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The Network Core

Computer Networks
‰ mesh of interconnected
routers
‰ the fundamental
question: how is data
Physical Layer Issues transferred through the
network?
™ circuit switching:
dedicated circuit per call:
telephone net
™ packet-switching: data
sent through network in
discrete “chunks”

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Computer Science Department Computer Science Department

Network Core: Circuit Switching Network Core: Circuit Switching


‰ network resources (e.g.,
End-end resources bandwidth) divided and
reserved for “call” allocated to calls
‰ link bandwidth, switch (Multiplexing)
capacity ‰ Resources remain idle if
not used by owning call ‰ Techniques for dividing
‰ no sharing
(no sharing) network resources into
‰ guaranteed performance
“pieces”
‰ call setup required
™ frequency division
™ time division
™ Any other multiplexing
techniques?

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Computer Science Department Computer Science Department

Circuit Switching: FDM and TDM Network Core: Packet Switching


Example: each end-end data stream
FDM divided into packets
4 users Bandwidth division into “pieces”
‰ packets from hosts share
network resources Dedicated allocation
Resource reservation
frequency ‰ each packet uses full link
bandwidth for complete
packet duration
time
TDM ‰ resources used as needed

C
frequency A

time D
B
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Network Core: Packet Switching Packet switching versus circuit switching

resource contention: Is packet switching a “clear winner?”


‰ aggregate resource demand can exceed amount ‰ Great for bursty data
available ™ resource sharing
‰ congestion: packets queue-up, wait for link use ™ simpler, no call setup

‰ store and forward: packets move one hop at a time ‰ Excessive congestion: packet delay and loss
™ Node receives complete packet before forwarding ™ protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion
control
C
‰ Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior for a packet
A switched network?
™ bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps
D ™ QoS – Quality of Service (will be studied later in TCP)
B
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Computer Science Department Computer Science Department

Packet-switched networks: Types


‰ Goal: move packets from source to destination
‰ Two types of packet switch networks
‰ datagram network:
™ destination address in packet determines next hop
™
™
routes may change during session
analogy: driving, asking directions Delay, Loss and Throughput
‰ virtual circuit network:
™ each packet carries tag (virtual circuit ID), tag
determines next hop
™ fixed path determined at call setup time, remains fixed
throughout the session/call
™ Pro: routers can perform resource reservation
™ Con: routers maintain per-call state (complex)

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Computer Science Department Computer Science Department

How do loss and delay occur? Four sources of packet delay


packets queue-up in router buffers
‰ 1. nodal processing: ‰ 2. queueing
‰ packet arrival rate to link exceeds output link capacity
™ check bit errors ™ time spent waiting at
‰ packets queue-up, wait for turn ™ determine output link output link for
transmission
™ depends on congestion
packet being transmitted (delay) level of router

transmission
A A propagation

B B
packets queueing (delay) nodal
processing queueing
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers Maj Faisal Maj Faisal
Computer Science Department Computer Science Department

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Delay in packet-switched networks Nodal delay
3. Transmission delay: 4. Propagation delay: d nodal = d proc + d queue + d trans + d prop
‰ R=link bandwidth (bps) ‰ d = length of physical link
‰ L=packet length (bits) ‰ s = propagation speed in
medium (~2-3x108 m/sec) ‰ dproc = processing delay
‰ time to send bits into
link = L/R ‰ propagation delay = d/s ‰ dqueue = queuing delay
‰ dtrans = transmission delay

Note: s and R are very ‰ dprop = propagation delay


transmission different quantities!
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing Maj Faisal Maj Faisal
Computer Science Department Computer Science Department

“Real” Internet delays and routes Packet loss


‰ What do “real” Internet delay & loss look like? ‰ queue (buffer) has finite capacity
‰ Traceroute program: provides delay ‰ when packet arrives to full queue, packet is
measurement from source to router along end-end dropped (lost)
Internet path towards destination. For all i: ‰ Other sources of packet loss?
sends three packets that will reach router i on path
‰ lost packet may be retransmitted by source
™
towards destination
(TCP), or not retransmitted at all (UDP)
™ router i will return packets to sender
™ sender times interval between transmission and reply. buffer
(waiting area) packet being transmitted
A
3 probes 3 probes

3 probes
B
packet arriving to
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Throughput Throughput
‰ throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which ‰ Rs < Rc What is end-end throughput?
bits transferred between sender/receiver
™ instantaneous: rate at given point in time Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
™ average: rate over long(er) period of time
‰ Rs > Rc What is end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

server,
server with
sends bits link
pipe capacity
that can carry link that
pipe capacity
can carry
file ofinto
(fluid) F bits
pipe s bits/sec
bitsR(fluid) at rate Rc bits/sec
(bits) fluid at rate bottleneck link
to send to client (Rs bits/sec) (Rc bits/sec) link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
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Computer Science Department Computer Science Department

3
Network Taxonomy
Throughput: Internet scenario
Telecommunication
networks
Rs
‰ per-connection
Rs Rs Circuit-switched Packet-switched
end-end networks networks
throughput:
R
min(Rc,R,Rs)
FDM Networks Datagram
‰ Rc or Rs often the Rc Rc TDM
with VCs Networks
bottleneck link Rc
‰ Is it the case • Internet is a datagram / packet-switched network
nowadays? • Internet provides both connection-oriented (TCP) and
connectionless services (UDP) to applications.

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Transmission Media

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