EXAMPLE: Water Flow in a Pipe

P
1
> P
2
Velocity prole is parabolic (we will learn why it is parabolic
later, but since friction comes from walls the shape is intu-
itive)
The pressure drops linearly along the pipe.
Does the water slow down as it ows from one end to the other?
Only component of velocity is in the x-direction.
v = v
x

i
v
y
= v
z
= 0
Incompressible Continuity:
v
x
x
+
v
y
y
+
v
z
z
= 0

v
x
x
= 0 and the water does not slow down.
1
EXAMPLE: Flow Through a Tank
V = constant (always full)
Integral Mass Balance:
_
S
(v n)dA = 0
v
1
A
1
= v
2
A
2
Q
Constant volumetric ow rate Q.
EXAMPLE: Simple Shear Flow
v
y
= v
z
= 0 v
x
= v
x
(y)

v
v
x
x
+
v
y
y
+
v
z
z
= 0
satised identically
2
NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS (p. 1)
(in the limit of slow ows with high viscosity)
Reynolds Number: R
e

vD

(1-62)
= density
= viscosity
v = typical velocity scale
D = typical length scale
For R
e
1 have laminar ow (no turbulence)

v
t
=

P +g +
2
v
Vector equation (thus really three equations)
The full Navier-Stokes equations have other nasty inertial terms that are
important for low viscosity, high speed ows that have turbulence (airplane
wing).
3
NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS (p. 2)

v
t
=

P +g +
2
v
v
t
= acceleration
=
mass
unit volume

v
t
=
force
unit volume
(

F = ma) Newtons 2
nd
Law
Navier-Stokes equations are a force balance per unit volume
What accelerates the uid?

P = Pressure Gradient
g = Gravity

2
v = Flow (uid accelerates in direction of increasing velocity gradient.
Increasing v
2
v > 0
4
GENERAL FLUID MECHANICS
SOLUTIONS
Navier-Stokes equations + Continuity + Boundary Conditions
Four coupled dierential equations!
Always look for ways to simplify the problem!
EXAMPLE: 2D Source Flow
Injection Molding a Plate
1. Independent of time
2. 2-D v
z
= 0
3. Symmetry Polar Coordinates
4. Symmetry v

= 0
Continuity equation

v =
1
r
d
dr
(rv
r
) = 0
rv
r
= constant
v
r
=
constant
r
Already know the way velocity varies with position, and have not used
the Navier-Stokes equations!
5
EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flow between Parallel Plates
(important for injection molding) (P. 1)
Independent of time
v
y
= v
z
= 0
Cartesian coordinates
Continuity:
v
x
x
= 0 v
x
= v
x
(y)
Navier-Stokes equation:

P
x
+

2
v
x
y
2
= 0
P
y
=
P
z
= 0
P = P(x) v
x
= v
x
(y)
P
x
=

2
v
x
y
2
How can f(x) = h(y)? Each must be constant!
P
x
= C
1
P = C
1
x +C
2
B.C. x = 0 P = P
1
C
2
= P
1
x = L P = P
2
C
1
= P/L where : P P
1
P
2
P = P
1

Px
L
6
EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flow between Parallel Plates
(important for injection molding) (P. 2)

2
v
x
y
2
= C
1
= P/L

2
v
x
y
2
=
P
L
v
x
y
=
P
L
y +C
3
v
x
=
P
2L
y
2
+C
3
y +C
4
B.C. NO SLIP top plate y = d/2 v
x
= 0
bottom plate y = d/2 v
x
= 0
0 =
P
8 L
d
2
+C
3
d
2
+C
4
0 =
P
8 L
d
2
C
3
d
2
+C
4
C
3
= 0 C
4
=
Pd
2
8L
v
x
=
P
2l
_
d
2
4
y
2
_
Parabolic velocity prole
7
EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flow between Parallel Plates
(important for injection molding) (P. 3)
Where is the velocity largest?
Maximum at
v
x
y
= 0 =
P
L
y
maximum at y = 0 centerline
What is the average velocity?
v
ave
=
_
A
v
x
dA
_
A
dA
=
1
A
_
A
v
x
dA A = zd
v
ave
=
1
zd
_
z
0
_
d/2
d/2
v
x
dydz =
1
d
_
d/2
d/2
P
2L
_
d
2
4
y
2
_
dy
v
ave
=
P
2Ld
_
d
2
4
y
y
3
3
_
d/2
d/2
=
Pd
2
12L
For constant P, , L: double d quadruple v
8
EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flow in an Annular Die
(important for blow molding) (P. 1)
P
1
> P
2
Independent of Time
Cylindrical Coordinates
v
r
= v

= 0
v
z
= v
z
(r)
Continuity:
v
z
z
= 0
Navier-Stokes equation:
P
z
=
_
1
r

r
_
r
v
z
r
__
f(z) = g(r) = a constant
Split into two parts - Pressure Part:
P
z
= C
1
P = C
1
z +C
2
B.C. z = 0 P = P
2
C
2
= P
2
z = L P = P
1
C
1
= P/L where : P P
1
P
2
P = P
2
+
P
L
z
P = P
2
+
P
L
z analogous to Poiseuille ow between parallel plates.
9
EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flow in an Annular Die
(important for blow molding) (P. 2)

_
1
r

r
_
r
v
z
r
__
=
P
L
r
v
z
r
=
P
2L
r
2
+C
3
v
z
r
=
P
2L
r +
C
3
r
v
z
=
P
4L
r
2
+C
3
ln r +C
4
B.C. NO SLIP at r = R
i
, v
z
= 0
at r = R
0
, v
z
= 0
0 =
P
4L
R
2
i
+C
3
ln R
i
+C
4
0 =
P
4L
R
2
0
+C
3
ln R
0
+C
4
subtract 0 =
P
4L
(R
2
0
R
2
i
) +C
3
ln
_
R
0
R
i
_
C
3
=
P(R
2
0
R
2
i
)
4Lln(R
0
/R
i
)
C
4
=
P
4L
_
R
2
0

(R
2
0
R
2
i
) ln R
0
ln(R
0
/R
i
)
_
10
EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flow in an Annular Die
(important for blow molding) (P. 3)
v
z
=
P
4L
_
r
2

(R
2
0
R
2
i
)
ln(R
0
/R
i
)
ln r R
2
0
+
(R
2
0
R
2
i
)
ln(R
0
/R
i
)
_
v
z
=
PR
2
0
4L
_
1 +
r
2
R
2
0

(R
2
0
R
2
i
)
ln(R
0
/R
i
)
ln(r/R
0
)
_
r < R
0
always, so v
z
< 0
Leading term is parabolic in r (like the ow between plates) but this one
has a logarithmic correction.
What is the volumetric ow rate?
Q =
_
A
v
z
dA =
_
R
0
R
i
v
z
2rdr
Q =
PR
4
0
8L
_
1 +
_
R
i
R
0
_
4
+
(1 (R
i
/R
0
)
2
)
2
ln(R
0
/R
i
)
_
11
GENERAL FEATURES OF NEWTONIAN
POISEUILLE FLOW
Parallel Plates: Q =
Pd
3
W
12L
Circular Tube: Q =
PR
4
8L
Annular Tube: Q =
PR
4
0
8L
f(R
i
/R
0
)
Rectangular Tube: Q =
Pd
3
w
12L
All have the same general form:
Q P
Q 1/
Q 1/L
_
_
_
Weak eects of pressure, viscosity and ow length
Q R
4
or d
3
w Strong eect of size.
In designing and injection mold, we can change the runner sizes.
12
NON-NEWTONIAN EFFECTS
EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flowin a Circular Pipe
Newtonian Velocity Prole:
v
z
=
PR
2
4L
_
1 (r/R)
2

Shear Rate:
=
v
z
r
=
Pr
2L
Apparent Viscosity: Viscosity is lower
where is higher
Real Velocity Prole:
Lower
a
increases v
z
non-parabolic