Understanding pathophysiology ch 1

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1.

Absolute refractory period Actin Filaments

during an AP, the plasma membrane cannot respond to an additional stimulus AKA microfilaments. Small fibriles that generally occur in bundles rather than singly. Associated with cellular locomotion and maintenance of cell and tissue shape. A rapid change in the resting membrane potential due to a stimulus that exceeds the membrane threshold value. The AP carries signals along the nerve or muscle cell and conveys info cell-cell. the protein transporter moves molecules against, or up, the concentration gradient. this process requires energy from ATP

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Autophagy

2.

When cellular debris is encapsulated within a vesicle that reacts with a lysosome to complete its degradation. Occurs during starvation, enabling the cell to use a part of its own substance for fuel without doing itself irreparable harm. Energy-releasing process of metabolism. Positive charged ions CAMs. Proteins that allow cells to hook together and form attachments to the cytoskeleton for maintaining cellular shape. The alternation between mitosis and interphase in all tissues with cellular turnover. Specialized regions linking neighboring cells. 1) hold cells together 2) allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell. Three types: 1) desmosomes 2)tight junctions 3) gap junctions Occur due to plasma membranes to form tissues and organs. All the chemical tasks of maintaining essential cellular functions. Protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, or in the nucleus that are capable of recognizing and binding with specific smaller molecules called ligands. Arranged microtubules involved in cellular division. a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape Junctions where neurotransmitters inneravate at. the movement along a chemical gradient caused by chemical attraction. Cells can secrete a chemical called a chemotactic factor to attract migrant cells two identical chromosomes that split and contain the same genetic material the substance that gives the nucleus its granular appearance. paired organelles that carry genetic information The hairlike projections that propel mucus, pus, and dust particles put of the body, characterize cells lining the respiratory tract.

16. 17. 18.

Catabolism Cations Cell Adhesion Molecules Cell Cycle

3.

Action Potential

4.

Active mediated transport / active transport Active Transport Amphipathic Molecule Anabolism Anaerobic Glycolysis

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20.

Cell Junctions

5.

transport of a substance (as a protein or drug) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient A molecule that is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic. Energy-using process of metabolism AKA substrate phosphorylation. Anaerobic metabolic pathway that synthesizes ATP. Does not take place in the mitochondria and is linked to the breakdown (glycolysis) of carbohydrate. third phase of mitosis in which the centromeres split and the sister chromatid of each chromosome are pulled apart by microtubules Negative charged ions A membrane transport process that carries one substance in one direction and another in the opposite direction across a membrane. Cells that are starved of growth factors come to a halt after mitosis. Occurs when a cell completes their life span and dies. Lysosomes digest the resultant cellular debris. AKA autophagosomes. Lysosomes involved in autodigestion
28. 26. 21.

6.

cell-to-cell adhesions Cellular metabolism Cellular receptors

7. 8.

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23.

9.

Anaphase

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Centriole Centromere

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10. 11.

Anions Antiport

Chemical Synapses Chemotaxis

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12.

Arrested State / G zero state Autodigestion

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Chromatids chromatin Chromosomes Cilia

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Autolysosomes

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32. 33.

Cisternae Citric Acid Cycle

Membranous folds of the golgi bodies. in cellular respiration, series of chemical reactions that break down glucose and produce ATP; energizes electron carriers that pass the energized electrons on to the electron transport chain A protein that forms clathrin-coated vesicles. They bud from the Golgi complex on the outward secretory pathway and from the plasma membrane on the inward endocytotic pathway. are coated with bristle-like structures (clathrin), deepen and enfold, internalizing ligand-receptor complexes and forming a coated vesicle. Forms cable-like fibers or sheets that provide tensile strength or resistance to longitudinal stress. Collagen breakdown, such as in osteoarthritis, destroys the fibrils that give cartilage its tensile strength. are formed bundles of smaller fibers appearing as wavy bands under the microscope. Composed of the protein collagen and are strong and inelastic. Found in connective tissue Are cells found in epithelium and are taller than they are wide and appear rectangular in vertical sections A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate Difference in concentration of a substance (e.g. solute) on two sides of a membrane is the movement along a pathway or pavement in the extracellular matrix Partitions of the convoluted inner membrane in the mitochondrial matrix. Are cells found in epithelium and are as high as they are wide and thus appear square in vertical sections. Proteins in the electron transport chain which contain heme groups, which have iron atoms that accept and donate electrons The final stage of the cell cycle, in which the cell's cytoplasm divides, distributing the organelles into each of the two new cells. The space between the nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane.

47.

Cytoskeleton

Internal structures in the cytosol that provide the "bones and muscles" of the cell. Maintains cell shape and internal organization. Fluid portion of the cytoplasm. Represents about half the volume of a eukaryotic cell. Contains thousands of enzymes involved in intermediate metabolism and crowded with ribosomes making proteins. When a rush of Na+ enters the cell causing the membrane potential to decrease, or move forward from a negative value to zero. The cell is now more + charged than before. Hold cells together by forming either continuous bands or belts of epithelial sheets or button-like points of contact a process where cells form one kind of specific function. Movement, Conductivity, Metabolic Absorption, Secretion, Excretion, Respiration, Reproduction, and Communication. Movement of a solute molecule from an area of greater solute concentration to an area of lesser solute concentration. A process occuring outside the cell where large molecules are broken down into their smaller subunits. Sustained osmotic activity and depends on the concentration of the solutes remaining on one side of the permeable membrane. are long, branching fibers composed of a protein called elastin that enables the fibers to return to their original length after stretching. Found in connective tissue

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Cytosol

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Clathrin

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Coated Pits

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depolarization

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Collagen

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Collagenous Fibers

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Desmosomes

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Columnar Cells Competitive Inhibitors Concentration Gradient contact guidance Cristae Cuboidal Cells

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Differentiation/Maturation

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Diffusion

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Digestion

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Cytochromes

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Effective osmolality

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cytokinesis

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Elastic Fibers

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Cytoplasmic Matrix

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Elastin

Rubber-like protein fiber most abundant in tissue that must be capable of stretching and recoiling, such as the lungs. Electrically charged and dissociate into constituent ions when placed in solution. A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. the process by which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell Membrane factory that specializes in the synthesis and transport of the protein and lipid components of most of the cell's organelles. Comprised of flattened sacs called cisternae. a plane cell section in the equatorial plane of the metaphase spindle having the chromosomes oriented upon it organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Cells can be bound together by attachment to one another via this which the cells secrete around themselves. Like glue but also provides a pathway for diffusion of nutrients, wastes, and other water-soluble traffic between the blood and tissue cells. large glycoprotein, promotes cell adhesion and cell anchorage. Movement of water and solutes through a membrane because of a greater pushing pressure on one side of the membrane than on the other side. Extracellular chemical messenger

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Glycolysis

Splitting of glucose producing a net of two molecules of ATP per glucose molecule through oxidation. Cell surface marker that identify a cell to its neighbor Network of flattened, smooth membranes and vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell. The Golgi is a refining plant and directs traffic in the cell. is a homogeneous mass that varies in consistency from fluid to semisolid gel. Found in connective tissue Are peptides that transmit signals within and between cells. They regulate tissue growth and development. Stable internal environment Involves specialized endocrine cells that secrete hormone chemicals released by one set of cells and travel through the tissue and through the bloodstream to produce a response in other sets of cells. Catalyze bonds in proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Function as the intracellular digestive system. Capable of digesting most cellular constituents down to their basic forms, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars. mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes. E.g. blood pressure. in cells, a solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell; causes a cell to shrink as water leaves the cell a solution that has a lower concentration of solute outside than inside the cell, causing water to flow into the cell by osmosis Embedded in the lipid bilayer linked to either phosphatidylinositol, a minor phospholipid, or a fatty acid chain. Can only be removed from the membrane by detergents that solubilize (dissolve) the liquid. Intracellular chemical reactions that include synthesis, degradation, and transformation of small organic molecules (e.g. simple sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids) the stage of the cell cycle that takes place before cell division occurs; during this stage, the cell grows, copies its DNA, and prepares to divide. G1,S,G2 phases

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Electrolytes Electron Transport Chain Endocytosis

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Glycoproteins Golgi complex

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Ground Substance Growth Factors / Cytokines Homeostasis Hormone Signaling

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Equatorial Plate / Metaphase Plate Eukaryotes

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Hydrolases

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Extracellular matrix

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Hydrostatic Pressure Hypertonic Solution

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Fibronectin Filtration

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Hypotonic Solution Integral membrane proteins

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First Messenger Founder Cells G Protein

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the most basic precursor cell used in mitosis to create specialized tissue cells A membrane protein involved in signal transduction; characterized by binding GDP or GTP Clusters of communicating tunnels known as connexons, that allow small ions and molecules to pass directly from the inside of one cell to the inside of another. Process where gap junctions can be closed in the event a neighboring cell releases Ca (like in cell death) to protect the cell. Closing the blast doors.

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Gap Junctions

Intermediary metabolism

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interphase

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Gating

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Isotonic Solution Junctional complex Ligands Lysosomes

is a solution that has the same osmolality or concentration of particles as the ICF and ECF Contains desmosomes, tight and gap junctions E.g. Hormones. Bound by cellular receptors. Saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex. They contain more than 40 digestive enzymes called Hydrolases. Three types: 1) Fibrous structural proteins, including collagen and elastin 2) a diverse group of adhesive glycoproteins, such as fibronectin 3) proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid. movement of substances across the plasma membrane either actively or passively that is mediated exclusively by protein transport receptors

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Neurohormonal Signaling

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Hormones are released into the blood by neurosecretory neurons. Secrete blood-borne chemical messengers, whereas ordicary neurons secrete short-range neurotransmitters (e.g. acetylcholine) Chemicals released by neurons to communicate directly with cells. The membrane in eukaryotes that encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm. It also is continuous with membranes of the E.R. small, dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begins. Composed largely of RNA; most of the cellular DNA; and the DNA-binding proteins, the histones, that regulate its activity. Surrounded by the cytoplasm and generally located in the center of the cell. Largest membrane-bound organelle. Primary function is cell division and control of genetic info. The osmotic pressure in the blood vessels due only to plasma proteins (primarily albumin) --> causes water to rush back into capillaries at end. Measure of the number of milliosmoles per kg of water. Or the concentration of molecules per weight of water. measure of the number of milliosmoles per liter of solution, or the concentration of molecules per volume of solution. Movement of water "down" a concentration gradient, that is, across a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water conc. to lower conc. The amount of hydrostatic pressure required to oppose the osmotic movement of water. Removal and transfer of a pair of electrons. The process of oxidation involving 10 biochemical reactions. Occurs in the mitochondria and is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP.

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Neurotransmitters Nuclear envelope

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Macromolecules

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Nucleolus

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Mediated Transport

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Metabolic pathway Metaphase

A series of reactions where ATP is produced. Spindle fibers begin to pull the centromeres of the chromosomes. the centromeres become aligned in the middle of the spindle. (Metaphase Plate) Cholesterol rich domains that dimple the outer surface of the plasma membrane. Small, hollow, cylindric, unbranched tubules made of protein. Rigid when found together, thus adding strength to the cell's structure. Support and move organelles from one part of the cytoplasm to another, facilitate transport of impulses along nerve cells, and have roles in the inflammatory and immune responses and hormone secretion. tiny cytoplasmic projections that increase the cell's surface area and are found on cells functions are absorption and secretion. Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production Contains the enzymes of the respiratory chain essential to the process of oxidative phosphorylation that generates most of the cell's ATP. Smooth and surrounds the mitochondrion itself
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Nucleus

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Oncotic Pressure

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Microdomains / Caveolae Microtubules

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Osmolality

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Osmolarity

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Microvilli

Osmosis

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Mitochondria Mitochondria Inner Membrane Mitochondria Outer Membrane mitosis

Osmotic Pressure

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Oxidation Oxidative Cellular Metabolism Oxidative phosphorylation

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part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

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Paracrine Signaling

Cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed, or immobilized. The mediators act only on nearby cells. the essential substance of an organ the protein transporter moves solute molecules through cellular membranes without using energy. Moving them down there conc. gradient. transport of a substance across a cell membrane by diffusion driven by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion. Not embedded in the bilayer but reside at one surface or the other, bound to an integral protein AKA microbodies. Similar to lysosomes in appearance, but they are larger and oval or irregular in shape. Contain catalase and urate oxidase that use oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces hydrogen peroxide, a powerful oxidant. Involves the ingestion of large particles, such as bacteria, through formation of large vesicles. involves the ingestion of fluids and solute molecules through formation of small vesicles Protrude from the external surface of the membrane and often are attached to integral proteins. Determine which ligands a cell will bind to and the cells reaction to the ligand. Ligands that can bind with membrane receptors are: hormones, NT, antigens, complement proteins, lipoproteins, infectious agents, drugs, and metabolites. stimulates the production of connective tissue cells Consisting of charge Factories where collected cytosolic ribosomes synthesize identical proteins. Cellular uptake through the caveolae openings and closings; allowing passage for small molecules and ions. Lysosomes in a "holding pattern/inactive state" that holds a non acidic internal pH. organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

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prophase

114. 115.

Parenchyma Passive mediated transport / facilitated diffusion Passive Transport Peripheral membrane proteins Peroxisomes

first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus A succession of actions, processes, or operations, as of a physiological process. Four major cascades with disease relevance are 1) Caspase-mediated apoptosis 2) blood coagulation cascade 3) degrading membrane enzymes or matrix metalloproteinase cascase 4) complement cascade Tissue that appears to consist of several cellular layers but is actually a single layer with all cells contacting the basement membrane Stiff groupings of membrane molecules, often cholesterol rich. when a clathrin coated vesicles is sequestered into the cell via a coated pit. this process is rapid and allows the cell to ingest large amounts of ligands. when permeability to K increases, a stronger than normal stimulus can evoke an AP the negative polarity of the resting membrane potential is reestablished. voltage gated Na channels close and K open. Vesicles containing indigestible material; there content is actively being expelled from the cell. The difference in electrical charge or voltage inside a cell. Usually is about -70 to -85 mv. are thin, short, branching fibers that form an inelastic network made from collagen-like protein called reticulum. Found in connective tissue Takes place in free ribosomes in the cytosol. RNA-protein complexes that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm, possibly through pores in the nuclear envelope. Chief function is to provide sites cellular protein synthesis.

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Proteolytic Cascade

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Pseudostratified epithelium

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Rafts Receptor mediated endocytosis / ligand internalization relative refractory period repolarization

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Phagocytosis

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Pinocytosis

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Plasma membrane receptors

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Residual Bodies

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Resting membrane potential Reticular fibers

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PlateletDerived Growth Factor Polarity Polyribosomes Potocytosis

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Ribosomal Protein Synthesis Ribosomes

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Primary Lysosomes Prokaryotes

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough because ribosomes and ribonucleoprotein particles are attached to it. Some of the proteins synthesized by these ribosomes remain in the endoplasmic reticulum, and others are used to construct membranes of other organelles (the golgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes, nucleus) and of the cell itself. Intracellular messenger. Can trigger a cascade. Two types: 1) cAMP 2) GDP and cGMP AKA Heterophagosome. Active lysosomes with a low internal pH. i.e. a primary lysosome fuses with another organelles vacuole causing its pH to fall and its hydrolytic enzymes to become active. Creating a secondary lysosome. Small membrane-bound sacs or vesicles containing proteins from the ER. Involves incoming signals or instructions from extracellular chemical messengers (ligands) that are conveyed to the cell's interior for execution. epithelium tha is formed by a single layer of cells, all of which are in contact with the basement membrane Does not contain ribosomes or ribonucleoprotein particles. Rather, membranous surfaces contain enzymes involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones and can remove toxic substances from the cell. substances dissolved in a liquid. Two types: 1)electrolytes 2)nonelectrolytes help pull apart the cell during replication and are made up of microtubules are flat and thin cells found in epithelium has two or more layer of cells, and only the deepest layer is in contact with the basement membrane. A specific substance that is converted to a product of the reaction A membrane transport process that carries two substances in the same direction across the membrane. are points of functional contact between neurons. At synapses, impulses pass from neuron to neuron as chemical messengers called neurotransmitters are released.

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Telophase

The final stage of mitosis, a new nuclear membrane is formed around the chromosomes, spindle fibers disappear, and chromosomes begin to uncoil. The membrane potential to which a membrane must depolarize in order to elicit an action potential. this occurs when the cell has depolarized by 15-20 mv. Serve as a barrier to diffusion, prevent the movement of substances through transport proteins in the plasma membrane, and prevent the leakage of cells. groups of cells that are similar in structure and function organize tissues. 4 types: muscle, epithelial, neural, connective Describes the effective osmolality of a solution Reactions that generally require a coenzyme to transfer electrons. Extend across the bilayer and are exposed to an aqueous environment on both sides of it. Is a transmembrane or integral protein that binds with and transfers a specific solute molecule across the lipid bilayer. A membrane transport process that carries a single substance across a membrane Cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins, much larger than ribosomes, and shaped like octagonal barrels. Believed to be the cellular "trucks"

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threshold potential

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Second Messenger Secondary Lysosomes

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Tight junctions

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Tissues

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Secretory vesicles Signal Transduction

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Tonicity Transfer Reactions Transmembrane Proteins Transport Protein Uniport

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Simple epithelium Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Solutes Spindle fibers Squamous Cells Stratified epithelium Substrate Symport

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Vaults

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Synapses