Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
w
: unit weight of water
v: velocity
g: acceleration due to gravity
Difference in the potential between two points
water flow
Hydraulic gradient:
g
v u
z h
w
2
2
+ + =
v
u
z h potential
g
v
+ = : 0
2
2
l
h
i
=
Stresses due to downward flow
Stresses due to downward flow
The The pore pore water water pressure pressure ( (neutral neutral stress stress) ) decreases decreases by by h h: :
v v
The The effective effective stress stress increases increases by by this this value value
Effective Effective stress stress in in case case of of downward downward vertical vertical flow flow
Where Where: : i i* *
v v
= =i i
p p
- - seepage seepage force force
( )
w sat w sat w sat
i h
h
h
h h h + =
sat
= = =
w
w sat
crit w crit w sat
i i
0
Water flow in soils
small voids
small velocity
laminar flow
Darcys law:
where:
k: coefficient of permeability
i: hydraulic gradient
v: velocity
i k v =
laboratory tests
constant head test
falling head test
permeability test in the field
pumping test
in situ permeameters
empirical relations
Kozeny
Jky
Terzaghi
Determination of coefficient of permeability
Laboratory determination of coefficient of permeability
Constant head test
Soils to analyze:
10
-2
m/s k 10
2
m/s
The coefficient of permeability can be
calculated with thw followig formula:
h t A
l Q
i
v
k
= =
where where: :
Q: Q: volume volume of of water water collected collected
l: l: length length of of flow flow ( (height height of of soil soil sample sample) )
A: A: cross cross sectional sectional area area of of the the soil soil sample sample
t: t: duration duration of of water water collection collection
h: h: difference difference in in the the water water level level
Laboratory determination of coefficient of permeability
Falling head test
Soils to analyze
Low permeability soils
10
-9
m/s k 10
-1
m/s
Vizsglat:
1. Minta beksztse az alulrl szitaszvettel
elltott kiszrhengerbe.
2. Minta teltse kapillris ton.
3. A szivrgs megindulsa utna klnbz
idpontokban nyomsmagassg leolvassa.
4. A minta mreteibl valamint a leolvasott
adatokbl k rtke meghatrozhat:
2
1
1 2
ln
1
h
h
t t
l
A
a
k
=
ahol ahol
a: a: cross cross sectional sectional area area of of the the tube tube, , where where
the the water water level level decreases decreases
A: A: cross cross sectional sectional area area of of the the soil soil sample sample
h h
1 1
: : the the head head difference difference at at t t
1 1
=0 =0
h h
2 2
: : the the head head difference difference at at t t
2 2
l: l: length length of of the the water water flow flow
Laboratory determination of coefficient of permeability
Falling head test
Soils to analyze
Low permeability soils
10-9 m/s k 10-1 m/s
Estimation of coefficient of permeability
Hazen:
Terzaghi:
Kozeny:
( )
2
10
5 . 1 0 . 1 d k =
2
2
10
200 e d k =
e
e
d C k
v
+
=
1
3
2
10
( )
( )
2
3
1
1
3
2
1 2
1
1
e e
e e
k k
+
+
=