Chapter 7: Motion in 2 Dimensions

When an object is projected so that it moves horizontally as well as vertically, it is said to be a 2D projectile.

When we solve such problems, we use the same equations of motion to do calculations in the horizontal and vertical directions independently. Note: horizontally, ; vertically,

Horizontally Launched Projectile

Example 1: A cannonball fired horizontally on the top of a 75 m high cliff moves with an initial speed of 1769 ft/s (note: 1 ft = 0.3048 m). a) Determine how long it takes for the cannonball to drop into the sea. b) Determine the horizontal displacement, dx. c) Determine the final velocity of the cannonball just before hitting the water. Solution: a) Vertically <y>

 b) Horizontally <x> c) Vertically <y>

( ) , below the horizontal.

The final velocity, , is Circular Motion

To change an objects velocity, we need to apply a non-zero net force ( ). When an object moves in a curve, the direction of the object constantly changes and so its velocity is changing (even if its speed remains constant). Thus a force is needed to make an object move in a curved motion. In circular motion, the acceleration of an object moving with constant speed, v, with a radius of curvature, r, is given by:

where ac is the centripetal acceleration.

The net force for uniform circular motion is centre of the motion.

. Fc and ac are always directed towards the

Example: The Earth revolves around the sun in about 365 days in a year. Calculate the centripetal force acting on the Earth if we assume uniform circular motion. Data: mass of Earth = 5.98 1024 kg radius of Earths orbit around the Sun = 1.50 1011 m

This centripetal force on the Earth is caused by the gravitational pull of the Sun on the Earth. Forces in 2-D: Inclined Plane At the point of moving,

and

(on a level surface)

Moving at a constant speed,

Find

by drawing a graph of

or

against

or

8 data points

Now find

on an inclined plane: Case B: Not Frictionless

Case A: Frictionless

At the point of moving,

SOH CAH TOA

Example

Calculate the acceleration down the slope when a) the ramp is frictionless

b) the ramp has a coefficient of friction (kinetic) of 0.05 with the objects base surface