NORTHEND GREENWAY DESIGN PRINCIPLES

COMPILED BY
JOHANN ZIMMERMANN, PE GIL COLMAN, PE
NEG DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Updated 2.19.13

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 1 2 VISION STATEMENT ........................................................................... 1 CORE DESIGN VALUES STATEMENT ................................................... 1

DOCUMENT INTENT....................................................................................... 2 PATH LOCATION ............................................................................................ 4 3.1 3.2 3.3 NORTH SOUTH CORRIDOR ............................................................ 4 NORTHEND GREENWAY LENGTH................................................... 4 NORTHEND GREENWAY ROUTE DESCRIPTION .............................. 5

DESIGN PRINCIPLES ....................................................................................... 7 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 PATH USERS ................................................................................... 7 PATH WIDTH, CLEARANCE, AND EASEMENT ................................. 9 PATH ADJACENT TO ROADWAY (SIDE PATH)............................... 10 DESIGN SPEED AND HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT .......................... 11 SURFACE STRUCTURE .................................................................. 12 BRIDGES ....................................................................................... 13 SIGNAGE ...................................................................................... 14 PATH ENTRANCES AND ACCESS POINTS ...................................... 15 VEHICLE ACCESS BARRIERS .......................................................... 16 PROTECTIVE BARRIERS ................................................................ 17 PRIVACY BARRIERS ....................................................................... 18 LANDSCAPING .............................................................................. 19 POCKET PARKS ............................................................................. 20

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4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17

BENCHES ...................................................................................... 21 LIGHTING ..................................................................................... 22 PATH MAINTENANCE ................................................................... 23 DATA COLLECTION ....................................................................... 24

APPENDIX A: TYPICAL PATH CROSS SECTION .............................................. 25 BICYCLE OPERATING SPACE ..................................................................... 25 TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF TWO WAY, SHARED USE PATH ON INDEPENDENT RIGHT OF WAY ................................................................ 25 APPENDIX B: COMPARISON OF AASHTO & VDOT GUIDELINES ................... 26 APPENDIX C: VISUAL PREFERENCE SURVEY ................................................. 28

COMPILED BY: JOHANN ZIMMERMANN, PE

NEG DESIGN PRINCIPLES

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INTRODUCTION

VISION STATEMENT

The Northend Greenway will be a path connecting people and the places they want to go, a strategically located corridor park, and a prototype of a high caliber transportation and recreation network for Harrisonburg. The Greenways vision is to be an attractive and safe biking and walking path connecting neighborhoods, businesses and schools with the downtown district through park space, easily accessible to all residents, including children, seniors and families.

CORE DESIGN VALUES STATEMENT

1. While used by all residents, the path will be designed to specifically meet the needs of families, children, and the elderly. 2. Provide an affordable, healthy, and carbon emission free transportation system that gets people to and from places they need to go. 3. Protect and enhance green, park, and recreation space and stream health in the north end of Harrisonburg. 4. Use design strategies and materials, where possible, that have the least negative environmental impact. 5. Design the path to be attractive and well used to inspire the city government of Harrisonburg and its citizens to invest in and construct more bicycle and pedestrian paths.

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DOCUMENT INTENT
DOCUMENT INTENT This document states the design principles that will be used to implement the core design values statement. These principles are a compilation of preferences from the Steering Committee involved in the development of the Northend Greenway (NEG), some ideas of which are summarized in Appendix A, Visual Preference Survey. All design decisions shall be guided by and shall fall within the values stated therein. The document is not and does not intend to be a design specification for the path. The NEG is understood to be one section of an evolving and growing shared use path system in Harrisonburg and extending into the surrounding area. The design principles of the Northend Greenway shall fall within the design guidelines to be adopted for paths in this broader context. The development of the NEG reaps the benefit of many years of previous work. This cooperative work between The City of Harrisonburg, the Citizens for Downtown, The Blacks Run Greenway Partnership, planning consultants, and the general public resulted in the Blacks Run Greenway Master Plan, prepared by Land Planning & Design Associates (LPDA) Inc., 2002. This document gives valuable background information for the current NEG project, and some sections that are significant to design have been incorporated into the NEG Design Guideline document. Credit is given where this is done. Other sections have had to be updated to meet current federal and state guidelines. This document can be accessed at the City of Harrisonburg website http://www.harrisonburgva.gov/blacks run greenway plan. If the NEG core design values conflict with federal, state or local codes and regulations, all effort shall be made to meet the regulations in a way most befitting to the values. These regulations include: VDOT (Virginia Department of Transportation) Design Guidelines, Section A 5 Bicycle and Pedestrian Facility Guidelines, Rev. 1/13 AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials) Guide for the Development of Bike Facilities, 4th Edition, 2012

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Harrisonburg Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan 2010 Harrisonburg Standard Procedures for Trails Locator System and Signage AASHTO Guide Specifications for Design of Pedestrian Bridges MUTCD, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices ADAAG, Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines All other applicable Federal, State and local codes.

Due to their complexity, this document does not include the design principles for major intersections, such as the section at Mount Clinton Pike and Virginia Avenue.

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PATH LOCATION

3.1

NORTH SOUTH CORRIDOR

The NEG shall be a part of the north south transportation and recreation corridor of the shared use path system in Harrisonburg. In the north, this corridor starts in the Park View neighborhood between EMU and EMHS and travels through open meadows and residential areas to downtown. From there the corridor will continue to the Farmers Market, then to Port Republic Road where it will meet up with its sister path to the south, the Bluestone Trail, that extends through Purcell Park, to Ramblewood Park, and on to destinations further south. We can imagine in the future, that the north south corridor might be further extended north and south, and also to connect with future trails east and west.

3.2

NORTHEND GREENWAY LENGTH

The NEG path starts at the corner of Main Street/Johnson Street and extends to Parkwood Drive between EMU and EMHS. It can be broken down as follows: North Main St/Johnson St to West Washington St West Washington St to Madison St Madison St to Jefferson St Jefferson St to North Liberty St North Liberty St to Mount Clinton Pike Along Mount Clinton Pike to Virginia Ave 596 406 922 1165 2347 526 ft ft ft ft ft ft

Mount Clinton/Virginia Ave inters. to Parkwood Dr 2300 ft _______________________________________________________ Total = 8262 ft

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3.3

NORTHEND GREENWAY ROUTE DESCRIPTION

The path travels through several different scenic areas in a variety of contexts as described in the Blacks Run Greenway Master Plan. The design of the path and its features shall need to blend into the characteristics of several different areas, while at once retaining a uniform design characteristic. Starting at North Main Street and Johnson Street, design should blend into the design of the path features of the urban downtown area. From West Washington Street to North Liberty Street the path winds its way along the backyard properties of a relatively secluded wooded residential area mostly along the stream bed. From North Liberty Street to Mount Clinton Street it winds its way through pastureland along Blacks Run Stream. This area is being developed commercially on the east and possibly commercially or residentially to the west. On arriving at Mount Clinton Pike, it parallels Mount Clinton up to the intersection with Virginia Avenue. This is a very congested area and the intersection represents a challenge to cross. Once past the intersection, the path continues to parallel Mount Clinton at a comfortable distance on the property of Eastern Mennonite High School and then cuts between the ball fields of Eastern Mennonite High School and Eastern Mennonite University and terminates at Parkwood Drive.

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PATH MAP

Map to be placed here

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DESIGN PRINCIPLES

4.1

PATH USERS

Most of the users of the Northend Greenway are expected to be recreational and commuting pedestrians and bicyclists. As per AASHTO, shared use path users shall generally be non motorized and may include but are not limited to any bicyclists, bicyclists pulling trailers, inline and roller skaters, skateboarders, kick scooters, and pedestrians. The greenway will not be designed to accommodate equestrian use. Shared use paths fall under the accessibility requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) whose technical provisions are included in the AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities 2012. They shall also meet the draft accessibility guidelines in the Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) on Accessibility Guideline for Shared Use Paths.

PEDESTRIANS This group includes people walking, strolling, and jogging/running. Considerations for each group are listed below (taken from the Blacks Run Greenway Master Plan): Pedestrians: Generally, this is the largest user group of trails. Trail width and interaction with bicyclists are the main considerations with this group. Pedestrians use trails in pairs in most instances; therefore, the width should allow for a pair of people. Pedestrians with strollers: This is typically the slowest moving group on the trail (along with senior pedestrians). A smooth, hard, and clean surface works best with strollers. Occasional rest areas and wider paths best accommodate this group. Pedestrians with leashed dogs: When designing for this group, the following rules should be included: All dogs should be on a leash that is short enough so that the dog does not block more than one half of the trail with the leash at its longest length.

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All dogs should walk on the edge of the trail whenever possible. Owners should clean up after their dogs.

Pedestrians (seniors): This is another group that is typically slow moving. A smooth, hard, and clean surface along with clearly designated walking and cycling directional signage work best for seniors. Occasional rest areas and wider paths best accommodate this group. Pedestrians of different abilities: This group can consist of people of different ages with many different kinds of disabilities (such as persons using wheelchairs, persons with vision and hearing impairments, persons with developmental disabilities, elderly, etc.).

BICYCLISTS Bicyclists will be the second major user of the Northend Greenway system. It is anticipated that the system will need to accommodate an increasing number of commuter and recreational bicycling. The following are sub groups of this group that all have different needs to consider when planning trail design (taken from the Blacks Run Greenway Master Plan): Accomplished Commuter Cyclists: This sub group prefers to use their bicycle in place of their automobile for daily travel and will use the fastest route, whether that is on or off the street. This would also include cyclists pulling trailers. Less Accomplished Cyclists: This sub group will travel with the other groups on the tails, so as to avoid auto traffic. Family Cyclists: The preference of this sub group will travel with the other groups on the trails, so as to avoid auto traffic. Children Cyclists: This sub group is under the age of 13. This group should stick to off street trails for safety. The design would be beneficial if the trail was to go under busy highways and streets and have direct connections to parks and schools.

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4.2

PATH WIDTH, CLEARANCE, AND EASEMENT

The width shall be a balance between the safety for users, the amount of easement width given by existing property owners, the preservation of the natural environment, and aesthetics. The width shall accommodate two people walking side by side on one side of the path and being able to pass two people walking side by side in the other direction. This would be equivalent to one bicyclist in each direction. The path as a whole shall accommodate the passage of a 5 ton maintenance vehicle. These goals can be accomplished by a 10 ft wide path, and this width is proposed.
Image 4.2

A two foot wide shoulder shall be included on each side where possible. People surveyed were divided as to whether this shoulder should be graveled or grassed over a gravel base. A grassy shoulder was generally preferred if vegetation would not deteriorate the edge of the asphalt surface. This would not be a concern in the concrete pavement sections. The design widths and clearances from lateral obstructions shall be assumed to be a 2 foot wide shoulder each side of the path and 3 feet from obstructions such as signs, as per VDOT and AASHTO guidelines. To accommodate the path, required clearances from obstructions and the installation of signs, a path width easement of 20 ft shall be obtained wherever possible. In certain locations where this will not be granted, a minimum width of 15 ft will be requested.

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4.3

PATH ADJACENT TO ROADWAY (SIDE PATH)

Adjacent to Mt Clinton Pike, east of the intersection with Virginia Ave, a shared use path will be next to the roadway and its placement is dictated by right of way and physical constraints. Due to the physical restraints, a side path may be installed with a width of 6 ft, but may also go down to the 5 ft wide minimum sidewalk width as per the Harrisonburg Bicycle & Pedestrian Plan if necessary to avoid obstructions. Since a minimum 5 ft separation between road and path may not be achieved, a physical barrier may have to be installed in a 2 ft wide strip between the roadway and the path. This barrier would have a minimum height equivalent to the height of a standard guardrail. A solution to address these challenges will be explored during the engineering design phase.

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4.4

DESIGN SPEED AND HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT Decree to which the path is winding or straight

The alignment of the path, in this case meaning the degree that the path is winding or straight, shall meet a compromise of the following uses: A utilitarian and safe transportation route to get from one place to another at an efficient and safe speed A recreational route for families, children, and the elderly A beautiful design featuring the natural beauty along the path

Image 4.4

The curve radii and visual site distances of a path determine the design speed for the path. The maximum design speed shall be limited so that riders of all ages, particularly families, children, and the elderly feel comfortable and safe. A slow design speed will allow a winding path, which can wind itself around natural objects such as trees and contours, allowing the subtleties of the landscape to be visually manifested and physically noticed. In general, the minimum design speed of 18mph shall be used for the design of the path radii. Where physical constraints require it, a minimum speed of 12mph shall be used for designing path radii. A winding path may require wider rights of way on some properties.

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4.5

SURFACE STRUCTURE

The path shall be hard surfaced so as to provide a smooth surface for wheels, for durability and for ease of maintenance. It shall be asphalt surfaced for economic reasons except for the areas where concrete would be more durable such as in high velocity water flow locations or for structural reasons. More expensive decorative natural stone, brick, or concrete pavers shall be used sparingly for accent features at entrances, access areas, and other landscape areas. People surveyed were divided as to whether the two foot wide path shoulder should be graveled or have grass over a gravel base. Gravel should be hard packed, so as not to erode or spread over the path. A hard packed gravel shoulder could provide a surface for runners, whereas a grassy shoulder may be eroded by runners. Where surface treatment is necessary for erosion next to the path, natural plant cover is preferred. Where this is not adequate, gabions (wire cages filled with stone), or interlocking pavers shall be considered. If riprap is needed as protection from stream erosion, a guardrail shall be provided between it and the path to protect riders.

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4.6

BRIDGES

Because bridges are in most cases highly visible, they shall be architecturally appealing. Bridge and boardwalk widths shall provide a balance between user safety, architectural appeal, construction economics, and the impact on the natural environment. For safety, VDOT and AASHTO guidelines recommend a 2 ft wide shoulder on bridges, along each side of a 10 foot wide minimum path width. The suggested compromise is to follow the current assumption of the Bluestone Trail, which is a total bridge width of 12 ft. In general, bridges shall meet the width dimensions and loading requirements to allow a small maintenance and emergency vehicle to pass. It is possible that city departments may not require bridges to support vehicles if emergency and maintenance vehicles are able to access any part of the trail from a street somewhere without having to cross the bridge. The bridges shall meet the length and elevation requirements above the stream bed that satisfy the hydraulic needs of the water way and the elevation alignment of the path.
Image 4.6.3

Image 4.6.1

Image 4.6.2

Bridges clad with local natural limestone, such as the one on the EMHS property, are highly attractive and reflective of the local material and history. They are expensive but may be desirable in key locations. (See Image 4.6.1) Wood boardwalk bridges are inexpensive and appropriate for longer stretches and when needing to maintain the path elevations in flood areas, but where long supporting spans are not necessary. (See Image 4.6.2) Either weathering steel truss bridges or concrete arch bridges are suggested for longer span locations. (See Images 6.4.3 and 6.4.4) Laminated timber bridges could possibly be considered. (See Image 4.6.5) Standard straight steel girder bridges are not aesthetically pleasing.

Image 4.6.4

Image 4.6.5

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4.7

SIGNAGE

Signage shall be consistent, clear, simple, and artistically pleasing (see Image 4.7.1). Wayfinding signs shall provide clear user information and navigational instructions. Regulation signs shall be emotionally intelligent, meaning positively worded, advising users on what to do, and avoiding the NO language. Main access entrances shall be provided with:
Image 4.7.1

Attractive signage Map of the path, its relationship to the city map, and nearby attractions Pertinent and interesting information about the path Regulations concerning the path use Wayfinding signage

Minor access entrances shall be provided with:

Image 4.7.2 Image 4.7.3

Wayfinding signage Regulations concerning the path use

Signage along the path: 1/10th mile markers in compliance with Trails Locator System & Signage City of Harrisonburg standards shall be used. (See Image 4.7.2) Location signs like that of the Roanoke trail were considered attractive. (See Image 4.7.3) Use simple, clear, and uncluttered informational and wayfaring signs. (See Image 4.7.4) Donor recognition is recommended on major signage and on amenities as an attractive way of attracting donors for these features. (See Image 4.7.5)

Image 4.7.4

Image 4.7.5 NEG DESIGN PRINCIPLES

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4.8

PATH ENTRANCES AND ACCESS POINTS

Entrances shall be attractive and inviting. They shall be visible so as to attract people to using the path. At the same time they shall be simple, placing emphasis on the natural beauty that the path passes through, versus sophisticated human made structures. Main access entrances shall be provided with:
Image 4.8.1

Signage Removable vehicle access barrier, if needed Water fountain (if the city will maintain) Pet waste station (if the city will maintain) Trash receptacle (if the city will maintain) Bathrooms (if the city will maintain)

Minor access entrances shall be provided with:

Image 4.8.2

Signage Removable vehicle access barrier, if needed

Path entrance locations are:

Image 4.8.3

South terminus at Main St/Johnson St North terminus between EMU and EMHS at Parkwood Drive Entrance from Mt Clinton onto the Harman property Intersection of Mt Clinton and Rt 42 Any other road crossings and minor intersections

Possible designs for main access entrances could be:

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A feature designed into the middle of the path (See Image 4.8.1) An open paved area (See Image 4.8.2) An informational kiosk with roof (See Image 4.8.3)
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4.9

VEHICLE ACCESS BARRIERS

Removable vehicle access barriers may be installed at path access locations as need is determined. Square 8inch x 8inch wooden removal bollards with possible reflectors are considered attractive. (See Image 4.9.1) Small diameter steel bollards are not considered attractive and somewhat unsafe because of their narrow visibility. Plastic bendable bollards are preferred. (See Image 4.9.2)

Image 4.9.1

Image 4.9.2

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4.10

PROTECTIVE BARRIERS

Protective barriers shall be installed as per regulations as protection from vehicle traffic and from drop offs beside the path. (See Image 4.10) A guardrail or stone wall would have to be installed where the path runs close to a road, such as along Mount Clinton Pike. Smooth rail fences are safer for path users than split rail fences.

Image 4.10

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4.11

PRIVACY BARRIERS

Privacy barriers shall be installed where needed: By landowner consenting to the easement To visually hide or protect something To delineate the path space from an adjacent use Natural plant barriers are the choice barrier. High stockade wood fences are to be used only when absolutely necessary, and if stockade wood fences are to be used, they should preferably be low. Variable materials, allowing landowners options, yet still keeping a consistent look to the path is good. A low wood stockade fence. (See Image 4.11.1) Wood posts with cable are a possible alternative. (See Image 4.11.2) Wood posts with beam are a possible barrier from high use areas. (See Image 4.11.3)

Image 4.11.1

Image 4.11.2

Image 4.11.3

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4.12

LANDSCAPING

The natural contours of the land shall be preserved as much as possible for aesthetic and environmental reasons. The path shall follow the contours of the land and shall only be re contoured to meet path design speed requirements, ADA slope regulations, elevations needed for path structural stability, and water drainage. Landscaping shall vary according to the location. Native low water demand and low maintenance plantings shall be used. Although not included as a part of the path design and construction, stream restoration activities shall be encouraged to go hand in hand with the development of the path. Vegetated slopes shall be used wherever possible. Limestone rip rap shall be used only if necessary on steep slopes in high erosion areas. If natural slopes cannot be used, retaining walls shall preferably be out of segmental concrete blocks. Concrete shall preferably only be used for bridge abutments. Depending on the location, the cost of natural limestone may be warranted for retaining walls and bridge abutments.

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4.13

POCKET PARKS

Pocket parks shall be established where possible to: Provide access to enjoy natural features Provide destinations Provide meeting places Provide places to rest and relax Provide recreation areas, especially for children

Among the park locations to be considered are: 1. Monroe St park 2. Ashby Ave/ Monroe St 3. Suter Street linear Park 4. Harman Property linear Park 5. New Community Project linear park south of Madison St. 6. EMU and EMHS linear park (to be determined by these entities) 7. Brookside Development park (to be determined by the developer)

Final document will include a map showing pocket park locations

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4.14

BENCHES

The style of bench may vary depending on location. Picnic tables are encouraged in addition to benches. Picnic tables are also encouraged next to playgrounds, so that parents have options while their children are playing. Steel and wood benches may be stylish for downtown areas. In these areas, Parks and Rec and Public Works may prefer benches to match the styles currently being used. (Landscape Forms Scarborough, backed, 72 length, horizontal strap seat with center arm, Stormcloud Powercoat Finish. http://www.landscapeforms.com/en US/site furniture/Pages/scarborough bench.aspx Simple steel and concrete benches may be suitable for most areas. Pavers should be used at bench location instead of concrete pads. These pavers should be installed over a concrete pad to prevent settling.
Image 4.14.1

Image 4.14.2

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4.15

LIGHTING

Image 4.15

People surveyed are divided on the issue of whether lighting is necessary, beneficial, security providing, or dangerous. All agreed that lighting is needed downtown, and at road intersections. It may also be needed in high pedestrian areas after dark, such as between Mt Clinton and EMU/EMHS. This section may be heavily used by senior citizens walking between VMRC and the Gift and Thrift shopping area, restaurant and meeting areas on Mt. Clinton. In winter, much of this use occurs after dark in the early evening. Attractive full trail lighting could be provided by pedestal lights. Even though lighting may not be installed at the time of construction, conduit will be buried for future light installation.

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4.16

PATH MAINTENANCE

The path, its features, pocket parks and all amenities shall be designed to be as low maintenance as possible. The design will also have to be a balance between the initial cost of installations and the maintenance upkeep costs. Some specifics for instance are: The path shall be hard surfaced Path pavement in high erosion floodway areas shall be concrete Landscape plantings shall be low maintenance.

A maintenance plan for the path (taken from the Blacks Run Greenway Master Plan) should be developed prior to the completion of the path and will need to address the following: Replace missing and damaged directional signs. Repaint worn pavement markings. Trim vegetation for clear sight distances. Remove fallen or dying trees and limbs. Patch holes and fill cracks in trail pavement. Clean drainage systems. Sweep path pavement. Mow regularly. Pick up trash and regularly empty trash receptacles. Maintain furniture and other structures. Clean restrooms and drinking fountains. Remove graffiti from surfaces. Clean and replace lights. Snow removal.

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4.17

DATA COLLECTION

It is suggested that a study be set up at the completion of the path construction to determine its impact on the community. Data collection points will be set up at key locations to electronically monitor the volume of use of the trail, the time of use, and travel demand. This information will be useful in the cost benefit analysis for the use of community funds that will be useful for future decisions regarding path construction and location in the community.

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APPENDIX A: TYPICAL PATH CROSS SECTION

BICYCLE OPERATING SPACE

Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities, AASHTO 2012 Edition

TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF TWO WAY, SHARED USE PATH ON INDEPENDENT RIGHT OF WAY

Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities, AASHTO 2012 Edition Note: VDOT Design Guidelines, Section A 5 requires 3 ft clearance from side obstructions
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APPENDIX B: COMPARISON OF AASHTO & VDOT GUIDELINES

PATH WIDTH, BARRIERS, BRIDGES, AND DESIGN SPEED AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bike Facilities, 4th Edition, 2012 Path Width Path Width Exceptions Min of 10 feet with exceptions 1. 8 feet allowed under the following 4 reqs i. Low bicycle traffic ii. Occasional pedestrian use iii. Good alignments for safe passing iv. Maintenance wont ruin pavement edge 2. 8 feet in short sections for environmental constraints
Page 5 3

VDOT Design Guidelines, Section A 5 Bicycle and Pedestrian Facility Guidelines, Rev. 1/13 Min of 10 feet with exceptions 1. 8 feet allowed under the following 4 reqs i. Low bicycle traffic ii. Occasional pedestrian use iii. Good alignments for safe and frequent passing iv. Maintenance wont ruin pavement edge
Page A 94

Page 5 3

Page A 94

Shoulder Width

Minimum 2 feet with maximum 6:1 slope

Page 5 5

Minimum 2 feet with maximum 6:1 slope Minimum 3 feet of clearance

Page A 95

Distance to Minimum 2 feet of clearance Obstructions Exception: 1 ft where "smooth" features are introduced with appropriate flaring Distance to Hazards Recommended When separation to one of the following conditions is less than 5 feet from the edge of the path pavement, a physical barrier of 42" is recommended: i. Slopes 2:1 or steeper, with a drop of 4 feet or greater ii. Slopes 3:1 or steeper, with a drop of 6 feet or greater iii. Slopes 3:1 or steeper, adjacent to a parallel water hazard or other obvious hazard Minimum of 42 inches

Page 5 6

Page A 95 Page A 97

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Physical Barrier Height

Required When separation to one of the following conditions is less than 5 feet from the edge of the path pavement, a physical barrier of 54" is required: i. Slopes 2:1 or steeper, with a drop of 4 feet or greater ii. Slopes 3:1 or steeper, with a drop of 6 feet or greater iii. Slopes 3:1 or steeper, adjacent to a parallel water hazard or other obvious hazard Minimum of 42 inches unless otherwise noted (i.e. bridges, retaining walls)

Page A 95

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APPENDIX B: CONTINUED

AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bike Facilities, 4th Edition, 2012 Distance to Retaining Walls and Barrier Height Bridge Width If path is adjacent to a Slope of 1:1 or steeper with a drop of 1 foot or greater a physical barrier of minimum 42" high is recommended
Page 5 6

VDOT Design Guidelines, Section A 5 Bicycle and Pedestrian Facility Guidelines, Rev. 1/13 If path is adjacent to a retaining wall or structure with a drop off of 1' or more, a railing or chain link fence of at least 54" high is required
Page A 95

Clear width must be same as approach path (i.e. 10 ft), but receiving end of bridge must have a clear width equal to the path width plus the 2 ft of clearance on each side.
Page 5 26

Clear width must be the same as the approach path plus the minimum 2 foot shoulder (i.e. 10' + 2' + 2' = 14' or possibly 8'+2'+2'=12')
Page A 103

Bridge Guardrail Height Design Speed

Minimum of 42"
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Minimum of 54
Page A 103

For relatively flat areas (grades less than 2%), a design speed of 18mph is generally sufficient, except on inclines where higher speeds can occur. The design speed should not be lower, except in rare circumstances where the context and user types support a lower speed. The slower end of the design speed scale is between 12mph and 20mph
Page 5 13

In general, a minimum design speed 18 mph should be used.

Page A 97

Definitions

SHALL or WILL mandatory SHOULD advisory condition MAY optional condition

Road Design Manual Preface

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APPENDIX C: VISUAL PREFERENCE SURVEY

NEG DESIGN PRINCIPLES VISUAL PREFERENCE SURVEY A meeting of 12 peoplecomposed of NEG steering committee members and experienced shared use path userswas held on December 21, 2012 to finalize the committees design preferences. A slide show of path design elements of existing paths was shown, categorized into specific design aspects. The different design features were discussed and at the end of each section, participants rated their preferences and gave written comments. The resulting survey documents these preferences and comments, which were then compiled to write up the NEG Design Principals Document.

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NEG Design Principles: Visual Preference Survey ASPECT: Width

1. 8 ft no shoulder

2. 10 ft no shoulder

3. 10 ft with 2 ft shoulder

Width 1

Only if Yes No Maybe necessary N/A Comments 2 2 5 The smaller the better Like a dividing line painted in middle Without fencing-fence creates perception of narowness 5 5 No fences on either side due to being a hazard Like this for runners so long as it's not loose Like no shoulder aesthetically but understand need No need for side gravel 6 2 2 Too wide

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NEG Design Principles: Visual Preference Survey ASPECT: Alignment

1. Winding Only if Alignment Yes No Maybe necessary

2. Straight N/A Comments Love the look-will cyclists cut corners? Either is good Striking a balance is important Slower and prettier Some spots Too straight will encourage bikes too fast 1

1 2

10 2 3 5

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NEG Design Principles: Visual Preference Survey ASPECT: Surface

1. Asphalt and Concrete

2. Concrete

3. Brick

4. Pavers Only if Surface Yes No Maybe necessary 1 10

5. Runner Erosion

N/A Comments For cost effectiveness It's cheap and smooth Some areas Expensive! Creates clean edge Cheap to begin with but not as longlasting Concrete is bumpy 2 Entrances, features Accent Smoothness issues, trip up small bikers Sparingly For decorative areas W/ a good base layer of sand to avoid weeds Nice for less erosionbut expensive I'd prefer a more natural stone to the area Entrances, features Accent areas Sparingly Cheaper? Better than brick Very important - this will happen Take this into account w/ shoulder design 2 Will probably happen!

Sheet3

NEG Design Principles: Visual Preference Survey ASPECT: Erosion

1. Gabions Only if Alignment Yes No Maybe necessary

2. Riprap

1 2

4 1 4

4 3

N/A Comments Would like to see plants/riparian buffer eventually And ground cover Plants? Ground cover, erosion mesh Even better: natural erosion control/ground cover I like the idea of plants 2 Fence to protect users? Special ground cover w/ dense not mass 2 Plastic permeable honecomb for grow through foliage/grass Natural cloth cover Plants would be preferable

Sheet4

NEG Design Principles: Visual Preference Survey ASPECT: Privacy Barriers

1. High Stockade

2. Low Stockade

3. Posts and Cable Privacy Only if Barriers Yes No Maybe necessary

4. Posts and Cable with Trees N/A Comments Doesn't build community If landowner insists If needed for homeowner preference If neighbors want it 4 Mix use of all where appropriate 2 Let homeowners decide, variable along trail

1 2 3 4 5 Natural Plant Barriers

3 4 5 6 1

2 4 4 3

Like plantings alongside Bushes - possibly edible too! I like the trees - natural

Sheet5

NEG Design Principles: Visual Preference Survey

ASPECT: Protective Barriers

1. Guardrail

2. Reflective Posts

3. Split Rail

4.Smooth Rail Protective Only if Barriers Yes No Maybe necessary

5. Log Rail

6. Post and Beam

N/A Comments Along Mt. Clinton Not pretty! Like idea of EMU/HS contribution Use stone/designed metal/weathering steel - NOT highway grade 7 Railroad crossing In slow car areas Where applicable Doesn't seem like id does anything 2 Sits too close to path No preference among options 3-5 Splinters? Looks safe Both 4 & 5 look nice and don't seem as rough Ends up looking so weathered in time Splinters? Parking barier Like it as visual barrier

4 5 6

8 5 5 1

2 4 3 1

Sheet6

NEG Design Principles: Visual Preference Survey ASPECT: Path Access

1. No Restrictions Only if Path Access Yes No Maybe necessary

2. Steel Bollard 3. Wood Bollard N/A Comments Like Requirement AASHTO? Safe? Dangerous 4 With reflective stickers Like it moveable Muted colors brown/dark green with reflectors Wood is nice Best! If possible match fencing, reflect - don't make orange Strong enough? Plastic is my preference

1 2

3 3

4 3

3 4 Plastic bendable bollard

Sheet7

NEG Design Principles: Visual Preference Survey

ASPECT:Bridges

1. Wood Boardwalk

2. Low Profile Wood

3. Laminated Wood

4. Weathering Steel

5. Steel Beam 6. Concrete Arch Only if Bridges Yes No Maybe necessary 1 2 3 6 3 3 1 1 2 3 6 5

7. Stone

N/A Comments Inexpensive, for long low stretches 1 Feels unsafe - can't stand on it Maybe for SHORT bridge 1 Best for long spans Don't like the rust - feels harsh This is my favorite Use different bridges to suit character of the locations Okay if curved Ugly Beautiful but expensive Beautiful Expense? Both 6 and 7 when positioned for beauty spot Beautiful Beatiful, at EMU/HS fields Bluestone to match JMU? Just ideas Like it with EMHS Beautiful and natural

4 5

6 2

1 5

2 3

Sheet8

NEG Design Principles: Visual Preference Survey

ASPECT:M. A. Stations

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

M. A. Only if Stations Yes No Maybe necessary

N/A Comments Too overbearring Like archway feel Depends on location - ALL - different design Arch nice, but of wood/trellis plants Different design to arch I like the way each of these look-diff. ones for diff. areas Maybe if not metal? Too industrial Like size Simple Ugly Like the space, not the sign design At EMU/HS Want place to sit Attractve Natural Beautiful Like signage too, bench, open area Really like, nice flow Like a bench, waiting area, sign entrance Very integrated - like the resting spot this offers and beaty of design Very good This is my favorite - love the brick and benches Particularly good Roundabout is nice - lots of space good Overhang like but don't thing people will to out Like info station but there isn't room to stop & look Looks tacky

1 2 3

4 6 4

4 1 5

2 3 2

4 5

7 5

4 4

Sheet9

NEG Design Principles: Visual Preference Survey

ASPECT:Info Stations

1.

2.

3.

4. Info Only if Stations Yes No Maybe necessary N/A

5.

6.

Comments Cool looking out pause area Need consistency throughout- design may set city standards Seems too built up - need more natural Not well arranged Visual not appealing but practical Like ammenities but ugly! Good amenities but placed poorly, ugly Looks haphazard, uninviting Needs better shrubs or planning Amenities good but different arrangement Amenities are good Tasteful, small Poor aesthetics Donor recognition is important but this exp isn't attractive Like pavers Looks okay Too generic Make nicer maps Too simple, plain Bare, lacks identity Maps are nice, put in markers to show current location Map is needed Nice, simple Like overhang, need maps I like the cedar roof

Sheet10

NEG Design Principles: Visual Preference Survey

ASPECT:Way Signs

2. 1. 3.

4.

7. City Trail Locator Sign 6. Only if Maybe necessary 4 4

5. Way Signs Yes 1 3 No

3 4

5 5 1

6 3

N/A Comments Signs must be attractive, consistent, informational Looks classy Too complicated Looks great and special Include distance, walking/biking times to destination Great look Nice for directions to other downtown locations Doesn't look uniform Give mileage and time to get there - biking and walking Consistency across paths, other bike/pedestrian routes I like the bike symbol on this sign - could be standard for citywide bike network Too much stuff Too confusing Like mile markers Not visible Not needed? More natural 1 Nice Love size, design - add minutes I like signs that have color and use natural materials Looks nicer Standard Nice for runners Ugh, do we have to? 3

Sheet11

NEG Design Principles: Visual Preference Survey ASPECT: Regulation Signs

1.

2.

3.

Reg. Signs

Only if Yes No Maybe necessary

N/A Comments Emotionally intelligent signage More graphics Like yes attitude Use more graphics, otherwise good Need graphics! Show not tell people what to do Less text, creative ways to avoid negative words: don't, no, only, off Looks inviting, doesn't seem all rules Cleaner looking People won't read this or #3 More graphics Use more graphics and color No "No's" Graphics are nice but not wording

2 3

1 1

6 9

Sheet12

NEG Design Principles: Visual Preference Survey ASPECT: Lighting

1. Full Trail

2. Intersections Only

3. No Lighting

Only if Lighting Yes No Maybe necessary

1 2

5 4

1 1

3 2

3 4. Solar lights

4 3

N/A Comments Gives false safe impression Need to think/consider this further - definitely go ahead and do conduit Low level lighting in key locations only Pragmatic necessity I think the trail needs lights - people will use to commute after dark Enough lighting to have visibility 1 1 Lighting only downtown I don't think lights would improve safety but helps with fundraising 1 Will create higher use Solar lighting placed at a good distance apart

Sheet13

NEG Design Principles: Visual Preference Survey ASPECT: Benches

2. Covered Bench 1. Steel and Wood Bench

3. Plastic Covered Steel Bench

4. Steel and Wood Bench on Concrete Pad

Only if Benches Yes No Maybe necessary

2 3

2 8

N/A Comments Looks great No bar in middle Customize to path style, specific location Looks like state park - may not fit 1 or 2 would be nice Not generic Like the idea but not the execution Like wood NO bench dividers (sleepless benches) 1 Nice and simple Don't like the concrete pad but like something more circular Don't like looks of concrete pad but bench okay Create better shape of pad to link to path, bench on gravel or wood chip pad is nicer to me Different ones for diff locations - w/ picnic tables Looks rustic, fits in with natural feel

Sheet14

NEG Design Principles: Visual Preference Survey ASPECT: Waste Disposal

1. Waste Disposal Only if Yes No Maybe necessary

2.

N/A Comments Yes to pet, but city's are nice See Westover/Court Sq examples Plus recycling, wooden trash cans, located near streets/picnic areas Customize to path design - like Bluestone? Something more attractive - wood or stone Looks dumpy, dark green Westover exp is better, do need trash can occasionally - near picnic area Nice and bigger but diff. color/material to not stand out so badly At end points only At trailhead Where? At entrance, possible to have clean, safe restrom? Bathroom nice - could be solar composting like national parks - make rustic wood look Not sure - if city doesn't want benches without arms, I'd be surprised if they allow bathrooms Solar trash compaction? Recycling? I think there should be places to throw compost and recycling bins - maybe maintained by "friends of NEG"?

3 Bathrooms

Sheet15