Training & Development

Introduction:
Every organization needs well-adjusted, trained and experienced people to perform its
activities. As jobs in today’s dynamic organizations have become more complex, the
importance of employee education has increased.
Employee training is a learning experience, it seeks a relatively permanent change in
employees that their improves job performance. Training involves changing skills,
knowledge, attitudes, or behavior. This may means changing what employee know, how they
work, or their attitudes toward their jobs, coworkers, managers, and the organization.
Managers, with HRM assistance, decide when employees need training and what form that
training should take.

Definitions
Employee training
• A learning experience designed to achieve a relatively permanent change in an
individual that will improve the ability to perform on the job.
• Training is more present-day oriented; it focuses on individuals’ current jobs,
enhancing those specific skills and abilities to immediately perform their jobs.
• Training helps the employee do their current job.
• The benefits of training may extend throughout a person’s career and help develop
that person for future responsibilities.

Employee development
• Future-oriented training, focusing on the personal growth of the employee.
• Development focuses on future jobs in the organization. As job and career progress,
employee need new skills and abilities.
• Help that person for future responsibilities, with little concern of current job duties.

Steps To Training & Development

1. Determining training needs
2. Training & development objectives
3. Set program content and learning principles
4. Implementation of actual program
5. Evaluating the effectiveness of T & Program
1. Determining training needs/ Need assessment:
What is need assessment?
“A training need exists when an employee lacks the knowledge or skill to perform an
assigned task satisfactorily. It arises when there is a variation between what the employee is
expected to do on the job and what the actual job performance is.”

Identifying the training needs:

• A training need exists when an employee or group of employees lacks the knowledge
or skills to carry out their present or future job in a way that:
 Meets the standards required
 Incorporate new methods and procedures
• Need assessment diagnoses current problems and future challenges to be met trough
training and development.

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 • Need assessment must consider each employee.
• The employee’s needs may be determined by HR department, by supervisors, or by
self-nominations.
• Specific training need should be based on:
 Organization’s needs
 Type of work to be done
 Skills necessary to complete the work
• Indicators of declining job performance/ Indicators of need for more training:
 Drops in productivity
 Increased rejects
 Lower quality
 Inadequate job performance
 Rise in the number of accidents
 Customer Complaints
 Unsatisfactory customer survey ratings
 Missed objectives and targets
 New facilities or technology
• The value added by training must be considered versus the cost.
• Having identified the problems and performance deficiencies, we must lay out the
difference between the costs of any proposed solutions against the cost of not
implementing the solution. Here's an economic "gap analysis":
 What are the costs if no solution is applied?
 What are the costs of conducting programs to change the situation?

Approaches for Needs assessment:

To pinpoint the range of training needs and define their content, the HR department uses
different approaches to needs assessment.

a. Survey:

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 • Survey the potential trainees to identify specific topics about which they want
to learn more.
• It suggests that trainees are more likely to be receptive to the resulting
programs when they are viewed as relevant.
b. Group recommendation:
• The group’s expertise may be tapped through a group discussion, a
questionnaire, the Delphi procedure, or a nominal group meeting.
i. Group discussion:
• Resembles face-to-face interview technique, e.g., structured or unstructured, formal
or informal, or somewhere in between.
• Can be focused on job (role) analysis, group problem analysis, group goal setting, or
any number of group tasks or themes (e.g., "leadership training needs of the board").
• Uses one or several of the familiar group facilitating techniques: brainstorming,
nominal group process, force fields, consensus ranking, organizational mirroring,
simulation, and sculpting.
• Advantages:
 Permits on-the-spot synthesis of different viewpoints.
 Builds support for the particular service response that is ultimately decided on.
 Decreases client's "dependence response" toward the service provider since
data analysis is (or can be) a shared function.
 Helps participants to become better problem analysts, better listeners, etc.
• Disadvantages:
 Is time consuming (therefore, initially expensive) both for the consultant and
the agency.
 Can produce data that are difficult to synthesize and quantify (more a problem
with the less structured techniques.

ii. Questionnaire:
• May be in the form of surveys or polls of a random or stratified sample of
respondents, or an enumeration of an entire "population" ranking.
• Can use a variety of question formats: open-ended, forced-choice, priority -ranking.
• May be self-administered (by mail) under controlled or uncontrolled conditions, or
may require the presence of an interpreter or assistant.
• Advantage:
 Can reach a large number of people in a short time.
 Are relatively inexpensive.
• Disadvantage:
 Make little provision for free expression of unanticipated responses.
 Require substantial time (and technical skills, especially in survey model) for
development of effective instruments.
 Suffer low return rates (mailed), grudging responses, or unintended and/or
inappropriate respondents.
c. Task identification:
• Evaluating the job description to identify the salient tasks the job requires.
Once trainers have an understanding of those tasks, specific plans are
developed to provide the necessary training.
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d. HR weaknesses:
• HR may find the weaknesses among HR activities, includes inappropriate
placement, orientation, selection, or recruiting may lead to workers with
deficiencies.
• Errors in these activities may stem from weaknesses in HR planning, job
design, or the HR information system.
• Training and development may be needed to increase the workers’
performance and it may modify other activities to ensure a better fit between
people and performance.
e. Other sources of information:
• Reviewing other sources of information
• Includes different reports, e.g. production records, quality control reports,
grievances, safety reports, absenteeism and turnover statistics, and exit interviews
of departing employees
• May reveal problems that should be addressed through training and development
efforts.
• Advantages:
 Readily available
 Provide objective evidence of the results of problems within the agency or
group.
 Can be collected with a minimum of effort and interruption of workflow since
it already exists at the work site.
• Disadvantage:
 Carry perspective that generally reflects the past situation rather than the
current one (or recent changes).
 Need a skilled data analyst if clear patterns and trends are to emerge from
such technical and diffuse raw data.
f. Supervisors:
• Observe employees on daily basis.
• Supervisors may recommend an employee for training and development as reward
good employees.
• Self-nominations:
• Employees are asked to nominate themselves for training and development
programs where they want the differences in between their expected skills,
knowledge and abilities and actual.

2. Training & Development Objectives & Goals:

• Once it has been determined that training is necessary training goals must be
establishes.
• Management should explicitly state its desired results for each employee.
• It must state what change in employee knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviors
and also clarify what is to change and by hoe much.
• It should state the desired behavior and the conditions under which it is to occur.
• Goals should be specific, tangible, verifiable, timely, and measurable.

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 • Theses stated objectives then become standards against which individual
performance and the program can be measured.
• They should be clear to both the supervisor and the employee because they can be
used to evaluate their success.
• If the objectives are not met, failure gives the HR feedback on the program and
the participants.

3. (a) Program Content:

• The program’s content is shaped by the needs assessment and the learning
objectives.
• The program must meet the needs of the organization and participants.
• Participants must view the content as relevant to their needs or their motivation to
learn may be low.
(b) Learning Principles:
• Training & development are more effective when training methods match the
learning styles of the participants and the types of jobs needed by the
organization.
• Learning cannot be observed; only its results can be measured.
• Learning curves:
• Trainers have two goals related to shape of each employee’s learning curve.
i. They want the learning curve to reach a satisfactorily level of
performance.
ii. They want the learning curve to get satisfactorily level as quickly as
possible.
• The rate at which people learn depends on the individual, learning principles help
speed up the learning process.
• Learning principles are guidelines to the ways in which people learn most
effectively.
• The more these principles are reflected in training, the more effective training is
likely to be.
• Learning principles are participation, repetition, relevance, transference, and
feedback.
i. Participation:
o Learning usually is quicker and longer lasting when the learner
participates actively.
o It improves motivation and apparently engages more senses that reinforce
the learning process.
ii. Repetition:
o Repetition apparently etches a pattern into one’s memory.
iii. Relevance:
o Learning is helped when material to be learned is meaningful.
o Trainers explain the overall purpose of a job to trainees before explaining
specific tasks.
iv. Transference:
o The more closely the demands of the training program match the demands
of the job, the faster a person learns to master the job.

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 o The close match between the simulator and the actual job allows the
trainee to quickly transfer the learning in the simulator to actual
conditions.
v. Feedback:
o Feedback gives learners information on their progress.
o With feedback, motivated learners can adjust their behavior to achieve the
quickest possible learning curve.
o Without feedback trainee cannot gauge their progress and may become
discourage.

Effectiveness of Training & Development approaches:

In selecting T& D techniques, trade-offs exist. No single technique is always best; the best
method depends on:
 Cost effectiveness
 Desired program content
 Learning principles
 Appropriateness of the facilities
 Trainee preferences and capabilities
 Trainer performance and capabilities

Training & Development Methods:

A. On-the-Job Training Methods
1. Job instructions:
• It is received directly on the job, and so it is often called “on-the-job” training
(OJT).
• It is used primarily to teach an employee how to do their current jobs.
• A trainer, supervisor, or coworker serves as the instructor.
• OJT includes several steps:
i. The trainee receives an overview of the job, its purpose, and its
desired outcomes, with an emphasis on the relevance of the
training.
ii. Trainer demonstrates the job to give the employee a model to
copy.
iii. Employee is allowed to mimic the trainer’s example.
iv. Demonstrations by trainer and practice by the trainee are
repeated until the job is mastered.
v. Employee performs the job without supervision.

2. Job rotation:
• Job rotation involves moving employees to various positions in the
organization to expand their skills, knowledge and abilities.
• It can be either horizontal or vertical.
i. Vertical job rotation is promoting a worker into a new position.
ii. Horizontal job rotation is short-term lateral transfer.
• Benefits:
 It is excellent method for broadening an individual’s exposure to
company operations and for turning a specialist into a generalist.
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  Increase the individual’s experience
 Allows an employee to absorb new information
 Reduce boredom
 Stimulate the development of new ideas.
 Provide opportunities for a more comprehensive and reliable
evaluation of the employee by supervisors.

3. Assistant-To Position:
• Assistant-to positions allow employees with potential to work under and be
coached by successful managers.
• Working as staff assistants, perform many duties under watchful eye of a
supportive coach.
• Benefits:
 Employee experience a wide variety of management activities
 Groomed for the duties of next higher level position

4. Committee assignments
• Committee assignments provide opportunities to an employee for:
 Decision-making
 Learning by watching others
 Becoming more familiar with organizational members and problems
Temporary committee:
• Act as a taskforce to delve into a particular problem, ascertain alternative
solutions, and recommend a solution.
• Temporary assignments can be interesting and rewarding to the employee’s
growth.
Permanent committee:
• Increases the employee’s exposure to other members of the organization
• Broadens his/her understanding
• Provide an opportunity to grow and
• Make recommendations under the scrutiny of other committee members

5. Apprenticeships and Coaching:

• Apprenticeships involve learning from a more experiences employee or
employees.
• It may be supplemented with off-the-job classroom training.
• Assistantships and internships are similar to apprenticeships because they use
high levels of participation by the trainee and have high transferability to the
job.
• Coach attempts to provide a model for the trainee to copy.
• It is less formal than an apprenticeship program because there are few formal
classroom sessions.
• Coaching is handled by the supervisor or manager not by HR department.
• Manager or another professional plays the role of mentor; give both skills and
career advice.
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 A. Off-the-Job Training Methods
1. Lecture Courses & Seminars:
• Traditional forms of instructions revolve around formal lecture courses and
seminars.
• Helps the individuals acquire knowledge and develop their conceptual and
analytical abilities.
• Many organizations offer these in-house, through outside vendors, or both.
• Lecture courses and seminars benefit from today’s technology and are often
offered in a distance-learning format.
• Feedback and participation can be improved when discussion is permitted
along with lecture process.
• Benefits:
 Relative economic method

2. Vestibules:
• Learning tasks on the same equipment that one actually will use on the job but
in simulated work environment.
• Separate areas or vestibules are setup with equipment similar to that used on
the job.
• This arrangement allows transference, repetition, and participation.
• Benefits:
 Not disrupting normal operations

3. Role Playing and Behavior modeling:

• Role-playing is a device that forces trainees to assume different identities.
• For example, a male worker may assume the role of a female supervisor and a
female supervisor may assume the role of a male worker. Then both may be
given a typical work situation and told to respond, as they would expect the
other to do.
• It is used to diversity training, to change attitudes and also helps to develop
the interpersonal skills.
• Behavior can be learned, modified and altered through this method where
individual is either “matching” or “copying” or “imitating”, through the
observation of some other individual.
• It is an “observational learning” technique.
• Learning takes place not through experience but through observing the others’
behavior.
• The re-creation of the behavior may be videotaped so that trainer and the
trainee can review and critique it.
• Trainer and trainee observe the positive and negative consequences; the
employee receives vicarious reinforcement that encourages the correct
behavior.

4. Simulation:

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 • Simulation refers to any artificial environment that attempts to closely mirror
an actual condition.
• Learning a job by actually performing the work
• May include case studies/case analysis, experimental exercises/decision
games and role-plays and group interactions and are intended to improve
decision-making.
• It is similar to vestibules, except that the simulator more often provides
instantaneous feedback on performance.

• Benefits:
 Opportunities to attempt to create an environment similar to real situations
manager face, without high costs for poor outcomes.
• Disadvantage:
 Difficult to duplicate the pressures and realities of actual decision-making
on the job,
 Individuals often act differently in real-life situations than do in simulated
exercise.

i. Case-study:
• Take actual experiences of organizations, these cases represent attempts to
describe, as accurately as possible, real problems. Trainees study these cases
to determine problems, analyze causes, develop alternative solutions, select
what they believe to be the best solution, and implement it.
• If cases are meaningful and similar to work-related situations, it means
transference is there.
• Participation can also increased by discussing these cases.
• Benefits:
 Provide stimulating discussions among participants
 Excellent opportunities for individuals to defend their analytical and
judgmental abilities.
 Improving decision-making abilities within the constraints of limited
information
ii. Decision Games/ role-playing:
• Played on computer program,
• Player makes decision, and computer determines the outcome in the context of
the conditions under which it was programmed.
• Provide opportunities for individuals to make decisions and to witness the
implications of their decisions for other segments of the organization.
• Role-playing allows participants to act out problems and to deal with real
people.

5. Self-study & Programmed Learning:

• Carefully planned instructional materials can be used to train and develop employees.
• It is computer programs or printed booklets that contain a series of questions and
answers.

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 • After reading and answering a question, the reader gets immediate feedback. If right,
the learner proceeds; if wrong, the reader is directed to review the accompanying
materials.
• Programmed materials provide learner participation, repetition, relevance, and
feedback.
• It ranges from manuals to prerecorded cassettes or videotapes.
• Benefits:
 It is useful when employees are dispersed geographically or when requires
little interaction.

6. Outdoor Training:
• Outdoor training typically involves challenges, which teach trainees the importance
of teamwork/working together.
• It typically involves some major emotional and physical challenge.
• Purpose is to see how employees react to the difficulties that nature presents to them.
Do they “freak”? Or are they controlled and successful in achieving their goal?
• Benefits:
 It reinforced the importance of working closely with one another, building
trusting relationships, and succeeding as a member of a group.

5. Evaluation of Training and Development:

Definition: “Evaluation is the process of determining the value and effectiveness of a

learning program. It uses assessment and validation tools to provide data for the evaluation.
Assessment is the measurement of the practical results of the training in the work
environment; while validation determines if the objectives of the training goal were met.”

• Training and development activities must be evaluated systematically.

• The benefits gained must outweigh the costs of the learning experience.
• Only analyzing such programs determines effectiveness. It is not enough to merely
assume that any training an organization offers is effective, we must develop
substantive data to determine whether our training effort is achieving its goals that is
correcting the deficiencies in skills, knowledge, or attitudes that assessed as needing
attention.
• Several managers, representatives from HRM, and a group of worker who have
recently completed a training program are asked for their opinions. Trainees’
comments are generally positive.
• The reactions of participants or managers, while easy to get, are the least valid,
because their opinions are heavily influenced by factors that may have little to do
with the training’s effectiveness: difficulty, entertainment value, or the personality
characteristics of the instructor.
• Trainees’ reactions to the training many provide feedback on how worthwhile the
participants viewed the training.
• Training must be evaluated in terms of how much the participants learned, how well
they use their new skills on the job (did their behavior change?) and whether the

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 training program achieved its desired results (reduced turnover, increased customer
service, etc)

• The types of questions that can be answered by an evaluation include:

 What impact did the training have on the organization?

 Was a return on our investment realized?
 Are the learners using their new techniques and processes back in the work
environment?
 Did the program change attitudes, behaviors, or skills in a way that positively
impacts business results?

• Training Outcomes:
Effective criteria used to evaluate training focus on outcomes. Trainers are particularly
concerned about:
1. The reactions by trainees to the training content and process.
2. The knowledge or learning acquired through the training experience.
3. Changes in behavior that result from the training.
4. Measurable results or improvements in the individuals or the organization, such as
lower turnover, fewer accidents, or less absenteeism.

Outcomes Description Comments

Reactions Trainee reactions to the course
Does the trainee like the course?
Usually in the form of evaluation
forms, sometimes called "smile
sheets".
Most primitive and widely used method of
evaluation. It is easy, quick, and inexpensive
to administer.
Negative indicators could mean difficultly
learning in the course.

Learning Did trainees learn what was based Learning can be measured by pre- and post
on the course objectives? tests, either through written test or through
performance tests.

Behavior Trainee behavior changes on the Difficult to do. Follow-up questionnaire or

job - are the learners applying what observations after training class has
they learned? occurred.

Results Ties training to the company's Generally applies to training that seeks to
bottom line. overcome a business problem caused by
lack of knowledge or skill. Examples
include reductions in costs, turnover,
absenteeism and grievances.
May be difficult to tie directly to training.

• Steps in the evaluation of Training & Development:

i. Establish the evaluation criteria before training & development

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  Evaluation criteria closely match the training and development
objectives.
ii. Pretest:
 Participants should be given a pretest; that is , they should be tested to
establish their level of knowledge before program begins.
iii. Training and development program
 Implementing the training and development program.
iv. Posttest:
 After training and development has been completed, a posttest or post
training evaluation should reveal the improvement that resulted from
the program. It is useful way to determine whether the information was
communicated.
v. Transfer to job:
 After post test trainees are placed to their job for what they have
trained and developed.
vi. Follow-up:
 It may be conducted months later to see how ell learning was retained.

Performance-Based Evaluation Measures

Performance-based measures (benefits gained) are better indicators of training’s cost-
effectiveness.

Post-training performance method.

Employees’ on-the-job performance is assessed after training.
It may overstate training benefits.

Pre-post-training performance method.

Employee’s job performance is assessed both before and after training, to determine whether
a change has taken place.
It deals directly with job behavior.

Pre-post-training performance with control group method.

Compares the pre-post-training results of the trained group with the concurrent job
performance of a control group, which does not undergo instruction.
Used to control for factors other than training, which may affect job performance.

Development of Human Resource

• Benefits/ Advantages:
 Development of current employees reduces the company’s dependence on hiring new
workers.
 If employees are developed, the job openings are more likely to be filled internally.
 Promotions and transfers also show employees that they have a career, not just a job.
 The employer benefits from increased continuity in operations and from employees
who feel greater commitment to the firm.
 Increase the productivity of employees.
 It helps in the career development of organization and employees too.

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 • Human resource development is also an effective way to meet several
challenges, includes:

i. Employee obsolescence
• Obsolescence results when an employee no longer possesses the knowledge or
abilities needed to perform successfully.
• Or
• It may results from a person’s failure to adapt to new technology, new procedures,
and other changes. The more rapidly the environment changes, the more likely it is
that employees will become obsolete.
• Employers are reluctant to take strong action and fire obsolete employee, particularly
employees who have been with the company a long time.
• Proactively assessing the needs of employees and giving them programs to develop
new skills can avoid employee obsolescence.
• If these programs are designed reactively, after obsolescence occurs, they are less
effective and more costly.
• When an employee reaches a career plateau, obsolescence may be more likely.
• A career plateau occurs when an employee does well enough no to be demoted or
fired but not so well that s/he is likely to be promoted.
• Motivation to stay current may be reduced when an employee realizes that s/he is at
career plateau.

ii. International & Domestic Workforce Diversity:

• Workforce diversity causes many organizations to redesign their development
programs.
• Role-playing and behavior modeling are more effective ways to train and develop
employees for facing the challenges the workforce diversity.

iii. Technological change:

• Rapid changes in technology require the firms to engage in nearly continuous
improvement.
• Technological changes having profound impact on training and development,
increases the need to assess the developmental requirements of current and future
managers, professional and technical peoples.

iv. Development, EEO and affirmative action:

• Training and development activities must be conducted in such a way that they do not
discriminate against protected classes.

v. Employee Turnover:
• Turnover – the willingness on employees to leave one organization for another.
• Departures are largely unpredictable, development activities must prepare employees
to succeed those who leave.
• Some employer with excellent development programs finds that training programs
contribute to employee turnover. Therefore, they are reluctant to invest money in

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 workers who may then take their new skills to a new job at a higher-paying
competitor.
• After evaluate the importance of training and development programs, the
organizations realize that it is better to have some trained employee who may leave
than to have an untrained workforce that says.

Organization Development
Introduction:
Organizations change from time to time. Changes with respect to continuous improvements,
diversity, and work process engineering require the organization to move forward through a
process called organizational development.
• Organization Development:
o Definition: Organization development is a process that addresses system wide
change in the organization.
• Change agent:
o Change agents are individuals responsible for fostering the change effort and
assisting employees in adapting to changes
o They are may be internal employees, or external consultants.

• What is change?
OD efforts support changes that are usually made in four areas:
i. The organization’s systems
ii. Technology
iii. Processes
iv. People
• Two metaphors clarify the change process.
1. The calm waters metaphor
• It describes unfreezing the status quo, change to a new state, and refreezing to
ensure that the change is permanent.
• Kurt Lewin describes the status quo can be considered an equilibrium state.
Unfreezing, necessary to move from this equilibrium, is achieved in one of three
ways:
a. The driving forces, which direct behavior away from the status quo, can be
increased.
b. The restraining forces, which hinder movement from the existing
equilibrium, can be decreased.
c. The two approaches can be combined.
• Lewin’s three steps process treats change as a break in the organization’s
equilibrium state. The status quo has been disturbed, and change is necessary to
establish a new equilibrium.

2. The white-water rapids metaphor:

• The white-water rapids metaphor recognizes today’s business environment that
is less stable/dynamic and not as predictable/uncertain.

• OD Methods:

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 • Organizational development facilitates long-term organization-wide changes.
• Its focus is to constructively change attitudes and values among organizational
members so that they can more readily adapt to and be more effective in achieving the
new directions of the organization.
• One fundamental issue of OD is its reliance on employee participation to foster an
environment of open communication and trust.
• Persons involved in OD efforts acknowledge that change can create stress for
employees.
• OD attempts to involve organizational members in changes that will affect their jobs
and seeks their input about how the innovation is affecting them.

• OD techniques:
• Any organizational activity that assists with implementing planned change can be
viewed as an OD technique.

• OD techniques include:
i. Survey feedback
ii. Process consultation
iii. Team building
iv. Intergroup development

i. Survey Feedback:
• Survey feedback assesses organizational members’ perceptions and attitudes
about their jobs (satisfaction with their job, coworkers, supervisors, and
management etc) and organization (decision making, communication
effectiveness, and leaderships etc).
• The summarized data are used to identify problems and clarify issues so that
commitments to action can be made.

ii. Process consultation:

• Process consultation uses outside consultants to help organizational members
perceive, understand, and act upon process events.
• Consultants coach managers in diagnosing interpersonal processes that need
improvement.

iii. Team Building:

• Organizations are made up of individuals working together to achieve same
goals. They frequently interact with peers.
• The primary function of OD is to help them become a team.
• Team building may include:
 Goal setting
 Development of interpersonal relationships
 Clarification of roles
 Team process analysis
• Team building attempts to increase trust, openness towards one another, and
team functioning.

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iv. Intergroup development:
• Intergroup development attempts to change attitudes, stereotypes, and
perceptions that one group may have towards another group.
• It attempts to achieve cohesion among different work groups or helping
members of various groups become a cohesive team.
• It builds better coordination among the various groups.
•

The Learning Organization:

Values continued learning and believes a competitive advantage can be gained from it.
Characterized by:
–Capacity to continuously adapt
–Employees continually acquire and share new knowledge
–Open communication
–Collaboration across functional specialties
–Teams are an important feature
–Empowered employees to make decision about their work or resolving issues.
–Strong and committed leadership, shared vision
–Organizational culture – shared vision, inherent interrelationships among
organization’s processed, activities, functions, and external environment.
–Strong sense of community, trust
–Employees feel free to openly communicates, share, experiment, and learn without
fear of criticism or punishment.

International Training and Development Issues

Cross-Cultural Training
• Necessary for expatriate managers and their families:
o Before assignments (to learn language and culture)
o During, and after foreign assignments (to adjust to changes back home).
• Cross-cultural training is more than language training
• Involves learning about the culture’s:
o History
o Politics
o Economy
o Religion
o Social climate
o Business practices
• May involve role-playing, simulations and immersion in the culture.

Development
• Often, organizations do not do a good job of planning for the return of overseas
managers.
• Leads to the managers’ being frustrated

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• Returning expatriates can:
o Be assigned a domestic position
o Prepare for a new overseas assignment
o Retire or be terminated

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