CH 19 Electric Charges, Forces, and Fields

Subject Relevant Equations Relationships

Magnitude of Electron's Charge:
e e=1.60x10-19 C
S.I.= Coulomb, C
µC=10-6 C
me=9.11 x 10-31 kg
mp=1.673 x 10-27 kg •Electric charge is quantized meaning all objects
Electric Charge mn=1.675 x 10-27kg have a net charge that is an integral of e.
•Total electric charge of the universe is
constant. •No physical process can increase or
decrease the total amount of charge in the
universe.
•Charge by separation either creates a positive
(lose electron) or negative (gain) ion.
Conservation of •Charge separation occurs when objects are
Electric Charge rubbed against each other or when they collide.
•Attractive charge in one object induces a
charge in the neutral object yielding attracting
charges.
Polarization •Can be positive or negative

Insulator Semiconductor
s Conductors s
•Charges
are not •Charges can move freely.
free to •Usually metals.
move. •Conductors need an insulating
•Usually base to prevent conducted charge •Can be good
nonmetalli from flowing freely to the ground. insulators or
c •Photoconductive: Materials conductors at
substance that conduct when exposed to certain
Insulators/Condu s light but insulate in the dark. temperatures.
ctors
•Magnitude of electrostatic force is
proportional
to the product of the charges and
inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between them.

Newton's
Coulomb's Law Law
•F=kq1q2/r2
•Intrinsic quantity is
charge.
•Electric force can be
both positive or •F=Gm1m2/r2
negative. •Intrinsic
(Force between protons and •Electric force is quantity is
electrons) greater than mass.
F=kq1q2/r2 gravitational force. •Gravitationa
S.I.= N k=8.99 x 109N•m2/C2 •Electric force cancels l force is
(Force between point charge for neutral force always
and sphere) objects. attractive.
Coulomb's Law F=kqQ/r2
Superposition Total force is equal to the •When determining total force acting on charge,
vector sum of all charge always calculate magnitude of each individual
because force is a vector force acting on charge first.
quantity. •Then assign directions.
•Surface charge density is the amount of charge
CH 19 Electric Charges, Forces, and Fields
per area.
Q=σA
A=4πR2
S.I σ=C/m2
Q=σ(4πR2)
•Spherical charge distribution behaves the same
as if call charge were concentrated at a center
point.
Electric Field of Point
Electric Field Charge
•E=F/q0
•Where q0=test charge •E=kq/r2
•F=charge at given location S.I.= N/C •Positive charge in a field
•Applies to whether force is due to single points outward.
charge or to a group of charges. •A negative point charge
•Positive charge experiences a force in the points inward.
direction of E. •Vector sum can also
•A negative charge experiences a force in the calculate the total electric
direction opposite of E. field in point charges.
Electric Fields

1.) Point in the direction of the electric field vector E out every point.
2.) Start at positive or infinity
3.) End at negative or infinity
4) More dense E has greater magnitude Number of lines entering /leaving is
Electric Field proportional to magnitude of charge.
Lines
Parallel Plate Separated by distance d
Capacitor
Conduction Situations
Excess
Charge Shielding Conductor Surfaces Induction
•Excess •Electric field lines •Charging by contact.
charge on a •When electric make contact with •Grounding is used to
conductive, charges are in conductive surfaces describe the
or negative equilibrium, at right angles. connection of the
surface, the electric sphere with the ground
moves to field within a •Electric fields with a conducting wire.
the exterior conductor is 0, charges are more •After grounding,
surface of E=0. densely packed at positive charge is
the sharp points, hence Induced Inductio
conductor. •This works in they are more Spheres n
one direction intense. •Have •Contact
only. opposite between
signs the rod
compare and the
d to the sphere
charged produces
rod charge of
the same
signs.
trapped.

Conduction
Perpendic Parallel At Angle Θ
Φ=EA ular
Φ=EAcosΘ Φ=EA Φ=0 Φ=EAcosΘ
Electric Flux S.I.=N•m2/C S.I.=N•m2/C
CH 19 Electric Charges, Forces, and Fields
Gaussian Surface
(an imaginary spherical surface)
Gaussian
Surface
Through Gaussian Encloses
Gaussian Surface Spherical
Surface with Shell Shell
•Φ=Q/ε0
•E=kQ/ri2
•Spherical
shell does
not affect
electric flux •E=0
because they •Φ=0 •Φ=E(4πr32)
are not •Net •E=kQ/r32
Permittivity of Free Space contained charge=0 Q/4πε0r32
ε0=1/4πk or 8.55 x 10-12 within a •Induced •Φ=E(2A)
Gauss's Law C2/N•m2 Φ=q/εo N•m2/C surface charge =-Q •E=σ/2ε0