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4MP-T040-S0106

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

1.0 1.1

SCOPE This procedure provides the minimum requirements to be used for radiographic examination of welds and components governed by the codes listed in paragraph 2.0 and for those materials identified in Table 4. Thickness to be examined shall be in accordance with table 1-A. This procedure shall be used by Bechtel NDE personnel for radiographic interpretation and may be used as an examination procedure by subcontractor NDE personnel. Where techniques not specifically covered by this procedure are required, they shall conform to the requirements of ASME Section V, Article 2, the referencing Code, and the general requirements of this procedure. REFERENCES ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section I, 2010 Edition ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section V, 2010 Edition ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Div. 1 & 2, 2010 Edition ASME B31.1, "Power Piping", 2010 Edition ASME B31.3, "Process Piping", 2008 Edition ASME B31.4, "Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and other Liquids", 2009 Edition ASME B31.8, "Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems", 2010 Edition AWWA D100, Welded Steel Tanks For Water Storage, 2007 Edition Including Errata API 620, "Design and Construction of Large, Welded Low - Pressure Storage Tanks", Eleventh Edition (February, 2008) API 650, "Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage", Eleventh Edition (June, 2007) API 1104, "Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities", Twentieth Edition (November, 2005) Incorporating July, 2007 Errata / Addendum Bechtel Nondestructive Examination Standard, NEPQ, Personnel Qualification and Certification PRECAUTIONS FOR PERSONNEL SAFETY The radiographic subcontractor shall be responsible for compliance with national, state, local, and company regulations governing safety in the operation of x-ray and gamma-ray exposure equipment. PERSONNEL Bechtel personnel performing radiographic interpretation in accordance with this standard shall be qualified and have current certifications as an NDE Level II or III in the radiographic method. Bechtel NDE personnel shall be certified in accordance with Bechtel Nondestructive Examination Personnel Qualification Standard, NEPQ, which has been developed from guidelines provided by the American Society for Nondestructive Testing Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A. All NDE subcontractor personnel performing radiographic examination to this standard shall be qualified and currently certified as an NDE Level I, II, or III in the radiographic method to a personnel qualification standard developed from guidelines provided by the American Society for Nondestructive Testing Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A. Only Bechtel personnel certified Level II or III in the radiographic method shall perform final evaluations and reporting of results.

1.2 1.3

2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 3.0 3.1

4.0 4.1

4.2

4.3

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4MP-T040-S0106

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

5.0 5.1 5.1.1 5.2 5.2.1

TECHNIQUE Time of Examination Radiographic examination shall be performed at the sequence directed on the applicable weld record. Surface Preparation The weld ripples or weld surface irregularities on both the inside (where accessible) and outside shall be removed by any suitable process to such a degree that the images of surface irregularities cannot mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity on the resulting radiograph. Radiation Sources X-ray machines or isotopes may be used. The radiation energy employed for any radiographic technique shall achieve the density and IQI image requirements of this procedure. Radiation source focal spot dimensions or sizes shall be such that the applicable geometric unsharpness requirements of this procedure can be met. Film Identification Each radiograph shall be identified by the use of lead numbers, letters, and/or by an identification printer. The method used shall be at the option of Bechtel. The identification images shall not appear in the area of interest. The minimum required identification is: a) b) c) d) e) f) Bechtel identification Bechtel job number Component or vessel identification Seam or weld joint identification Date of radiograph Radiographer's company identification or logo

5.3 5.3.1

5.4 5.4.1

5.4.2

In cases where an error has inadvertently been made in the identification appearing on the radiograph, a Bechtel Level II or III shall verify that the radiograph represents the actual part radiographed. At the option of the Bechtel Level II or III, the weld may be re-shot or the film re-identified with a means of permanent marking and the re-identification initialed by the Level II or III and noted on the interpretation report. Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Image quality indicator design and material shall comply with ASME Standard Practice SE-1025 (hole-type) and SE-747 (wire type), except that the largest wire number or the identity number may be omitted. IQI shall be selected from the same alloy material group or grade as identified in Table 4 or from an alloy material group or grade with less radiation absorption than the material being radiographed. When the weld metal is of an alloy group or grade which has a radiation attenuation that differs from the base material, the IQI material selection shall be based on the weld metal and be in accordance with 5.5.1. When the density limits of 5.5.9 cannot be met with one IQI and the exceptional density area(s) is at the interface of the weld and the base material, the material selection for the additional IQI shall be based on the base material and be in accordance with Table 1-A or 1-B and Table 2. The essential hole / wire size and designated IQI selection shall be based upon Table 1-A for ASME I, VIII, IX, B31.1, B31.3, AWWA D100, API 620, and API 650. Provisions for the use of equivalent hole-type sensitivity shall not be applied without the specific review and approval of a Bechtel RT Level III. IQI selection and determination of the essential wire shall be based upon Table 1-B for radiography performed in accordance with API 1104, ASME B31.4, or ASME B31.8.

5.5 5.5.1

5.5.1.1

5.5.1.2

5.5.1.3

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4MP-T040-S0106 5.5.1.4

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

For welds with reinforcement, IQI thickness / designated wire size is based on the nominal single wall thickness plus the estimated I.D. and O.D. weld reinforcement (not to exceed the maximum permitted by the referencing Code Section). Backing rings or strips are not to be considered as part of the thickness in IQI selection. The actual measurement of the weld reinforcement is not required. For welds without reinforcement, the thickness on which the IQI is based is the nominal single wall thickness. Backing rings or strips are not to be considered as part of the weld thickness in IQI selection. A shim of material radiographically similar to the weld metal shall be placed between the part and the holetype IQI, if needed, so that the radiographic density throughout the area of interest is no more than minus 15% from (lighter than) the radiographic density through the IQI or adjacent to the designated wire of a wire IQI. The shim dimensions shall exceed the IQI dimensions such that the outline of at least three sides of the IQI image is visible on the radiograph. When shims are used with hole type IQIs, the plus 30 percent restriction of 5.5.9 may be exceeded, and the minimum density requirements of 5.13.5 do not apply for IQI, provided the required IQI sensitivity requirements (5.13.3) are met. The image quality indicator(s) shall be placed on the source side of the part being examined, except in the condition described below. a) Where inaccessibility prevents hand placing the IQI on the source side, it shall be placed on the film side in contact with the part being examined. A lead letter "F" shall be placed adjacent to or on the IQI, but shall not mask the essential hole, where hole type IQIs are used. When radiographing welds, the hole type IQI(s) may be placed adjacent to or on the weld. The identification number(s) and the lead letter "F," when used, shall not be in the area of interest. When geometric configuration makes it impractical to place the IQI(s) as such, the identification numbers and lead letter "F" may be placed in the area of interest. When radiographing welds, a wire IQI shall be placed on the weld so that the length of the wires is perpendicular to the length of the weld. The identification numbers and lead letter "F," when used, shall not be in the area of interest, except for the conditions described in 5.5.4 b).

5.5.1.5 5.5.2

5.5.3

5.5.4

b)

c)

5.5.5 5.5.6

When radiographing materials other than welds, the IQI with the identification number, and the lead letter "F," if used, may be placed in the area of interest. When configuration or size prevents placing the IQI as described in paragraph 5.5.4 or 5.5.5, it may be placed on a separate block (or like part/product) as provided in a, b, c, below. a) b) c) The IQI on the source side of the separate block shall be placed no closer to the film than the source side of the part being radiographed. The separate block shall be placed as close as possible to the part being radiographed. The block dimensions shall exceed the IQI dimensions such that the outline of at least three sides of the IQI image shall be visible on the radiograph.

5.5.7 5.5.8 5.5.8.1

Except as provided in paragraphs 5.5.8 and 5.5.9, one IQI image shall appear on each film. For panoramic exposures, IQI shall be spaced approximately equally around the circumference, as required by 5.5.8.1 or 5.5.8.3. At least three IQI spaced approximately 120 degrees apart shall be used when utilizing a panoramic exposure technique to perform examinations to meet the requirements of ASME I, VIII, IX, B31.1, B31.3, API 620, and API 650. For radiography performed to meet the requirements of AWWA D100, one IQI shall be used for each film, to be placed adjacent to or across the weld seam at the approximate canter of the location to be examined. For vertical welds, the IQI shall be placed parallel to the seam. For horizontal welds, the IQI shall be placed parallel to the weld seam. Wire IQI shall he placed across the weld. When performing radiography in accordance with API 1104, ASME B31.4, or B31.8, at least four IQI shall be used when a complete weld is radiographed using a panoramic exposure.

5.5.8.2

5.5.8.3

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4MP-T040-S0106 5.5.8.4 5.5.9

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

In order to maintain the continuity of records involving subsequent exposures, all radiographs exhibiting IQIs qualifying the panoramic techniques shall be retained. If the radiographic density through the weld varies from that through the body of the hole IQI or adjacent to the designated wire of a wire IQI by more than -15 percent or +30 percent, one IQI representative of the lightest area and another representative of the darkest area shall be used. Both must be within the density range permitted by paragraph 5.13.5. The intervening densities on the radiograph shall be considered as having acceptable density provided the required quality level appears on both IQI. Radiography of Vessel, Tank, Pipe or Tube Welds Radiography of pipe or tube welds should be performed according to the requirements of Table 3 as illustrated on Figures 1 and 2. Radiography of welds made to the requirements of ASME B31.4, B31.8, or API 1104 shall be per the specific technique requirements referenced in para. 5.5.8.3 and Table 3. For ASME B31.3 pipe girth welds that intersect longitudinal welds, at least 1-1/2 inch of the longitudinal weld shall be shown on the radiograph. When performing radiographic examination of these welds using a panoramic exposure technique, the adequacy of the radiographic technique shall be demonstrated at the extremity of the intersecting longitudinal seam in addition to that otherwise required. It is not necessary to demonstrate the radiographic technique adequacy when using other than a panoramic exposure. For AWWA D100, API 620 and API 650 tanks, when intersections of vertical and horizontal welds require the performance of radiography, not less than 3 inches of vertical seam shall be visible on the radiograph, with 2 inches of horizontal weld each side of the vertical intersection visible on the same radiograph. Adequacy of the radiographic technique shall be demonstrated at the extremity of the intersecting longitudinal seam in addition to that shown for the horizontal weld. When tracer shots are required for spot radiography, in addition to the ID required in 5.4.1, the rejected weld number followed by the letter T will be included as part of the required film identification. Subsequent tracer exposures shall be sequentially numbered T1, T2, etc. Note: A tracer shot is an exposure to determine the extent of an imperfection where it has been determined to extend beyond the length of the initial radiograph.

5.6 5.6.1

5.6.2

5.6.3

5.6.4

5.7 5.7.1 5.7.2

Geometric Unsharpness The requirements of paragraph 5.7.2 may be used as a guide but not for the rejection of radiographs unless the geometric unsharpness exceeds 0.07 inch. Recommended maximum values for geometric unsharpness are as follows: Material Thickness < 2.0 inches 2.0 through 3.0 inches > 3.0 through 4.0 inches > 4.0 inches Ug Maximum, Inches 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.070

Note: Material thickness is the thickness on which the IQI is based.

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4MP-T040-S0106 5.7.3

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

Geometric unsharpness, "Ug," equals source size times object-to-film distance divided by the object-tosource distance. Ug = Ug = F= D= d= Fxd D

Geometric Unsharpness Source size in inches, the maximum projected dimension of the radiating source (or effective focal spot). The manufacturer's certification of the source size may be used for this dimension. Distance in inches from the source of radiation to the source side of the weld being examined. Distance in inches from the source side of the weld to the film.

5.8 5.8.1

Intensifying Screens Lead intensifying screens shall be used. Front intensifying screens for x-ray with voltage 125 kV or above shall be a minimum of 0.005 inch thick, for Iridium 192 (gamma ray) it should be a minimum of 0.005 inch thick, and 0.010 inch thick for Cobalt 60 (gamma). For both x-ray and gamma ray, the back intensifying screen should be a minimum of 0.005 inch thick. Radiographic Film Radiographic film shall be selected from industrial radiographic types. Back-scatter Radiation Check As a check for back-scatter radiation, a lead symbol "B", with minimum dimensions of 1/2 inch in height and 1/16 inch in thickness, shall be attached to the back of each film holder during exposure. If a light image of the "B" appears on the radiograph, the radiograph shall be considered unacceptable. A dark image of the "B" on a lighter background is not cause for rejection of the radiograph. Location Markers Location markers shall be used to ensure complete coverage and shall appear as radiographic images on the film. The location markers shall be placed on the part, not on the film holder/cassette. For other than elliptical or superimposed exposures, the first location shall be identified with a "0". Location markers should not be closer than 1/4 inch to the weld. Number belts may be used. Location marker spacing for circumferential pipe or tube welds shall be as noted below:

5.9 5.9.1 5.10 5.10.1

5.11 5.11.1

5.11.2

Nominal Pipe Dia., Inches 3.5 (Elliptical or Superimposed Exposure) 3.5 (Single Wall Viewing) > 3.5 through 6.0 > 6.0 through 18.0 > 18.0 1 per exposure

Spacing

Minimum 2 per exposure, marking extremities of the area of interest 1 inch apart 2 inches apart Increased at the option of a Bechtel RT Level III, but not to exceed 6 inches.

5.11.3

The location markers shall consist of lead numbers between 1/4 and 1/2 inches in height. A starting point shall be selected for each weld being radiographed. The starting point and direction of numbering shall be identified by marking a zero (which corresponds to the zero of location marker) and an arrow (representing the numbering direction) on the pipe component in a manner allowing accurate traceability of the starting point for at least the period of required film retention.

5.11.3.1 When permanent marking is prohibited or impractical, temporarily mark the 0 and arrow. This temporary marking shall be maintained until the area being examined is acceptable.

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4MP-T040-S0106

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

5.11.3.2 A clear, accurate sketch of the temporary marking shall be prepared to allow traceability of the radiographs to the part or weld. This sketch shall be filed with radiographs. 5.11.4 If the image of the weld will not be readily apparent on the radiograph (due to the weld having been ground flush, for instance), arrows or "Vs" shall be placed at the weld toe opposite the film location numbers and positioned to appear at both ends of the film. Film Processing Film shall be processed to comply with ASME SE-999 or SE-94 Part III, and shall comply with the manufacturer's recommendations as to required chemicals, processing techniques, and times. The Bechtel radiographic interpreter may request residual thiosulfate tests when radiographs are to be retained as permanent plant records, part of a periodic testing program, or when reason exists to question film processing techniques. When such testing occurs, testing shall be in accordance with ANSI IT9.1, and radiographs shall be processed in a manner which will produce residual thiosulfate levels not greater than 2 0.050 g/m . Film Viewing/Interpretation The viewer must provide light of sufficient intensity to illuminate the area of interest without glare, diffuse the light evenly over the viewing area, and have a rheostat control for the light source. Masks shall be available to prevent any extraneous light when viewing radiographs smaller than the viewing port. Subdued lighting, rather than total darkness, is preferable in the viewing room. Room illumination must be so arranged that there are no reflections from the surface of the film under examination. Radiography shall be performed with a technique of sufficient sensitivity to display the hole-type IQI image and the essential hole, or the essential wire of the wire IQI. The radiograph shall display the identifying numbers and letters of the IQI. Either a densitometer or step wedge comparison film shall be used for judging film density.

5.12 5.12.1 5.12.2

5.13 5.13.1

5.13.2 5.13.3

5.13.4

5.13.4.1 A national standard step tablet or step wedge calibration film, traceable to a national standard step tablet and having at least 5 steps with neutral densities from at least 1.0 through 4.0 shall be used. The step wedge calibration film shall have been verified within the last year by comparison with a national standard step tablet. 5.13.4.2 The densitometer manufacturers step by step instructions for the operation of the densitometer shall be followed. 5.13.4.3 The density steps closest to 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 on the national standard step tablet or step wedge calibration film shall be read. 5.13.4.4 The densitometer is acceptable for use if the density readings do not vary by more than +/- 0.05 density units from the actual density stated on the national standard step tablet or step wedge calibration film. 5.13.4.5 The satisfactory performance of the 90-day densitometer calibration verification shall be recorded and maintained in an appropriate calibration log. 5.13.4.6 Periodic densitometer calibration verification checks shall be performed at the beginning of each shift, after 8 hours of continuous use, or after change of apertures, whichever comes first. Densitometer performance shall be within the tolerances defined in 5.13.4.4. Periodic densitometer performance checks may be documented. 5.13.4.7 Step wedge comparison films shall be verified prior to first use, unless performed by the manufacturer. The density of the steps on a step wedge comparison film shall be verified by a calibrated densitometer. The step wedge comparison film is acceptable if the density readings do not vary by more than 0.1 density units from the density stated on the step wedge comparison film. 5.13.5 The film density through the hole IQI or adjacent to the designated wire of a wire IQI and the weld shall be 2.0 minimum to 4.0 maximum for radiographs made with a gamma ray source and 1.8 minimum to 4.0 maximum for radiographs made with an x-ray source. Composite (double film) viewing is not permitted except with specific approval of a Bechtel NDE Level III.

5.13.6

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4MP-T040-S0106 5.13.7

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemical, or other blemishes to the extent that they do not mask and are not confused with the image of any discontinuity in the area of interest of the object being radiographed. Each exposed film shall have inter-leafing paper between films when submitted to Bechtel. Bechtel shall evaluate all radiographs and review radiographic reports for final acceptance of film and welds. Subcontractors shall evaluate film quality, and provide preliminary weld interpretation if requested by Bechtel. Radiographic technique details and the results of radiographic examinations shall be recorded in accordance with 7.1. Acceptable indications that require evaluation and interpretation to determine their acceptability shall be recorded and the disposition indicated on the review form. The method of determining acceptability (e.g., visual, density check, dimensional, other NDE methods, etc.) shall be noted on the radiographic review form. Supplementary documentation as necessary shall be included with the final report. Areas that have been repaired shall be re-radiographed to the requirements of this procedure. The repair radiographs shall be identified by an R1, R2, etc., as appropriate. The radiograph of the repaired area shall extend beyond the repair to the extent necessary to assure that the total area repaired has been radiographed. It is generally recommended to have radiographic coverage 2 inches beyond the length of the repair. In some instances, however, it may be necessary to re-radiograph the adjacent views to prove that coverage has been attained. The original radiograph of the rejected area shall be available for comparison with the repair radiograph to assure acceptability of the repair and adequacy of coverage. WELD ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS See 9.1 through 9.6 for weld acceptance standards. The definition of "t" for determining the acceptability of elongated indications changes, depending on the applicable code. See the applicable Code acceptance criteria for the appropriate definition of this term. When a radiograph displays weld concavity and the pipe inside surface is not accessible to physically measure the depth, the acceptability of the concavity may be determined by comparing the radiographic film density. If the density of the concave area is the same as or less than (lighter than) the adjacent base metal, the concave area is acceptable.

5.13.8

5.13.9 5.13.10

5.13.11

5.13.12

6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3

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4MP-T040-S0106

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

7.0 7.1

REPORTS & RECORDS The radiographic technique and review report forms (see Exhibit 1 and 2 sample forms) shall provide for the following, as applicable: Date, Bechtel job number and the name or logo of the radiographer's company Bechtel weld identification number The governing Code and Code Section (acceptance criteria) Radiation source (Gamma, Ir192, Se75, Co60; or X-ray) and strength (gamma curies or X-ray kV) The radiographer's name and certification level Film brand, designation, and type of processing Number of film per cassette Film quality evaluation (density, IQI, essential hole/wire visibility, film quality) and results Name and level of person performing film quality review Shooting sketch, or reference thereto, showing the geometric arrangement of source, weld, film, IQIs, and location markers Shim thickness Source-to-weld distance (plus source-to-film distance when film is not in contact with the weld being radiographed) Effective source size or focal spot size dimensions supplied by the manufacturer Calculated geometric unsharpness in accordance with 5.7 Material type and thickness, weld thickness, and reinforcement thickness (used for shim selection) Listing of each radiograph location Name and level of the person performing evaluation and disposition of the material or weld being examined Radiographic technique and review report form(s) shall be maintained with dispositioned radiographs. Reference to a standard technique setup (sketch) is acceptable if descriptions of this standard setup are readily available and they comply with the requirements of this procedure (e.g. Figures 1 or 2). Records of radiographic examination shall be maintained in accordance with project requirements. Certification records for Bechtel NDE personnel are maintained by the Welding & NDE Services group. Copies of certification records may be maintained by the project. NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION SUBCONTRACTORS Welding & NDE Services shall review and approve subcontractor personnel NDE certification records. A copy of the approved certification records for subcontractor NDE personnel shall be maintained in the project files.

7.2

7.3 7.4

8.0 8.1

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4MP-T040-S0106

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

Table 1-A Material Thickness, IQI Designations, and Essential Holes/Wires (ASME I, VIII Div. 1 and 2, IX, ASME B31.1, 31.3, AWWA D100, API 620, API 650)
Hole Type IQI Source Side Film Side Essential Hole Wire IQI Source Side Film Side

Nominal Single Wall Weld Thickness Range, Inches

0.25 > 0.25 through 0.375 > 0.375 through 0.50 > 0.50 through 0.75 > 0.75 through 1.00 > 1.00 through 1.50 > 1.50 through 2.00 > 2.00 through 2.50 > 2.50 through 4.00 > 4.00 through 6.00

12 15 17 20 25 30 35 40 50 60

10 12 15 17 20 25 30 35 40 50

2T 2T 2T 2T 2T 2T 2T 2T 2T 2T

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Table 1-B Material Thickness, IQI Designations, and Essential Holes (API 1104, ASME B31.4, and B31.8)
ASTM E 747 Wire
ASTM Set Essential Wire Diameter, In.

Weld Thickness, Inches

0-1/4 1/4 - 3/8 >3/8 1/2 >1/2 - 3/4 >3/4 - 1 >1 - 2

A A or B B B B B

.008 .010 .013 .016 .020 .025

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4MP-T040-S0106 Table 2 Hole-Type IQI Designation, Thickness, and Hole Diameters IQI Designation 5 7 10 12 15 17 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 IQI Thickness 0.005 0.007 0.010 0.012 0.015 0.017 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.040 0.045 0.050 0.060 1T Hole Diameter 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.012 0.015 0.017 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.040 0.045 0.050 0.060 2T Hole Diameter 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.080 0.090 0.100 0.120 4T Hole Diameter 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160 0.180 0.200 0.240

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

Wire IQI Designation and Wire Diameters ASTM Set Wire Identity 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 12 13 14 15 16 Wire Diameter 0.0032 0.004 0.005 0.0063 0.008 0.010 0.010 0.013 0.016 0.020 0.025 0.032 0.032 0.040 0.050 0.063 0.080 0.100

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4MP-T040-S0106 Table 3 Radiographic Techniques


Nominal Outside Diameter Type of Exposure Technique Type of Exposure and Viewing Minimum Number of Exposures

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

Figure

3 and less

Ellliptical Contact Superimposed Contact

Over 3 Panoramic

Dbl. Wall Exp. Dbl. Wall Viewing Dbl. Wall Exp. Sgl. Wall Viewing Dbl. Wall Exp. Dbl. Wall Viewing Dbl. Wall Exp. Sgl. Wall Viewing Sgl. Wall Exp. Sgl. Wall Viewing Sgl. Wall Exp. Sgl. Wall Viewing Sgl. Wall Exp. Sgl. Wall Viewing

2 (at 0 & 90) 3 (120 degrees apart) 3 (0, 60 & 120) 3 (See Note 3) (120 degrees apart) 1

2(E) 2(A,B, C or D) 2(F) 2(A or B) 1 (A or B) 1 (C or D) 1 (E or F)

(Note 3) (Note 3)

Notes: 1) 2) Techniques other than those described in this procedure may be used with the approval of a Bechtel NDE Level III individual or approved designee. Location markers shall be placed as follows: Source side for radiographic techniques shown in Fig. 1 (E or F) and Fig. 2 (E or F). Film side for radiographic techniques shown in Fig. 1 (C or D), 2 (A or B), 2 (C or D). Either side for radiographic techniques shown in Fig. 1 (A or B). An adequate number of exposures shall be made to demonstrate that the required coverage has been obtained. When performing radiographic examination to meet the requirements of ASME B31.4, B31.8, or API 1104, and the source of radiation is outside the pipe and more than 1/2 from the surface, at least four exposures separated by 90 are required (double wall exposure/single wall viewing). For techniques Fig. 2 (E) and (F), only a source side IQI may be used.

3)

4)

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4MP-T040-S0106

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

Source

Source

IQI Film (A)

IQI Film (B)

Source

Source

(C)

IQI Film

(D)

Film

IQI

Source IQI

Source

IQI

Film

Film

(E)

(F)

Figure 1 Single-Wall Radiographic Techniques

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4MP-T040-S0106

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

Source

Source

IQI Film IQI (A) Film (B)

Alternate Source Locations

Alternate Source Locations

Film (C)

IQI

Film (D)

IQI

Source IQI

Source IQI

(E)

Film

(F)

Film

Figure 2 Double-Wall Radiographic Techniques


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4MP-T040-S0106

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

Table 4 Material Grouping and IQI Requirements

ASME SE 747 / SE 1025 Material Group #

Wire-Type IQI Material Designation

Hole-Type IQI Material Designation

Material1

Base Material PNumber

Carbon Steel / Stainless Steel

P1 through P11, P15

Nickel-ChromiumIron Alloys, Nickel Alloys, Hastelloy

P43, P45

Material Group Number

1) Questions about IQI selection for material group variations shall be referred to CE&T Welding and NDE Services for resolution and direction. 2) AL-6XN falls into Material Group 3, where examination applies.

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4MP-T040-S0106

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)
Radiographic Exposure Technique Report # _________[43]______

Work Request #

[1]
Bechtel Job # Job Name

[Exhibit 1] Nondestructive Examination Report Radiographic Technique Report & Evaluation [WR-35]
Surface Condition [5] NDE Procedure / Rev

Date

[2]
Fabrication Code

[3]
Iso / Dwg #

[4]
Part or Weld #

Ground [9]

As Welded
Material Type [11]

[6] Other Dissim.Metal


Shim(s)

[7]
Subcontractor Company

Component Configuration

[8]
Film Mfr / Designation / Size Cassette Load

[10]
Lead Screens (F&B, Type, Thickness)

C/S

S/S [16]

[12] [17]
Developing Process

IQI Designation / Quality Level IQI Placement

[13]

Double

Single [14]
Exposure Time

[15] [19]
Source-Object Distance (S-O-D)

Radiation Source [18] Gamma (Ir192) (Se75) (Co60) ______ Curie Strength X-Ray (kV)_______(mA)_______
Diameter / Wall Thickness Reinforcement Thickness

Source Side

Film Side [20]

Manual

Automatic [21]

Exposure Geometry / Geometric Unsharpness


Source Size / Focal Spot Weld (Object) Thickness Geometric Unsharpness (Ug), Calculated

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

Technique & Film Quality (ID) ID or # Belt in Weld, Pene/Shim in Weld (PSW), Incomplete ID (I-ID), Improper Number Belt (INB), Unacceptable Density (U-D) Improper Technique (I-T), Light Leaks (LL), Film Artifact (FA), Mottling / Streaks (M-S), Improper IQI (I-IQI), F missing (N-F), Crimp Marks (CM) Exposure Location [28]
Penet. Density (Low) Penet. Density (High) Weld Density Light Weld Density Dark Acc ( ) Rej ( ) T&FQ Code(s) / Remarks

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

SAMPLE
SWSV-Source Offset SWSV(Panoramic)[36] SWSV-Source Ext. DWSV (Contact) DWSV-Ext. / Offset Elliptical Superimposed Radiographer / Subcontractor Name Level Date

[37]
Subcontractor Technique Evaluator / Subcontractor Name Level

[38]
Date

[39] [42]
Page 16 of 40

[40]
4MP-T040-S0106 (WNDE RT ASME Rev 5).doc

[41]

4MP-T040-S0106

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)
Radiographic Exposure Technique Report # _________[43]______

Work Request #

[1]
Bechtel Job # Job Name

[Exhibit 1] Nondestructive Examination Report Radiographic Technique Report & Evaluation (Contd) [WR-35]
Iso / Dwg # Part or Weld #

Date

[2]
Component Configuration

[3]

[4]

[8]

[9]

[10]

Technique & Film Quality (ID) ID or # Belt in Weld, Pene/Shim in Weld (PSW), Incomplete ID (I-ID), Improper Number Belt (INB), Unacceptable Density (U-D) Improper Technique (I-T), Light Leaks (LL), Film Artifact (FA), Mottling / Streaks (M-S), Improper IQI (I-IQI), F missing (N-F), Crimp Marks (CM) Exposure Location [28]
Penet. Density (Low) Penet. Density (High) Weld Density Light Weld Density Dark Acc ( ) Rej ( ) T&FQ Code(s) / Remarks

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

SAMPLE
Radiographer / Subcontractor Name Level Date

[37]
Subcontractor Technique Evaluator / Subcontractor Name Level

[38]
Date

[39] [42]

[40]

[41]

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4MP-T040-S0106 Exhibit 1 (Contd) Instructions 1. Enter the number of the Work Request here. 2. Enter the date that the examination took place on. 3. Enter the Bechtel job number here. 4. Enter the project name here.

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

5. Check the box corresponding to the surface condition (ground or as-welded) at the time of examination. 6. Enter the identification and revision of the applicable examination procedure; e.g. RT-ASME Rev. 2. 7. Enter the alphanumeric designation of the governing fabrication code, e.g. ASME B31.3, AWS D1.1, etc. 8. Enter the applicable isometric or drawing number for the component examined. The Sketch / Comments section may be used for additional references, if necessary. 9. Enter the identification of the part or weld which was examined. e.g. Pump SI-11 Shaft or FW-14. 10. Describe the component configuration; e.g. pipe-to-pipe, elbow-to-pipe, plate, stud, etc. 11. Check the box corresponding to the type of material where examination was conducted. If other than carbon steel, stainless steel, or other dissimilar metal, check other and enter that material type above check boxes or ion comments section. 12. Enter the subcontractor company name here. 13. Enter the name of the film manufacturer, designation or type, and size as applicable. 14. Check the box corresponding to the number of film in the cassette load. 15. Enter the location (front and/or back) and thickness of lead screens used. 16. Enter the numerical designation of the plaque-type IQI or the alphanumeric designation of wire-type IQI. 17. Enter the thickness of shim(s) used here. 18. Check the box corresponding to the radiation type and/or source used. Fill in the blanks for activity, KV, or mA. 19. Enter the time used for the exposure. 20. Check the box corresponding to the location of IQI placement. 21. Check the appropriate box to denote manual or automatic film processing. 22. Enter the nominal diameter and wall thickness here. 23. Enter the estimated reinforcement thickness here for which IQI selection is based. 24. Enter the source or focal spot size (supplied on manufacturer documentation), when required. 25. Enter the physical source to object dimension here as used to calculate geometric unsharpness, when required. 26. Enter the overall weld or object thickness here. 27. Enter the final calculated geometric unsharpness value here, when required. 28. Enter the identification of the view of the weld or component that was examined, based upon the location marker and intended coverage. e.g. 0-4. 29. Enter the lower value of the density found within plaque-type IQI or lower value found adjacent to the essential wire. 30. Enter the higher value of the density found within plaque-type IQI or higher value found adjacent to the essential wire. 31. Enter the lower value of the density found within the area of interest. 32. Enter the higher value of the density found within the area of interest. 33. Place a mark (check or X) in this space if the image technique and quality is found to be acceptable. 34. Place a mark (check or X) in this space if the image technique and quality is found not to be acceptable. 35. Insert applicable acronyms and/or remarks from the table on the report, as they relate to technique and film (image) quality.

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4MP-T040-S0106 36. Check the box that depicts the exposure arrangement utilized for the examination.

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

37. The certified radiographer who performed the exposure shall sign the report here and enter the subcontractor company name. 38. Insert appropriate NDE certification level, e.g. I, II, or III. 39. Insert date that report was signed by the radiographer shown in field 37. 40. The certified individual who performed the interpretation shall sign the report here. 41. Insert appropriate NDE certification level, e.g. II, or III. 42. Insert date that report was signed by the evaluator shown in field 40. 43. Enter the radiographic exposure technique report number, if applicable. This number is for log or reference purposes only.

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4MP-T040-S0106

RT-ASME (Rev. 5) Radiographic Exposure Technique Report # ________26___ Exhibit 2

Work Request #

[1]
Job #

Nondestructive Examination Report Radiographic Film Interpretation [WR-55]


Job Name Surface Condition [5]

Date

[2]
Diameter / Thickness

[3]
Iso / Dwg #

[4]
Part or Weld #

Ground As Welded
Time of Exam [9]

[6]
N/A Post-PWHT Other
NDE Procedure / Rev

[7]
Code / Weld Class

[8]
Component Configuration

Pre-PWHT
Matl Type [13]

[10]
Weld Procedure / Rev

[11]
Linear: EI C IF IP SI P TI FA

[12]

C/S S/S Dissim. Metal Weld Indication Codes


Surface:

[14]
Undercut Root Concavity Root Convexity Burn Through Mismatch Gouge Mark Arc Strike Other Surface Mark

Rounded: Other:

Elongated Indication Crack Incomplete Fusion Incomplete Penetration Slag Inclusion Porosity Tungsten Inclusion Film Artifact

UC CV CX BT MM GM AB OS

Film Location

Acc

Rej

Ind Code

Remarks / Indication Location

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

SAMPLE
Sketch / Comments [20] Interpreter Level Date

[21]
Review

[22]
Date

[23]

[24]

[25]

4MP-T040-S0106 (WNDE RT ASME Rev 5).doc

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4MP-T040-S0106 Exhibit 2 (Contd) Instructions 1. Enter the number of the Work Request here. 2. Enter the date of the evaluation here. 3. Enter the Bechtel job number here. 4. Enter the project name here.

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

5. Check the box corresponding to the surface condition (ground or as-welded) at the time of examination. 6. Enter the nominal diameter and wall thickness here. 7. Enter the applicable isometric or drawing number for the component examined. The Sketch / Comments section may be used for additional references, if necessary. 8. Enter the identification of the part or weld which was examined. e.g. FW-14. 9. Check the box corresponding to the time at which the examination was performed; either before or after the postweld heat treatment (PWHT). If PWHT is not applicable to the component, weld, or material, check NA. 10. Enter the identification and revision of the applicable examination procedure; e.g. RT-ASME Rev. 4. 11. Enter the alphanumeric designation of the governing fabrication code and acceptance standard, e.g. ASME B31.3 Normal Fluid Service, ASME I, etc. 12. Describe the component configuration; e.g. pipe-to-pipe, elbow-to-pipe, plate, stud, etc. 13. Check the box corresponding to the type of material where examination was conducted. If other than carbon steel, stainless steel, or other dissimilar metal, check other and enter that material type above check boxes or ion comments section. 14. Add the welding procedure designation; e.g. P1-AT-Lh. 15. Enter the identification of the view of the weld or component that was examined, based upon the location marker and intended coverage. e.g. 0-4. 16. Place a mark (check or X) in this space if examination results indicated component or weld acceptance. 17. Place a mark (check or X) in this space if examination results indicated component or weld rejection. 18. Insert applicable acronyms from the table on the report. Refer to the applicable examination procedure for specific definitions of rounded, linear, elongated, etc. 19. Insert any remarks or comments that may be deemed pertinent to the examination. 20. Use this space to provide sketches or additional comments that are significant to the examination. 21. The certified individual who performed the interpretation shall sign the report here. 22. Insert appropriate NDE certification level, e.g. II, or III. 23. Insert date that report was signed. 24. This space shall be signed by the reviewing individual. 25. Reviewer shall insert date that review and signature was performed. 26. Enter the radiographic exposure technique number, if applicable. This number is for log or reference purposes only.

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4MP-T040-S0106

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

9.0 9.1 9.1.1

ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA ASME I Sections of weld that are shown to have any of the following types of imperfections shall be judged unacceptable: a) Elongated Indications (t = thickness of the weld) 1) 2) Any type of crack, or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration. Any other elongated indication which has a length greater than: a) b) c) 3) 1/4 in. for t up to 3/4 in. 1/3 t for t from 3/4 in. to 2-1/4 in. 3/4 in. for t over 2-1/4 in. - where t is the thickness of the weld. Any group of aligned indications that have an aggregate length greater than t in a length of 12t, except when the distance between the successive imperfections exceeds 6L where L is the length of the longest imperfection in the group.

b)

Rounded Indications 1) Rounded indications in excess of those specified by the acceptance standards given in Appendix 1.

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4MP-T040-S0106 9.2 9.2.1

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

ASME VIII Division 1 and 2 Acceptance Criteria, API 650 Acceptance Criteria (For API 650 Use ASME VIII UW-51 / 9.2.1 with Appendix 1 Only). UW-51 / Div. 2 (100% EXAMINATION) The following imperfections shall be unacceptable: a) Elongated Indications 1) 2) Any type of crack, or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration. Any other elongated indication which has a length greater than: a) b) c) 3) a) 1/4 in. for t up to 3/4 in. b) 1/3 t for t from 3/4 in. to 2-1/4 in. c) 3/4 in. for t over 2-1/4 in.

Any group of aligned indications that have an aggregate length greater than t in a length of 12t, except when the distance between the successive imperfections exceeds 6L where L is the length of the longest imperfection in the group. Internal root weld conditions are acceptable when the density or image brightness change as indicated in the radiograph is not abrupt. Linear indications on the radiograph at either edge of such conditions shall be evaluated in accordance with the other sections above.

4)

Note: t = thickness of the weld excluding any allowable reinforcement. If two different thicknesses are welded, t = thickness of thinner member. b) Rounded Indication 1) Rounded indications in excess of those specified in Appendix 1. 9.2.2 UW-52 SPOT EXAMINATION (Not Applicable to Div. 2) The acceptability of welds examined by spot radiography shall be judged by the following standards: a) Linear Indications 1) 2) Welds in which the radiograph shows any type of crack, or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration shall be unacceptable. Welds in which indications are characterized as slag inclusions or cavities shall be unacceptable if the length of any such imperfection is greater than 2/3 t where t is the thickness of the thinner plate welded, excluding any allowable reinforcement. If several imperfections within the above limitations exist in line, the welds shall be judged acceptable if the sum of the longest dimensions of all such imperfections is not more than t in a length of 6t (or proportionately for radiographs shorter than 6t) and if the longest imperfections considered are separated by at least 3L of acceptable weld metal, where L is the length of the longest imperfection. The maximum length of acceptable indications shall be 3/4 in. Any such indications shorter than 1/4 in. shall be acceptable for any plate thickness.

b)

Rounded Indications 1) Rounded indications are not a factor in the acceptability of welds not required to be fully radiographed.

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4MP-T040-S0106 9.3 9.3.1 ASME B31.1 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

Welds that are shown to have any of the following types of discontinuities are unacceptable: a) b) any type of crack or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration; any other elongated indication which has a length greater than: 1) 1/4 in. for t up to 3/4 in., inclusive; 2) 1/3t for t from 3/4 in. to 2-1/4 in., inclusive; 3) 3/4 in. for t over 2-1/4 in. Any group of indications in line that have an aggregate length greater than t in a length of 12t, except where the distance between the successive indications exceeds 6L where L is the longest indication in the group; Porosity in excess of that shown in Appendix 1. Root concavity when there is an abrupt change in density, as indicated on the radiograph.

c)

d) e)

Note: t" referred to in a), b), and c) above is the thickness of the weld being examined; if a weld joins two members having different thicknesses at the weld, "t" is the thinner of these two thicknesses.

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4MP-T040-S0106 9.4 ASME B31.3 Table 1, ASME B31.3 Acceptance Criteria for Welds

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

Criteria for (A to M) for Types of Welds and Service Conditions Normal and Category M Fluid Service Type of Weld
Girth, Miter Groove, & Branch Connection (Note 4) Girth, Miter Groove, & Branch Connection (Note 4)

Severe Cyclic Conditions Type of Weld


Girth & Miter Groove

Category D Fluid Service Type of Weld


Branch Connection (Note 4) Longitudinal Groove (Note 2) Fillet (Note 3)

Longitudinal Groove(Note 2)

Longitudinal Groove(Note 2)

Fillet (Note 3)

Type of Weld Imperfection


Crack Lack of Fusion Incomplete Penetration Internal Porosity Internal Slag Inclusion, Tungsten Inclusion, or Elongated Indication Undercutting Concave Root Surface (Suck-Up)

A A B E G H K

A A A E G A K

A A na na na H na

A A A D F A K

A A A D F A K

Fillet (Note 3)

A A na na na A na

A C C na na I K

A A A na na A K

A na na na na H na

A A B na na H K

n/a = not applicable

Criteria Value Notes For Table 1 (Above) Symbol A B Criteria Measure


Extent of Imperfection Depth of Incomplete Penetration Cumulative Length of Incomplete Penetration Depth of Lack of Fusion and Incomplete Penetration Cumulative Length of Lack of Fusion and Incomplete Penetration (Note 7) Size and distribution of Internal Porosity Size and distribution of Internal Porosity Slag inclusion, tungsten inclusion, or elongated indication: Individual Length Individual Width Cumulative Length Slag inclusion, tungsten inclusion, or elongated indication: Individual Length Individual Width Cumulative Length Depth of Undercut Depth of Undercut Depth of Root Surface Concavity

Acceptable Value Limits (Note 6)


Zero (No evident imperfection) 1/32 Inch and 0.2 Tw 1.5 Inch in any 6 Inch Weld Length 0.2 Tw 1.5 Inch in any 6 Inch Weld Length See Appendix 1 For Tw 1/4 inch, limit is same as D For Tw > 1/4 inch, limit is 1.5 times D Tw/3 3/32 inch and Tw/3 Tw in any 12Tw weld length 2Tw 1/8 inch and Tw/2 4Tw in any 6 inch weld length 1/32 Inch and Tw / 4 1/16 Inch and (Tw / 4 or 1/32 Inch) Total Joint Thickness, including weld reinforcement, Tw

C D E F

H I K
Notes:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

Criteria given are for required examination. Longitudinal groove weld includes straight and spiral seam. Fillet welds include socket and seal welds, attachment welds for slip on flanges, branch reinforcement, and supports. Branch connection welds include pressure retaining welds in branches and fabricated laps. These imperfections are evaluated only for welds 3/16 inch nominal thickness. Where two limiting values are separated by and, the lesser of the values determines acceptance. Where two sets of values are separated by or, the larger value is acceptable. Tw is the nominal wall thickness of the thinner of two components joined by a butt weld. Tightly butted unfused root faces are unacceptable. For groove welds, height is the lesser of the measurements made from the surfaces of the adjacent components; both reinforcement and internal protrusions are permitted in a weld. For fillet welds, height is measured from the theoretical throat (see Figure 3). Internal protrusion does not apply.

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4MP-T040-S0106 9.5 9.5.1 AWWA D100

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

Sections of welds shown by radiography to have any of the following imperfections shall be judged unacceptable: a) b) Any crack, incomplete fusion, or inadequate penetration. Any individual elongated inclusion having a length greater than two-thirds the thickness of the thinner plate of the joint except that, regardless of the plate thickness, no such inclusion shall be longer than 3/4 in. and no such inclusion shorter than 1/4 in. shall be cause for rejection. Any group of inclusions in line, in which the sum of the longest dimensions of all such imperfections is greater than T (T being the thickness of the thinner plate joined) in a length of 6T, except when the space between every pair of adjacent imperfections is greater than three times the length of the longer of the imperfections; when the length of the radiograph is less than 6T, the permissible sum of the lengths of all inclusions shall be proportionately less than T, provided the limits of the deficient welding are clearly defined. Rounded indications in excess of these shown as acceptable in Appendix 1.

c)

d)

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4MP-T040-S0106 9.6 9.6.1 API 1104, ASME B31.4 and ASME B31.8 Acceptance Criteria Inadequate Penetration without High-low IP shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist: a) b) c) 9.6.2 The length of an individual indication of IP exceeds 1 in.

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

The aggregate length of indications of IP in any continuous 12 in. length of weld exceeds 1 in. The aggregate length of indications of IP exceeds 8% of the weld length in any weld less than 12 in. in length.

Inadequate Penetration Due to High-low Inadequate penetration due to high-low (IPD) is defined as the condition that exists when one edge of the root is exposed (or unbonded) because adjacent pipe or fitting joints are misaligned. IPD shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist: a) b) The length of an individual indication of IPD exceeds 2 in. The aggregate length of indications of IPD in any continuous 12 in. length of weld exceeds 3 in.

9.6.3

Inadequate Cross-Penetration Inadequate cross penetration (ICP) is defined as a subsurface imperfection between the first inside pass and the first outside pass that is caused by inadequately penetrating the vertical land faces. ICP shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist: a) b) The length of an individual indication of ICP exceeds 2 in. The aggregate length of indications of ICP in any continuous 12 in. length of weld exceeds 2 in.

9.6.4

Incomplete Fusion Not Due to Cold Lap Incomplete fusion (IF) is defined as a surface imperfection between the weld metal and the base material that is open to the surface. IF shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist: a) b) c) The length of an individual indication of IF exceeds 1 in. The aggregate length of indications of IF in any continuous 12 in. length of weld exceeds 1 in. The aggregate length of indications of IF exceeds 8% of the weld length in any weld less than 12 in. in length.

9.6.5

Incomplete Fusion Due to Cold Lap Incomplete fusion due to cold lap (IFD) is defined as an imperfection between two adjacent weld beads or between the weld metal and the base metal that is not open to the surface. IFD shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist: a) b) c) The length of an individual indication of IFD exceeds 2 in. The aggregate length of indications of IFD in any continuous 12 in. length of weld exceeds 2 in. The aggregate length of indications of lFD exceeds 8% of the weld length.

9.6.6

Internal Concavity Any length of internal concavity is acceptable, provided the density of the radiographic image of the internal concavity does not exceed that of the thinnest adjacent parent material. For areas that exceed the density of the thinnest adjacent parent material, the criteria for burn-through (see 9.6.7) are applicable.

9.6.7 9.6.7.1 9.6.7.2

Burn-through A burn-through (BT) is defined as a portion of the root bead where excessive penetration has caused the weld puddle to be blown into the pipe. For pipe with an outside diameter greater than or equal to 2.375 in., a BT shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist: a) The maximum dimension exceeds 1/4 in. and the density in any portion of the BTs image exceeds that of the thinnest adjacent parent material.

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4MP-T040-S0106 API 1104, ASME B31.4 and ASME B31.8 Acceptance Criteria (Contd) b) c)

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

The maximum dimension exceeds the thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses joined, and the density in any portion of the BTs image exceeds that of the thinnest adjacent parent material. The sum of the maximum dimensions of separate BTs whose image density for any portion of the BTs exceeds that of the thinnest adjacent parent material and exceeds 1/2 in. in any continuous 12 in. length of weld or the total weld length, whichever is less.

9.6.7.3

For pipe with an outside diameter less than 2.375 in., a BT shall be considered a defect when any of the following conditions exists: a) b) c) The maximum dimension exceeds 1/4 in. and the density in any portion of the BTs image exceeds that of the thinnest adjacent parent material. The maximum dimension exceeds the thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses joined, and the density in any portion of the BTs image exceeds that of the thinnest adjacent parent material. More than one BT of any size is present and the density in any portion of the BTs image exceeds that of the thinnest adjacent parent material.

9.6.8 9.6.8.1

Slag Inclusions A slag inclusion is defined as a nonmetallic solid entrapped in the weld metal or between the weld metal and the parent material. Elongated slag inclusions (ESIs) - e.g., continuous or broken slag lines or wagon tracks-are usually found at the fusion zone. Isolated slag inclusions (ISIs) are irregularly shaped and may be located anywhere in the weld. For evaluation purposes, when the size of a radiographic indication of slag is measured, the indications maximum dimension shall be considered its length. For pipe with an outside diameter greater than or equal to 2.375 in., slag inclusions shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist: a) The length of an ESI indication exceeds 2 in.
Note: Parallel ESI indications separated by approximately the width of the root bead (wagon tracks) shall be considered a single indication unless the width of either of them exceeds 1/32 in. In that event, they shall be considered separate indications.

9.6.8.2

b) c) d) e) f) g) 9.6.8.3

The aggregate length of ESI indications in any continuous 12 in. length of weld exceeds 2 in. The width of an ESI indication exceeds 1/16 in. The aggregate length of ISI indications in any continuous 12 in. length of weld exceeds 1/2 in. The width of an ISI indication exceeds 1/8 in. More than four ISI indications with the maximum width of 1/8 in. are present in any continuous 12 in. length of weld. The aggregate length of ESI and ISI indications exceeds 8% of the weld length.

For pipe with an outside diameter less than 2.375 in., slag inclusions shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist: a) The length of an ESI indication exceeds three times the thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses joined.
Note: Parallel ESI indications separated by approximately the width of the root bead (wagon tracks) shall be considered a single indication unless the width of either of them exceeds 1/32 in. In that event, they shall be considered separate indications.

b) c) d) 9.6.9 9.6.9.1

The width of an ESI indication exceeds 1/16 in. The aggregate length of ISI indications exceeds two times the thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses joined and the width exceeds one-ball the thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses joined. The aggregate length of ESI and ISI indications exceeds 8% of the weld length.

Porosity Porosity is defined as gas trapped by solidifying weld metal before the gas has a chance to rise to the surface of the molten puddle and escape. Porosity is generally spherical but may be elongated or irregular in shape, such as piping (wormhole) porosity. When the size of the radiographic indication produced by a pore is measured, the maximum dimension of the indication shall apply to the criteria given in 9.6.9.2 through 9.6.9.4.

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4MP-T040-S0106 API 1104, ASME B31.4 and ASME B31.8 Acceptance Criteria (Contd) 9.6.9.2

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

Individual or scattered porosity (P) shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist: a) b) c) The size of an individual pore exceeds 1/8 in. The size of an individual pore exceeds 25% of the thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses joined. The distribution of scattered porosity exceeds the concentration permitted by Figures 3 or 4.

9.6.9.3

Cluster porosity (CP) that occurs in any pass except the finish pass shall comply with the criteria of 9.6.9.2. CP that occurs in the finish pass shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist. a) b) The diameter of the cluster exceeds 1/2 in. The aggregate length of CP in any continuous 12 in. length of weld exceeds 1/2 in.

9.6.9.4

Hollow-bead porosity (HB) is defined as elongated linear porosity that occurs in the root pass. HB shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist: a) b) c) d) The length of an individual indication of HB exceeds 1/2 in. The aggregate length of indications of HB in any continuous 12 in. length of weld exceeds 2 in. Individual indications of HB, each greater than 1/4 in. in length, are separated by less than 2 in. The aggregate length of all indications of HB exceeds 8% of the weld length.

9.6.10

Cracks Cracks (C) shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exists: a) b) The crack, of any size or location in the weld, is not a shallow crater crack or star crack. The crack is a shallow crater crack or star crack with a length that exceeds 5/32 in.

Note: Shallow crater cracks or star cracks are located at the stopping point of weld beads and are the result of weld metal contractions during solidification.

9.6.11

Undercutting Undercutting adjacent to the cover pass (EU) or root pass (IU) shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exists: a) b) The aggregate length of indications of EU and IU, in any combination, in any continuous 12 in. length of weld exceeds 2 in. The aggregate length of indications of EU and IU, in any combination, exceeds one-sixth of the weld length.

9.6.12

Accumulation of Imperfections Excluding incomplete penetration due to high-low and undercutting, any accumulation of imperfections (AI) shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist: a) b) The aggregate length of indications in any continuous 12 in. length of weld exceeds 2 in. The aggregate length of indications exceeds 8% of the weld length.

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4MP-T040-S0106 Figure 3 API 1104, ASME B31.4, ASME B31.8 Acceptance Criteria Wall Thickness 1/2" or Less, Maximum Distribution Of Porosity (Dimensions Refer to Paragraph 9.6.9)

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

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4MP-T040-S0106

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

Figure 4 API 1104, ASME B31.4, ASME B31.8 Acceptance Criteria Wall Thickness Over 1/2", Maximum Distribution of Gas Porosity (Dimensions Refer to Paragraph 9.6.9)

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4MP-T040-S0106 Appendix 1 Acceptance Standard for Rounded Indications In Welds

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

A1-1 This appendix shall be used to evaluate rounded indications for radiographs of welds required to meet ASME I, ASME VIII (100 percent examination criteria only), ASME B31.1, ASME B31.3, API 620, AWWA D100, and API 650. A1-2 Definitions a) Rounded Indications: Indications with a maximum length of three times the width or less on the radiograph are defined as rounded indications. These indications may be circular, elliptical, conical, or irregular in shape and may have tails. When evaluating the size of an indication, the tail shall be included. The indication may be from any imperfection in the weld, such as porosity, slag, or tungsten. b) Aligned Indications: A sequence of four or more rounded indications shall be considered to be aligned when they touch a line parallel to the length of the weld drawn through the center of the two outer rounded indications. c) Thickness t: "t" is the thickness of the weld, of the pressure-retaining material, or of the thinner of the sections being joined, whichever is least. If a full penetration weld includes a fillet weld, the thickness of the fillet weld throat shall be included in t. A1-3 Acceptance Criteria a) Image Density; Density within the image of the indication may vary and is not a criterion for acceptance or rejection. b) Relevant Indications (See Table A1-1 for examples): Only those rounded indications which exceed the following dimensions shall be considered relevant. 1) 2) 3) 4) 1/10t for t less than 1/8 in. 1/64 in. for t from 1/8 in. to 1/4 in., incl. 1/32 in. for t greater than 1/4 in. to 2 in., incl. 1/16 in. for t greater than 2 in.

c) Maximum Size of Rounded Indication (see table A1-1 for examples); The maximum permissible size of any indication shall be 1/4t, or 5/32 in., whichever is smaller; except that an isolated indication separated from an adjacent indication by 1 in. or more may be 1/3t, or 1/4 in., whichever is less. For t greater than 2 in. the maximum permissible size of an isolated indication shall be increased to 3/8 in. d) Aligned Rounded Indications; Aligned rounded indications are acceptable when the summation of the diameters of the indications is less than t in a length of 12t. See Figure A1-1(a). The length of groups of aligned rounded indications and the spacing between the groups shall meet the requirements of Figure A11(b). e) Spacing: The distance between adjacent rounded indications is not a factor in determining acceptance or rejection, except as required for isolated indications or groups of aligned indications. f) Rounded Indication Charts; The rounded indications characterized as imperfections shall not exceed that shown in the charts. The charts in Figures A1-2 through A1-7 illustrate various types of assorted, randomly dispersed and clustered rounded indications for different weld thicknesses greater than 1/8 inch. These charts represent the maximum acceptable concentration limits for rounded indications. The charts for each thickness range represent full-scale 6 in. radiographs, and shall not be enlarged or reduced. The distributions shown are not necessarily the patterns that may appear on the radiograph, but are typical of the concentration and size of indications permitted.

g) Weld Thickness Less Than 1/8 in: For t less than 1/8 in., the maximum number of rounded indications shall not exceed 12 in a 6 in. length of weld. A proportionally fewer number of indications shall be permitted in welds less than 6 in. in length. h) Clustered Indications: The illustrations (Figures A1-2 to A1-7) for clustered indications show up to four times as many indications in a local area as that shown in the illustrations for random indications. The length of an acceptable cluster shall not exceed the lesser of 1 inch or 2t. Where more than one cluster is present, the sum of the lengths of the clusters shall not exceed 1 in. in a 6 in. length weld.
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4MP-T040-S0106

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

Appendix 1 Table A1-1 Maximum Size of Acceptable Rounded Indication, Inches


Thickness, (t), inches Random Isolated Maximum Size of Nonrelevant Indication, inches

< 1/8 1/8 3/16 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 9/16 5/8 11/16 3/4 to 2.0 > 2.0

1/4t 0.031 0.047 0.063 0.078 0.091 0.109 0.125 0.142 0.156 0.156 0.156 0.156

1/3t 0.042 0.063 0.083 0.104 0.125 0.146 0.168 0.188 0.210 0.230 0.250 0.375

1/10t 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.063

NOTE: This Table contains examples only.

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4MP-T040-S0106 Appendix 1

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

(a) Figure A1-1 Groups of Aligned Rounded Indications

(b)

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4MP-T040-S0106

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

Appendix 1

Random Rounded Indications


(Typical Concentration and Size Permitted In any 6 Inch Length of Weld)

Isolated Indication ( Maximum Size Per Table A1-1)

Cluster

Figure A1-2 Charts for t 1/8 Inch to 1/4 Inch, Inclusive

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4MP-T040-S0106 Appendix 1

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

Random Rounded Indications


Typical concentration and size permitted in any 6 in. length of weld

Isolated Indication (Maximum Size Per Table A1-1)

Cluster

Figure A1-3 Charts for "t" Over 1/4 Inch to 3/8 Inch, Inclusive

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4MP-T040-S0106

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

Appendix 1

Random Rounded Indications


(Typical Concentration and Size Permitted In Any 6 In. Length of Weld)

Isolated Indication
(Maximum Size Per Table A1-1)

Cluster

Figure A1-4 Charts for t Over 3/8 Inch to 3/4 Inch, Inclusive

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4MP-T040-S0106

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

Appendix 1

Random Rounded Indications


(Typical Concentration and Size Permitted In Any 6 in. Length of Weld)

Isolated Indication
(Maximum Size Per Table A1-1)

Cluster

Figure A1-5 Charts for t Over 3/4 Inch to 2 Inches, Inclusive

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4MP-T040-S0106 Appendix 1

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

Random Rounded Indications


(Typical Concentration and Size Permitted In Any 6 In. Length of Weld)

Isolated Indication
(Maximum Size Per Table A1-1)

Cluster

Figure A1-6 Charts for t Over 2 Inches to 4 Inches, Inclusive

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4MP-T040-S0106 Appendix 1

RT-ASME (Rev. 5)

Random Rounded Indications


(Typical Concentration and Size Permitted In Any 6 In. Length of Weld)

Isolated Indication Cluster


(Maximum Size Per Table A1-1)

Cluster

Figure A1-7 Charts for t Over 4 Inches

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