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Chapter 1
1. Introduction
1. 2. 3. 4. Area of application Classification Examples Reciprocating engines in comparison with turbomachinery

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Area of application
Turbomachines are devices in which energy is transferred between a continuously flowing fluid and a rotor. The first part of the word turbomachine is of Latin origin and implies that which spins around, as does the rotating blade row, the rotor, when it converts the energy of the fluid or the mechanical energy of the shaft. The working fluid flowing through the turbomachinery can be of liquid or of gaseous type or even be a multiphase flow such as in steam turbines. Water turbines in power plants Compressors or turbines in turbochargers or gas turbines Machinery for chemical processes Steam turbines in power plants Wind turbines Circulation pumps for heating systems in domestic homes

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Flow of energy in turbomachinery

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Classification of turbomachinery (1)

Source: Bohl, Strmungsmaschinen 1

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Classification of turbomachinery (2)

Compressibility of fluid Direction of energy transfer Examples Compressible (thermal turbomachine) Rotor >> Fluid, driven TM Compressor Fluid >> Rotor, driving TM Steam turbine Incompressible (hydraulic turbomachine) Rotor >> Fluid, driven TM Pump Fluid >> Rotor, driving TM Water turbine

Without Propeller Casing Axial-flow compressor

With casing Diagonal compressor Centrifugal compressor

Without Wind turbine Axial-flow turbine

With casing Diagonal turbine Radial turbine

Axial Working flow

Axial

Diagonal

Radial

Axial

Axial

Diagonal

Radial

In direction of the flow (arrow): pressure increase, decrease of specific volume, decreasing cross-section

In direction of the flow (arrow): pressure decrease, increase of specific volume, enlarging cross-section

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Classification of turbomachinery (3)

Characteristic Classification Singlestage Numberof stages Multistage Positive/negativeworkneededis notaccomplishedbyonestage Example Criterion

Numberof suction channels

Singlesuction Moreflowthanasinglesuction constructioncansupplyisneeded Doublesuction

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Examples of centrifugal pump design (incompressible fluid)

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Further classification possibilities

Construction

Differentiation

Criterion
Relief of the inner casing improves its circularity and therefore the tip clearance is not affected as much. Radially split casings have a better circularity and should be preferred when dealing with high pressures. Improves stage design matching

Casing design

Single-walled

Double-walled

Casing splitting

Axially split casing

Radially split casing Multiple number of shafts Vertical

Number of shafts

One shaft

Shaft position

Horizontal

Vertical is preferred in big hydraulic turbomachines.

Reversibility of flow direction

Not reversible

Reversible

E.g. reversibility in pumped-storage hydroelectric power plants

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Single-stage compressor (DEMAG)

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Axial-flow compressor with radial output stage

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Turbocharger 3K-Warner

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KSB Omega Double-suction radial flow pump

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Impulse turbine (Pelton wheel)

Pelton wheel: Head range: 100 2000 m Power output: 0,08 400MW

Wheel of a Pelton turbine

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Six-jet Pelton turbine

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Source: W. Bohl, Strmungsmaschinen I

Source: Fa. Lingenhle

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Guide vane adjusting mechanism Turbine shaft Adjustment cylinder Turbine guide bearing

Inlet scroll

Inlet

Pressure control valve Runner

Francis turbine: Head range: 10 900 m Power output: 0,03 - 500MW Radial inlet flow Variable guide vane Axial outlet flow
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Outlet

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Axial and radial cross section of a Francis turbine

Turbine shaft Guide vane adjusting mechanism

Inlet scroll Inlet

Fluid

Guide vanes

Runner

Spiral casing

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Kaplan turbine (1)

Kaplan turbines: Head range: 5 80 m (hydropower plants) Power output: ca. 0,1 150 MW

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Kaplan turbine (2)

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Source: W. Bohl, Strmungsmaschinen I

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Industrial gas turbine: Siemens V94

Performance Data (V94.3A): Power Output: 265 MW Efficiency: 38,5 %

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Comparison: Reciprocating engine Turbomachinery (1)

Reciprocating engines and turbomachinery compete in many areas of use: Reciprocating engine Turbomachinery

Movement of fluid Compression of gas Engine Load transmission

Interrupted high Intermittent internal combustion engine Hydraulic pistons

Continous process low Gas turbine, steam turbine wind-/water turbines Hydraulic coupling

For a given set of operating requirements there is usually one type of compressor/pump or turbine best suited for the operation. When dealing with high flow rates, low pressure ratios and a high demand for energy turbomachinery is preferred, whereas when dealing with low flow rates, high pressure ratios and a low demand for energy reciprocating machines are usually opted for.
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Comparison: Reciprocating engine Turbomachinery (2)

Reciprocating engine

Turbomachinery

Displacement device principle Principle of operation

Flow principle

F pA
~ 20.000 rpm high low intermittent high

FA b A FW FA
~ 100.000 rpm low high continuous low

Max. speed Pressure ratio Flow rate Type of Flow Maintenance costs

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Comparison: Reciprocating engine Turbomachinery (3)

A big advantage of a gas turbine is its weight and the little space it requires: MTU 16V 595 TE70L MTU TF50

Power output (kW) Rotational speed (rev/min) Length (m) Width (m) Height (m) Volume (m3) Weight (kg)

3925 1750 3,98 1,66 2,87 18,96 13000

3805 1070 1,395 0,89 1,04 1,29 710

Although having the same power output as the reciprocating engine the gas turbine only requires 7% of the space and weighs 5,5% as much.
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