Determinants : 101

5 DETERMINANTS

5.1 INTRODUCTION
In previous classes, you have learnt various methods of solving linear equations in two variables. Let us consider the system of linear equations a1 x + b1 y = c 1 a2 x + b2 y = c 2 On solving for x and y we get b2 c 1 b1 c 2 x = a1 b 2 a2 b 1 provided a1 b 2 a2 b 1 0 The value of a1 b 2 a2 b 1 determine whether the values of x and y exist or not. The expression a1 b 2 a2 b 1 is also written as a1 a2 b1 b2 and y = a1 b 2 a2 b 1 a1 c 2 a2 c 1

and is called a determinant.

102 :: Mathematics

Now, in this lesson, we shall introduce the concept of determinants . The concept of determinants is a useful tool in solving system of linear equations in two or three variables.

5.2 OBJECTIVES
After studying this lesson you will be able to: express a1 b 2 a2 b 1 in the form of a determinant write the order of a given determinant e.g., a1 a2 b1 b2

evaluate a determinant using SARRUS diagram. form a determinant of order 3, when its general term is given. find the value of a determinant of an order not exceeding 3. find the minors determinant. and cofactors of an element of a

5.3 DETERMINANTS OF ORDER 2

Given four numbers a, b , c , d (real or complex) the expression ad bc is written as a b c d

You can notice that it has two horizontal lines a c and b d and two vertical lines a and c b d

The horizontal lines are called rows and the vertical lines are called columns. Since, it has two rows and two columns, it is called a determinant of order 2. a c and is also denoted by or A

Determinants : 103

b d The number a, b , c and d are called elements of the determinant and the number ( a d b c ) is the value of determinant . The general element of a determinant is written as a ij , i.e., the element belongs to ith row and jth column. Let us consider the determinant a 11 a 21 a 12 a 22

i.e., all belongs to the 1 st row and 1st column. a12 belongs to the 1st row and 2 nd column

a21 belong to the 2 nd row and 1 st column a22 belongs to the 2nd row and 2 nd column Checkpoint 1 : 1. 1 0 1 2 4 2 3 5 6 is a determinant of order 3. Why ?

2.

a+2 b 0 a2 b

0 c +2 d c2 d

b+2c 0 b +2 c

Find a12, a22 , a31 and a32 Characteristics of a determinant of order 2. (i) (ii) (iii) It has two rows It has two columns The number of elements is 2 = 4

5.4 SARRUS DIAGRAM OF ORDER 2

FOR A DETERMINANT

A formal rule for the expansion of a determinant of order 2

104 :: Mathematics

may be stated as follows: In the determinant a 11 b 21 a 12 b 22

Write down the elements in the following manner a 11 b 21 a 12 b 22

Multiply the elements shown by the arrows. The sign of the arrow going downwards is + ve, i.e., a11 b 22 and the sign of the arrow, going upwards is ve, i.e., b 21 a12 . a11 Add these two products, i.e., a 11 b 22 + ( b 21 a 12 ) or b 22 b 21 a12 which is the required value of the determinant. Evaluate (ii) 121 79 79 121 (iii) 35 10 18 25

Example A : (i) 6 8 4 2

Solution: (i) The Sarrus diagram is 6 8 4 2 4 2 79 121 18 25 = (3525) { ( 1 0 ) 18} = 875 + 180 = 1055 = 6 (2) 8 (4) = 20 = (121) (79) = (121+79)(12179) = 200 42 = 8400

6 8

(ii)

121 79

(iii)

35 10

Determinants : 105

Example B: (i)

Evaluate 2b a+ b (ii) x+ x +1 x x +1 x +1 x1

a+ b 2a

Solution: (i) a+ b 2a 2b a+ b = (a + b ) (2a)(2 b ) = a + 2 ab + b 4 ab = a+ b 2 ab = ( a b ) (ii) x + x +1 x x +1 x +1 x1 = ( x + x +1)( x 1)( x +1)( x x +1) = ( x + x + x x x 1) ( x x + x + x x +1) = 2 Example C : Find the value of x if (i) x3 x +1 (iii) x = 6 , x +3 x +1 2 x 1 + 9 = 0 2 x 1 x +1 Solution: (i) Now, x 3 x +1 x x +3 = ( x 3)(x +3) x (x +1) = (x 9) x x = x 9 x +1 4 x +2 (ii) 2 x 1 2 x +1 = 0,

According to the question, x 9 = 6 (ii) x = 15 = (2 x 1)(4 x +2)( x +1)(2 x +1) = 8 x +4 x 4 x 22 x x 2 x 1 = 6 x 3x 3 = 3(2 x x 1)

Now, 2 x 1 2 x +1 x +1 4 x +2

106 :: Mathematics

According to the question, 3(2 x x 1) = 0 2 x x 1 = 0

x =

1 1+ 8 13 = 4 4

=1,

1 2

the equation is a quadratic equation in x )

(iii)

Now, x +1

2 x 1 = ( x+1) (2 x1) = x +2 x+1 (4 x 4 x +1) = 3 x +6x

2 x 1 x +1

According to the question, 3 x+6 x+9 = 0 x2 x 3 = 0

x =

= 3, 1

INTEXT QUESTIONS 5.1

1. Prove that (a) 7 2 3 = 34 4 b a (b) a b = a+ b

(c)

a + ib c - id

c + id = ( a d ) ( a + d ) + ( b c ) ( b + c ) a ib 2 x 1 2 x+1 = 0,

2. If x +1

find x.

4 x+2

Determinants : 107

5.5 DETERMINANT OF ORDER3

Recall that in the previous section, it was stated that a determinant of order 2 has 2 rows and 2 columns. Can we think of a determinant which has 3 rows and 3 columns. Consider the determinant a1 a2 a3 b1 b2 b3 c1 c2 c3 and 3 columns, we call it a

Since it has 3 rows determinant of order 3. Note (i)

A determinant in which the number of rows is not equal to number of columns is not possible. Usually a determinant whether of order 2 or 3 is denoted by or

(ii)

A,

etc.

(iii)

The general element of a determinant is aij . The element aij belongs to the ith row and jth column. The determinant aij is written as
A A or

(iv)

corresponding to element

or =

a 11 a 21 a 31

a 12 a 22 a 32

a 13 a 23 a 33

(v)

A determinant of 3 rd order consists of 3 2=9 elements arranged in three horizontal lines called rows and three vertical lines called columns.

5.6 VALUE OF A DETERMINANT OF ORDER 3

For finding the value of a determinant need the following information: of order 3 or more we

108 :: Mathematics

5.6.1 Minor of a ij in

To each element of determinant, a number called its MINOR is associated. The minor of an element is the value of the determinant obtained by removing the row and column containing that element. Thus, the minor of an element aij in of
A A

is the value of

the determinant obtained by deleting the ith row and jth column and is denoted by M ij .

Example D: Find the minors of the elements of the determinant

A

a 11 a 21 a 31

a 12 a 22 a 32

a 13 a 23 a 33

Solution: Let M ij denote the minor of aij. Now, a11 occurs in the 1 st row and 1st column. Thus to find the minor of a11, we delete the 1st row and 1 st column of
A . The monor M 11 of a11is given by

a 22 M 11 = a32

a 23 = a33 a22 a33 a32 a23

Similarly, a 21 M 12 = a31 a33 a 23 = a21 a33 a23 a31

Determinants : 109

a 21 M 13 = a31 a 12 M 21 = a32 a 11 M 22 = a31 a 11 M 23 = a31

a 22 = a21 a32 a22 a31 a32 a 13 = a12 a33 a13 a32 a33 a 13 = a11 a33 a31 a13 a33 a 12 = a11 a32 a31 a12 a32

Similarly, we can find M 31 , M 32 and M 33. 5.6.2 Cofactor of a ij in

A
is defined

The cofactor C ij of an element aij as C ij = (1) i+j M ij Example E:

Find the cofactors of the elements of the determinant a 11

A

a 12 a 22 a 32

a 13 a 23 a 33

= a 21 a 31

Solution: The cofactor of any element aij is (1)i +j M ij , then C 11 = (1) 1+1 M 11 = (1) 2 ( a 22 a33 a 32 a23) = a22 a33 a32 a23 C 12 C 21 = (1) 1+2 M 12 = M 12 = ( a31 a23 a 21 a 33 ) = (1) 2+1 M 21 = M 21 = ( a32 a 13 a12 a33 )

110 :: Mathematics

Similarly, cofactors of the remaining elements can also be evaluated. Example F: Evaluate the minors and cofactors of the elements of the second row in the determinant 1
A

6 2 0

3 4 8

5 7

Solution: Minor of a21, i.e., 5 =6 0 Minor of a22, i.e., 2 = 1 7 Minor of a23, i.e., 4 = 1 7 3 = 48 0 = 48 8 3 8 6 0 = 0 42 = 42 = 8 21 = 13

The corresponding cofactors will be C 21 C 22 C 23 = (1) 2+1 M 21 = (1) 2+2 M 22 = (1) 2+3 M 23 = 48 = 13 = 42

5.6.3

Value of a Determinant

The value of a determinant can be obtained by multiplying the elements of any row (or column) by the corresponding cofactors and adding them up.

Example G:
Evaluate = 3 6 8 1 2 4 7 3 5

Determinants : 111

Solution: The value of , if we expand by R1 , i.e., first row will be a 11C 11 + a 12 C 12 + a13 C 13

First we need to evaluate C 11 , C 12 and C 13 C 11 = (1) 1+1 M 11 = (1) 2 2 4 = C 12 = (1) 1+2 M 12 = 10 + 12 = 22 (1) 6 8 = C 13 = (1) 1+3 M 13 = 3 5 3 5

(30 + 24) = 6 (1) 1+3 6 8 2 4

= The value of is

24 16 = 40

3 22 + 1 6 + 7 (40) = 66 + 6 280 =

208

Note 1 If we expand a determinant by any row or column using minors for a determinant of order 3 the following scheme of signs should be used + + + + +

You can see that the sign associated with a place at ith row and jth column is given by (1)i+j

112 :: Mathematics

Note 2:

Consider the determinant = 2 4 3 5

C 11 = 5 and C 12 = 4 Let us find out a21 C 11 = = + a22 C 12

4 5 + 5 (4) 20 20 = 0

We conclude that the sum of the elements of one row multiplied by cofactors of another row is zero. Let us verify the above result for a determinant of order 3 = 1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 2

C 11

3 1

1 , C12 = 2

2 3

1 2

C 13 = 2 3

3 1

C 11

5;

C 12 = 1;

C 13 = 7

a21 C 1 1 + a 22 C 12 + a 23 C 13 = = 2 5 + 3 ( 1)+1 ( 7) 10 3 7 = 0

You can verify this for any other row or column

5.7 SARRUS DIAGRAM FOR THE EXPANSION OF DETERMINANT OF ORDER 3

The Sarrus diagram is useful in finding the value of the determinant of order 3. Consider the determinant

Determinants : 113

a 11 a 21 a 31

a 12 a 22 a 32

a 13 a 23 a 33

First of all we write down the three columns of the determinant, and then write the first two columns again as shown below a 11 a 21 a 31 a 12 a 22 a 32 a 13 a 23 a 33 a 11 a 21 a 31 a 12 a 22 a 32

From the sum of terms connected with downwards arrows, we subtract the terms connected with upwards arrows. Thus we get = a11 a22 a33 + a12 a23 a31 + a13 a21 a32 a31 a22 a13 a32 a23 a11 a33 a21 a12 =
a11 ( a22 a33 a32 a23) a12 ( a21 a33 a23 a31) + a13 ( a21 a3 a 31 a 22 )

a 11

a22 a23 a32 a33

a12

a21 a23 a31 a33

+ a13

a21 a22 a31 a32

Which is equal to the value of given determinant

Example H: Using Sarrus diagram evaluate = 1 7 3 Solution: Sarrus Diagram : 7 1 5 2 0 3 7 1 5 2 2 5 2 3 0 4

114 :: Mathematics

3 The value of determinant

= (1)5(4) +2.0.3 + 3.7.(2) 3.5.3 (2).0.(1)(4).7.2 = 20+042450+56 = 11

INTEXT QUESTIONS 5.2

1. Find the minors and cofactors of the second row of the determinant 1 4 2 2. 2 3 7 3 6 9

Find the minors and cofactors of the third column of the determinant 2 1 3 3 2 1 2 1 2

and hence find the value of determinant

3.

Show that

x 1 3

y 2 2

z 3 1 = 8x + 8y 8z

4.

Evaluate the following determinants (a) 2 1 3 1 0 4 0 2 3 (b) 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 (c) 3 6 8 4 2 1 5 3 7

5.

Evaluate the following determinants (a) b+c b a c+a a b (b) 1 1 a b b+c c+a

Determinants : 115

c 6.

a+b

a+b

Evaluate the following by the Sarrus Diagram (a) a h g h b f g f c (b) x +1 x x x x +1 x x x x +1

5.8 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS

The properties of determinant hold good for determinants of all orders. The properties of a determinant serve the purpose for finding its value. We give below the properties and would verify for a third order determinant. Theorem 1: The value of a determinant remains unchanged if its rows and columns are interchanged. Let = 2 0 4 The value of is 3 2 2 = = 1 0 0 2 1 1 3 +4 3 0 1 3 1 3 2 3 0 1 expanding by first column, i.e., C 1

2(30) 0 (16) +4(0+9) 6 + 36 = 42

Let ' be the determinant obtained by interchanging rows and columns of . Then ' = 2 1 0 3 4 2

116 :: Mathematics

expanding by column 2, i.e., C 2

* Recall that a determinant can be expanded by any of its rows or columns 1 () 0 3 = = 1 2 + (3) 3 1 2 4 + () 0 1 2 2 4

0 + (3) (212) + 0 42 =

Check point 2 : (i) (ii) expand by row 3 and by column 3 and verify that the value of determinant is 42

Theorem 2 : If any two Adjacent rows or columns of a determinant are interchanged, then the determinant changes its sign but its absolute value is unaltered. Let = 2 1 3 3 2 1 1 3 2

2 1

3 2

1 3

3 2

+1

1 3

2 1

= =

2(43) 3 (29) + 1(16) 2+215 = 18

T herefore its absolute value, i.e.,

18

= 18