Chapter VI: Popular Methodology Audiolingualism Behaviourist model of learning description - It uses the Stimulus Response-Reinforcement model.

It attempted, through a continuous process of such positive reinforcement, to engender good habits in language learners. Advantages disadvantages The student was constantly The language is de-contextualised and carries little learning and was shield from communicative function. the possibility of making mistake by the design of the drill.

PPP Presentation, Practice, and Production

Behaviourist model of learning

Description In this procedure the teacher introduces a situation which contextualises the language to be taught. The students now practice the language using accurate reproduction techniques such as choral repetition, individual repetition, and cue-response drills. Advantages Disadvantages It is useful for beginners and I t reflected neither the nature of language nor the nature of elementary students learning. It only describes one kind of lesson. Also, it is inadequate as a general proposal concerning approaches to language in the classroom.

Alternatiwes for PPP Approach ARC (Authentic use, Restricted Constructivist use, and Clarificatio n and focus) Description Communicative activity will demonstrate authentic use; elicited dialogue or guided writing will provoke restricted use of language by students; finally clarification language is that which the teacher and students use to explain grammar, give examples, analyse errors, elicit or repeat things. Advantages Disadvantages

OHE (Observe, Hypothesise , and Experiment) III (Illustrate, Interact, and Induction)

Students should be allowed to Observe (read or listen to language) which will then provoke them to Hypothesise about how the language works before going on to the Experiment on the basis of that hypothesis. It is wery close to III, in which happends the same.

ESA (Engage, Study, and Activate)

In the ESA model three components will usually be present in any teaching sequence. Engage student emotionally Study and describes any teaching and learning element where the focus is on how something is constructed. Activate, any stage at which students are encouraged to use all and/or any of the language they know.

The Constructivist communicative model of approach learning

Description The communicative approach or Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) is the name which was given to a set of beliefs which included not only a re-examination of what aspects of language to teach but also a shift in emphasis on how to teach. Advantages Disadvantages Increase of fluency. This It is difficult for the teacher alone to check the language use of enables the learners to be every student, especially in a big class. more confident when Also, the teacher might be that it depends on the teacher how interacting with other motivating or boring the lesson will be. people and they also The teacher needs to prepare the material at home and needs to enjoy talking more. The make it as motivating and creative as possible approach also leads to gains in the areas of grammatical/sociolinguis tic/discourse/strategic competence through

communication.

Task-based learning

Constructivist model of learning

Description Popularised by prof. Prabhu, who speculated that students were likely to learn language if they were thinking about a non-linguistic problem. Three basic stages of TBL according to Jane Willis: 1. Pre task (introduction to topic and task) 2. Task cycle (task, planning and report) 3. Language focus (analysis, practice). Advantages Disadvantages Extend collaboration Task-based learning is not appropriate as the foundation of a class among students; also for beginning students. Others claim that students are only exposed student can develop to certain forms of language, and are being neglected of others, such critical thinking. Besides, as discussion or debate. TBL implies a shift away from some traditional teacher roles.

Four Method Approac h Commun ity language learning Description Students sit in a circle, and they decide what they want to talk about. A counsellor or a knower stands outside the circle and he provides or corrects target language statements. If the student speaks in his native language, the teacher will translate. The teacher says as little as possible, interacting with physical objects (Cuisenaire rods, charts). Teacher indicates by gesture or expression what the student should do and whether or not they are correct. Exist an infantilisation; that is the teacher and the students exist in a parentchildren relationship where, to remove barriers to learning, students are given different names from their Advantages Disadvantages The counsellor- teacher can become too nondirective. Students often need direction. Translation is an intricate and difficult task. The success of the method relies largely on the translation expertise of the counsellor.

Constructi vist

Teacher help student to achieve what they want. The job of the teacher is to facilitate rather than to teach. Student can learn in a relax atmosphere. It doesnt provoke stress in students. The reliance students are forced to place upon themselves and upon each other is exciting and liberating. Student can learn to take responsibility of their learning. To use music as a relaxing way. The music creates a state of mental relaxing that causes a high capacity of retention. Suggestopaedia uses good life experiences, so for students

The silent way

Constructi vist

For some, the teachers silence acts as a barrier rather than an incentive to learn.

Suggesto paedia

Some students cant learn with music or in noisy places, because it is difficult for them to concentrate even if it is relax music. In this case, to use music will be complicated for these students, what means that they are not going to learn.

Total physical response

Behaviorist

outside real ones. A suggestopaedic lesson plan has three main parts, and the most important maybe is the last part, where students listen to relaxing music. Children learn language from their speech through the forms of commands. In responding to commands students get a lot of comprehensible input, and in performing physical actions they seem to echo the claims of Neurolinguistic programming that certain people benefit greatly from kinaesthetic activity.

will be easy to remember and accept the knowledge. The atmosphere of the classroom make students comfortable, relax, and confident. It is fun and easy and It does not require a great deal of preparation on the part of the teacher. With TPR student can learn vocabulary. Also, there is no age barrier, any student can learn from this method.

For some people, with TPR, students are not given the opportunity to express their own views and thoughts in a creative way. It is very limited, since everything cannot be explained with this method, so we must combine it with other approaches.

Humanistic teaching

Constructivist model of learning

Description Students are encouraged to make use of their own lives and feelings in the classroom. Many activities are designed to make students feel good and remember happy times while, at the same time, they practise grammar items. Advantages Disadvantages This approach will lead students Teachers need to be careful to give students just positive to be successful in learning a topics, because negative topics may hurt students and lead language since they are able to them to focus on their negative sides. express themselves in the target Student can learn to be individualists, they learn from their language more easily because experience and it is difficult to compare it with a classmate, the teacher gives them trust and because it can discourage to realize that your partner is respect to express what they feel happier than you. and thought. Also, with this approach, the student is the topic, which may help them to absorb grammar, as it were, through peripheral vision.

The lexical approach

Constructivist model of learning

Description The lexical approach is based on the assertion that language doesn't consist of traditional grammar and vocabulary, but also of phrases, collocations, and idioms. A lexical approach would steer us towards the teaching of phrases which show words in combination. Advantages Disadvantages Student are exposed to enough The learning of fixed and semi-fixed phrases cant be suitable input, what is the key to incorporated into the understanding of a language system. incresing the learners lexicon, With this approach we have the danger of hawing to learn an which responds to the fact that endless succession of phrase-book utterances. most wocabulary is adquired, Another problem is the way in which we might order such

not taught.

phrases for teaching and learning purposes.