1.

Which of the following statements best reflect the functions of theory? (1) a theory leads to testable predictions of possible relationships. (2) a theory helps prove the correctness of certain scientific facts (3) a theory is a useful framework for organising information (4) a theory guides research in a scientific discipline a b c d 1 and 2

1 and 3 1, 3, and 4 1, 2, 3, and 4

2.

4-months-old infants were found to look longer and sometimes become distressed when they heard the voice of a different woman coming from the video on which they saw their mother speaking. This indicates that: a b c d the infants can perceive the discrepancy between mother's and stranger's voice. the infants recognise their mother's face and voice. the infants are capable of intersensory perception. all of the above.

3.

3-months-old infants can discriminate between phonemes. This means that they can: a b c d they can tell the difference between various high-pitched sounds. they can tell the difference between various basic speech sounds they can tell the difference between various words. they can tell the difference between various frequencies

4. If Juanita sees an aeroplane and calls it a bird, she is: a b c d assimilating organising misapprehending accommodating

5. Focussing attention on one detail, such as the length of an object, rather than on the length and width, is: a b c d 6. perception bound by thought irreversibility centration conservation

Vygotsky thought make-believe play was influential because: a b c d it is a zone of proximal development wherein children advance themselves it is very similar to other zones of proximal development adults can use it as scaffolding of its rule-based nature

7.

Which of the following control processes can determine which information is screened out of the sensory store? a b c d rehearsal organisation and association selective attention mnemonics

8.

A production deficiency is: a b c d the failure of a strategy to work even when used a failure to use an already known strategy an unskilled use of a strategy a complete inability to use a strategy

9.

People in non-Western cultures without formal schooling: a b c d use the same memory strategies that Westerners do at the same ages do not spontaneously generate memory strategies such as semantic organisation appear to have better memories for word lists materials than Westerners do easily benefit from strategy training

10.

Young children use more nouns than verbs because:

a b c d 11.

nouns are easier to pronounce parents reinforce nouns more the language contains more nouns verbs are cognitively more complex

Which child will probably have strong conversational skills in the area of regulating social exchanges? a b c d A first-born child who spends a lot of time playing with other firstborn children A younger sibling who often plays with an older brother and cousin A younger sibling who usually plays with a parent A low-SES child who is the youngest in a large family

12.

Separation from the mother is likely to elicit the greatest amount of protest from an infant under which of the following circumstances? e f g h i The child cannot yet differentiate between mother and other adults. The child can differentiate between familiar and unfamiliar adults and is left with several unfamiliar adults. The child leaves the mother, as opposed to the mother leaving the child. The child does not understand that people exist even when out of sight.

13.

Which of these factors seems most important if a child who is placed in an institution is to be able to have a healthy emotional/social development? j k l m One or a few consistent, responsive caregivers. A high ratio of staff members to infants. Good medical care and adequate nutrition. A stimulating environment with books and toys.

14.

Whether Adam, a 1-year-old, will show wariness of strangers or play with an unfamiliar toy is largely determined by: n o p q his care givers emotional expression. what the other children in this situation are doing. the facial expression of the stranger. the attractiveness rating of the toy.

15.

When children see pictures of a smiling child with a broken toy and are asked how the pictured child feels: r s t u preschoolers say the child is happy. preschoolers say the child is sad. older children say the child is happy. older children say the child is sad.

16.

Claire touches her nose and looks embarrassed after she sees a dot of red lipstick on her nose in the mirror. She is likely to be age______months. v w x y 6 12 18 24

17.

With increasing age, the number of psychological characteristics children mention about the self: z increases aa decreases bb remains about the same cc decreases rapidly then levels off

18.

Recursive thought is: dd thinking about what another person is thinking ee imagining what other people are thinking and feeling ff continually thinking about the same thing gg thinking about effective ways to handle social situations hh the experience of deja vue

19.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a model who

children are more likely to imitate?

ii jj ll competent and powerful same sex as the child kk practices what he or she preaches mm warm and responsive 20. Which of the following statements about moral development is inaccurate: nn the first stage of Piagets theory of moral development is heteronomous morality

oo authoritarian parenting is negatively correlated with maturity of moral judgement pp Kohlberg believed changes in moral reasoning were motivated by guilt qq according to Kohlberg a law and order orientation to morality is characteristic of someone in the conventional stage of moral development rr

21

Five-year-old Emily is allowed to stay up late watching television, is unable to do many age-related activities ( such as tying her shoes), and is extremely immature. We can anticipate that as an adolescent, Emily will: ss tt Be happy, well-adjusted, and an academically talented students. Anxious, withdrawn, unhappy, with tendencies towards physical aggression

uu Exhibit poor self-control, be unsuccessful in school, and be defiant of authority figures. vv Have angry outbursts and be at high risk of juvenile delinquency ww 22 An interesting feature concerning preschool childrens sex stereotypes is that they are xx more variable than those of older children yy rigid and inflexible zz inconsistent from day to day aaa nonexistent until school years

23.

One important characteristic of peer groups in middle childhood and adolescence is: bbb tolerance for differences between members. ccc a social structure that includes leaders and followers. ddd equality between members, without leaders or followers. eee being rejected by parents and mainstream society

24.

How are negative effects of excessive home computer use similar to those of TV viewing? fff The effects on children of violent computer games are similar to those for violent TV ggg Both produce eye strain and carpel tunnel syndrome.

hhh Both positively impact social skills development. iii jjj 25. Which of the following is supported by research on delinquency? i adolescent-onset delinquency is more likely to lead to a lifecourse pattern of aggression and criminality compared to childhood-onset delinquency Teenagers with childhoodonset delinquency are more likely to engage in more violent antisocial behaviours than do teenagers with adolescent onset delinquency Finding a steady job and entering a happy marriage can lead to large reductions in repeat offending among late-onset types Late onset types show early deficits in cognitive functioning. Both i and iv are correct. Both ii and iii are correct Both iii and iv are correct Only iii is correct There are no negative effects of home computer use.

ii

iii iv a b c d

Correct answers. 1 c, 2d, 3b,4a,5c,6a,7c,8b,9d,10d,11b,12b,13a,14a,15a, 16c,17a,18a,19c,20c,21c,22b,23b,24a,25c.

kkk