H2.

SMART WATER SMART POWER

Final Presentation
Group 3 Members: Ryan McCartney (Project Leader) Julian Phatarfod (Liaison Officer) Ahmad Al Idelbi Mehdi Bedja Divya Bhanderi Clinton Chan Grace Lee Steve Moore Charalambos Spanos

Clients: Dr. Ivan Stoianov (Imperial College) Dr. James Kierstead (Imperial College) Mr. Laurie Reynolds (Aquamatix) Mr. Danny Ball (Bristol Water)

Water Utility Companies

WATER UTILITIES
!

Storage Reservoir

Pump Scheduling

Water Customers

NATIONAL GRID Maintaining a regulated service to customers

Generators (Supply)

Load Balancing

Consumers (Demand)

Water Utility Companies

Current State of the Art

Large Electricity Consumers!
Approx. 3% of the UKs usage! Up to 90% from pumping! Aim to minimise pumping costs!

Water Utility Companies !

Water Utilities and National Grid

Water Utilities and National Grid

Generators (Supply)

NATIONAL GRID
Load Balancing

Consumers (Demand)

! !

NATIONAL GRID
!

Tariffs and Contracts

WATER UTILITIES

Managing large consumers of electricity

Current State of the Art

Large Electricity Consumers!
Approx. 3% of the UKs usage! Up to 90% from pumping! Aim to minimise pumping costs!

Electricity Bought in Advance!

Time-of-use (TOU) Tariff! Minimise exposure to uctuations! Less cost-effective!

Water Utility Companies !

Current State of the Art

Large Electricity Consumers!
Approx. 3% of the UKs usage! Up to 90% from pumping! Aim to minimise pumping costs!

Electricity Bought in Advance!

Time-of-use (TOU) Tariff! Minimise exposure to uctuations! Less cost-effective!

Water Utility Companies ! Pump Schedule!

Avoid consuming during peak periods ! Avoid penalty charge times (triad)!

Current State of the Art

Large Electricity Consumers!
Approx. 3% of the UKs usage! Up to 90% from pumping! Aim to minimise pumping costs!

Electricity Bought in Advance!

Time-of-use (TOU) Tariff! Minimise exposure to uctuations! Less cost-effective!

Water Utility Companies ! Pump Schedule! Fixed Speed Pumps!

Avoid consuming during peak periods ! Inefcient ! Avoid penalty charge times (triad)! Cannot manage uctuations!

WATER UTILITIES
!

Storage Reservoir

Pump Grid National Scheduling

Water Customers

NATIONAL GRID
Generators (Supply)

Load Balancing

Consumers (Demand)

! !

NATIONAL Maintaining GRID

!

Tariffs and regulated service Contracts

to

WATER customers UTILITIES

Energy Systems in the Future

EU

Renewables Obligations Power Behaviour

UK Target increase to15% by 2020

Wind

Highest renewable generation source (currently 5.7%)

Stochastic

Unpredictable and uncontrollable generation

Project Objective
To assess the techno-economic feasibility of optimising pump scheduling to enable water utility companies to actively participate in load balancing within electricity distribution grids in order to facilitate the increasing generation from renewable sources.

Generation (Supply)

NATIONAL GRID
Storage?

Consumption (Demand)

Non-Renewable Energy

Load Balancing
Renewable Energy

Domestic Consumers

Managing Large Consumers

FEASIBILITY STUDY

Storage Reservoir

Pump Scheduling (Optimisation)

Domestic Consumers

!
Customers (Demand)

Storage (Supply)

WATER UTILITIES
!

Optimising Pump Schedule

Linear Single

System Matrix Formulation

Decoupling hydraulic model from optimisation process

Avoidance of implicit equations

Key Assumptions
Network segmentation to simplify the model

Optimising Pump Schedule

Constraints
Mass Balance Reservoir Pump

[! ] [! ] 2!"2! !2!!2! [!! (!)] [!] 2!"2! 2!!2!

! !! . . . ! !!! ! ! . . ! !!

0 . . . 0 !! ! . . !! !

! !! . . . ! !!" ! ! . . ! !"

0 . . . 0 ! ! . . !

! !! . . . ! !!" ! ! . . ! !"

!! . . . !! ! ! . . !

Upper Bound

Lower Bound

Hydraulics
Flows&

Tank&Levels&

Pressures&&

Hydraulics
Q = Flow N = Pump Speed H = Total Head P = Power

Afnity Laws

Generation (Supply)

NATIONAL GRID
Storage?

Consumption (Demand)

Non-Renewable Energy

Load Balancing
Renewable Energy

Domestic Consumers

Storage Issues
Pumped Hydro Electrochemical

UK installed pumped hydro capacity: 2800MW Equivalent to only 2.43% of the peak winter electricity demand

Electricity Generation from different sources on 02/03/2013!

25000! 120.00!

20000!

100.00!

Coal!
80.00!

15000! 60.00!

Electricity Spot Price!

10000!

Nuclear!
5000!

40.00!

CCGT!
20.00!

Wind!
0! 12:00 AM! 0.00! 3:00 AM! 6:00 AM! 9:00 AM! 12:00 PM! 3:00 PM! 6:00 PM! 9:00 PM!

Settlement Period!

Electricity Spot Market Price (/MWh)!

Power Generation (MW)!

Probability of Reaching Installed Capacity

Electricity Spot Price Variability

Low Renewables Penetration

High Renewables Penetration

Case Studies
Six different cases: Assessing impact of renewables Simulating emergency situations

Case Studies
Tank 1 Pump Demand !! Network !
!
!

Pump Reservoir

! ! !

! ! !

Tank 2

Tank Demand Proles

! ! ! ! ! !

Demand ! Network !
!
!

Simplied Network for Optimisation

Key Performance Indicators

Results of Case Studies assessed on:

Case Study I
Current state of pump optimisation Low renewables penetration Relies on avoiding peak tariff period

Null Scenario

Case Study II
Linear optimisation of pump schedule Low renewables penetration (5.7%) Spot market prices for real time price uctuations

Case Study III

Linear optimisation of pump schedule High renewables penetration (15%) Spot market prices with additional volatility to model wind effects

Case Study IV
Simulation of a pipe burst Low renewables penetration Burst lasts for two hours; modelled as a fourfold increase in demand at the industrial node

Case Study V
Storm surge simulation: change of reservoir limits Low renewables penetration Surge not to pass above 50% of net capacity of tanks

Case Study VI
Simulation of pump maintenance work Low renewables penetration Booster pump is forced ofine for two hours

Results Summary
Case Study
Cost [] Carbon [kg] Efciency [%] Energy Usage [MWh]

II

III
92.98

IV
102.53

V
100.9

VI
101.2

119.96 100.45

477.55 441.62 397.73 466.81 447.02 450.66 N/A 0.871 16.26 0.805 22.49 0.725 14.53 0.851 15.89 0.815 15.64 0.822

National Grid: Balancing Mechanism

!

Fast Start Fast Reserve BM Start Up STOR Demand Management FCDM Frequency Response

RESPONSE TIME
5 mins Hours 240 mins 2 mins <2 seconds

Real Time
<1 second

National Grid: Balancing Mechanism

!

Fast Start Fast Reserve BM Start Up STOR Demand Management FCDM Frequency Response

RESPONSE TIME
5 mins Hours 240 mins 2 mins <2 seconds

Real Time
<1 second

Balancing by Demand Reduction

Risk Assessment
! !
Very% High%
!

Increased!Spot! price!volatility! ! ! ! !
!

! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! Policy!reversal: Reduction!in! renewables!

!

Probability' '

High% % Mediu m% % Low%

! Model!error! !

! Burst!pipes!due!to! pressure!surges! !
!

!
% ! Low%

!
Medium%

Lack!of!sufficient! water!pressure! !
!

High%

Very%High%

! !

Impact'

Sustainability
Future

Renewable Scenarios Optimisation

Making water utility companies compatible with future energy systems

Carbon

Shifting focus from cost to carbon - potential multi objective function

Pump

Efciency

Improving pumps from xed to variable speed

Recommendations
Optimise
Implement pump schedule optimisation model

Invest
Improve efciency of pumps with variable speed drives

Balance
Provide a load balancing service to the National Grid (STOR)

H2.0

SMART WATER SMART POWER

Final Presentation
Visit our website at: www.h2point0.org

Thank you for attending. Please feel free to ask any questions. Many thanks to Laurie Reynolds, Simon Bunn, Danny Ball and the support from our clients at Imperial College

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