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Computer Networks
mesh of interconnected
routers
the fundamental
question: how is data
Physical Layer Issues transferred through the
network?
circuit switching:
dedicated circuit per call:
telephone net
packet-switching: data
sent through network in
discrete “chunks”
C
frequency A
time D
B
Maj Faisal Maj Faisal
Computer Science Department Computer Science Department
1
Network Core: Packet Switching Packet switching versus circuit switching
store and forward: packets move one hop at a time Excessive congestion: packet delay and loss
Node receives complete packet before forwarding protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion
control
C
Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior for a packet
A switched network?
bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps
D QoS – Quality of Service (will be studied later in TCP)
B
Maj Faisal Maj Faisal
Computer Science Department Computer Science Department
transmission
A A propagation
B B
packets queueing (delay) nodal
processing queueing
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers Maj Faisal Maj Faisal
Computer Science Department Computer Science Department
2
Delay in packet-switched networks Nodal delay
3. Transmission delay: 4. Propagation delay: d nodal = d proc + d queue + d trans + d prop
R=link bandwidth (bps) d = length of physical link
L=packet length (bits) s = propagation speed in
medium (~2-3x108 m/sec) dproc = processing delay
time to send bits into
link = L/R propagation delay = d/s dqueue = queuing delay
dtrans = transmission delay
B
nodal
processing queueing Maj Faisal Maj Faisal
Computer Science Department Computer Science Department
3 probes
B
packet arriving to
Maj Faisal full buffer is lost Maj Faisal
Computer Science Department Computer Science Department
Throughput Throughput
throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which Rs < Rc What is end-end throughput?
bits transferred between sender/receiver
instantaneous: rate at given point in time Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
average: rate over long(er) period of time
Rs > Rc What is end-end throughput?
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
server,
server with
sends bits link
pipe capacity
that can carry link that
pipe capacity
can carry
file ofinto
(fluid) F bits
pipe s bits/sec
bitsR(fluid) at rate Rc bits/sec
(bits) fluid at rate bottleneck link
to send to client (Rs bits/sec) (Rc bits/sec) link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
Maj Faisal Maj Faisal
Computer Science Department Computer Science Department
3
Network Taxonomy
Throughput: Internet scenario
Telecommunication
networks
Rs
per-connection
Rs Rs Circuit-switched Packet-switched
end-end networks networks
throughput:
R
min(Rc,R,Rs)
FDM Networks Datagram
Rc or Rs often the Rc Rc TDM
with VCs Networks
bottleneck link Rc
Is it the case • Internet is a datagram / packet-switched network
nowadays? • Internet provides both connection-oriented (TCP) and
connectionless services (UDP) to applications.
Transmission Media
4
Maj Faisal Maj Faisal
Computer Science Department Computer Science Department
5
Maj Faisal Maj Faisal
Computer Science Department Computer Science Department