By: Jerry Green

www.sunrisetelecom.com

Jerry Green
Manager, Technical Knowledge Sunrise Telecom, Global Services Cell Phone: 707-694-9672 Skype: jergreen6 jgreen@sunrisetelecom.com

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Complete training courses are available through Sunrise Telecom Global Services. For more informa:on contact us at: (email) support@sunrisetelecom.com (web) h@p://www.sunrisetelecom.com/support/web_req.php (phone) 800-701-5208 (interna:onal 408-360-2200, op:on 3)

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Digital basics Levels Constellations MER BER Adaptive equalizer Frequency response Group delay

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Frequency Domain F1

F2

Time Domain F1 F2

Time

Time

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Its the BUS

Modula:on is puWng content on the Bus

Demodula:on is taking content o the Bus

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Phase Amplitude 90 Rate (Frequency): Time to complete a cycle Unit of measure = Hertz 0 Ref. Point Time 1 cycle/sec = 1Hz

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Digital Language If bits are the letters, then symbols are the words in the digital language Symbols = one or more bits Bit rate = number of bits sent per second Symbol Rate = number of symbols sent per second Symbol Rate = Bit Rate / Number of bits per Symbol Transmission bandwidth = symbol rate

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QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Two carriers at the same frequency, 90 out-of-phase, transmitted at the same time Carriers are called (I) In-phase & (Q) Quadrature carrier Uses multiple levels of amplitude & phase modulation Each carrier transmits half of the symbol

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I & Q channels are AM & Phase modulated I & Q are combined to create the 64 QAM signal

8 Level AM Modulator

I Component 64 QAM Signal

Bit Stream

101 010

Local Osc

Combiner

Oscillator Shifted 90
8 Level AM Modulator

Q Component

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4 levels of data 16 symbols transmitted in one clock cycle Each symbol contains 4 bits 16QAM 8 levels per carrier 64 symbols transmitted Symbol contains 6 bits 64QAM 16 levels per carrier 256 symbols transmitted Symbol contains 8 bits 256QAM

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Q 90
11

1011 1111

10 1010 1110

I 180
00 01 01 10 11

I 0

0001

0101

0000

0100

00

Q 270
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Q 90
11

1011 1111

10 1010 1110

I 180
00 01 01 10 11

I 0

0001

0101

0000

0100

00

Q 270
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6 Bits per Symbol

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8 Bits per Symbol

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For a system operator it is essential to know how close signal quality is to the 'cliff edge For example, could climate changes push your system over the edge?

Perfect

Digital Analog

Picture Quality

No Picture

Worsening Signal Quality

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Levels Constellation MER, EVM BER Frequency Response Group Delay

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Peak
6 MHZ

300 KHz

Average Power

6 MHZ

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MER - single figure of merit for quality for RF digital carriers Sum of all evils It includes distortions such as CCN, CSO, CTB, laser compression, etc.. Averaged measurement A 256 QAM picture tiles at 28dB MER Minimum MER for 256QAM = 31 dB

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Q 90
11

1011 1111

10 1010 1110 11

I 180
00 01 01 0001 0101 00 10

I 0

0000

0100

Q 270
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Output of QAM Modulator 40 dB Input to Lasers 39 dB Output of Nodes 37 dB Output of Subscriber Taps 35 dB At the input to the subscribers receiver 34 dB The absolute minimum is 31db.

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Looks good here in the Headend!

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BER is defined as the ratio of the number of wrong bits over the number of total bits.

Sent Bits Received Bits

1101101101 1100101101
error

# of Wrong Bits = BER = # of Total Bits

1 10

0.1

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Displayed in Scientific Notation. The more negative the exponent, the better the BER. 1.0E-6 is limit of the FEC (Forward Error Correction)

Lower and Better BER

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Pre-BER errors Errors that have occurred before the FEC has had an opportunity to correct any of the errors. Post-BER errors Errors that could not be corrected

Limit of FEC = 1E-06 (one error in one million bits) Post-BER cause: Retransmissions requests Slowdowns in a DOCSIS systems Tiling

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Every Digital Receiver has an Adaptive Equalizer Exception, CMTS: Pre-equalization is used on the upstream Compensates for amplitude imperfections of the digital signal Compensates for group delay Rings at the symbol rate to only allow one symbol at a time into the digital receiver

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Standard EQ Used in current equipment More taps Improved correction

Min EQ Less taps Mirrors performance of old equipment Disables Auto Diagnosis

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Effective span equal to symbol rate Measurement calculated using Equalizer data

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Definition: Group delay is a measure of how long it takes a signal to traverse a network, or its transit time. Strong function of the length of the network Weak function of frequency. Expressed in units of time, pico-seconds for short distances or nanoseconds for longer distances. Measured in units of time for frequency Typically nanoseconds (ns) over frequency Or, Delay per MHz.

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Ideal system, all frequencies are transmitted through the system, network or component with equal time delay Frequency response problems cause group delay problems Group delay is worse near band edges and diplex filter roll-off areas Excessive group delay increases bit error rate due to intersymbol interference DOCSIS spec. no greater than 200nSecs per MHZ Spec should be less than 100 nSecs per MHz

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Complete training courses are available through Sunrise Telecom Global Services. For more informa:on contact us at: (email) support@sunrisetelecom.com (web) h@p://www.sunrisetelecom.com/support/web_req.php (phone) 800-701-5208 (interna:onal 408-360-2200, op:on 3)

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