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IRRIGATION
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7. IRRIGATION
Overview
Land Classification Soil-Water Relations Classes and Availability of Soil Water Extraction Pattern of Soil Water by the Plant Frequency of Irrigation Irrigation Efficiencies
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7. IRRIGATION
Introduction
wise use of land and water resources potentials, and development of effective irrigation systems. About 15% is economically irrigable by surface water. About 2% is economically irrigable by groundwaters.
Irrigation is required for productive agriculture in humid areas too. With irrigation
Physical conditions in the soil are improved, The excessive salt in the soil is reached, A variety of crops may grow, Multiple cropping may be achieved.
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7. IRRIGATION
Overview
Land Classification Soil-Water Relations Classes and Availability of Soil Water Extraction Pattern of Soil Water by the Plant Frequency of Irrigation Irrigation Efficiencies
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7. IRRIGATION
Arable land is composed of good quality soil, which is suitable for cultivation. Irrigable land is arable land for which sufficient moisture is available by irrigation. Irrigation soil
Suitable soil for irrigation must include certain portions of sand, silt and clay.
Sand: very permeable creates water-retaining problems Silt and Clay: too dense creates permeability problems
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7. IRRIGATION
Soil Moisture Content, Pw: The ratio of loss of weight of soil specimen in drying in oven to the weight of water-free soil. Volume Ratio, Pv: Pv = Pw As The depth of water, d, applied on the surface of soil, which saturates a thickness, D, can be obtained from
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Hygroscopic Water exist on the surface of the soil grains in the form of a thin film. Capillary Water is that part in excess of hygroscopic water case. Gravitational Water is that part in excess of hygroscopic and capillary waters which can percolate in the downward direction by the action of gravity.
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Field Capacity, F.C., is the moisture content of soil after gravitational water has been removed. Permanent Wilting Point, PWP, is the soil moisture content when plants permanently wilt. Available Moisture, is the difference in moisture content of the soil between filed capacity and permanent wilting point.
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7. IRRIGATION
Overview
Land Classification Soil-Water Relations Classes and Availability of Soil Water Extraction Pattern of Soil Water by the Plant Frequency of Irrigation Irrigation Efficiencies
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The consumptive use or the evapotranspiration from the planted area is required for irrigation water demand. Evapotranspiration = Transpiration + Evaporation
There are number of method for evapotranspiration. In Turkey, and in many other countries having semi-arid climate, the Blaney-Criddle (1950) method is widely used for the determination of consumptive use. In Blaney-Criddle Method
The monthly consumptive use value, uc uc=25.4 k f k: crop coefficient (k= k1k2) Table 10.3 f: climatic factor t: mean monthly temperature (C)
P: the ratio of monthly daytime hours to annual day time hours. (Table 10.4)
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where Wf: the water delivered to farm, Wr: the water delivered from the river or reservoir
where Ws: the water stored in the soil root zone during irrigation
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7. IRRIGATION
Overview
Land Classification Soil-Water Relations Classes and Availability of Soil Water Extraction Pattern of Soil Water by the Plant Frequency of Irrigation Irrigation Efficiencies
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7. IRRIGATION
the amount and type of soluble salts composed of sodium, magnesium and calsium, the presence of industrial wastes, and presence of silt.
Silt may decrease the porosity of the soil. For soils having lower porosity, silt creates an unsuitable medium for water intake. High sodium percentage of salt causes binding of soil particles and decrease in air and water ventilation in the root zone (pH value ).
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The soluble salt concentration is measured by the electrical conductivity of the saturated soil. The alkalinity (sodium) hazard is due to the presence of high amount of exchangeable sodium salts. The amount of exchangeable sodium salts is measured by the sodium adsorption ratio, SAR,
where (Na)c, (Ca)c, and (Mg)c are the soluble sodium, calcium, and magnesium concentrations in irrigation water, respectively.
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Lack of precipitation in arid zones and high evaporation causes the accumulation of soluble salts in soils. Soils having excess soluble salts may have injuries effects on plants. Gypsum, CaSO4, can be added to water or soil to leach away the sodium salts from the soil. The leaching requirement:
Dd: the depth of drainage Di: the depth of irrigation water ECi: the electrical conductivity of irrigation water ECd: the electrical conductivity of drainage water
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 23/45
7. IRRIGATION
Example 10.2
Solution:
7. IRRIGATION
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Overview
Land Classification Soil-Water Relations Classes and Availability of Soil Water Extraction Pattern of Soil Water by the Plant Frequency of Irrigation Irrigation Efficiencies
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It is relatively difficult to establish standardized and universally acceptable design procedures. Use of method depends on
the local conditions, farming habits, availability of water, availability of technology, and labor.
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Irrigation water is distributed to the project area by means of one of the networks such as
open channel, canalet, pipeline, and sprinklers. the available technology, labor, materials, water quality problems, and the operational requirements
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Water is usually withdrawn from tertiary canal. The desired rate of water is given from a tertiary canal to adjacent land by means of a turnout.
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a semi-elliptical flume, made of prefabricated plain concrete, length 5 m, prestressed concrete length 7 m water is withdrawn from a canalet by portable siphon.
http://www.irrig8right.com.au/Irrigation_Methods/Surface_Irrigation/Picture_Folder_Surface/Furrow_siphons_pics.htm
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may be constructed in a short time, required slope can easily be adjusted, defective elements can be changed rapidly, and not affected from the flooding of the area. there are many appurtenances used in the system, expensive through out the cut area stability problem in deep depressions.
Disadvantages of canalets:
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Rotation Method Demand Method Limited Demand Method Unit Area Unit Water Method Sprinkler Method
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Discharge is directly proportional to the tertiary area. In order to transmit almost same discharge for every day during the rotation, summation of tertiary areas in one group should be as close as possible to summation of tertiary areas in other groups
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It is base on continuous watering to supply the necessary amount of water to every point in the project area. The capacity of the main, secondary, and tertiary canals are determined on the bases of the assumption that max. water demand in the field is continuously available in these canals. However, in the operation of the system only the desired amount is given to the field.
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F reflects the probability of meeting the demand in the filed, its value depends upon A and qmax.
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Each day a different parcel receives irrigation water. In this system, water is given in a limited amount with a delayed schedule. More area is irrigated with the limited quantity of water.
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Cotton