Car Suspension and Handling

Fourth Edition
List of Chapters:

Preface to the Fourth Edition Preface to the First Edition Notation Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Chapter 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Chapter 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Introduction Scope and Layout of the Book The Function of the Suspension System Suspension Geometry Kinematics and Compliance (K&C) Vehicle Dynamics References Disturbances and Sensitivity Road Irregularities Influence of Wheel Size Subjective Assessment of Ride Human Sensitivity to Vibration Measurement Standards for Vibration Influence of Noise on Assessment of Ride Comfort Influence of Phase of Differential Vibration on Assessment of Ride Comfort References The Wheel and Tire Introduction The Wheel Rim Tire Size Designation Tire Construction Types Tire Properties with Reference to Vehicle Braking Tire Properties with Reference to Vehicle Cornering Rolling Resistance

3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 Chapter 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 Chapter 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5

Tire Uniformity Aspect Ratios Tire Selection and Air Chamber Geometry References Steering Dynamic Function of the Steering System Steering Angles: Effects of Tire Slip Angles and Steering and Suspension Kinematics Relative Positions of Front- and RearWheel Tracks Understeer and Oversteer Directional Stability Torque in the Steering System Steering Torque Effects Due to Steering Geometry The Steering Column Steering Gear Constant Velocity (CV) Driveshaft Joints Torque Steer Effects Front-Wheel Steering Oscillations Shimmy Power Assistance Electric Power Steering Rear-Wheel Steering Systems References Suspension Systems and Their Effects An Introduction to Suspension Design Suspension Systems in Common Use Spring Function and Theory Energy Storage Capacities Spring Natural Frequencies

Car Suspension and Handling

Fourth Edition
5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 Chapter 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 Chapter 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Leaf Springs Torsion Bars and Coil Springs Coil Spring Rates Wishbone SuspensionsEffect on Wheel Rates Gas Springs Ride Height Control Bump and Rebound Stops Interaction of Front and Rear Suspensions to Single Applied Disturbances Effect of Regularly Repeated Disturbances Suspension Roll-Center Height Determination Suspension Geometry for Anti-Dive and Anti-Squat ComplianceEffect on Road Noise and Harshness References Dampers Types of Damping Damping Effects on Vehicle Ride Spectra Damping Characteristics Measurement of Damper Characteristics Hydraulic Dampers Types of Hydraulic Dampers Lever-Arm Dampers Telescopic Dampers Other Arrangements Hydropneumatic Critical Damping Coefficients References Front Suspensions Front Beam AxleReasons for Decline in Use Independent Suspensions Significant Obsolete Systems Recent Independent Suspension Systems Double Steering-Pivot Front Suspensions Friction in Strut and Link Type Suspensions References Chapter 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 Chapter 9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 Chapter 10 10.1 10.2 Rear Suspensions Classification of Types Live Rear Axles De Dion Axles Dead Rear Axles for Front-Wheel Drive Vehicles Twist-Beam Rear Axles for FrontWheel Drive Vehicles Independent Rear Suspension SystemsSwing Axles Independent Rear Suspension SystemsTrailing and Semi-Trailing Arms Independent Rear Suspension SystemsWishbones Independent Rear Suspension SystemsMulti-Link, and Strut and Link References Drive Layouts and Their Effects Drive Layouts Background to Front-Wheel Drive Front-Drive Versus Rear-Drive Arguments Modern Design Priorities Mass Distribution Dynamic Characteristics Four-Wheel Drive References

Advanced Suspension Systems Ride and Handling Limitations Background to Advanced Suspensions 10.3 Interconnected Suspensions 10.4 Self-Leveling Suspensions 10.5 Adaptive Damping 10.6 Active Attitude Control 10.7 Fully Active Suspension Systems 10.8 Slow Active Suspension Systems 10.9 Electronic Stability Aids 10.10 References Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) for Suspension Computer Use in Suspension Design and Engineering Structural Engineering

Chapter 11 11.1 11.2

Car Suspension and Handling

Fourth Edition
11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 Computer Aided Engineering for Suspension Kinematics and Compliance (K&C) Computer Aided Engineering for Vehicle Dynamics Computer Aided Engineering for Noise Analysis and Refinement Prediction References A3.13 Effect of Weight Transference in Cornering A3.14 Sideways ForcesEffect of Influences Other than Lateral Acceleration A3.15 Cornering BehaviorWorked Examples A3.16 References Appendix 4 Suspension Calculations and Worked Examples A4.1 Basic Suspension System A4.2 Vibrations of Basic System Approximate Frequencies A4.3 True Frequency, Sprung Mass A4.4 True Frequency, Unsprung Mass A4.5 Spring/Mass SystemsWorked Examples A4.6 Effect of Viscous Damping on Natural FrequencyCritical Damping A4.7 Effect of Damping on Forced Vibration Amplitudes A4.8 Critical DampingWorked Examples A4.9 Relative Pitch and Bounce Frequenciesk2/ab Ratio A4.10 Effect of k2/ab Ratio on Pitching Tendency A4.11 k2/ab Ratio and Pitch Frequency A4.12 k2/ab Ratio about the Vertical Axis Effect on Transient Behavior A4.13 k2/ab Ratio about the Vertical Axis Desirable Value A4.14 Pitch ExcitationCoupled Suspensions A4.15 Attitude Changes Due to Braking A4.16 Attitude Changes Due to Traction A4.17 Attitude ChangesInboard Brakes and Independent Suspension at the Drive End A4.18 Percentage Anti-Dive and AntiSquatCalculation Requirements A4.19 Anti-Pitch Rate of Car Suspension Worked Examples A4.20 Anti-Roll Rates A4.21 Roll Angles in Cornering A4.22 Moment of Inertia in RollWorked Examples A4.23 Mass Distribution Front and Rear A4.24 References Index About the Authors

Appendix 1 Disturbances and Structural Durability A1.1 Designing and Developing for Durability A1.2 Special Surfaces A1.3 Durability Cycles A1.4 Laboratory Test Methods A1.5 Road Load Data A1.6 Powertrain Durability A1.7 References Appendix 2 A2.1 A2.2 A2.3 A2.4 A2.5 A2.6 A2.7 A2.8 More on Tires Introduction Pneumatic Tires Tubeless Tires Rubber Compounds Tread Patterns Extended Mobility Systems Non-Dimensional Tire Data References

Appendix 3 Steering Calculations and Worked Examples A3.1 Steering Ball Joints A3.2 Ball Pin Shank Fitting A3.3 Ball JointsProvision of Friction A3.4 Steering Angles of Inner and Outer Front Wheels A3.5 Different Inner and Outer Wheel Lock Angles A3.6 Calculations for Independent Suspension SystemsWorked Examples A3.7 Torque Steer Components A3.8 Inertia Torques Affecting Steering A3.9 Steering Geometry Errors, Bump, and Rebound A3.10 Incorrect Relative Lengths of CrossSteering Tube and Linkage Arms A3.11 Incorrect Alignment of Steering Tube and Linkage A3.12 Inertia Torques Due to Fore and Aft LinksWorked Examples