Radiation Heat Transfer

Reading Problems
15-1 15-7 15-27, 15-33, 15-50, 15-58, 15-77, 15-79,
15-86, 15-106, 15-107
Introduction
Radiation is a photon emission that occurs when electrons change orbit. Thermal radiation occurs
when the excitation is caused by heating.
The following gure shows the relatively narrow band occupied by thermal radiation.
An even narrower band inside the thermal radiation spectrum is denoted as the visible spectrum,
that is the thermal radiation that can be seen by the human eye. The visible spectrum occupies
roughly 0.4 0.7 m. Thermal radiation is mostly in the infrared range. As objects heat
up, their energy level increases, their frequency, , increases and the wavelength of the emitted
radiation decreases. That is why objects rst become red when heated and eventually turn white
upon further heating.
1
Blackbody Radiation
A blackbody is an ideal radiator that
absorbs all incident radiation regardless of wavelength and direction
Denitions
1. Blackbody emissive power: the radiation emitted by a blackbody per unit time and per
unit surface area
E
b
= T
4
[W/m
2
] Stefan-Boltzmann law
where
= Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67 10
8
W/(m
2
K
4
)
and the temperature T is given in K.
2. Spectral blackbody emissive power: the amount of radiation energy emitted by a black-
body per unit surface area and per unit wavelength about the wavelength . The following
relationship between emissive power, temperature and wavelength is known as Planks dis-
tribution law
E
b,
=
C
1

5
[exp(C
2
/T) 1]
[W/(m
2
m)]
where
C
0
= 2.998 10
8
[m/s] (vacuum conditions)
C
1
= 2hC
2
0
= 3.743 10
8
[W m
4
/m
2
]
C
2
= hC
0
/K = 1.439 10
4
[m K]
K = Boltzmann constant 1.3805 10
23
[J/K]
h = Plank

s constant 6.63 10
34
[J s]
E
b,
= energy of radiation in the wavelength
band d per unit area and time
2
The wavelength at which the peak emissive power occurs for a given temperature can be
obtained from Wiens displacement law
(T)
max power
= 2897.8 m K
3. Blackbody radiation function: the fraction of radiation emitted from a blackbody at tem-
perature, T in the wavelength band = 0
f
0
=
_

0
E
b,
(T) d
_

0
E
b,
(T) d
=
_

0
C
1

5
[exp(C
2
/T) 1]
d
T
4
let t = T and dt = T d, then
f
0
=
_
t
0
C
1
T
5
(1/T)dt
t
5
[exp(C
2
/t) 1]
T
4
=
C
1

_
T
0
dt
t
5
[exp(C
2
/t) 1]
= f(T)
f
0
is tabulated as a function T in Table 15.2
3
We can easily nd the fraction of radiation emitted by a blackbody at temperature T over a
discrete wavelength band as
f

2
= f(
2
T) f(
1
T)
f

= 1 f
0
Radiation Properties of Real Surfaces
The thermal radiation emitted by a real surface is a function of surface temperature, T, wavelength,
, direction and surface properties.
E

= f(T, , direction, surface properties) spectral emissive power

Denitions
1. Emissivity: dened as the ratio of radiation emitted by a surface to the radiation emitted by
a blackbody at the same surface temperature.
(T) =
radiation emitted by surface at temperature T
radiation emitted by a black surface at T
=
_

0
E

(T) d
_

0
E
b
(T) d
=
_

0

(T)E
b
(T) d
E
b
(T)
=
E(T)
T
4
where changes rather quickly with surface temperature.
4
2. Diffuse surface: properties are independent of direction.
3. Gray surface: properties are independent of wavelength.
4. Irradiation, G: the radiation energy incident on a surface per unit area and per unit time
If we normalize with respect to the total irradiation
+ + = 1
5. Radiosity, J: the total radiation energy leaving a surface per unit area and per unit time.
For a surface that is gray and opaque, i.e. = and + = 1, the radiosity is given as
J = radiation emitted by the surface + radiation reected by the surface
= E
b
+ G
= T
4
+ G
Since = 0 for a blackbody, the radiosity of a blackbody is
J = T
4
5
Solar Radiation
The incident radiation energy reaching the earths atmosphere is known as the solar constant, G
s
and has a value of
G
s
= 1353 W/m
2
While this value can change by about 3.4% throughout the year its change is relatively small
and is assumed to be constant for most calculations. Although G
s
= 1353 W/m
2
at the edge of
the earths atmosphere, the following gure shows how it is dispersed as it approaches the surface
of the earth.
View Factor (Shape Factor, Conguration Factor)
the radiative exchange between surfaces clearly depends on how well the surfaces see one
another. This information is provided by using shape factors (or viewfactors or conguration
factors).
Denition: The view factor, F
ij
is dened as the fraction of radiation leaving surface i
which is intercepted by surface j. Hence
F
ij
=

Q
ij
A
i
J
i
=
radiation reaching j
radiation leaving i
It can be shown that
F
ij
=
1
A
i
_
A
i
_
A
j
cos
i
cos
j
R
2
dA
i
dA
j
6
This is purely a geometrical property.
It is also found that
F
ji
=
1
A
j
_
A
i
_
A
j
cos
i
cos
j
R
2
dA
i
dA
j
The last two equations show that
A
i
F
ij
= A
j
F
ji
This is called the reciprocity relation.
consider an enclosure with N surfaces
Since this is an enclosure, the energy leaving a given surface is intercepted by the remaining
surfaces in proportion to how well they see that surface. For example:
A
1
J
1
=

Q
11
+

Q
12
+ . . . +

Q
1N
7
Therefore
1 =
N

j=1
_
_

Q
ij
A
i
J
i
_
_
=
N

j=1
F
ij
Hence
N

j=1
F
ij
= 1 ; i = 1, 2, . . . , N
This is called the summation rule.
Note that F
ii
= 0 for a concave surface. For a plane or convex surface F
ii
= 0.
superposition rule: if the surface is not available in the tables sometimes it can be treated as
the sum of smaller known surfaces to form the full extent of the surface of interest.
symmetry rule: if the problem is symmetric, then the view factors will also be symmetric.
Hottel Crossed String Method
A
1
F
12
= A
2
F
21
=
(total crossed) (total uncrossed)
2
8
A
1
and A
2
do not have to be parallel
A
1
F
12
= A
2
F
21
=
1
2
[(ac + bd)
. .
crossed
(bc + ad)
. .
uncrossed
]
Radiation Exchange Between Diffuse-Gray Surfaces
Forming an Enclosure
We will assume that:
1. each surface of the enclosure is isothermal
2. radiosity, J
i
, and irradiation, G
i
are uniform over each surface
3. the surfaces are opaque (
i
= 0) and diffuse-gray (
i
=
i
)
4. the cavity is lled with a uid which does not participate in the radiative exchange process
an energy balance on the i

th surface gives:

Q
i
= q
i
A
i
= A
i
(J
i
G
i
)

Q
i
= A
i
(E
i

i
G
i
) (1)
J
i
= E
i
+
i
G
i
(2)
E
i
=
i
E
b,i
=
i
T
4
i
(3)

i
= 1
i
= 1
i
(4) since
i
+
i
+
i

0
= 1
and
i
=
i
9
Combining Eqs. 2, 3 and 4 gives
J
i
=
i
E
b,i
+ (1
i
)G
i
(5)
Combining this with Eq. 1 gives
Q
i
=
E
b,i
J
i
_
1
i

i
A
i
_

potential difference
surface resistance
next consider radiative exchange between the surfaces.
By inspection it is clearly seen that
_
irradiation on
surface i
_
=
_
radiation leaving the
remaining surfaces
_
A
i
G
i
=
N

j=1
F
ji
(A
j
J
j
) =
N

j=1
A
i
F
ij
J
i
Therefore
G
i
=
N

j=1
F
ij
J
j
Combining this with Eq. 5 gives
J
i
=
i
T
4
i
+ (1
i
)
N

j=1
F
ij
J
j
In addition we can write

Q
i
= A
i
J
i

j=1
A
i
F
ij
J
j

Q
i
=
N

j=1
J
i
J
j
_
1
A
i
F
ij
_

potential difference
space resistance
10