EE5903 Real-time Systems

Introduction to Real-time Systems

Mandar Chitre

Course Outline
Introduction to real-time systems Real-time system design Inter-process communication Inter-process synchronization Implementation of concurrency Case studies Real-time operating systems Process scheduling Reliability, testing & fault tolerance
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What are RTS?

Timeliness is as important as the correctness of the outputs

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Types of RTS
Acceptance Level
Deadline

Hard RTS

Time

Acceptance Level

Deadline

Firm RTS

Time Acceptance Level

Deadline

Soft RTS

Time
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Formal Denition
A system has a set of one or more inputs and a set of one or more outputs The time between the presentation of a set of inputs to a system, and the appearance of the associated outputs is called the response time of the system A real-time system is a system that must satisfy explicit bounded response-time constraints The logical correctness of a real-time system is based on both the correctness of the outputs and their timeliness

Inputs: i1 ... in

System

Outputs: o1 ... om

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Embedded Systems
An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, often with real-time computing constraints

Medical Automotive Consumer Ofce Automation 80-95% of computers worldwide are embedded! Aerospace & Defense

Other Telecom

Industrial Automation
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Characteristics of RTS
Interaction with the real world Concurrency & inter-process communication Long-term reliability & graceful degradation

Chernobyl 1986
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Classes of RTS
Data acquisition/processing systems Digital control systems On-line transaction processing systems

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Control Systems

Environment analog Sensors digital Real-time System

analog Actuators digital

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Example
A Volvo S80 has more than 50 embedded computers! 25-30% of the cost of the car

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RTS Engineering
User requirement specications (URS) Software design Implementation & testing Choice of OS & implementation platform

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RTS Engineering
User Requirement Specications Capture real-time constraints Software Design High-level design decisions must keep real-time constraints in view Concurrency, throughput, error recovery, response time to be addressed at design time Identify problems and weaknesses early

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RTS Engineering
Implementation & Testing Concurrency & timing issues to be addressed & tested explicitly Extensive validation & testing Choice of OS & Platform RTOS Distributed processing SoC, ASIC, FPGA implementations

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Summary
Denition and characteristics of real-time systems Differences between hard, rm and soft real-time systems Embedded systems and real-time software are the most prevalent computer systems around Characteristics and classes of real-time systems Engineering considerations for real-time systems

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