BOTANICAL NAME:

FAMILY

Cannabis sativa Linn.

Cannabinaceae

SYNONYMS Vijaya, Bhanga, Ganja, Matulani, Madani, Jaya, Shakrashana, Mohini. VERNACULAR NAMES Eng.- Indian hemp, True hemp, Soft hemp. Hindi- Bhang, Bhanga, Ganja, Charas, Siddhi, Phulganja. Beng.- Bahng, Sidhi, Ganja, Charas, Bhang. Guj.Bhang, Ganja, Charas. Kan.- Bhangigida, Ganjagida, Bhangi. Ma].Kanchavu, Tsjeru cans-java, Kanchava-chetti, Gingi-lacki-lacki, Ginjil-achilachi, Sivamuli, Kanchanchotti. Mar.- Bhang, Ganja, Charas. Punj.- Bhang, Bhangi, Bengi, Charas, Kas. Tam.- Ganja, Ganja-chedi, Korkkar-muli, Ganja-ilai, Bengi-ilai, Ganja-phal, Gunja-rasham, Kalpam, Bhangi. Te1.Ganjayi, Ganjari-chettu, Bangi-aku, Kalpam-chettu, Ganja-chettu, Gangah. Arab.- Kinnab, Hinab, Nabatul-gunnab, Kanab. Assam- Bhan, Bhang, Charas. Kash.- Pang, Bangi. N.W.P.- Gur-bhanga, Phul-bhanga. OriyaBhanga, Ganjei. Pers.- Darakhte-kinnab, Darakhte-bhang, Bang, Nabatulqunnab. Sing.- Matkansha, Ganja-gaha, Kansa-gaha. Urdu- Qinaab, Bhang. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION An aromatic resinous annual, 1-5 m high with erect angular stem and female plant generally taller than the male. Leaves palmately divided, lower 3-8 foliate with long petiole, upper 3-1 foliate passing into bracts. Male flowers in short drooping panicles, females in short axillary crowded spikes with greyish green colour. Fruits
achenes, seeds black.

DISTRIBUTION
It is wild throughout the western Himalayas and grows as an escape throughout the greater parts of India. It is cultivated in the warm valleys of the Himalayas in Himachal Pradesh and in the adjoining plains from Kashrnir eastwards to Assam. It is also grown in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar, Rajasthan, Tarnilnadu and Kerala,

PARTS USED Leaf, flowering / fruiting tops, bark, resin

ACTIONS AND USES Leaves are bitter, astringent, tonic, aphrodisiac, alterative, intoxicating, stomachic, analgesic and abortifacient. They are used in convulsions, otalgia, abdominal disorders, malarial fever, dysentery, diarrhoea, skin diseases, hysteria, insomnia, gonorrhoea, colic, tetanus and hydrophobia. Its excessive use causes dyspepsia, cough, impotence, melancholy, dropsy, restlessness and insanity. The bark is tonic, and is useful in inflammations, haemorrhoids and hydrocele. The inflorescence of female plant is intoxicating, stomachic, soporific, abortifacient and useful in convulsions. Seeds are carminative, astringent, aphrodisiac, antiemetic and antiinflammatory. The resin is smoked to allay hiccough and bronchitis. It is useful in insomnia, sick headaches, neuralgia, rnigrain, mania, whooping cough, asthma, dysuria and in relieving pain in dysmenorrhoea and menorrhagia. AYURVEDIC PROPERTIES Rasa - Tikta Guna - Laghu, Teekshna Veerya - Ushna Vipaka - Katu Prabhava - Madaka Doshaghnata - Vatakaphashamaka Rogaghnata - Shirahshoola, Ardhavabhedaka, Anidra, Jeernamavata, Shoola, Apatanaka, Danuhstambha, Agnimandya, Visuchika, Atisara, Pravahika, Grahani, Arsha, Yakrichchhula, Udarashoola, Raktasrava, Kasa, Shwasa, Vrikkashoola, Mootraghata, Klaibya, Rajahkrichchhra, Raktapradara, Kashtaprasava, Jalasantrasa, Esarpa, Kandu, Kushtha, Daha, Arunshika Karma - Vedanasthapana, Madaka, Saumanasyajanana, Pralapajanana, Vatashamaka, Nidrajanana, Akshepahara, Deepana, Pachana, Rochana, Grahi, Pittasaraka, Pittavardhaka, Shoolaprashamana, Shonitasthapana, Shwasahara, Mootrajanana, Garbhashayasankochaka, Balya, Rasayana, Vajikara, Shukrastambhana, Vyawayi, Vikasi, Sthanikaswapajanana Doses - Leaf powder- 125-250 mg; Flowering top powder- 60-125 mg. SIDDHA PROPERTIES Siddha Name:- Kanja, Korakkar mooli, Siva mooli, Karpa mooli, Moodandam, Bangi, Madhamathakam Suvai (Taste): Kaippu (Bitter) Veeriyam (Potency): - Veppam (Hot) Vipakam (Transformation): - Kaarppu (Pungent)

Ceikai (Pharmacological action): Siruneer perukki (Diuretic), Isivakatri (Anti- spasmodic), Kaayakarpamaakki (Rejuvenator), Kaamam perukki (Aphrodisiac), Moorchaiyuntaakki (Narcotic), Peruvaliyuntaakki (Parturient), Tuyaratakki (Anti -depressant), Urakkamezhuppi (Awakening consciousness), Urakkamuntaakki (Hypnotic), Veppamuntaakki (Stimulant) Gunam (Uses): - Kakkirumal, Mikupasi, Narampuvali, Otraitthalaivali, Perumpaadu, Vaantipedi. Siddha Pharmaceutical Preparations: - Kapaata Maathirai, oozhi Maathirai, Vaazhaipoo Vatbakam. Dose: It cannot be administered as a single drug. It should be used in combination. PHARMACOGNOSY Leaf - Leaves are palmately compound, leaflets linear, lanceolate with serrate margins, 5-20 cm long, pointed, narrow at base, upper surface dark green and rough, lower pale, downy; leaves of female plants longer than the male; odour strong and characteristic; taste slightly acrid. Transverse section of leaves and bracts shows dorsiventral structure; upper epidermis with unicellular, pointed, curved, conical trichomes with enlarged bases containing cystoliths of calcium carbonate; mesophyll containing cluster crystals of calcium oxalate in many cells consisting of usually one layer of palisade cell and spongy tissue; trichomes sessile or with a multicellular stalk and a head of about eight radiating, club-shaped cells secreting oleo-resin present on the lower epidermis especially on mid-rib; bracteoles with undifferentiated mesophyll and on lower surface bearing numerous glandular bichomes. PHYSICAL CONSTANTS Total ash- Not more than 15%; Acid-insoluble ash- Not more than 5%; Alcohol (90%) soluble extractive- Not less than 10%; Water-soluble extractive- Not less than 13%. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS Spiro compounds, viz., cannabispiran, dehydrocannabispiran, and betacannabispiranol, dehydrostilbenes-3-[2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) ethyll-5methoxyphenol and canniprene, acylated 0-glucoside of apigenol, 0-glycosides of vitexin, isovitexin, orientin (leaves); a-bergamotene, b-caryophyllene, trans-b-and afarnesene isomers, a-humulene, g-elemene, a-gurjunene, b-bisabolene, bcaryophyllene-epoxide and a-bisabolol, cannabinoids, tetrahydro-cannabinol, cannabinol, n-alkanes ranging from C, to C,,, 2-methyl alkanes, 3-methyl alkanes,

dirnethyl alkanes, a-pinene, myrcene, limonene, terpinolene, longifolene, humulene epoxides I & 11, m-mentha-1,8 (9)-dien-5-01 (essential oil from leaves and flowers); friedelin epifridelinol, N-p-hydroxy-b-phenylethy1)-p-hydroxy-transcinnamamide, stigmast-4-en-3-one, campest-4-en-3-one, stigmast-4,22-diene-3one, stigmast-5-en-3b-ol-7-one, campest-5-en-3b-01-7-one, stigmast-5,22-dien3b-01-7-one-cannabisativine, b-sitosterol, carvone, dihydrocarvone and some unidentified bases (root); cannabigerol, cannabichromene, 1-dehydro-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiolic acid (3-methyl-6-isopropenyl-4$-pentyl-2$,6$dihydroxy-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrobipheny1-3$-carboxylic acid), its acetate, cannaoidiol, cannabinol, tetrahydrocannabinol, trans-cinnamic acid, n-nonacosane, eugenol, guaiacol, cannabidivarin, tetrahydrocannabivarin, cannabivarichromene, L(+)isoleucine betaine, zeatin and zeatin nucleoside, vitexin, isovitexin, orientin, acyl derivative of apigenol, N-acetyl-glucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, canabitriol, 220-glucopyranosylvitexin, 22-0-glucopyranosylorientin, orientin, cannabispirol, acetylcannabispiral, cannabicoumaronone, 9-dehydrocannabinol, cannabitetrol, isocannabispiran, cannabifuran, dehydrocannabifuran, cannabitriol, 3,5,4$trihydroxybibenzyl, anhydrocannabisativine, cannabichromene, trans-delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol, 4-hydroxymethyl benzoate and 4-hydroxy-n-propyl benzoate, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, dihydrostilbenes-cannabistilbenes (plant and seed).

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES
Nematicidal, antiepileptic, abortifacient, sedative, anticonvulsant, antibacterial, antifungal, antitumour, diuretic, anti-emetic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, juvenornimetic, spasmolytic, hypotensive, CNS depressant, antibiotic, mild antistress, analgesic, hypothermic, antinociceptive (dose dependent), peripheral vasoconstrictor, anti-estrogenic, euphoric, antispasmodic.

TOXICOLOGY
After consuming Cannabis sativa symptoms of tinnitus are observed. Acute toxicity and the lesion appeared to be bilateral asymmetrical, involving both vestibule and cochlea. Abuse of new forms by young people is dangerous for their health and disturb their behaviour. Smoking of marijuana cigarettes per day by dogs decreased both respiration and heart rate and then after more smoking developed muscular weakness and loss of reflexes. Marijuana smoke and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are toxic to lung and impair pulmonary antibacterial defence system in a dose dependent manner. The major toxic effects of Cannabis drugs are on brain and lungs. The most serious social evil of chronic and heavy use of these drugs is the development of the demotivation syndrome even though there

is no evidence of physical damage. The most consistent objective effects noticed are tachycardia, conjunctival infection, increased body sway, increase in pulse rate, a slight rise in blood pressure and blood sugar, urinary frequency without diuresis, dryness of the mouth and throat, nausea, vomiting and occasional diarrhoea, insomnia, sexual impotence and personality changes. High oral doses result in temporal di~integrdtion leading to impairment of rational h n h g and loss of recent memory. Crude resin (7 mg/ml) and phenolic compound (7 mg/rnl) from leaves were highly toxic to small fish (Lebistes reticulatus) with mortalities of 85 and 97 per cent respectively.

THERAPEUTIC EVALUATION
In 1999 the Institute of Medicine (IOM) issued a report entitled Marijuana and Medicine. It recorrimended the development of cannabinoid drug delivery systems which might be effective for nausea, vomiting and AIDS wasting syndrome, among other chronic disorders. It is reported that a review of previously unpublished state-run clinical trials with Cannabis sativa (marijuana and / or delta-9tetrahydrocanabinol capsules) to test efficacy in reducing nausea and vomiting followed cancer chemotherapy has been carried out. 748 patients who smoked marijuana prior to andlor after cancer chemotherapy experienced 70-100 percent relief from nausea and vomiting while 345 patients who used THC capsules experienced 76-88 percent relief. On the basis of these, it appears that smoked marijuana can be very successful treatment for nausea and vomiting following cancer chemotherapy.

FORMULATIONS AND PREPARATIONS Sarpagandha ghana vati, Pushpadhanva rasa, Manmathabhra rasa, Krimikuthara rasa, Takramandura, Swalpa kasturibhairava rasa, Swachchhandanayaka rasa, Tryushanadya churna, Vijayadi vati, Jeerakadi modaka. TRADE AND COMMERCE Collection and storage of leaves and flowers of Cannabis sativa is allowed only under Government licence in Punjab, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Major supply of raw material comes from wild growth in Himalayas; supplies are also available in Tarnilnadu, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam and Uttar Pradesh. About 4 tonnes are collected annually in Bihar alone. Floweringlhting tops of C. sativa, sold under

the name 'Ganja' are produced from the plants cultivated under licence in two states of India, viz., Madhya Pradesh and Orissa. Retail market price - Seed - Rs.2001- per kg (2001).

SUBSTITUTES AND ADULTERANTS The seed oil of Cannabis sativa is used as substitute for linseed oil in paints and varnish. Fibre is used as substitute for flax and jute. PROPAGATION AND CULTIVATION It is cultivated in temperate and tropical regions of India. The plants grow best in rich friable loamy soil and mild humid climate. It can be propagated by seeds and also by vegetative cuttings. Delta-a-temydrocannabind concentration was found to be 4 times higher in vegetatively propagated plants than in the seed propagules. Vegetative cuttings developed profuse lateral branching resulting in increased foliage. Seeds are sown on bright sunny day in August at the rate of 5-8 kglha. Seedlings f are allowed to grow till 15 to 30 cm and transplanted in the fields at a distance o 120 cm in rows and 15 to 20 cm plant to plant. The field is irrigated 4 to 6 times during the cropping season. Upward growth of the plants is allowed by thinning the lower branches of the plant. The crop becomes thick and bushy and attains a height of 120 to 180 cm by November. Plants are harvested in May-June in plains and June-July in hilly regions. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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