho mu gihano nsimburagifungo cyimirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro Mu bindi bihugu: Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro kireba ibyaha bitoya gusa. Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro ntikigomba gutuma abari basanganywe imirimo bayiteshwa kuko igenewe abari mu gihano ngo bo bagwe mu bushomeri. Imirimo ikorwa nkigihano nsimburagifungo igomba kuba ifitiye igihugu akamaro cyane cyane abatuye hafi yaho ikorerwa. Iyo witegereje, usanga ibyo bihugu byarahisemo icyo gihano kubera impamvu zikurikira: Gukoresha imirimo uwakoze icyaha gitoya aho kumufunga, bimurinda kumara igihe muri gereza hamwe nabahanirwa ibyaha biremereye birimo nibyubugome bukabije, ashobora kwigira kuri bo mu gihe bamarana, bigatuma afungurwa yarabaye mubi kurushaho. Ni uburyo bwo kumuha umwanya wo gukorera umurimo udahamberwa igihugu nabaturage bacyo yahemukiye yica amategeko kigenderaho, bikamufasha kugenda abitekerezaho no guhinduka. Bimufasha kwikosora no gusubira buhoro buhoro mu buzima busanzwe. Bigabanyiriza igihugu uburemere bwibyo gitanga mu gucunga no gutunga abagororwa.
Mu Rwanda
Icyerecyezo rusange: Kimwe nInkiko Gacaca, Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro cyashyizweho na Leta hagamijwe guhangana ningaruka za jenoside no guhana umubare munini cyane wabayigizemo uruhare, kandi ikigenderewe ari ukongera kubanisha Abanyarwanda, gushimangira ubumwe bwabo, no kureba uburyo abagize uruhare mu gusenya igihugu banagira urundi mu kugisana. U Rwanda rwashyize icyo gihano ku rutonde rwibyari bisanzwe, ndetse kinatangirira ku bafite ibyaha bikomeye nka jenoside kubera impamvu zavuzwe haruguru kandi bukaba bumwe mu buryo Leta ibona ko bwagira icyo bahindura ku mubare munini wAbanyarwanda bakoze jenoside. Iki gihano kandi kizorohereza Leta ku bijyanye numubare wabagororwa iba igomba gutunga kuko abazakora icyo gihano bose bazajya bataha mu miryango yabo. Amahame azagenderwaho : Igihano nsimburagifungo ni igihano, gihabwa uwagikatiwe, kigomba gukorwa gusa na nyirubwite mu gihe afungishijwe ijisho kandi kikagenzurwa ninzego zibifitiye ububasha. Imirimo ikorwa nabari mu gihano nsimburagifungo igomba kuba ifitiye abaturage inyungu muri rusange. Abari mu gihano nsimburagifungo cyimirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro ntibagomba kubera Leta umutwaro.
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Nkuko twabisobanuye haruguru, Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro ni igihano gikorwa nuwakatiwe mu gihe afungishije ijisho, akagikorera ahabugenewe kandi akurikiranirwa hafi nababiherewe ububasha nItegeko. Niyo mpamvu igomba gukurikiranwa, kugenzurwa no gukorwa mu gihe cyagenwe, uretse ku mirimo igomba kuba yarangiye mu gihe gitoya (ing. za 2, Agace ka 1 ; ing. 3 ; ing. 32) Iryo genzurwa kandi rishobora no gukorwa nubonetse wese. Niyo mpamvu gahunda ningengabihe bikurikizwa muri buri kigo cyatanze imirimo bigomba kumanikwa ku nkuta cyangwa ku myanya yabugenewe, mu kigo no mu Karere cyangwa mu Mujyi byaho imirimo ikorerwa (ingingo ya 33). Imirimo ikorwa mu mwanya wigihano nsimburagifungo igomba kuba ifitiye abaturage akamaro muri rusange. Niyo mpamvu Iteka rya Perezida riteganya ko iyo mirimo ari ikoreshwa ninzego zisanzwe zikorera abaturage, ari zo ubutegetsi bwite bwa Leta, ibigo bifite inshingano zifitiye rubanda akamaro (ing. ya 2 igik. cya 2). Ahakorerwa iyo mirimo naho hagomba kubanza kubyemererwa nkuko biteganywa ningingo ya 21 nizikurikiyeho (22-23-24). Byumwihariko kandi, ingingo ya 25 yererekana ingero zimirimo ishobora gukorwa nkigihano nsimburagifungo, naho ingingo za 3 na 6 zigateganya urwego rushobora kuvana imirimo imwe nimwe ku rutonde rwishobora gukorwa nkimirimo nsimburagifungo, hakurikijwe ko imwe muri yo yaba isaba icyizere gihagije, itakorwa numuntu wakatiwe igihano cyo gufungwa, nibindi. Imirimo ikorwa mu gihe cyigihano nsimburagifungo ntigomba kubera Leta umutwaro Ibyo bigaragazwa cyane no kwiyambaza abantu basanzwe mu yindi mirimo ya Leta. Reba ing. ya 5, iya 14, iya 15 niya 16. Bigaragarira kandi mu buryo Iteka rya Perezida rishyira mu nzego zigomba kugenzura iriya mirimo abahagarariye inyungu zabakorewe icyaha, abahagarariye imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu nabahagarariye ubumwe nubwiyunge bwAbanyarwanda, kuko igihano nsimburagifungo cyimirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro kinagamije kongera kubanisha Abanyarwanda. Inshingano za Komite zitandukanye ku rwego rwIgihugu, Intara cyangwa Umujyi wa Kigali, Uturere ndetse nImirenge ziteganyijwe ku buryo busobanutse mu Iteka rya Perezida mu ngingo za 6, 17, 18 na 19, nkuko bigaragara mu ngingo zibanza ziri somo. Ikindi kibigararaza ni uburyo igihe kigenewe ikorwa ryimirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro kigomba gutuma uwakatiwe agira igihe cyo gushaka ikimutunga we numuryango we, bityo ntakomeze kubera Leta umutwaro. Niyo mpamvu Iteka rya Perezida riteganya ko bitabangamiye amasaha yemewe yakazi, igihano nsimburagifungo gikorwa mu minsi itatu (3) mu cyumweru. Ingingo ya 32 yiri Teka iteganya ariko ko igihe Komite yIgihugu isanze ari ngombwa, igihano nsimburagifungo cyimirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro gikorerwa mu ngando zakazi. Iyo hafashwe icyo cyemezo, iminsi yagenewe igihano irakomatanywa ikarangizwa inkurikirane.
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Ingingo ya 31 yIteka rya Perezida n 10/01 ryo ku wa 07/03/2005 rigena uburyo igihano nsimburagifungo cyimirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro nkuko ryavuguruwe kandi ryujujwe kugeza itegaganya ko mu itangira ryimirimo yigihano nsimburagifungo, Komite ibifitiye ububasha ikora inyandiko igaragaza uburyo igihano nsimburagifungo cyimirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro gishyirwa mu bikorwa mu ifasi yayo. 5.14. Imiterere rusange yIteka rya Perezida rigena uburyo igihano nsimburagifungo cyimirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro gishyirwa mu bikorwa: Dukurikije ibyo tumaze kubona, Iteka rya Perezida rigizwe nimitwe itandatu ikurikira: Umutwe Ingingo wa: ziwugize: I 13 II. Ibikubiyemo muri rusange
II
III
IV
V VI
Ingingo rusange zerekana: -Icyo Iteka rigamije: gushyiraho amabwiriza agenga igihano nsimburgifungo (ing. ya mbere); -Urebwa na ryo naho azakorera iyo mirimo (ing. 2) -Ubwoko bwiyo mirimo mu buryo bwa rusange hakurikijwe ibiteganywa namategeko (ing. ya 3) 4 - 20 Inzego zicunga zigakurikirana irangizwa ryigihano nsimburagifungo: -Abazigize kuri buri rwego ( ing. 5 (igihugu), 14 (Intara/Umujyi wa Kigali), 15 (Akarere/Umujyi), 16 (Umurenge). -Igihe ziteranira nuburyo zifata ibyemezo (ing. 7 (ku rwego rwigihugu) na 20 ( urwego rwIntara / Umujyi wa Kigali, Uturere/Imijyi, Imirenge) -Inshingano zazo (ing. ya 6, 17, 18,19) -Ubunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa bwa Komite yIgihugu (ing.ya 8) -Inshingano, abakozi nimikorere byabwo (ing. ya 9, 10,11,12) -Inshingano zumukozi ushinzwe igihano nsimburagifungo (ing. 13) 21 28 Ahakorerwa igihano nsimburagifungo -Hagenwa gute? Na nde? (Komite yAkarere ing. 21) -Bisabwa na nde? (Inzego zubutegetsi, ibigo, imiryango 21,2) -Ibaruwa isaba iba iteye ite? Yujuje iki? (ing. 22-23) -Ni nde umwemerera? Ashingiye kuki? Inyungu ? (ing. ya 24) -Ingero zigihano nsimburagifungo (ing. 25) -Inyandiko yemerera ikigo yerekana iki? (ing. 26) -Amasezerano hagati yIkigo na Komite yAkarere/Umujyi aba ateye ate? Arangira ate? ( ing. 27-28) 29 - 38 Ikorwa ryigihano nsimburagifungo : (Ingingo ya -Ibigomba gukorwa mbere yuko ufunze afungurwa (ing. 29) 37 -Urwego rumushyira aho azakorera nibyo rushingiraho (ing.35) yavanyweho) -Ubufatanye hagati ya komite zIntara/ Umujyi wa Kigali, Uturere/Imijyi (ing.30) -Inshuro imirimo ikorwa mu cyumweru (ing. 32) -Itangazwa rya gahunda yimirimo (ing. 33) -Isubikwa ryimirimo (ing.34) -Amaraporo agomba gukorwa nabo agenerwa (ing. 36) -Uburenganzira bwo kujya mu rugendo mu gihugu (ing. 38) 39 - 40 Ihagarikwa ryikorwa ryigihano nsimburagifungo : -Bituruka kuki (ikosa-impanuka...)? hakorwa iki? (ing. 39) -Iyo uwakatiwe yanze kurangiza igihano? (ing. 40) 41 - 44 Ingingo zinyuranye zisoza: Ni ibiki bikorwa iyo igihano kirangiye? (ing. 40)
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5.15. Ingingo zakwitabwaho mu gutanga ibisobanuro ku gihano nsimburagifungo Bitewe nubushya bwIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro mu mategeko ahana yu Rwanda, uhugura agomba kwitegura ko hari ibibazo byinshi bishobora kubazwa, bikaba ari byiza ko yitegura bihagije. Muri iri somo, uhugura agomba kuba asobanukiwe kurushaho kuri izi ngingo zikurikira : Inyito yIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro : abantu benshi ntibarasobanukirwa nicyo gihano ku buryo harimo abakitiranya nimbabazi rusange cyangwa imirimo nsimburagifungo , ntibatsindagire ko ari igihano umuntu azakora afungishijwe ijisho. Uhugura agomba gusobanurira abahugurwa uburyo bunyuranye bwo gufunga (gereza, gufungishwa ijisho) ; Ubwoko bwimirimo izakorwa nitazakorwa : ni ngombwa ko uhugura agomba kuba yabasha gusobanura byimazeyo impavu hari imirimo abazakora igihano nsimburagifungo bemerewe kuzakora nindi batazakora ; Nkuko biteganywa ningingo ya 74 yItegeko Ngenga n16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/6/2004 rigena imiterere, ububasha nimikorere byInkiko Gacaca, abari mu gihano nsimburagifungo cyimirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro, iyo hari ikindi cyaha bakoze, igihe bari bamaze mu gihano kiba imfabusa, bagasubizwa muri gereza kandi bagakurikiranwaho icyaha gishya bakoze. Kuri iyi ngingo ni ngombwa ko uhugura agomba kuba yiteguye ko bamubaza ubwoko bwibyo byaha naho bigarukira. Icyo agomba gutindaho ni ugusobanurira abahugurwa ko ukora TIG agomba kwirinda icyaha cyose gihanwa namategeko ; Mu gusobanura inshingano za Komite za TIG, umukangurambaga yajya atinda ku nshingano bitewe nurwego abahugurwa bariho. Ni ukuvuga ko niba ahugura abo ku rwego rwIntara yatinda ku nshingano za Komite zIntara/Umujyi wa Kigali, yaba ari ku Karere agatinda ku zUturere /Imijyi, gutyo gutyo.
5.16. Ingando zakazi zirangirizwamo igihano nsimburagifungo cyimirimo ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro Hubahirijwe ibiteganywa muri iyi ngingo, Inama yAbaminisitiri yo ku wa 7/9/2005 yatanze umurongo mushya wo kurangiriza TIG mu ngando zibikorwa. Uyu murongo watanzwe kubera ko umubare wabakatiwe TIG wari ukiri muto mu gihugu hose, abari bamaze gukatirwa TIG kugeza muri Nzeri bakaba nta gikorwa gifatika bari gukora ngo kigire icyo gisigira Igihugu. Ikindi ni uko wasangaga muri buri Karere nta bikorwa bari binini bari barateganyije ku buryo abatigiste babishyirwamo barangiza igihano cyabo.
Kurangiriza igihano nsimburagifungo mu ngando zibikorwa bifite inyungu nyinshi haba kuri Leta no ku bayikora :
Abakora TIG bahurizwa hamwe mu gikorwa kinini kibyara inyungu zifatika zigihe kirambye kandi igikorwa kikarangira mu gihe gito ; Coordination no gucunga abakora TIG biroroha; Abakora TIG bahabwa izindi nyigisho nibiganiro bijyanye na gahunda zigihugu; Abakora TIG bahatorezwa ubundi bumenyi buzabafasha igihe bazaba basubiye mu buzima busanzwe; Kubakoresha ku buryo butarambiranye bituma abarangiza igihano bakitabira kikarangira vuba bakajya mu bindi bikorwa byamajyambere; Gukorera hamwe imirimo ishobora kuvamo ibyabatunga mu gihe cyingando; - 34 -
Abakora TIG bahurizwa hamwe mu bikorwa bibasabanya nabandi baturage: umuganda, Imikino, nibindi; Abakora TIG bahabwa urubuga rwo gutanga ibitekerezo kuri gahunda zinyuranye za Leta.
Ibikorwa byatangiriweho:
Kugeza ubu hamaze gutangira ingando eshatu: ingando yo ku Mugina mu Karere Kamonyi, Intara yAmajyepfo, aho abatigiste bakora imirimo yo gucukura no guconga amabuye yo gusasa imihanda yo mu Mujyi wa Kigali, ingando yo mu Karere ka Nyanza, Intara yAmajyepfo ahakorewe imirimo yo kubaka amazu 104 yabatishoboye ningando iri mu Karere ka Rwamagana mu Murenge wa Gishari ho mu Ntara yIburasirazuba aho abatijiste bari mu ngando yi Nyanza bari kubaka amazu 20 yabapfakazi batishoboye. Nyuma yizi ngando hateganyijwe nibindi bikorwa: Kubaka amazu 20 yabapfakazi batishoboye mu Karere ka Kamonyi, Intara yAmajyepfo. Mu gihe cya vuba hazatangira indi ngando izabera mu Ntara yAmajyaruguru, aho abatigiste 414 bazakora imirimo yo gukora amaterasi yindinganire mu mirima ya ISAE Busogo; bazarwanya isuri ku misozi ya Rutoyi mu Murenge wa Busozo ho mu Karere ka Musange; batunganye igishanga cya Mukinga kiri mu Murenge wa Cyabingo ho mu Karere ka Musanze, bazakora amaterasi yindinganire mu Rubirizi mu Murenge wa Kanombe ho mu Karere ka Kicukiro. Indi mishinga abatigiste bazagiramo uruhare ni ugukora uruzitiro ruzengurutse Pariki Nasiyonali yAkagera kugira ngo abaturage batandukanywe ninyamaswa. Abatigiste kandi bazagira uruhare mu mushinga munini wo gushakira amacumbi imiryango 20.000 idafite aho iba, bikozakorwa ku bufatanye bwinzego zinyuranye nka MININFRA, TIG, Ubuyobozi bwIntara/Umujyi wa Kigali, Uturere FARG, HIMO, AVEGA, nizindi nzego, Coordination ikorwa na MINALOC; Indi mishinga izakorwa ni ukubaka imihanda no gusana isanzwe, nindi mishinga inyuranye yizwe ninzobere.
Mu gihe Gacaca izaba yigiye imbere umubare wabakatirwa TIG wiyongereye, haratekerezwa uburyo bwo gukorera ibikorwa binini ku rwego rwa buri Karere ndetse nImirenge. Umwanzuro Nkuko bigaragara Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro ni gishya mu mategeko ahana yu Rwanda, kikaba kigamije guhana, kunga no kunganira Leta mu bikorwa byiterambere. Niyo mpamvu buri munyarwanda wese asabwa gufasha abandi kukimenya no kuzagishyigikira agira inama nziza abakirimo kandi aborohera bakakirangiza neza, kuko ibizakorwa byose biri mu nyungu za buri munyarwanda. Ikindi Abanyarwanda bose basabwa ni ugukurikiranira hafi ikiganiro ku gihano nsimburagifungo kinyura kuri Radiyo Rwanda buri wa kabiri guhera saa cyenda niminota itanu (15h05) kugeza saa cyenda niminota makunyabiri (15h 20), gukurikirana ibiganiro bica kuri televiziyo yIgihugu, ibiganiro mbwirwaruhame bizajya bica kuri radiyo na televiziyo no gusoma izindi nyandiko zizajya zitangazwa nUbunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa bwa TIG kuko byose bizajya bitangwamo ibisobanuro birambuye kuri iki gihano.
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Umwitozo
Nyuma yiri somo umukangurambaga arahamagara byibura amatsinda abiri agizwe nabantu batanu; bahereye ku isomo rimaze gutangwa buri tsinda rirakora agakino kagaragaza uko Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro cyakiriwe nabaturage bagomba kubana nabakora icyo gihano kandi hanitabwe ku murongo wa politiki ya TIG. Muri ako gakino hagomba kugaragaramo impaka zagibwa hagamijwe kurushaho gusobanukirwa ningingo zigize Iteka rya Perezida na Politiki ya TIG.
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Isomo rya VI Politiki yIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro

6.1. Intangiriro Mu ngaruka nyinshi jenoside yo muri 1994 yasigiye u Rwanda, harimo guhungabana no gusenyuka kumuryango nyarwanda. Mu gushaka uburyo bwo gusana igihugu, Leta yU Rwanda yafashe ingamba nyinshi zihamye. Ku birebana nubutabera hateganyijwe uburyo bwo kongera kubanisha Abanyarwanda, kurandura umuco wo kudahana no kurangiza imanza zumubare munini wabakekwaho kuba baragize uruhare mu mahano yahekuye u Rwanda. Ni muri urwo rwego hashyizweho Itegeko Ngenga n40/2000 ryo ku wa 26/01/2001 rishyiraho Inkiko Gacaca kandi rigena imitunganyirize yikurikiranwa ryibyaha bya jenoside cyangwa ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakozwe hagati yitariki ya 01/10/1990 niya 31/12/1994, ryaje kuvugururwa nItegeko Ngenga N16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/06/2004 hagamijwe kumenya ukuri ku byabaye mu Rwanda muri icyo gihe, kwihutisha imanza zumubare munini wabagize uruhare muri jenoside no kunoza inzira yo guca umuco wo kudahana. Mu kurangiza ibihano byuwo mubare munini, Leta kandi yafashe indi ngamba yo gushyiraho Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro ku rutonde rwibihano biteganywa namategeko ahana. Icyo gihano gishyirwaho nIteka rya Perezida N10/01 ryo ku wa 07/03/2005 nkuko ryasobanuwe mu bika bibanza. 6.2. Intego zisomo Nyuma yiri somo: Abahugurwa bazaba basobanukiwe nicyo TIG ari cyo ninkomoko yayo; Basobanukiwe nicyerekezo rusange nimirongo minini ya TIG; Basobanukiwe namahame remezo ya TIG nuburyo bwo kuyishyira mu bikorwa.
6. 3. Inyito TIG TIG ni impine yamagambo yigifaransa Travaux dIntrt Gnral , asobanura mu Kinyarwanda Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro. 6.4. Intego ya TIG a. Intego rusange Gushyiraho uburyo bwo guhana bushimangira ubumwe bwAbanyarwanda kandi bugira uruhare mu iterembere ryigihugu. nubwiyunge
b. Intego zihariye Gushyiraho no gushimangira inzego zUbunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa bwa TIG ; Kumenyekanisha TIG no gukangurira Abanyarwanda kuyishyigikira ; - 37 -
Gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda yiterambere ya TIG no kuyikurukiranira hafi ;
Gushyiraho urubuga rwo kungurana ibitekerezo ku migendekere myiza ya TIG no ku nzira zo kongera kubanisha mu mahoro abakoze jenoside nabandi baturarwanda. 6. 5. Igihano nsimburagifungo mu mahanga no mu Rwanda Mu bindi bihugu, igihano nsimburagifungo kiba ku rutonde rwibihano bisanzwe, kikagendera ku mahame akurikira: Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro kireba ibyaha bitoya gusa ; Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro ntikigomba kuba intandaro yubushomeri ngo abari bafite imirimo bayitakaze kubera ko yahawe abari muri icyo gihano ; Imirimo ikorwa nkigihano nsimburagifungo igomba kuba ifitiye inyungu abaturage muri rusange, cyane cyane abatuye hafi yaho ikorerwa. Mu Rwanda, igihano nsimburagifungo giteganywa mu Itegeko Ngenga N 16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/06/2004 rigena imiterere, ububasha nimikorere byInkiko Gacaca zishinzwe gukurikirana no gucira imanza abakoze ibyaha bya jenoside nibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakozwe hagati yitariki ya 01 Ukwakira 1990 niya 31 Ukuboza 1994. Irangizwa ryicyo gihano riteganywa nIteka n 10/01 ryo kuwa 07/03/2005, kikagenerwa uwakoze jenoside wo mu rwego rwa kabiri, wemeye icyaha, akacyicuza, akagisabira imbabazi kandi bikemerwa ninzego zibifitiye ububasha. Agikora mu gihe afungishije ijisho, kikagenzurwa na Komite zabigenewe. Uwakatiwe icyo gihano agikora iminsi itatu mu cyumweru mu yindi itatu agakora imirimo imutunga. 6. 6. Amateka Mbere yumwaduko wAbakoroni nta gihano cyigifungo cyabaga mu Rwanda, ariko habagaho ibindi bihano byatangwaga na Gacaca ya gakondo bigamije cyane cyane kunga imiryango yabahemukiranye. Muri ibyo bihano harimo nigihano cyo gukora mu gihe runaka imirimo idahemberwa. Ubwo buryo bwo guhana ndetse na Gacaca byavanyweho nubutegetsi bwabakoroni bisimbuzwa inkiko zigendera ku mategeko yanditse nibihano binyuranye: kwicwa; gufungwa, amahazabu nibindi. Inkiko Gacaca nigihano nsimburagifungo byasubijwe mu mategeko ahana yu Rwanda nyuma ya jenoside kugira ngo bifashe mu gukurikirana no guhana umubare munini cyane wabantu bakoze jenoside kubasubiza mu buzima busanzwe, kugira uruhare mu gusana igihugu basenye no kugarura ubumwe nubwiyunge mu Banyarwanda. 6.7. Politiki yateganyijwe 6.7.1. Icyerekezo rusange TIG yashyizweho nkuburyo bwo guhana abagize uruhare muri jenoside bireze bakanasaba imbabazi bikemerwa ninzego zibifitiye ububasha, hagamijwe gushimangira ubumwe bwAbanyarwanda no kugira uruhare mu iterambere ryigihugu.
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6.7.2. Imirongo minini 1. Kurandura umuco wo kudahana no guhana abakurikiranyweho ibyaha bya jenoside bireze, bicuza, bakemera icyaha, bashaka gusubira mu muryango nyarwanda : Ni inzira nshya yo guhana ; Ni uburyo bwo guca inkoni izamba ku bemera icyaha bakagisabira imbabazi ; Ni igihano gisubiza mu buzima busanzwe abari mu magereza. 2. Kunganira gahunda yibikorwa bigamije kumenya ukuri ku byabaye mu gihe cya jenoside : Gushishikariza abakora igihano nsimburagifungo gutanga ubuhamya no kugaragaza ukuri ku byabaye mu gihe cya jenoside. 3. Gutera ingabo mu bitugu gahunda yubumwe nubwiyunge, abahanwa bagasubizwa mu miryango kandi bagakora ibikorwa bifitiye akamaro Abanyarwanda bose : Gushyiraho gahunda zibikorwa bihuriza hamwe abakoze icyaha cya jenoside nabayikorewe kugira ngo bongere kubana neza. 4. Gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe umubare munini wabakurikiranweho icyaha cya jenoside bari mu magereza : Kurinda abagororwa ingeso mbi bigira mu magereza iyo bahatinze Kugabanya uburemere bwingengo yimari igenda ku mubare munini wabagororwa. 5. Guteza imbere ibikorwa byamajyambere arambye kandi mu gihe cyihuse Kureba imirimo ifite aho ihurira nicyerekezo 2020 na gahunda yigihugu yo kurwanya ubukene hakoreshejwe cyane cyane uburyo bwa HIMO. 6. Gushimangira ubushobozi bwAbanyarwanda mu kwikemurira ibibazo Jenoside yakozwe nAbanyarwanda, ikorerwa Abanyarwanda kandi nibo bagomba kuyishakira umuti no guhangana ningaruka zayo. Iyi mirongo minini isobanuye neza mu ntego, mu ngamba no muri gahunda yibikorwa bya TIG 6.7.3. Amahame remezo Igihano nsimburagifungo ni igihano, gihabwa uwagikatiwe, kigomba gukorwa gusa na nyirubwite mu gihe afungishijwe ijisho kandi kikagenzurwa ninzego zibifitiye ububasha. Imirimo ikorwa nabari mu gihano nsimburagifungo igomba kuba ifitiye abaturage inyungu muri rusange. Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro ntikigomba kubera Leta umutwaro. Ufungishijwe ijisho agikora mu minsi 3, mu yindi 3 agakora imirimo imufitiye inyungu. 6.7.4. Ishyirwa mu bikorwa 1. Ku birebana nInzego zishinzwe gukurikirana uko igihano nsimburagifungo kirangizwa Iteka rya Perezida n10/01 ryo ku wa 07/03/2005 rishyiraho kandi rigaha inshingano inzego zigomba gufatanya gukurikiranira hafi imikorere nimicungire yibikorwa bya TIG mu buryo bukurikira : Komite yIgihugu ya TIG ; Ubunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa ; - 39 -
Komite zIntara nUmujyi wa Kigali ; Komite zUturere ; Komite zImirenge ; 6.8. Izindi nzego zizunganira TIG 6.8.1. Inzego za Leta MINIJUST, MINALOC, MININTER, MINITERE, MINAGRI, MININFRA, MINECOFIN, MINEDUC, MINISANTE, Polisi yIgihugu, Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru bwa Repubulika, Urwego rwIgihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca, Komisiyo yUbumwe nUbwiyunge, Komisiyo yIgihugu yUburenganzira bwa Muntu nIkigo cyIgihugu cyItangazamakuru. 6.8.2. Abaterankunga nimiryango itegamiye kuri Leta Mu baterankunga harimo ibihugu nimiryango mpuzamahanga bisanzwe bifasha u Rwanda. Mu miryango itegamiye kuri Leta hari iharanira uburenganzira bwa Muntu, iharanira inyungu zabacitse ku icumu rya jenoside yaba ikorera mu Rwanda cyangwa mu mahanga. 6.9. Imiterere nimikoranire ya TIG nizindi nzego TIG ni igihano gishya mu mategeko ahana yu Rwanda kandi kigiye gutangirira ku guhana abakoze jenoside, icyaha cyindengakamere. Niyo mpamvu ari ngombwa gusesengura ingufu cyangwa imbogamizi zUrwego rushinzwe gukurikiranira hafi irangizwa ryacyo. 6.10. Ibyafasha TIG T.I.G ni inzira iboneye yo guhana yemejwe na Guverinoma yu Rwanda ; Hari intambwe igaragara Abanyarwanda bagezeho mu nzira yubumwe nubwiyunge ; Inzego zikurikirana igihano nsimburagifungo ku rwego rwIgihugu, urwIntara/Umujyi wa Kigali, urwUturere/Imijyi, nurwImirenge zashyizweho nItegeko kandi zirimo abantu basanzwe ari abayobozi basobanukiwe na gahunda za Leta ; Ubunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa bwa TIG bufite ubushobozi bwibanze bwatuma burangiza inshingano bwahawe ; Inzego za Leta, abaterankunga, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta, biteguye gufatanya ninzego za TIG; Amahugurwa agenewe abagize Komite yIgihugu, izIntara/Umujyi wa Kigali, izUturere/Imijyi nImirenge yaratangiye kandi arakomeje ; Ubunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa bwa TIG bufite gahunda yibikorwa mu myaka 2005-2007; Umubare wabagororwa birega bakemera icyaha bakanasaba imbabazi ugenda wiyongera uko imirimo yInkiko Gacaca yigira imbere kandi abo bagororwa biteguye gukora TIG; - 40 -
6.11.Inzitizi -
Ubufatanye busanzwe buranga inzego za Leta ubwazo, inzego za Leta nimiryango yigenga ; Ibikorwa TIG izakora bizageza abaturage ku iterambere rirambye; Intambwe u Rwanda rumaze kugeraho mu itumanaho irashimishije. Abagize Komite za TIG igihugu ntibarahugurwa ; ku rwego rwImirenge 1383 ku 1545 igize
Ibikoresho byinshi bikenewe haba mu Bunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa, haba ku bizakenerwa nabarangiza igihano nsimburagifungo ntibirabonerwa inkunga yo kubigura ; Ingengo yimari yagenewe TIG ntihagije ugereranyije ninshingano zayo ; Inyinshi mu nzego za Leta nizigenga zishobora kuzafatanya na TIG ntabwo zirayisobanukirwa ; Imishinga yinyandiko zerekeye gahunda, Ingamba nibikorwa bya TIG byateguwe ntiremezwa na Komite yIgihugu ; Bamwe mu baturage bitiranya TIG nimbabazi rusange ; Hamwe na hamwe, abacitse ku icumu nabatangabuhamya barahohoterwa ndetse bakicwa ; Imyitwarire mibi ya bamwe mu bagororwa bafunguwe byagateganyo; Ibigo bizakira abakora igihano nsimburagifungo ntibiramenyekana ; Imishinga izakorwa nkigihano ntiragezwa yose ku Bunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa bwa TIG ; Umubare wabazakora igihano nsimburagifungo nturamenyekana ; Ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside iracyagaragara mu Ntara zose zigihugu ; Impungenge ko bamwe mu bagororwa batazitabira nsimburagifungo kubera imigambi mibi icurirwa mu magereza ; igihano
Hazakenerwa ibikoresho bihenze mu rwego rwitumanaho kandi ubushobozi bwo kubikoresha no kubifata neza buracyari buke.
6.12. Gahunda yibikorwa Gahunda yibikorwa bya TIG ishingiye ku cyerekezo 2020 no kuri gahunda yigihugu yo kurwanya ubukene. Niyo mpamvu intego, ingamba ndetse nibikorwa bya TIG byuzuzanya nizindi gahunda za Leta.
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6.12.1. Ingamba Kongerera ubushobozi Ubunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa bwa T.I.G bubashe kurangiza inshingano zabwo ; Gutegura no gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda yo kumenyekanisha TIG . Kunononsora, kwemeza imishinga izakorwa nka TIG no kuyishakira inkunga ; Gushyiraho uburyo bwo kugenzura irangizwa ryigihano nsimburagifungo ; Gukoresha inama nyunguranabitekerezo ku migendekere myiza ya TIG Gushyiraho uburyo bwafasha abakora igihano nsimburagifungo kucyitabira no kongera kubana neza nabandi banyarwanda. 6.12.2. Ibikorwa Kugira ngo Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro gishyirwe mu bikorwa, hagomba gukorwa ibikurikira: Guhugura abakozi bUbunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa bwa TIG. Gukoresha inama igamije kugeza ku baterankunga gahunda yibikorwa bya TIG. Gutegura, gutubura no gukwirakwiza imfashanyigisho kuri TIG ; Kwakira imishinga iturutse mu Turere/Imijyi, kuyisesengura, guhitamo iyihutirwa no kuyishyira mu bikorwa ; Gukora Data base/Base de donnes ku bikorwa byigihano nsimburagifungo ; Gusura amagereza, Komite za TIG, ibigo, imishinga nabari mu gihano nsimburagifungo hagamijwe kunoza imikorere nimikoranire ; Gukurikirana imikorere yizindi nzego zifite uruhare muri TIG no gukemura ibibazo bivuka ; Gukora ingendo-shuri zigamije kureba uko TIG ikorwa mu bindi bihugu ; Guhugura abagize Komite TIG bose no gukoresha inama yabayobozi bibigo bizakira abakora TIG ; Kumenyekanisha TIG hifashishijwe ibiganiro mbwirwaruhamwe ; Gushyiraho uburyo bwihererekanyamakuru hagati yUbunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa bwa TIG ninzego zegereye abaturage ; Gukora ubushakashatsi ku ngamba zafatwa kugira ngo igihano nsimburagifungo kigere ku ntego zacyo ; Gukora isuzumabikorwa rigamije kugaragaza uruhare rwa TIG mu bukungu bwIgihugu no mu mibereho myiza yabaturage. 6.13. Imiterere nimirimo izakorwa U Rwanda ni igihugu kikiri mu nzira yamajyambere kandi cyashegeshwe na jenoside. Abazakora igihano nsimburagifungo kimwe nabandi Banyarwanda bose, bafite inshingano zo kugisana no kucyubaka kugira ngo kigere ku iterambere rirambye. Niyo mpamvu hazashyirwa ingufu nyinshi - 42 kugira ngo
mu bikorwa biteganyijwe mu cyerekezo cya 2020 na gahunda yo kurwanya ubukene. Mu gutoranya imirimo izakorwa nka TIG hazitabwa kuri ibi bikurikira : Imirimo ifite inyungu rusange kandi izasigira igihugu ibikorwa biramba ; Imirimo ifite aho ihurira nicyerecyezo 2020 ; Imirimo isaba ingufu nyinshi zamaboko nka HIMO ; Imirimo ishobora gukorwa mu Turere twose cyangwa twinshi mu gihugu, yihutirwa, ikenewe cyane kandi itagoranye gutegura, gukurikirana no kubyazwa umusaruro.
6.13.1. Imirimo izakorwa Hakurikijwe ingingo zivuzwe haruguru, TIG izatangirira ku mirimo yo : Gutera amashyamba no gukorera asanzwe; Gutunganya ibishanga; Gucukura imirwanyasuri, amaterasi yindinganire no gutera ibyatsi bitega ubutaka kandi bishobora kugaburirwa amatungo; Gufata neza ibiyaga ninzuzi; Kubaka no gusana imihanda namateme bihuza imirenge; Gukora imishinga ya Biogaz hamwe na KIST; Kubaka ibigega byo kubika amazi yimvura nimisarane rusange.
6.13.2. Imirimo itazakorwa Hubahirijwe ingingo ya 76 yItegeko Ngenga N16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/06/2004 rigena imiterere, ububasha nimikorere byInkiko Gacaca zishinzwe gukurikirana no gucira imanza abakoze ibyaha bya jenoside nibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakozwe hagati yitariki ya 01 Ukwakira 1990 niya 31 Ukuboza 1994, imirimo itazakorwa mu gihano nsimburagifungo ni iyi ikurikira: Gushingwa umutekano wabantu nibintu; Kuba umwarimu cyangwa umuvuzi mu bigo bya Leta cyangwa ibyabikorera ku giti cyabo; Gukora umurimo wa Leta.
6.14. Imikoranire ninzego za Leta Mu rwego rwubutabera no gushaka ubumwe nubwiyunge bwAbanyarwanda, TIG izakorana cyane cyane na MINIJUST, MINALOC, Polisi yIgihugu, Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru bwa Repubulika, Urwego rwIgihugu Rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca na Komisiyo yUbumwe nUbwiyunge. Mu bikorwa byerekeye iterambere ryIgihugu, TIG izakorana kandi na MINITERE, MINAGRI, MININFRA, MINECOFIN, MINEDUC, MINISANTE, ORINFOR, nizindi.
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Byumwihariko ariko, ni ngombwa ko TIG ifatanya ninzego zibanze mu bikorwa byayo byose kubera uruhare rukomeye abayobozi bizo nzego bafite mu migendekere myiza yayo. 6.15. Imikoranire nabikorera ku giti cyabo Iteka rya Perezida ryerekeye Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro riteganya ko abafungishijwe ijisho bashobora kurangiriza TIG mu bigo byigenga ibyo ari byo byose, iyo mirimo bikoresha ifitiye rubanda akamaro. Mu guhitamo ibyo bigo, TIG izibanda ku mirimo idaharanira inyungu, iharanira guteza imbere imibereho myiza yabaturage, kurengera ibidukikije, gusana ibikorwa remezo. Umwanzuro Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, igihano nsimburagifungo ni gishyashya mu Rwanda ku buryo ibyavuzwe muri iyi nyandiko ya Politiki ari imirongo fatizo izagenderwaho mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya TIG. Uko imirimo izagenda yigira imbere ndetse hifashishijwe nibizava mu bushakashatsi, Ubunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa buzarushaho kunoza iyi Politiki no gufata ingamba zatuma igihano nsimburagifungo kirushaho kurangizwa neza.
Umwitozo
Nyuma yiri somo umukangurambaga arahamagara byibura amatsinda abiri agizwe nabantu batanu; bahereye ku isomo rimaze gutangwa buri tsinda rirakora agakino kagaragaza uko politiki ya TIG yakiriwe nabari mu nzego zinyuranye zIgihugu zirebwa nishyirwa mu bikorwa rya TIG. Muri ako gakino hagomba kugaragaramo impaka zagibwa hagati yabo bantu bagize izo nzego zirebwa nishyirwa mu bikorwa rya politike ya TIG hagamijwe kurushaho kugira imyumvire imwe kuri bose ku birebana na Politiki ya TIG.
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Isomo rya VII.
Gukumira no gukemura Amakimbirane ashobora kuvuka mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro
7.1. Intangiriro Mu Kinyarwanda bavuga ko nta zibana zidakomanya amahembe. Ibi bisobanura ko ahari abantu hatabura amakimbirane. Mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro ntihashobora kuzabura amakimbirane kubera imibanire itoroshye hagati yabagororwa nimiryango yabo bahemukiye, hagati yabagororwa nimiryango yabo no hagati yabagororwa nabo basanze ku mirenge yabo. Ni ngombwa rero ko inzego zose bireba zisobanukirwa nayo makimbirane, zikanafata ingamba zo kuyakemura. 7.2. Intego zisomo Iri somo rirangiye, abahugurwa bazaba basobanukiwe : - icyo amakimbirane ari cyo ; - ubwoko bwamakimbirane namakimbirane ashobora kuvuka mu gihe cyishyirwa mu bikorwa rya TIG; 7.3. Amakimbirane ni iki ? Iyo havuzwe amakimbirane akenshi humvikana: ubushyamirane, kutavuga rumwe cyangwa kutumvikana hagati yabantu babiri cyangwa benshi. Mu murongo wiri somo amakimbirane ashobora gukomoka kuri ibi bikurikira: 1. Imyumvire inyuranye : nko ku birebana nAkamaro kInkiko Gacaca nIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro; 2. Inyungu zitandukanye : nkicyemezo cyo kubuza abantu gutema no konona amashyamba; 3. Ibitekerezo nimyitwarire bitandukanye : imyemerere yamadini ; 4. Kuvutswa urukundo : kubuzwa gushaka cyangwa gushyingira mu muryango runaka; 5. Kubura cyangwa kuvutswa ibyibanze mu buzima : kubura ibyo gutunga urugo. Na none amakimbirane ashobora guturuka ku kutumvikana cyangwa se kugongana kwibitekerezo mu muntu ubwe, hagati yabantu, hagati yudutsiko twabantu, uturere ndetse nibihugu biturutse ku mpamvu zinyuranye. Amakimbirane ni kimwe mu biranga imibanire yabantu. Icyingenzi ni ukugerageza kuyakumira, kuyakemura mu mahoro, byakwanga ukagerageza kubana na yo kuko bidakozwe neza byateza intambara. Inkomoko yamakimbirane Igihe cyose umuntu abuze ibyibanze mu buzima cyangwa avukijwe uburenganzira bwe bwibanze byaba bitewe numuntu cyangwa ikintu ni byo akenshi bikurura amakimbirane.
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7.4. Ubwoko bwamakimbirane

Amakimbirane agabanyijemo ubwoko bune : Amakimbirane ari mu muntu : gahunda nyinshi zihuriranye muri wowe, zikubuza gufata icyemezo. Urugero : iyo akazi kihutirwa gahuriranye na gahunda yumurwayi mu bitaro, ubutumire mu bukwe bwinshuti, nizindi. Asanzwe: aya ni amakimbirane umuntu ahura na yo buri munsi nkarebana nimibanire mu ngo. Asasiweho: ni amakimbirane avuka igihe cyose umuntu agenda arenzaho. Ni nkigihe umuntu yakoneshereje, yakwambuye, agututse, agukubitiye umugore, kandi wakomeje kugenda wihangana. Afite cyangwa se ashingiye ku mizi miremire : aya ni amakimbirane ashingiye ku myumvire cyangwa ibyo umuntu yibonamo cyangwa yemera. Urugero : ubwoko cyangwa imyemerere mu byiyobokamana
7.5. Amakimbirane ashobora kuvuka mu gihe cyIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro. 7.5.1. Umugororwa ku giti cye bitewe ninkomanga yicyaha cya jenoside yakoze, imibereho yo hanze itandukanye niyo muri gereza, imiterere yigihano ahawe, nibindi. 7.5.2. Hagati yumugororwa numuryango we : biturutse ku bushobozi buke bwo kuzuza inshingano zo gutunga urugo, ubwumvikane buke hagati yumugororwa numuryango we, ikimwaro nisoni yateje umuryango we, nibindi. 7.5.3. Hagati yumugororwa nabo asanze ku murenge : amakimbirane ashobora guturuka ku bwishishanye hagati yumugororwa nabaturanyi, urwikekwe ruhoraho nibindi. 7.5.4. Hagati yumugororwa nabacitse ku icumu : amakimbirane yaturuka ku kumva ko yababariwe cyangwa yahawe igihano gito kidakwiye ibyo yakoze, kwihorera cyangwa kwigamba ku bacitse ku icumu nibindi. 7.5.5. Hagati yumugororwa nubuyobozi : kutubahiriza gahunda yigihano yahawe, gukora andi makosa, umuyobozi utubahiriza ibiteganya namategeko, nibindi. 7.6. Ibihembera amakimbirane Amakimbirane ahemberwa akenshi nibi bikurikira: ukutubahiriza amategeko, ubuyobozi bubi, amateka atavugwaho rumwe na bene yo, ruswa ninda nini, ubukene, kutihanganirana, ubujiji. 7.7. Uko amakimbirane yigaragaza Amakimbirane yigaragaza muri ibi bikurikira: guhangana mu magambo, guhangana mu nyandiko, guhangana mu binyamakuru, kudashyingirana, kuvangura, kwishishanya no kutizerana, kwicana nibindi. 7.8. Ingaruka zamakimbirane ku gihano nsimburagifungo: Mu ngaruka zishobora kuvuka gihe cyishyirwa mu bikorwa ryigihano nsimburagifungo, twavuga: Kwica abantu no gusenya ibintu, kudindiza amajyambere, guhora abantu bihorera, gukurura inzangano, kurambirwa cyangwa kwanga igihano, intugunda mu rugo, gusubiranamo, kudindiza - 46 -
gahunda za TIG, gukora cyangwa ibindi byaha, gusubizwa muri gereza, guhunga TIG nIgihugu nibindi. 7.9. Uburyo bwo gukumira amakimbirane yavuka mu gihe cyishyirwa mu bikorwa rya TIG Gusobanurira Abanyarwanda bihagije akamaro ka TIG nuruhare rwabo mu migendekere myiza yayo; Gukangurira abagororwa kugira imyitwarire myiza mu gihe bazaba bakora imirimo yo kurangiza igihano nsimburagifungo; Gufasha abagororwa kugira uruhare muri gahunda rusange za Leta (ubwisungane mu kwivuza, imishinga ibyara inyungu, nizindi); Kongerera ingufu inzego zumutekano.
7. 10. Uburyo bwo gukemura amakimbirane yavuka mu gihe cya TIG Hari uburyo bunyuranye bwo gukemura amakimbirane yavuka:
Ubuhuza (Mdiation/Mediation) :
Guhuza umugororwa nurwego bagiranye amakimbirane ( umuryango we, abaturanyi, abacitse ku icumu, ubuyobozi, nabandi).
Amategeko
Kubahiriza ibiteganywa namategeko (Gacaca, TIG)
Gukoresha ingufu
Kwitabaza inzego zumutekano mu gihe habaye amakimbirane akeneye ingufu. Umwanzuro Nkuko twabigaragaje muri iri somo, hari amakimbirane yubwoko bunyuranye ashobora kuzavuka mu irangizwa ryigihano nsimburagifungo cyimirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro. Iri somo ryadufashije gusobanura amoko yamakimbirane nuburyo yigaragaza mu muryango. Mu byukuri amakimbirane aba mu bantu kandi agira ingaruka zinyuranye kandi ikigaragara ni uko iyo hadashakishijwe uburyo bwo kuyakumira no kuyakemura ingaruka ziba nyinshi ndetse hakangirika byinshi. Mu gihe cyamahugurwa, ni ngombwa ko umukangurambaga asobanura kurushaho ingaruka zamakimbirane mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro nuburyo bwo kuyakumira kugira ngo abahugurwa na bo bazabisobanurire abandi ku nzego zinyuranye.
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Umwitozo
Mu Ntara ya Gisenyi, Nigirente, umugororwa ufite imyaka 35 yamavuko yafunzwe mu w1994 kubera icyaha cya jenoside nibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu yakoze. Amaze kwirega, kwemera icyaha, kwicuza no gusaba imbabazi, Nigirente yafunguwe nItangazo rya Perezida wa Repubulika ryo ku wa 01/01/2003. Ageze iwe yasanze umugore we Nyirarugwiro ufite imyaka 30 yarabyaranye abana babiri babahungu numuhuzabikorwa wUmurenge wabo. Amaze gukatirwa igihano nsimburagifungo nUrukiko Gacaca rwumurenge atuyemo, Umuhuzabikorwa yamusabiye ko ajya kurangiriza icyo gihano muri Ryamanyoni mu Ntara yUmutara, Nigirente arabyanga. Nyirarugwiro, umugore we buri gihe yita umugabo we umwicanyi kandi ko akwiye gusubizwa muri gereza.
Ibibazo
1. Ni ayahe makimbirane ari muri iki kibazo? Ni bande bafite uruhare muri aya makimbirane, uruhare rwa buri ruhande ni uruhe? 2. Hakorwa iki kugira ngo buri wese mu bafitanye ikibazo abone uburenganzira bwe? Hakwifashishwa ubuhe buryo bwo gukemura amakimbirane?
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Isomo rya VIII Uburenganzira bwIkiremwamuntu nIshyirwa mu bikorwa ryIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro
8.1. Intangiriro Kimwe nInkiko Gacaca, Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro cyashyizweho na Leta hagamijwe guhangana ningaruka za jenoside no guhana umubare munini cyane wabayigizemo uruhare, kandi ikigenderewe ari ukongera kubanisha Abanyarwanda, gushimangira ubumwe bwabo, no kureba uburyo abagize uruhare mu gusenya igihugu banagira urundi mu kugisana hubahirijwe uburenganzira bwa buri munyarwanda. Nkuko bigaragara igihano nsimburafungo cyimirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro ni gishya mu mategeko ahana yu Rwanda, kikaba kigamije guhana, kunga no kunganira Leta mu bikorwa byiterambere. Niyo mpamvu buri munyarwanda wese asabwa gufasha abandi kukimenya no kuzagishyigikira agira inama nziza abakirimo kandi aborohera bakakirangiza neza, kuko ibizakorwa byose biri mu nyungu za buri munyarwanda. Ubushya bwicyo gihano bushobora gutuma Abanyarwanda banyuranye batacyakira kimwe ariko rero uburenganzira bwa buri wese bugomba kubahirizwa kugira ngo TIG igere ku nshingano zayo. 8.2. Intego yisomo Nyuma yihugurwa abarikurikiranye bazaba bashoboye: Gusobanura uburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu icyo ari cyo Gutandukanya ingeri zuburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu Guharanira ko ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya TIG ridahungabanya uburenganzira bwabakatiwe TIG nabandi baturage muri rusange
8.3. Uburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu ningeri zabwo Uburenganzira bwikiremwa muntu ni ingingo shingiro yubuzima bwumuntu uwo ari we wese, bimufasha kubaho neza, gutera imbere kandi mu cyubahiro cyikiremwamuntu. Uburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu bushingiye ku bikenerwa numuntu mu nzego zose zimibereho ye ubwe nimibanire ye nabandi baturage.
Amahame shingiro yuburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu

Uburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu ni ingingo shingiro, fatizo, zubuzima bwumuntu nicyubahiro akwiye bimutandukanya ninyamaswa nibimera; Uburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu buravukanwa; Uburenganzira ni bumwe ku bantu bose nta vangura iryo ari ryo ryose;
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Uburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu ntibugabanywa, umuntu wese agomba kubaho mu mutuzo, mu bwigenge, mu bwisanzure, mu mutekano no mu mibereho myiza; Nta rwego na rumwe rwemerewe guhagarika uburenganzira bwundi keretse mu bihe bidasanzwe biteganywa namategeko. Iyo hagize amategeko cyangwa ibindi byemezo bya Leta bigiye ukubiri nuburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu inkiko zisesa ayo mategeko cyangwa ibyo byemezo; Uburenganzira bujyana ninshingano umuntu agomba imbere ya bagenzi be, mu karere ke no mu gihugu cye.
Ingeri zuburenganzira bwa muntu

Muri iki gika ntabwo turi buvuge ku burenganzira bwose bukubiye muri buri ngeri, turibanda gusa ku ngero zingenzi umukangurambaga ashobora guheraho atanga isomo. Uburenganzira bwikiremwa muntu burimo ingeri eshatu zingenzi: 1 Uburenganzira bwimbonezamubano na politiki Kubaho Kuticwa urubozo Kurindwa no kwigenga kutavangurwa Kugira ubwenegihugu Gutekereza Kumenya Kuvuga Gutora Kwemera / kugira idini Kwishyira ukizana / Kwisanzura Kwishyira hamwe nabandi Kudafatwa ngo ufungwe binyuranyije namategeko, kuregera inkiko, kuburana no gucibwa urubanza rwintabera. Kugira ibitekerezo no kubitanga, kugira idini wishakiye no kurihindura igihe ubishakiye Kugira ubwenegihugu no kubuhindura 2 Uburenganzira bwubukungu, imibereho myiza numuco Kubaho neza (kugira ikimutunga, kugira aho uba, icyo wambara, kuvurwa) Kugira umuryango / kurongora cyangwa kurongorwa : gushyingirwa Kugira umutungo Kwigenga mu bikorwa byubukungu nimibereho Kuruhuka no kwidagadura Kugira uburere / kwiga amashuri Kugira ubuzima buzira umuze / kuvurwa Kugira akazi, umurimo wunguka Kugira pansiyo / kugobokwa mu gihe cyubushomeri, mu gihe cyizabukuru no mu bindi bihe bikomeye.
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3 Uburenganzira bwo kuba mu bidukikije byiza nuburenganzira bwo gutera imbere Kubona amazi meza Kuba ahantu hari umwuka mwiza Kuba mu bidukikije byiza, bitangizwa Gushobora gutera imbere mu mibereho.
4 Uburenganzira bwuwakatiwe Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro Kubangikanya igihano nsimburagihungo nakandi kazi Gusaba ko imirimo akora isubikwa igihe hari impamvu igaragara Gusaba gusubukura imirimo yari yarasubitswe igihe impamvu yabiteye itakiriho Gushaka ibimutunga mu minsi yemewe namategeko.
Uretse ibi byiciro bihuriweho nabantu bose, hari nuburenganzira bwabantu bafite imibereho yihariye: uburenganzira bwabana, abagore, abarwayi ba SIDA, abamugaye, impunzi, abavanwe mu byabo, imfungwa, nabandi. 8.4. Kurengera no kubungabunga uburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu mu gihe cyishyirwa mu bikorwa ryigihano nsimburagifungo Kuba uburenganzira ari ishingiro ryubuzima bwumuntu kandi hari inyandiko mpuzamahanga ninyandiko za buri gihugu zibyemeza ntibibuza ko hirya no hino mu nzego zimibereho yabaturage hari abantu bavutswa uburenganzira bwabo. Ibyo biterwa nimpamvu zinyuranye zigomba kurwanywa na buri wese. Leta ishinzwe byumwihariko kurengera no kubungabunga uburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu. Ariko na yo igizwe nabaturage, bashobora kurangwa nimico yihohotera ryuburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu. Ni yo mpamvu buri muntu wese aho ari agomba gufatanya nabandi mu guharanira no kurengera uburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu mu buryo bushoboka ubwo ari bwo bwose.
Impamvu zihohotera ryuburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu:

Kutamenya uburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu Kutubahiriza amategeko: nkigihe uwakatiwe igihano nsimburagifungo agandisha abandi bahawe icyo gihano, kunebwa nibindi, Ubuyobozi bwigitugu ninkurikizi zabwo: nko gushora abaturage mu bwicanyi, Kutamenya ishingano za buri rwego mu batuye igihugu: nko kuba umuntu uwo ari we wese yatanga amategeko ku bantu bakora TIG nyamara hari inzego ziteganywa nIteka rya Perezida N10/01 ryo ku wa 07/03/2005 ribisobanura.
Inshingano zabaturage mu guteza imbere uburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu

Kubahiriza amategeko Kwigisha abandi baturage cyane cyane urubyiruko ibintu byagaciro bishimangira uburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu Kubana nabandi mu mahoro Kubahiriza imigenzo yimbonezamubano no gushyigikira inzego zigenga zimbonezamubano (urugo, umuryango, amashyirahamwe ...) Kugira uruhare mu gutsura umuco wa demokarasi mu baturage no mu nzego zubuyobozi. - 51 -
Inshingano zabakatiwe igihano nsimburagifungo mu rwego rwo kubungabunga uburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu:

Gukora igihano yakatiwe atiganda Kubahiriza amasezerano namabwiriza yagiranye nikigo cyamwakiriye Kutagandisha bagenzi be bakatiwe igihano nsimburagifungo Nibindi.
Uburyo bwo kurengera no kubungabunga uburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu

Gushyira ahagaragara ihohoterwa ryabaye Gukumira ihohoterwa ritegurwa Kurengera urengana Kotsa igitutu abagize uruhare mu ihohoterwa kugira ngo rihagarare cyangwa se hafatwe ingamba zo kurirwanya Gufasha uwahohotewe gusubizwa uburenganzira bwe
Abafite uruhare mu kurenganura no kubungabunga uburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu

Abantu bose aho bava bakagera Abayobozi mu nzego zose zimibereho yabaturage haba ku rwego rwigihugu cyangwa mpuzamahanga Imiryango namashyirahamwe Inzego zose zigenga
8.5. Uruhare rwabakatiwe TIG mu kubungabunga uburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu Abakatiwe ni abantu bakeneye kongera kwinjizwa mu buzima busanzwe bwabandi Banyarwanda, bagomba rero kwiyumvisha uburemere bwicyaha cyakozwe, bakemera kurangiza ibihano bakatiwe kuko ari igihano gito cyane iyo ugereranyije nikosa riba ryarakozwe, Igihe bari mu miryango yabo, ni ngombwa ko bakwirinda imvugo isesereza abakorewe ibyaha, bakirinda imvugo yishongora, nibindi byose bitakorwa numuntu wasabye imbabazi, Ni ngombwa ko uwakatiwe TIG, yitabira gahunda zisanzwe zihuza Abanyarwanda aho abarizwa nko gutaha ubukwe, gutwerera, guhekerana abarwayi, nibindi.
8.6. Uruhare rwabaturage bakiriye abakora TIG mu kubungabunga uburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu Abaturage bakiriye abakora TIG, bafite inshingano zo kutishisha abo bakiriye kuko baburanishijwe nInkiko Gacaca zo mu mirenge iwabo, bakemera icyaha bagasaba nimbabazi; ni ngombwa rero ko batabitarura. Abaturage bagomba kwirinda imvugo ikomeretsa abakatiwe igihano nsimburagifungo. Birinda kugereranya igihano nsimburagifungo nimirimo yuburetwa kuko ari ntahantu bihuriye. Bagomba gutinyuka abakatiwe igihano nsimburagifungo bakabatumira muri gahunda zabo nko mu mihango yibyishimo niyibyago, basangira, batizanya ibikoresho bya ngombwa nimiryango yabo, nibindi.
Umwanzuro - 52 -
Ubufatanye ni ngombwa mu kurengera no kubungabunga uburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu kuko bigaragara ko nta muntu numwe mu nzego zose utarebwa nikibazo cyuburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu. Ubwo bufatanye bushingiye ahanini mu kunguka ubumenyi ku bijyanye nuburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu, kwamagana no kurwanya ihohotera iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa muntu, byose bikanyura mu nzira zemewe namategeko.
Umwitozo
Nyuma yiri somo umukangurambaga arahamagara byibura amatsinda abiri agizwe nabantu batanu; bahereye ku isomo rimaze gutangwa buri tsinda rirakora agakino kagaragaza uburenganzira bwabantu bakora Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro nubwababakiriye mu buzima busanzwe. Ayo matsinda ashobora no kugaragaza aho ubwo burenganzira bushobora kubangamirana, kuzuzanya nubwabaturage babakiriye. Muri buri gakino hagomba kugaragaramo uko abaturage bakiriye icyo kibazo cyibyo byiciro byabo bantu twavuze haruguru bakanerekana icyakorwa ningamba zafatwa.
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Isomo rya IX
Inkiko Gacaca: Ubutabera Bwunga
9. I. Intangiriro Mu ngaruka nyinshi jenoside yo muri 1994 yasigiye u Rwanda, harimo guhungabana no gusenyuka kumuryango nyarwanda. Mu gushakisha uburyo bwo gusana igihugu, Leta yu Rwanda yafashe ingamba zihamye kuri buri rwego. Ku birebana nubutabera hateganijwe uburyo bwo kongera kubanisha Abanyarwanda, kurandura umuco wo kudahana no kurangiza imanza zumubare munini wabakekwaho kuba baragize uruhare muri jenoside yahekuye u Rwanda. Ni muri urwo rwego hashyizweho Itegeko Ngenga n40/2000 ryo ku wa 26 Mutarama 2001 rishyiraho Inkiko Gacaca kandi rigena imitunganyirize yikurikirikiranwa ryibyaha bigize icyaha cyitsembabwoko cyangwa ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakozwe hagati yitariki ya mbere ukwakira 1990 niya 31 ukuboza 1994, ryaje kuvugururwa nItegeko Ngenga No. 16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/06/2004. Iri Tegeko Ngenga ni na ryo rishyiraho Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro. Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro, gihabwa umuntu wese ushyirwa mu cyiciro cya kabiri nInkiko Gacaca, wireze akemera icyaha, akicuza agasaba nimbabazi, ubwirege bwe bukemerwa. Muri iri somo, turi bwibande ku isano iri hagati yiki gihano nibindi bihano bisanzwe mu mategeko ahana yu Rwanda, tunibande ku byiciro binyaranye bizahabwa Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro. 9.2. Intego yisomo Nyuma yiri somo abahuguwe baraba basobanukiwe kandi na bo bashobora gusobanura - akamaro kInkiko Gacaca nkubutabera bwunga; - isano iri hagati yInkiko Gacaca nIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro; - imiterere yibihano biteganyirijwe abakoze jenoside yabaye mu Rwanda no kubigereranya nibindi bihano bisanzwe mu mategeko ahana yu Rwanda. 9.3. Intego zInkiko Gacaca Inkiko Gacaca zigamije: Kumenya ukuri ku byabaye mu gihe cya jenoside; Kwihutisha imanza zabakurikiranweho icyaha cya jenoside cyangwa ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu; Guhana abagize uruhare muri jenoside; Kunoza inzira yo guca umuco wo kudahana no gushimangira ubumwe bwAbanyarwanda. Ni muri uwo murongo wo kunga no kubanisha Abanyarwanda, Itegeko Ngenga rishyiraho Inkiko Gacaca kimwe nItegeko Ngenga n 08/96 ryo ku wa 30/08/1996 ryagenaga ikurikirana ryibyaha bya jenoside rishyira abakurikiranwe mu nzego, hakurikijwe uruhare rwa buri muntu, maze rikagena ibihano biciriritse ku bagizwe ibikoresho nubutegetsi bubi bwariho icyo gihe, bihannye bakemera icyaha bakanagisabira imbabazi. - 54 -
Kugira ngo abo bakoze jenoside bemeye icyaha, bakicuza kandi bakagisabira imbabazi, bashobore gusubizwa vuba mu muryango nyarwanda bityo ubusabane bugaruke mu bantu, Itegeko Ngenga n40/2000 ryo ku wa 26 Mutarama 2001 ryateganyaga mu ngingo yaryo ya 75, ko abari muri icyo cyiciro bamara kimwe cya kabiri cyigihano bakatiwe nInkiko Gacaca muri gereza, ikindi cya kabiri bakakimara hanze bakora, ku minsi igenwe, Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro. Uburyo icyo gihano kirangizwa biteganywa nIteka rya Perezida n 10/01 ryo ku wa 07/03/2005 ryerekeye Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro. Twakongeraho ko iri Teka rya Perezida ryavuguruwe ku buryo ryahujwe nItegeko Ngenga N 16/06/2004 ryerekeye Inkiko Gacaca nkuko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu, kandi ryemejwe nInama yAbaminisitiri yo ku wa 10/11/2004, rikaba ryaranatangajwe no mu igazeti ya Leta. Iki kiganiro cyerekeye Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro ni yo nyandiko yibanze gishingiraho. 9.4. Ibihano dusanganywe mu mategeko ahana yu Rwanda U Rwanda kimwe nibindi bihugu rusanganywe amategeko ahana ibyaha hakurikijwe ubwoko nuburemere bwabyo. Ibyo bihano biri mu ngeri zikurikira: Ibihano byiremezo (peines principales / main sentences) : Igihano cyo kwicwa, Igihano cyo gufungwa Igihano cyihazabu; Ibihano byingereka (peines accessoires / incidental sentences): Kunyagwa ibikomoka ku cyaha (confiscation / forfeiture) urugero ingingo y183 yIgitabo cyamategeko ahana (Code Pnal / Penal Code) ; Gutegeka cyangwa kubuza umuntu kuba ahantu (obligation de sjour ou interdiction de sjour ou / banning order) urugero ni ingingo. ya 128 yIgitabo cyamategeko ahana (Code Pnal / Penal Code; Gushyira umuntu mu maboko ya Leta urugero ni ingingo ya 59 yIgitabo cyamategeko ahana (Code Pnal / Penal Code); Kwamburwa uburenganzira bumwe na bumwe mu gihugu (ingingo ya 68 niya 69 zIgitabo cyamategeko ahana (Code Pnal / Penal Code) ndetse nkuko biteganyijwe ningingo ya 76 yItegeko Ngenga n16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/06/2004 ryerekeye Inkiko Gacaca. 9.5. Imiterere yibihano biteganirijwe guhana abakoze jenoside yabaye mu Rwanda: Itegeko-ngenga N 16/2004 ryo kuwa 19 Kamena 2004 rigena imiterere n'imikorere yurwego rwigihugu rushinzwe Inkiko GACACA zishinzwe gukurikirana no guhana abakoze jenoside nibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakozwe mu Rwanda hagati yitariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990 niya 31 Ukuboza 1994 uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu rigena ibihano rikurikije inzego ku buryo bukurikira:
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IMBONERAHAMWE YIBIHANO BYOSE BITEGANWA NITEGEKO NGENGA N 16/2004 RYO KU WA 19/06/2004 Urwego Kwirega, kwemera icyaha, kwicuza no Igihano gusaba imbabazi 1 Utarireze, cyangwa uwireze igice Kwicwa cyangwa gufungwa burundu Uwireze izina rye ritaratangazwa ku Igifungo cyimyaka kuva kuri 25 kugeza kuri 30 rutonde rwabaregwa rukorwa nUrukiko Gacaca rwAkagari Uwireze izina rye ryaratangajwe ku Kwicwa cyangwa gufungwa burundu rutonde rwabaregwa rukorwa nUrukiko Gacaca rwAkagari 2 Utarireze cyangwa uwireze igice kandi Igifungo cyimyaka kuva kuri 25 kugeza kuri 30 aregwa kuba yarishe cyangwa yaragiriye abandi nabi bikabaviramo gupfa, yarakomerekeje cyangwa yaragiriye abandi nabi agambiriye kubica ariko umugambi ntawugereho, abamufashije nibyitso bye. Uwireze yarashyizwe ku rutonde Igifungo kuva ku myaka 12 kugeza kuri 15, kimwe cya rwabagize uruhare muri Jenoside yakozwe kabiri cyimyaka yigifungo akatiwe akakimara muri nUrukiko Gacaca rwAkagari kandi gereza, ikindi gisigaye akakimara muri gereza, ikindi aregwa kuba yarishe cyangwa yaragiriye gisigaye akakimara hanze, afungishijwe ijisho, akora abandi nabi bikabaviramo gupfa, Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu yarakomerekeje cyangwa yaragiriye abandi Akamaro nabi agambiriye kubica ariko umugambi ntawugereho, abamufashije nibyitso bye. Uwireze mbere yuko Urukiko Gacaca Igifungo kuva ku myaka 7 kugeza ku myaka 12, kimwe rwAkagari rumushyira ku rutonde kandi cya kabiri cyimyaka yigifungo akatiwe akakimara muri aregwa kuba yarishe cyangwa gereza, ikindi gisigaye akakimara hanze, afungishije yarakomerekeje cyangwa yaragiriye abandi ijisho, akora Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye nabi agambiriye kubica ariko umugambi Igihugu Akamaro. ntawugereho, abamufashije nibyitso bye. Utarireze cyangwa uwireze igice kandi Igifungo kuva ku myaka 5 kugeza kuri 7, kimwe cya aregwa kuba yarakoze cyangwa yarafashije kabiri cyimyaka akatiwe akakimara muri gereza, ikindi abandi gukora ibindi byaha byakorewe gisigaye akakimara hanze, afungishije ijisho, akora abantu atagambiriye kubica, hamwe Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu nibyitso bye Akamaro ; Uwireze yarashyizwe ku rutonde Igifungo kuva ku mwaka 3 kugeza kuri 5, kimwe cya rwabagize uruhare muri jenoside kabiri cyimyaka yigifungo akatiwe akakimara muri rwakozwe nUrukiko Gacaca rwAkagari gereza, ikindi gisigaye akakimara hanze, afungishijwe kandi aregwa kuba yarakoze cyangwa ijisho, akora Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye yarafashije abandi gukora ibindi byaha Igihugu Akamaro byakorewe abantu atagambiriye kubica, hamwe nibyitso bye Uwireze atarashyirwa ku rutonde Igifungo kuva ku mwaka 1 kugeza kuri 3, kimwe cya rwabagize uruhare muri jenoside kabiri cyimyaka yigifungo akatiwe akakimara muri rwakozwe nUrukiko Gacaca rwAkagari gereza, ikindi gisigaye akakimara hanze, afungishijwe kandi aregwa kuba yarakoze cyangwa ijisho, akora Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye yarafashije abandi gukora ibindi byaha Igihugu Akamaro byakorewe abantu atagambiriye kubica, hamwe nibyitso bye 3 Uwangije umutungo Kuriha ibyo yariye cyangwa yangije - 56 -
Ku byerekeye abari abana bakoze ibyaha bya jenoside nibindi byaha byibasiye inyoko muntu bafite hagati yimyaka 14 na 18 itaruzura bahanwa ku buryo bukurikira : Urwego 1 Kwirega, kwemera igihano, kwicuza no gusaba imbabazi Utarireze, cyangwa uwireze igice Uwireze mbere yo gushyirwa ku rutonde rwabaregwa rukorwa nUrukiko Gacaca rwAkagari, ubwirege bwe bukemerwa Utarireze cyangwa uwireze igice aregwa kuba yarishe cyangwa yaragiriye abandi nabi bikabaviramo gupfa, yarakomerekeje cyangwa yaragiriye abandi nabi agambiriye kubica ariko umugambi ntawugereho, abamufashije nibyitso bye. Uwireze yarashyizwe ku rutonde rwabagize uruhare muri Jenoside yakozwe nUrukiko Gacaca rwAkagari kandi aregwa kuba yarishe cyangwa yaragiriye abandi nabi bikabaviramo gupfa, yarakomerekeje cyangwa yaragiriye abandi nabi agambiriye kubica ariko umugambi ntawugereho, abamufashije nibyitso bye. Uwireze mbere yo gushyirwa ku rutonde rwabagize uruhare muri jenoside yakozwe nUrukiko Gacaca rwAkagari kandi aregwa kuba yarishe cyangwa yaragiriye abandi nabi bikabaviramo gupfa, yarakomerekeje cyangwa yaragiriye abandi nabi agambiriye kubica ariko umugambi ntawugereho, abamufashije nibyitso bye Utarireze cyangwa uwireze igice kandi aregwa kuba yarakoze cyangwa yarafashije abandi gukora ibindi byaha byakorerwe abantu atagambiriye kubica, hamwe nibyitso bye Uwireze yarashyizwe kuri lisiti yabagize uruhare muri jenoside yakozwe nUrukiko Gacaca rwAkagari kandi aregwa kuba yarakoze cyangwa yarafashije abandi gukora ibindi byaha byakorewe abantu atagambiriye kubica, hamwe nibyitso bye Uwireze atarashyirwa ku rutonde rwabagize uruhare muri jenoside yakozwe nUrukiko Gacaca rwAkagari kandi aregwa kuba yarakoze cyangwa yarafashije abandi gukora ibindi byaha byakorewe abantu atagambiriye kubica, hamwe nibyitso bye Abangije umutungo Igihano Igifungo kiri hagati yimyaka 10 na 20 Igifungo kuva ku myaka 8 kugeza ku 10 Igifungo kiri hagati yimyaka 8 na 10
Igifungo kuva ku myaka 6 kugeza kuri 7 namezi 6, cyimyaka yigifungo akatiwe akakimara muri gereza ikindi akakimara hanze afungishijwe ijisho akora Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro.
Igifungo kuva ku myaka 3 namezi 6 kugeza ku myaka 6, akakimara muri gereza ikindi akakimara hanze afungishijwe ijisho akora Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro
Igifungo kuva ku myaka 2 namezi 6 kugeza ku myaka 3 namezi 6, akakimara muri gereza ikindi akakimara hanze afungishijwe ijisho akora Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro Igifungo kuva ku mwaka 1 namezi 6 kugeza ku myaka 2 namezi 6. akakimara muri gereza ikindi akakimara hanze afungishijwe ijisho akora Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro Igifungo kuva ku mezi 6 kugeza ku mwaka 1 namezi 6. akakimara muri gereza ikindi akakimara hanze afungishijwe ijisho akora Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro
Kuriha ibyo yariye cyangwa yangije
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Umwanzuro Inkiko Gacaca ni umwe mu miti Leta yu Rwanda yatekereje mu rwego rwo guhangana ningaruka za jenoside nibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byabaye hagati yitariki ya 1 ukwakira 19990 niya 31 ukuboza 1994. Muri iri somo ntabwo twibanze ku bisobanuro birambuye ku birebana nItegeko Ngenga No. 16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/06/2004 rishyiraho Inkiko Gacaca kandi rigena imitunganyirize yikurikirikiranwa ryibyaha bigize icyaha cyitsembabwoko cyangwa ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakozwe hagati yitariki ya mbere ukwakira 1990 niya 31 ukuboza 1994. Twibanze ku ngingo zaryo zirebana n ibihano bihabwa abagize uruhare muri jenoside tunagereranya ibyo bihano nibindi dusanganywe mu mategeko ahana yu Rwanda. Ni ngombwa rero ko abakangurambaga basobanukirwa nintego zInkiko Gacaca nizIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro kuko iyo mirongo ya politiki yombi yuzuzanya. Iri somo kandi ryafasha umukangurambaga kumenya aho Gacaca ihuriye nIgihano Nsimburagifungo ndetse naho igihano nsimburagifungo gihurira nibindi bihano bisanzwe mu mategeko ahana yu Rwanda.
Umwitozo
Nyuma yiri somo umukangurambaga arahamagara byibura amatsinda abiri agizwe nabantu batanu; bahereye ku isomo rimaze gutangwa buri tsinda rirakora agakino, mu buryo bwisanisha, kagaragaza uburyo Inkiko Gacaca zunganiwe nigihano nsimburagufungo cyimirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro, byunze Abanyarwanda, ukuri kukamenyekana, imanza zikaba zarihuse, abakoze ibyaha bakaba barahanwe ndetse bikaba byaranogeje inzira yo guca umuco kudahana wari warabaye akarande mu Rwanda. Muri buri gakino hagomba kugaragaramo uko abaturage babonye akamaro kizo nzira Leta yafashe nkumuti wamahano yagwiririye u Rwanda. Uhugura arasaba nibura abantu babiri bafite ubuhamya ku buryo igihano nsimburagifungo cyabashije kugera ku ntego zacyo mu bihugu cyabanjirijemo nka Kenya, Zimbabwe nahandi. Ahereye ku buhamya bwatanzwe, arerekana nuburyo mu Rwanda TIG izafasha Abanyarwanda kugera ku bwiyunge nyuma ya jenoside yashenye igihugu. Hagize nugira filimi cyangwa amashusho yerekana uburyo igihano nsimburagifungo cyashyizwe mu bikorwa muri ibyo bihugu, na byo byakwifashishwa.
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Isomo rya X Uruhare rwa Politiki yUbumwe nUbwiyunge mu Ishyirwa mu Bikorwa rya TIG
10.1. Politiki yubumwe nubwiyunge
10.1.1. Intangiriro U Rwanda rwaranzwe namateka yamacakubiri yagizwe inkingi yimiyoborere yarwo. Nyuma yigikorwa kigayitse cya jenoside cyashegeshe igihugu cyacu, Abanyarwanda barangajwe imbere na Guverinoma yUbumwe, babonye ko batakubakira Igihugu ku nzika ninzigo bashyira imbere Ubumwe nUbwiyunge byAbanyarwanda. Itegeko Nshinga ryatowe nAbanyarwanda ku wa 4 Kamena 2003 mu irangashingiro yaryo rigira riti : Nyuma ya jenoside yateguwe ikanashyirwa mu bikorwa nabayobozi babi nabandi bose bayigizemo uruhare, igahitana abana b u Rwanda barenga miliyoni ; Twiyemeje kurwanya ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside nibyo igaragariramo byose, ndetse no kurandura burundu amacakubiri ashingiye ku moko, ku turere nandi macakubiri ayo ariyo yose. Leta y u Rwanda yasanze imwe mu nzira yo gukemura ibibazo byamacakubiri nivangura ari ugushyiraho Komisiyo yigihugu yubumwe nubwiyunge kugira ngo ihuze ibikorwa byose bikorerwa mu nzego zitandukanye mu bumwe nubwiyunge. 10.1.2. Intego ziri somo Nyuma yiri somo abarikurikiranye bazaba bashobora : Kugaragaza inkingi zubumwe nubwiyunge Kumvikanisha imyitwarire yabakora TIG hagati yabo nabandi baturage
10. 1.3 Zimwe mu mpamvu zamacakubiri amunga umuryango nyarwanda Inyandiko nimvugo zisanzwe zikunze kugaragaza ko amacakubiri mu Rwanda ashingiye ku moko, ariko nubwo amoko ariyo yashyirwa imbere, hirengagizwa ko ikibazo atari amoko ahubwo ko ari uko amoko ashorwa mu makimbirane kubera inyungu ababikora babifitiye ubwabo. Ahubwo zimwe mu mpamvu zamacakubiri amunga umuryango nyarwanda zishingiye ku ntambara za politiki, ku burere bubi bwahawe Abanyarwanda, ihezwa mu byiza byIgihugu kwimakaza akarengane no kudahana ibyaha, kutavugisha ukuri. 10.1.4. Inkingi z ubumwe nubwiyunge Imibanire myiza yabantu ishingiye ku bintu byinshi bitandukanye bituma umuntu yumva akunze kubaho ubwe kandi afite nicyizere cyejo hazaza. Mu ishema ryo kubaho niho havuka nicyifuzo cyo kubana nabandi kuko abandi badutera ishyaka ryo kubaho neza buri munsi. Ubumwe nubwiyunge bwasagamba mu muryango wemera ko abawugize bose bafite uburenganzira bungana mu mibereho yabo kandi utanga icyizere cyo kubaho ejo hazaza mu mudendezo. - 59 -
Mu bisanzwe icyemezo kidashyigikiwe nibikorwa ntikiramba. Ni yo mpamvu ubutabera, ubuyobozi bwiza, uburere bwabaturage nimibereho myiza yabo ari muri bimwe bishyigikira imibanire myiza politiki yubumwe nubwiyunge igamije. 10.1.5. Uruhare rwabaturage mu kwimakaza ubumwe nubwiyunge Mbere na mbere abaturage bagomba guca ingoyi ziboshye imitima yabo. Kubohoka mu mutima bisobanuye kwiyemeza kuba wowe ubwawe mu gufata ibyemezo witandukanyije nibishobora kukuboha bigatuma upfukirana ukuri kugira ngo utihungabanya. Umuntu uboshye arangwa nibi bikurikira : kwisobanurira ibintu uko bitari ashingiye ku byo abandi bemera cyangwa bamwemeje kutemera ukuri no kwihambira ku byo yemera gusa Kutemera impinduka Kuyoborwa namarangamutima (sentiment) nibindi nkibyo. 10.1.6. Ingamba zafatwa mu kwimakaza ubumwe nubwiyunge bwAbanyarwanda Kudaha intebe ibitekerezo biyobya Ibyo ni ibitekerezo bidafite ishingiro na gihamya byasenya umuryango nyarwanda Kwirinda kwibona uko utari no kubona abandi uko batari Ibyo bigaragarira mu kutiyemera, mu kutisuzugura cyangwa ngo asuzugure abandi, mu kwicisha bugufi no gufatanya nabandi Kwirinda ikomatanyacyaha Kwitirirwa inabi cyangwa icyaha cyundi ni akarengane gahembera inzangano zikunze kubangamira imibanire myiza. Icyaha ni gatozi. Kubwizanya ukuri, gusaba imbabazi no kuzitanga Iyo havutse amakosa, kuyemera, kuyasabira imbabazi no kuzitanga ni intambwe iganisha ku bwiyunge. 10.2. Imibanire myiza mu gihe cyishyirwa mu bikorwa cyIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro 10.2.1. Imibanire yAbanyarwanda mbere yubukoroni Abanyarwanda mbere yumwaduko wabazungu bahuzwaga na byinshi byatumaga babana neza. Bahuzwaga nimirimo itandukanye : bakoraga yubuhinzi, ubworozi nubukorikori. Kubera kandi ko bakoraga imirimo itandukanye, byari ngombwa ko bahahirana cyangwa buzuzanya muri byinshi, bahana umuganda numubyizi, bahekerana, batabarana, batumirana. Abanyarwanda bahuzwaga nubwoko basangiye (abanyiginya, abega, abacyaba...) bagahana inka nabageni, bagahana igihango cyatumaga badahemukirana cyangwa ngo bahemukire igihugu. Abanyarwanda bo hambere bahuzwaga nururimi numuco watumaga basabana, bubahana kandi bakiha agaciro, ari nabyo byabaheshaga ishema mu gihugu no mu mahanga. Abakurambere bacu bahuzwaga numuco wa kirazira, umuco wa kirazira wubaha ukubaka, ushishoza, ugashungura, ugatoza ubupfura no kwanga umugayo, gukunda igihugu no kucyitangira.
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10.2.2. Imibanire yAbanyarwanda mu gihe cyubukoloni na nyuma yabwo Icyo gihe cyagiye kirangwa namateka atandukanya Abanyarwanda , ipyinagaza nihezwa rya bamwe mu Banyarwanda, ibyo bikaba byaragiye bibyara ubusumbane bukabije, inzangano no kutoroherana hagati yAbanyarwanda.Twibutse ko ubwo busumbane, inzangano no kutoroherana byakomeje kwikusanya bihawe intebe nubutegetsi bushingiye kuri politiki yamacakubiri nAbanyamahanga bakomeje kugenda batsa umuriro bikaza kubyara ubwicanyi bwabaye karande ibihumbi nibihumbi bikaba byaraciriwe ishyanga abandi barapfa, imitungo irasahurwa indi irangizwa nibindi. 10.2.3. Imibanire yAbanyarwanda nyuma ya jenoside Umuryango nyarwanda warangwaga nubumwe, gufashanya nubuvandimwe haba mu byiza cyangwa mu byago. Ubu abantu babaye ba nyamwigendaho kubera kumva nabi amajyambere. Intambara, jenoside yo muri 1994 byatumye imibanire hagati yabantu izamo igitotsi. Mu gihe cya jenoside yo muri 1994 abagabo, abagore, abana barishe, abandi baricwa, abagore nabakobwa bafatwa ku ngufu. Ubu imiryango myinshi ifite abantu bafunze bakekwaho icyaha cyubwicanyi. Mu mitima yabantu bamwe harimo inzika, inzangano nurwikekwe. Ibi byose bigira ingaruka mu mibanire myiza yabaturage kuko batabana neza. Muri rusange imibanire yarononekaye (amakimbirane, ubusumbane..); ingaruka zimiryango ibana itarashakanye mu buryo bwemewe namategeko cyane cyane ku bana; ubuharike ku miryango imwe nimwe, agaciro kumuryango mugari karatakaye; imigenzereze myiza ijyanye nimicungire yumutungo no guteganyiriza ejo hazaza ititabwaho kandi yagombye kujyana nigihe tugezemo (Urugero : guteganyiriza abana amashuri, kuzigama,....). Imigenzereze myiza mu muco nyarwanda igenda itakara hitwajwe iterambere ryatumye abantu baba ba nyamwigendaho. 10.2.4. Imibanire yabazakora TIG nabandi Banyarwanda mu byiciro binyuranye 1. Imibanire yabazakora TIG nimiryango yabo Uburyo imanza za jenoside zizacibwa buzatuma Abanyarwanda bose bashyira hamwe mu guhana abagize uruhare muri jenoside. Ukuri kumaze kumenyekana, ibintu byaba bisobanutse, bityo urwikekwe rukavaho, uwagize uruhare muri jenoside agahanwa, uwahohotewe akarenganurwa nubutabera nuwari ufunze ari umwere akagaruka mu muryango nyarwanda. Abenshi mu bafunguwe, birashoboka ko hari abazasanga ibibazo bitandukanye mu miryango bakomokamo. Uwo bashakanye yarabyaye adahari, guhuguzwa ubutaka, imitungo yagurishijwe nibindi nibindi. Ibyo byose umunyarwanda yari akwiriye kumenya ko hari aho bishobora kugira ingaruka kuri TIG. Imiryango yabo byumwihariko ihamagariwe kubafasha gusubira mu buzima busanzwe kandi bakarangwa nimyitwarire nimibanire myiza kuko hari abagaragaweho nimyitwarire idahwitse. Imiryango yabo ikwiye kubashishikariza gukomeza gufasha inkiko Gacaca batanga ubuhamya banagaragaza ukuri ku byabaye mu gihe cya jenoside kandi bakitabira batiganda igihano bakatiwe kuko ntaho gihuriye na busa nicyaha bakoze. 2. Imibanire yabazakora TIG nabacitse ku icumu Mu byukuri jenoside ni icyaha rurimbuzi kitabiriwe nAbanyarwanda benshi, kibanduza bose kandi cyanduza umuryango nyarwanda. Cyakozwe ku mugaragaro abantu benshi babibona. Mu byo Abanyarwanda bateze kuri Gacaca harimo : - 61 -
Kwihutisha imanza za jenoside Kugarura ubumwe nubusabane mu Banyarwanda Kubaka bushya u Rwanda ruzira amacakubiri Kurenganura abiciwe no gutanga ibihano bigamije gukosora uwicujije, akemera icyaha, agasaba nimbabazi
Gahunda yIgihano Nsimburagifungo cy Imirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro ije gutera ingabo mu bitugu gahunda zubumwe nubwiyunge. Ibi bizatuma abemeye icyaha bagasaba imbabazi bikemerwa nInkiko Gacaca basubizwa mu miryango yabo bakora ibikorwa bifitiye akamaro Abanyarwanda bose. Bimwe mu byo twavuga bashobora kuzana umwuka mubi hagati yabacitse ku icumu nabazaba bakora TIG ni nkimvugo yo kwishongora ku bakorewe icyaha, kwigamba, kutemera igihano akora, imvugo ipfobya jenoside. Zimwe mu ngamba zafashwe ni uko hazashyirwaho gahunda zibikorwa bihuriza hamwe abakoze icyaha cya jenoside nabayikorewe kugira ngo bongere kubana neza. Ni koko iyo gahunda ishobora kuzabangamira bamwe mu banyarwanda bakorewe jenoside mu gihe uwakatiwe igihano nsimburagifungo yitwaye nabi ariko ingamba zarafashwe kuko iyo uwakatiwe igihano nsimburagifungo atagikoze uko bikwiye cyangwa yanze kurangiza igihano , asubizwa muri Gereza kurangirizayo igice cyigihano cyari gisigaye ; naho iyo akoze ikindi cyaha ari mu gihano nsimburagifungo , igihe yari amaze agikora kiba imfabusa , agasubizwa muri gereza , agafungwa igihe kingana nicyigihano nsimburagifungo yari yarakatiwe kandi agakurikiranwa no ku cyaha gishya yakoze. 3. Imibanire yabacitse ku icumu nimiryango yabazakora TIG Ubwiyunge ni inzira yo kongera guhuza abantu cyangwa imiryango biba byarasenyutse cyangwa byarahungabanyijwe nubwicanyi, intambara nibindi. Iyo nzira yubwiyunge igizwe no kuvugisha ukuri ku byabaye, kwicuza, gusaba imbabazi, kuzihabwa, gucibwa no gutanga icyiru. Ibi byuzuzwa nuko habaho ubutabera, gusana imitima yabantu, gutanga indishyi ari nabyo bituma abantu bongera kubana neza. Imiryango yabazakora TIG ifite uruhare runini mu : guhindura imyumvire yabazafungurwa ibigisha kubana neza nabacitse ku icumu rya jenoside ; gushishikarira gusobanukirwa neza nimpamvu, imiterere nakamaro kIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro ; kwitabira ari benshi inama basobanurirwamo politiki yIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro nIteka rya Perezida rishyiraho icyo gihano ; kwirinda imyifatire yose yatuma abakatiwe igihano nsimburagifungo ibangamira abacitse ku icumu cyangwa na bo bakaba babyitwaramo nabi nibindi byose byatuma TIG idashobora kurangiza inshingano zayo. 4. Imibanire y abazakora TIG hagati yabo Benshi mu bagororwa bireze bakemera icyaha biteguye gukora TIG. Abaturage bazishimira TIG kuko izagera ku bikorwa byinshi bibafitiye akamaro. Jenoside yakozwe nAbanyarwanda, ikorerwa Abanyarwanda kandi nibo bagomba kuyishakira umuti no guhangana ningaruka zayo. Hari inyungu nyinshi ku muntu wemeye icyaha akanabisabira imbabazi : kwiyunga numutimanama we bikamuha namahoro ; kwiyunga nabo yakoreye ibyaha ndetse nImana ; - 62 -
guha urukiko amakuru ya ngombwa yashingirwaho mu kurenganura abahohotewe numuryango nyarwanda ; kugabanyirizwa ibihano hakurikijwe urwego uregwa yashyizwemo nigihe yiregeye ; guhabwa Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro
Abazakora Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro bagomba guharanira icyateza imbere imibanire myiza hagati yabo kugira ngo bubake u Rwanda rushya. Ntibazarangwa rero nimvugo zisuzuguza ibihano bakatiwe, bagomba kuganira ku buremere bwicyaha cyakozwe bakiyemeza kutazagisubira igihe icyo ari cyo cyose. 5. Imibanire yabakora TIG nabayobozi Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro ni inzira Leta yu Rwanda yahisemo mu gukemura zimwe mu ngaruka zikomeye zaturutse kuri jenoside yo muri 1994. Imwe muri izo ngaruka ni umubare munini wabantu bakurikiranyweho icyaha cya jenoside nibindi byaha byibasiye inyoko muntu, barimo abafunze nabakiri hanze. Kugira ngo TIG yumvikane kimwe kuri buri wese kandi habeho nimibanire iboneye hagati yabakatiwe Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro nabakoresha babo hategayijwe : gukoresha inama zigamije gufasha TIG kugera ku nshingano zayo ; gukoresha inama za komite zitandukanye; gukoresha ibiganiro mbwirwaruhame; gukoresha inama nabayobozi bibigo bizakira abazakora TIG; gushishikariza abari mu gihano nsimburagifungo guhura nabandi baturage mu bikorwa byose bigamije gushyigikira gahunda za Leta ; gushyiraho urubuga rwo kungurana ibitekerezo ku migendekere myiza ya TIG no kunoza inzira zo kongera kubanisha mu mahoro abakoze jenoside nabandi Banyarwanda. Birashoboka rero ko hagati yabayobozi bashinzwe gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya TIG nabagomba kuyikora, hashoboka kuvuka amakimbirane kuba abakora TIG batubahiriza neza gahunda yo kurangiza igihano bahawe, bashobora kugaragaza imyitwarire yo kukibangamira nibindi nibindi. Kugira ngo rero TIG izagere ku nshingano zayo, birakwiye ko abayobozi ubwabo basobanukirwa hakiri kare ndetse bakanitegura ko ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya TIG rishobora kugira ingorane zisa nizo twavuze haruguru. Ingamba zigomba kujya zifatwa hakiri kare kugira ngo iyo gahunda izarusheho kugira umusaruro ugaragara. 10.2.5. Imibereho yabaturage Nubwo gukena bidasobanuye ko abantu bagomba kuryana ariko ibihe byinzara cyangwa imibereho mibi ntibituma abantu babana neza. Umuntu adafite aho aba, adafite ibyangombwa byibanze mu buzima, nta nicyizere cyo kubaho aba afite. Ikibazo cyubukene cyugarije imiryango myinshi nacyo gihungabanya imibanire. Umubare munini wabantu batishoboye biganjemo urubyiruko ni ikibazo gishobora kugira ingaruka mbi mu mibanire yabantu. Abantu bakwiye kwitabira gukora, cyane cyane gukorera hamwe kugira ngo bahurize ku nyungu zo kwiteza imbere. Leta nayo mu mikoro ifite ikagerageza kwegereza abaturage ibyangombwa byibanze baheraho bavugurura imibereho yabo. Muri make, ikibazo cyubumwe nubwiyunge nimibanire yabaturage muri rusange kirareba buri wese ninzego zose zishyize hamwe mu kubaka umunyarwanda urangwa nimyumvire iha buri muntu agaciro ke nicyizere cyo kubaho neza hamwe nabandi. - 63 -
10.2.6. Imigambi ya Leta mu gushyigikira imibanire yAbanyarwanda Leta yu Rwanda ifite ubushake budasubirwaho bwo guteza imbere umuryango nkuko bigaragara mu irangashingiro ryItegeko Nshinga, igika cya 8. Muri Politiki rusange yIgihugu, Leta y u Rwanda yiyemeje kugarura isura nziza yumuryango wubakiye ku byiza biranga umuco nyarwanda (ubutwari, ubufatanye, ubupfura, kwanga umugayo, kwitangira abandi) ndetse nibindi byiza tuvana mu migenzereze yibindi bihugu. Politiki zIgihugu zinyuranye zishimangira imibereho nimibanire myiza ku muryango: icyerekezo 2020 (VISION 2020), gahunda yIgihugu yo kurwanya ubukene (ubudehe), politiki yuburinganire, politiki yo kwegereza abaturage ubuyobozi, inzego zubuvunyi, ubutabera bwunga, Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro (TIG), politiki yo kurera impfubyi mu miryango, ubwisungane mu kwivuza, gahunda yinyigisho zuburere mboneragihugu, ingando, gushyiraho no kuvugurura amategeko arengera umuryango nibindi. Muri uru rwego, uburezi nuburere bizatuma duteza imbere umuryango nyarwanda nimibanire yabaturage muri rusange. Kubera ko Abanyarwanda bagifite ibikomere byamahano yabaye muri iki gihugu mu mwaka wa 1994, Abanyarwanda bakwiye gukomeza gukangurirwa umuco wamahoro nubworoherane, kwigishwa kubaha uburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu no kumenyeshwa amategeko abarengera. Hashyizweho ubutabera bwunga aribwo Inkiko Gacaca zizafasha kugaragaza no guhana abagize uruhare muri jenoside yo muri 1994. Abanyarwanda bose bahamagariwe kugira uruhare rugaragara mu gusana ubumwe bwAbanyarwanda bitabira Inkiko Gacaca kuko byagaragaye ko abiyita ko bajijutse batitabira imirimo yizo Nkiko. Urwo ruhare ruzagaragara mu gufatanya nabandi bibukiranya banagaragaza ukuri ku byabaye mu gihe cya jenoside babikora mu bwisanzure no mu bworoherane. Buri wese agomba gutanga ubuhamya; kwirega no kwemera icyaha mu gihe yagize uruhare mu bwicanyi bwahekuye iki gihugu. Inkiko Gacaca ni imwe mu nzira izageza umuryango nyarwanda ku bwiyunge nubumwe duharanira. Ababyeyi mu muryango bagomba gutoza abana babo umuco wamahoro nubufatanye bakawukuriramo, nabo bakazawuraga abo bazabyara.. Abagize umuryango bagomba kwirinda amakimbirane numwiryane ahubwo bagaharanira icyateza imbere umuryango wabo bitabira gahunda za Leta nko kwibumbira mu mashyirahamwe, kwitabira inama zubuyobozi, gukora umuganda, kwibumbira mu mashyirahamwe yubuvuzi, gushyigikira gahunda yIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro nibindi. Buri munyarwanda nabana neza nabandi mu bworoherane, mu bwubahane, mu bumwe, imibereho yabaturage bose izarushaho kuba myiza bityo nigihugu cyacu kigere ku iterambere rirambye. 10.2.7. Gusaba imbabazi no kubabarira Nubwo ubutabera bugomba gukora akazi kabwo, ntabwo abantu babana neza hatabayeho iki gikorwa cyane cyane tuzirikanye amateka yimibanire yAbanyarwanda. Gusaba imbabazi bivuze iki? Kuvugisha ukuri ku byo wakoze; Kwemera icyaha wakoze; Kucyamagana no kubabazwa nuko wagikoze; Kugambirira kudasubira mu cyaha wasabiye imbabazi; - 64 -
Guca bugufi no kwatura imbere yuwo wahemukiye ugasaba imbabazi, Kwemera igihano nicyiru kijyanye nicyaha cyakozwe. Kubabarira bivuze iki? Kumva usaba imbabazi; Kutagambirira kwihorera; Kwemeza ibyemezo byInkiko; Kwemera indishyi nubwo bidasimbura ibyangijwe. Gusaba imbabazi no kuzitanga byafasha kutubakira umuryango ku nzika ninzigo byahora bizikura kamere mbi namacakubiri ningaruka zayo. Ni nuburyo kandi bwo kureba kure umuntu agateganyiriza urubyaro rwe imibereho myiza aho kwireba no guhoza amaso inyuma gusa; ni no kwemera ko kamere muntu ituzuye tugaharanira buri gihe kuyigira nziza. Umwanzuro Umunyarwanda wahawe iyi nyigisho akwiye kuba asobanukiwe nimyitwarire nimibanire igomba kuranga abakora TIG hagati yabo nibindi byiciro byAbanyarwanda. Agomba kumva kandi ko afite inshingano nkuru yo kubaka umuryango nyarwanda, ufite inyungu zigihugu ku mutima kandi witangira gufatanya nabandi mu gushakira hamwe inzira ziboneye zo kwishakira ibisubizo byibibazo bahura nabyo mu buzima.
Umwitozo
Nyuma yiri somo umukangurambaga arahamagara byibura amatsinda abiri agizwe nabantu batanu; bahereye ku isomo rimaze gutangwa buri tsinda rirakora agakino kagaragaza uruhare rwa poilitiki yubumwe nubwiyunge nishyirwa mu bikorwa rya TIG. Muri buri gakino hagomba kugaragaramo uko abaturage babonye akamaro kiyi nzira Leta yafashe nkumuti wo kongera kubanisha Abanyarwanda, uruhare rwabo ndetse ningamba zafatwa mu kwimakaza ubumwe nubwiyunge bwAbanyarwanda nuko baharanira icyateza imbere imibanire myiza nyuma ya jenoside yahungabanyije imibanire yabo.
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UMWITOZO UGENEWE ABAKURIKIYE AMAHUGURWA IBIBAZO-IMIKORERE-IBITEKEREZO-IMPUNGENGE KU GIHANO NSIMBURAGIFUNGO CYIMIRIMO IFITIYE IGIHUGU AKAMARO Isura yumwitozo 1. Buri wese asome ibibazo byatanzwe ku giti cye; 2. Hakurikijwe amatsinda buri wese aherereyemo muganire kuri ibi bibazo bishobora kwibazwa nabaturage; 3. Mwifashishije Iteka rya Perezida N 10/01 ryo ku wa 07/03/2005 na Politiki ya TIG musuzume ingingo zizo nyandiko zabafasha gusubiza ibyo bibazo; 4. Mumaze kumvikana ku bisubizo nyabyo, umwe mu bagize itsinda avuge aranguruye ijwi igisubizo mwumvikanyeho; 5. Ikibazo kimwe kimaze kurangira, mubone kujya ku gikurikira. Ibibazo 1. Iteka rya Perezida rishyiraho Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro rigamije iki? 2. Ni bande barebwa na ryo? 3. Ni ubuhe bwoko bwimirimo izakorwa nabazakora TIG; 4. Komite za TIG zigizwe na bande ku rwego rwIgihugu, Intara/Umujyi wa Kigali, Uturere/Imijyi no mu Mirenge? 5. Izo Komite ziterana zite kandi ryari? 6. Izo Komite zishinzwe iki? 7. Vuga inshingano zUbunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa bwa Komite yIgihugu ya TIG? 8. Garagaza inshingano zumukozi ushinzwe igihano nsimburagifungo ku rwego rwIntara/Umujyi wa Kigali, mu Turere/Imijyi no mu Mirenge? 9. Ninde ugena aho imirimo nsimburagifungo izakorerwa; mu buhe buryo ku rwego rwAkarere / Umujyi? 10. Bisabwa na nde? 11. Tanga ingero zimirimo izakorwa mu rwego rwigihano nsimburagifungo cyimirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro? 12. Inyandiko yemerera ikigo runaka gukorerwamo Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro yerekana iki? 13. Amasezerano aba hagati yAkarere/Umujyi nikigo cyakira abakora igihano nsimburagifungo aba ateye ate kandi arangira ate? 14. Vuga ibikorwa bya ngombwa mbere yuko ufunzwe arekurwa iyo azakora Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro? 15. Ni izihe nzego zishyira ufunguwe aho azakorera kandi zishingira kuki? 16. Mugaragaze ubufatanye burangwa hagati ya za Komite zishinzwe gukurikirana abari mu gihano nsimburagifungo cyimirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro (Intara/Umujyi wa Kigali, Uturere nImirenge)? 17. Musobanure birambuye uko itangazwa rya gahunda yimirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro rikorwa, uko rimenyeshwa abantu? 18. Ninde ugena isubikwa ryimirimo? Bikorwa ryari? 19. Amaraporo akorwa yerekeranye naho imirimo igeze akorwa na bande? Aba agenewe bande? 20. Iyo uwakatiwe yanze kurangiza igihano yakatiwe bigenda bite? 21. Iyo imirimo irangiye hakorwa iki mu nzego za Leta zinyuranye zishinzwe gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryIgihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro no mu bigo byakiriye abari mu gihano nsimburagifungo? - 66 -
22. Garagaza imirongo minini isobanura politiki rusange yashingiweho mu gushyira Igihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro mu mategeko ahana yu Rwanda ? 23. Garagaraza inzego ku rwego rwIgihugu zigomba gukorana na TIG umunsi ku munsi ? 24. Garagaza akamaro dutegereje kuri TIG muri rusange, haba ku gihugu ubwacyo, haba no ku banyarwanda bingeri zose? Uburyo bwo kurangiza umwitozo 1. Amatsinda manini yirememo amatsinda mato mato: nkabantu 100 bakora amatsinda atanu yabantu 20, hanyuma buri tsinda rikore agakino byibura ku bibazo bine; 2. Nyuma yagakino cyangwa agakinamico, muganire mu matsinda ingingo zingenzi icyo mwanenze nibyo mwashimye kandi ibyo bitekerezo mubyandike kugira ngo mutazabyibagirwa. 3. Imirimo mu matsinda irangiye, amatsinda yose arajya hamwe, afashijwe numukangurambaga, maze bakine twa dukino, bajye impaka kandi batange imyanzuro rusange. Ubutumwa bwihariye Igihe umukangurambaga ari mu kazi ke mu Ntara zitandukanye kandi akaba yabazwa ikibazo adafitiye igisubizo ako kanya, azirinde guhimba. Ashobora kwitabaza bagenzi be baherewe rimwe amahugurwa bakamufasha gutekereza ku gisubizo. Cyakora igihe agitegereje, yavuga ko nta gisubizo afite aho gutanga igisubizo gipfuye. Ikindi ni ugukangurira abakangurambaga bose gusoma inyandiko bafite zivuga ku gihano nsimburagifungo cyimirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro kuko ari ibanga ryibisubizo abantu bose bashobora kwibaza. Twakongeraho no gusoma imfashanyigisho yumukangurambaga kuko harimo inyigisho isobanura uko imirimo mu matsinda iteganywa kandi inyigisho ku bumenyi nkubu bugenewe abantu bakuru zishingira cyane ku mirimo mu matsinda.
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Inyandiko zifashishijwe
1. ADTS, Imbonezamasomo yihariye ya DELTA, Igitabo cyumuhuzabitekerezo, Edition I, Gikongoro, Juin 2000. 2. CARE RWANDA ; Uburere mboneragihugu , Igitabo cyumukangurambaga , Ugushyingo , 2002 3. Jim Coe et Henry Smith, Action contre les armes lgres: Manuel de formation et de ressources, International Alert, Oxfam GB et Saferworld, 2003. 4. MINIJUST, Principes de lApprentissage pour adulte et Techniques de base de communication pour un changement de comportement dans le contexte des Juridictions Gacaca ; Kigali ; Mai 2001. 5. National Unity and Reconciliation Commission, Participation in Gacaca and National Reconciliation, January 2003. 6. Paul Bushayija na Juvnal Turatsinze; Amahugurwa agamije kurwanya ubukene: Igitabo cyimyitozo, Trocaire et ADTS, Kabgayi 2004 7. Penal Reform International, Le Travail dIntrt Gnral : Guide Pratique ; 1997. 8. Programme International de Formation en Droits de la Personne, Manuel de Participant(e), Fondation Canadienne des Droits de la Peronne, 2004. 9. Urwego rwIgihugu Rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca, Ubukangurambaga ku Nkiko Gacaca. 10. Centre Iwacu, Uburyo bwo guhugura abantu bakuze no kuyobora inama. Ihugura rigenewe abakangurambaga bamashyirahamwe, Isomo ryateguwe na MUSABYEYEZU Landrada, Nyakanga 2002 11. Centre Iwacu, Guhugura abantu bakuze, gushyikirana no kuyobora inama, gicurasi 2004.
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UMUGEREKA ISUZUMA MIGENDEKERE YAMAHUGURWA Iri suzuma rigamije ahanini kudufasha kumenya uko twagendera mu murongo wifuzwa mu gihe kiri imbere no gutunganya mu buryo bunoze andi mahugurwa ameze nkamaze gutangwa. Si ngombwa kugaragaza amazina yusubiza ku rupapuro rwibisubizo. A. IMBONERAHAMWE YIBIBAZO BYISUZUMA AMANOTA N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 IBIBAZO Aya mahugurwa mubona yaragenze ate (imigendekere)? Inyigisho ubwazo mwazibonye mute? Uburyo bwakoreshejwe mwigishwa bumeze bute? Aho amahugurwa yabereye hateye hate? Amahugurwa yateguwe ate (organisation)? Imirimo mu matsinda yagenze ite? Iteka rya Perezida ku gihano nsimburagifungo ryumvikanye rite? Uruhare abahuguwe bagize mu mahugurwa? Udukino twateguwe mu matsinda mwatubonye mute? Uwahuje imirimo yamahugurwa mwamubonye mute? Kubahirirza igihe wabibonye ute? Igiteranyo B. IBIBAZO BYISESENGURA 1. Mutubwire icyo twakora kugira ngo aya mahugurwa arusheho kuzagira umusaruro mu gihe kiri imbere? .............................................. ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................................... .................. 2. Mutubwire amasomo mwumvise nayo mwakunze kurusha ayandi? - 69 Nabi Neza buhoro Neza Neza cyane Birahebu je
IFISHI IFASHA GUSUZUMA IMYITWARIRE NIMIKORERE YUMUKANGURAMBAGA Iyi fishi igaragaza uko abakurikiye amahugurwa babonye uwabahuguye. N IBIBAZO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Uwigishije yari yiteguye ? Mu myitwarire ye yaranzwe no kwiyubaha ? Ibisobanuro byatanzwe birahwitse ? Ijwi ryakoreshejwe ryari rikwiriye ? Amagambo yakoreshwaga yari akwiriye ? Uwigishije yahaye ijambo abahuguwe ? Yitwaye ate mu gusubiza abamubazaga ? Imyitwarire (gestes) yajyanaga nimvugo ? Yitaga ku myitwarire yabahugurwa ? Yakoresheje imfashanyigisho zihagije ? Mu cyumba haranzwe numwuka mwiza? Ubuhanga bwuhugura muri rusange? Ikindi mwakongeraho: . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Nabi Neza buhoro Neza Neza cyane Birahebuje
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Imfashanyigisho ku Gihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro Yateguwe kandi yandikwa na:
AMAZINA
NABAHIRE Anastase UKIZE Thoneste
UMURIMO AKORA
Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa Wungirije wa Komite yIgihugu ya TIG Umuyobozi wIshami rishinzwe Inyigisho, Amahugurwa nUbukangurambaga Jean- Umukozi ushinzwe Amahugurwa no Gutegura gahunda Umukozi ushinzwe Amahugurwa no Gutegura gahunda
NYIRINDEKWE Paul AYINKAMIYE Bnote
Kunononsora inyandiko no kuzikosora :
AMAZINA
NABAHIRE Anastase UKIZE Thoneste
UMURIMO AKORA
Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa Wungirije wa Komite yIgihugu ya TIG Umuyobozi wIshami rishinzwe Inyigisho, Amahugurwa nUbukangurambaga Jean- Umukozi ushinzwe Amahugurwa no Gutegura Gahunda Umukozi ushinzwe Amahugurwa no Gutegura Gahunda Umukozi ufasha Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa wa Komite yIgihugu ya TIG mu Buyobozi Umunyamabanga
NYIRINDEKWE Paul AYINKAMIYE Bnote NGAYABERURA Jean Damascne UMUDAHEMUKA Rosette
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REPUBULIKA YU RWANDA

Imfashanyigisho ku Gihano Nsimburagifungo cyImirimo Ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro (TIG)

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Uburyo bwo gukoresha iki gitabo

Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa wa Komite yIgihugu ya TIG. Emmanuel TWAGIRUMUKIZA

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Intego ziyi mfashanyigisho

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Isomo rya I Uburyo butandukanye bwo kwigisha abantu bakuru

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Uburyo kwigisha Inkuru isobetse

Ibyiza byubu buryo

Kuganira bucece bucece kandi mu ruhame (Buzz group).

Gutanga ibyo uhugura yateguye

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Uburyo kwigisha Ikiganiro mpaka

Ibyiza byubu buryo

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Isomo rya II Imyitwarire ninshingano z Umukangurambaga uyoboye Itsinda

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

2.4.3 Ubutumwa nyirizina

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

2.4.4. Bumwe mu buryo bushobora gukoreshwa ni ubu bukurikira:

2.4.5. Gukoresha isuzumamigendekere ya gahunda

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Isomo rya III. Itangabutumwa hagati yabantu babiri cyangwa mu Itsinda

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Byavuye mu gitabo cyanditswe na International Institute for Environment Development, idem

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

3.6. Uburyo uhugura yifata imbere ya kamere zitandukanye zabahugurwa

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Isomo rya IV Guhindura Imyumvire nImyitwarire

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

D Gushyira mu bikorwa ibyafashweho umwanzuro Gutekereza ku rugero rwigikorwa cyatanzwe

Kugereranya ku buryo bwa rusange uhereye ku rugero rwafashweho icyitegererezo

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG

Imfashanyigisho kuri TIG