-W$ 7

(Clauses) FIW (Conjunctions)

T I * @

3% @ h ~

m*k

m*mr
m % m 3 (Conjunctions)
7.5.1 F R l f $ R T 7.5.2 F 7 iJ W 7.5.3 q P

v h e r ; f (Co-ordinating ; Conjunctions)

**

(Correlative Conjunctions) (Subordinating Conjunctions/Subordinators)

5W -

F@PR (Sentence Connnectors)

Tm$*rn
7.7.1 ~ T R l :W FkFll 3kFl-W 7.7.2 F h T 3FFR : @ F 4 3 l7PlT F R T
7.7.3

m m : ~
(Conditional Sentences)

7.8.1 H%l<!cY+ 7.8.2 I + l l l r Y 6

9rd 9rd

7.8.3 FIFTbT T 7 f 7.8.4 m T f ~ & T & T F ? f & 3 ; r ; ; f ; ~ * ? ' j G ~ ~ ~

&m*m

1)

m ? r * * 3 c i r
The Doctor diagnosed &e patient. exanlined saw -

T) T @ R W (Compound Sentence) :
2)

* % * * M * ~ W ~ I
The Doctor diagnosed the patient and gave h i m the medicine.
f&T 3WW' (Com~lex Sentence) :

m)
3)
4)

7$%T%~~~rn*&**rif&r&*~~l The Doctor examined the patient & was standing at the end of the row.

*rif&rwSlTjr*~*m**%33~~~m%f;TfbheT$l
The other such patients as were standing ahead shouted at the Doctor and said tlut they would protest against that favc uatisnl.

( ~ i r n p l e ) m m ? ? l*
(i>

F * *~ F KIF T ~ w R ~ T ~ :

*~?F+R~I

(ii)

He heard an explosion.

%?

h I

He phoned the policc.

z@w33rm~*3rsmmm%mmqj~~-fm;tr81
Coordination : (iii) ZFh Jh $?W He heard an explosion g n J (he) phoned ihe police. Subordination : (iv) % ? & explosion, he phoned the police.

*
$%fT

kI

h1 When he heard an

(I) * & * M g & * % * m l As soon as he heard an csplosion. hc phoned the policz. Simple . (vi) f%%Z the police

&@

& 'T

kI (On) Hearing an explosion, he phoned

OR

(vli) Haring hcard a11 explosion, he phoned t l ~ police. c

OR (viii) After having heard an explosion, he phoned the police.

(ii) 6 ? Vk, 8 Finite Vcrb 'FT d T f h W W. TMm$mm ( i i i ) ' i ' a n d ' ~ ~ i ; m * F m T ; T W ~

: WF7 ( ~ i )(17ii), , (vi~i) 3 (i)

81
/ -

' i

i iI

(iv)

ip.TI

(v)

$R'X~-WR%

w~wmzT~f;FsTW~l

TRTTJT

3lX

Ti3 % - ( I )

d (snbject)
3 k

(2) f%4T (verb) (3)

(con~plement)]

W$ 'W T ( 5 ) TiFT T$J g i : %dh'%(optional) Ti3 3 I

(4) V f (Object) 1

'& FRZU ?! - @W!%hT (Adverb/adverbial)]

7.5 -WW&I'%

(Conjunctions)

??I7 3
T@ETT?TW7

co~ljunctions~
3-4

*3& 3 orr?r ~+ITRT

~@ %

* &8

(Conjunctions)

& 31

(i) 'Coordinating Conjunction's F M (ii) Subordinating f$;4T w 8 & FFJW~MT, S ~ ~ P P J J

i
(ii) (iii) (iv)

&??I~FI&~&T?$~~I
The boys and girls were playing.

(3 m)

&T+~'~&FTT+~'~ (3I The girls were sinning and dancing.

m)

&&3h

@TTFFRZU?!I

(3fhTl%mTm)

The frog can live in water and on land.

dJhi&$rn?d?t?rf%~~3~1rm*r
The boys and their parents attended the prize distribution function.

(*ww)

(v)

& % ~ * 3 h T m 3 h * 1
The boys played football and the girls watched.

(3 m)

7.5.1 WWV&TTT T l f l f i b W (Coordinating Conjunction)

mm:,
Clause-1
(i> (ii)

a,

3-9~-

(Coordinating Conilrnction) 3 : &, @, T, m,7-7, aznf$,and, but, so, yet, for, or. nor. TihTT $! W R & : Coniunction Clause-2

The mother told a story & the children listened.

3 rn @

3hT

F ~ ? ~ & ~ T T ~ w I

Sii3rn@1~ifWi%dt+1~~1
The mother told a story but no one listened.

(iii) ~ ? F W $ ~ & F ; f ~ v I The story was interesting so e v w o n e listned. (iv) (v)

(vi)

TRR?FJF~T&%TR%*@I
The story was interesting ~t no one listned.

*b-av*rn*.iirl
Ekeryone listened for the story was interesting

mv*33;;~~-&?1
You call listen & r you can leave.

(vii) 7 H 8 I They didn't listen nor did they leave.

5ifZ. : STm4 T
(1) (2)

F ~ if T F $ srdm ? 3I reversal

R h ea~; 8 ~ h 8I

They didn't listen.

They didn't leave.

They didn't listen nor did they leave.

T)

dFFT 'FI ~_-tl4&@5 (Cumulative or Copulative Conjunction) :

~ m s ~ ~ p r r * ~ . ~ ~

3W

f$ FiP.7

@rn**?l
(i)
Ram and Krishna will come.

3;farn~~rnrn&~&&$
Both ram and Krislma will come Ram as well as Krislma will conlc. Not only Rail1 but Krishna will also come. (ii)
T I T$,w TTFT, FFT XFT3 I

The old and the young

- all were happy.

q) f%FfT T+y-.rc-l& (i) (ii)

;Alternative or Disiunctive Coniunction) :

& ZiTT ?T

RT?l

it%TRijqmrnmm*&31*:
@-2~r?1
Give
rile

a book

a pen. he feigns madncss.

~ ~ T ~ = V ~ ; ; T ~ ~ ~ * F F ; ~ , * W X I

Either he is inad

j&:'or TmM~8*w*f -(a) 'w'-m%~qj?~~+-Jd

7

wtradesgthoseof leather, or carpentq-, or smith's work flourish best in large cities (b) %' W 3 TI5 2 3Pf 3 - The tribes caste of India are numerous (c) 'otherwise' - 3 F F J & 3Pf 3 -you must work hard; a (=otherwise = if you do not work hard) you will not achieve success.
**TT,

T$k8TTrffirit@TT@?-cf;l*TR?f$v-mtr

(iii) q & ~ ; t m @ ~ t Neither h n l e s h nor Suresh came. (iv> (v)

3 3 t

* m,
,

3 ~ m fi

h f$ I

Walk quickly,

you will not overtake him.

mmm*3~--qr~~mM**~21
You should take taxi, otherwise you may miss the train.

)
(i)

fstrm

1,.l=q4&~FF(Adversative Coniunction)

3 d j?

@ R

fhl

at*'
(ii)

m$%m3mm21
The girl is ii~telligent but lazy.

* T ~ T M ~ & ~ T $ T ~ I
I wrote him a letter, but he didn't reply.

(iii) ;Jr: d k '8 ?"d? 2I He is rich. set he is unhappy.

(iv) % *-m m;w w I He was alriglit; &o he was exhausted.

(v) m 3 ~ ~ m h f i t ~ m M ; r ~ m 1 he couldnd't get a first class. He worked very hard,

) (Illative Conjunction) : dm?m?rrnr~;~w$~~(i)

(ii)
(iii) (v)

h fhl 2 f%

He does not go to s c h o ~for l he is ill.

~@~;;3~8hFhf?~$T$8k3~mr1 He was w i l t available there so I came Sack.

~ q ~ ~ i f ~ f i l i i T - f d l f i i F % ~ * ~ @ t ~
Something certainly fell into the well; for I heard a splash.

~m~Mmm&m$M~#3~4kvil3*-chrt
All precautions must have been neglected; for the plague spread rapidly

7.5.2

mw
T &

(Correlative Conjunctions)

*-*t~***&%1*-wr--wT,pr-'41,~-T,*-*,arPT,

- rn (& *), - f% 3TR Either - or, Neither - llor, Both - and, Though - vet, Whether - or, Not o ~ l y - bnt also. so - that, such - as, so - as etc.
(i)
(ii)
Tra?$*+q.r*?1 Either take it or leave it.

**,

~q;ih.*$dk;~-l
It is neither useful nor ommental.

(iii)

~FFFIR??&T~I Though he is destitude, vet he is not devoid of good conduct.

(iv) $ t + $ s m r i : * & g ~ 3 , * . ~ 3 1 I do not care whcther you stay go. (v) (a)
(b)

qqfhRT@3qh@4t21
Not onlv is he foolish, but also obstinate

;rfhRT*m,mn3*3m*fB;~mBl
Not only I, & t all other men declare this to be true.

*:-zr%mm**3hSit8*Mmrn~m*%%l (vi) ;PTT &, ;PTT * , & 3 : $IT~ R 3I

Whether one is rich (vii) ~ T C ? W ~ % ~ I can't say whether he will come g r not (viii) (a) (viii)(b)

poor, everyone experiences/meets sorrow and sufferings.

~ T T ~ I

p aFW 4 k
blind a fool

H &3I
deaf.

That old lnan is He is & b

q*4t$ik~31
a knave.

(ix) TFg=fJ*m**fB;m*m*~&l
He spoke

loudly that everyone in the auditorium may listen to him. intelligent as bis younger son.

(x) r n ~ k ~ a ; r r ~ * 1 ' ; T F ? i % r n R * k l
His elder son is not
( i W ) mmy There was ticket.

=Jd@tm$fW?ffmf2w~m~~~~m~1
a long queue at the theatre @ t I came away without buying a

&:
7.5.3

*
TI-h

Correlative Coqjunctions Pft

@?I

(Subordinating Conjunctions/Subordin;ltors)

-zrq=TFihm%*~r"rl~allcT4i*m%*ilesrMrnm

*~m**-FT&$ikrndpSTTrn-rn'fi;beTm*d '8 I -zr Subordinators 3@r Coordinators 3 3 TI3 3 3f%7 f f$; 3 3TiP$ %
T i c a ; m h a ; w f * ; r , m ~ : ~ ~ m % * P l * -

'

(i)

While the girls watched, the boys played football.

e

(ii) The boys played football & the girls watched.

T) %-Flf%'?T Subordinators : T?FT 3 ? & Subordinators f?T TY % . after, although, as, as if, as long as, as soon as, because, before, except, how, howevcr. if, immediately, lest, like, now, once, only, provided (that), since, than, that, though, till, unless, untill, when, whenever, where, wherever, whereas, whether. while.

a)
1.

Subordinators

* ndm & &

?QTT

(i)
(ii)

The bus started fter the engine was repaired. m*s~n~i~*f;w*\ After the shower was over the sun: sl~one out again. h* lR ?@ yT mI

ThoughlAlthough he was inviled, he didn't come.

&qmhz~~m~=6tm!
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Do

as your teacher tells you.

%-i$r~3mm+firm&31
Do not act 3 he did.

%3T=r***fcrml
She trembled She is not (=while) she spoke. (=to the extent that) you a-:-I:

TTT~?.hT+ (= il W+rd)l
so clever

q33%h-aTfT=f88fh%f$;~~
& the winter season has set in, the air is cooler.

**w*mp2,ma*1
If tile plate is dropped, it will break. -

rn*fWrn87?r%prr@?\
If you have no objection. I will ineel you tomorrow.

~m&m;r&7?r*m'f;i;Ti
ti.

It tooks a

f it is going to rain.

krn*2rnd*&$l
I asked hiin i r (=whe@er) he would come back

* * ~ % r n ~ r n & ~ l
:

T d 3 % Indirect question $ ;jlR% 3

If he is dull, he is atleast sincere.

3I

mf~%~%*$Mai:-$~
(i) (ii) (iii)

~ - s _ i ~ ypu p ~ work g ~ hard, you will succeed Tqm?-xm.qfigqd$, q-qTT*\

You can s r a ~in 111y hoase long as you stay in this city

~m:;m3~~mZi&~,3?rnv;r~u%??i
As long as the weather is rougll w d stormy. we must stop inside the house.

~ w T F T ~ + F T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ T ~ . & v *
(i)
(ii) (i) (ii) (iii) While. or so long as tn~this respected. iiarisll Chandra will be remembered. ~ ~ m i f l 3 1 i ~ ~ m ~ , ~ While or so l o n ~ as the world lasts. the earth will go round ?.he sun.

%a;rmm,@@*mmml
As soon as the niatch began, il started drizzling.

*@;mnrr'.rgr,y?i-TdMl
As socn as she heard the news, she wept loudly

*&*3~m9i:,-*-*it*l
No sooner had she heard the news, or No sooner,did she hear the news -t she wept aloud. she wept loudly.

m@*k=r8%-*-***dl

12.

(i)
(ii)

The match was stopped because the players quarreled.

**f@rrTrnrmmm3m1
The theif ran away because the police came. * ~ T ~ ~ ~ * s T T + I

13. 1

We reached the station before the train arrived.

m?r%3-rM@m-FSsr;r@1
He is working hard, so that he may make up for lost time.

/ I
1
I

~ m g f C m m w f * ~ m * ~ m ~ l
15.

(i)

Take heed, or Take heed.

you fail. you should fail.

mee*';r&%*&3[~~:1

i k : T& 'M ;T & Rf;" (lest)

s&$

3W 6

sllould a ; 3 ~ ndm hB I

(ii) Don't go out in the rain, lest you should catch cold.
16. 17.
18.

d;fm;Tmem;T&%dmm1
We should not go to a party

&we are invited.

w w m ~ ? ; T & v 3 3 + 3 m r ~ 1
No one left the assembly hall utillltill the singing of national anthem was over.

w ~ ~ T i m m m = r p 1 ~ ~ 4 ~ - ~ r g - r m n ~ ~ 1 (i) Two years have passed since her mother died. rnTii*fl3**~1
(ii) Ten years have passed since I came here.

* * w R & ~ & T I
: Since d 3WE4 3 Simple Past Tense W 19. But : Subordinating Coniunction % W 3
(T) (i)

JTbm $3 8 1

It never rains but pours.

( m = proverb)

(ii)

It never rains except that it pour. or It never rains without pouring. Predition catch nly soul, but I love thee - Shakespear 3Fm;T 3Trf f : Predition catch my soul if I do not love thee

3Fm;T 3Pf

i k : TP$Ri

Tf$$

Conjunction 'that'

p2I

(v)
b

(i)

No one saw that sight

went away shocked.

Td

$ R T

: No one saw that sight who did not go away shocked.

(i)

~WW&%~TF%~~~~W&@F!I(a) He was writing a letter (=at the same time) his wife was watching T.V.

m~w-m;rrrz~~mm~a.~.?Fret6ll
(b)
While the lawyer was arguing, the judge was sleeping.

m*mwm~rn-Fhmp.~~l

(ii)

'%mi%J1&ST2f3jl, ~T;~.~MuTT-~IPJM&
While (=so long as) the world lasts, llumnn nature will remain what it is. ~rnmm+yJT~~f-mh3m~$l

(iii) f%?EFR W&

f;:
his other less i~~dustrious colleagues got several

He could not make progress * . \ promotions. 21.

22

~ ~ ; l F ? 1 ~ m * * s r n m m ~ - ~ ~ ~ l
Where he lives is cluite unlulown to us.

m m ~ ~ r n ~ r n % l
Whenever she comes. she causes trouble.

~~4?xrtit$i+&%-rv3$1
23. 24. 25. Whoever is responsible, the matter will not end there.

**4-6,~,mm***l
Whichever he chooses, tlie decision will be a wise one

~
26.

Whenever he does, 11c will be in the wrong

~ ~ * * % r n h l
When she was young. she thought so.

wTm=m4%7Tm4?1
7.6 W T$KFF (Sente"ce Connectors)
Subordinators Sentence connectors 3i tFFFR$ (Structures) %? &T 3Th zf;Trf ? I W 4 % Subordinators ? I FFFT% 3 ~9j19-&%4'5

a 7%

F T Fd

B, sentence corulectors
~ + ~ 3 3 f i
sentencc connectors
mW

Mw
&,

Subordinators 3 ? R Sentence connectors

* h ~ + ~ *

** 8

FRI~ d$ 1
Wd%5

3lkR

P i :2 % subordinators

g s J T

m m + ~ " ; r 3 j f 3 ?63 % I 3TlFT %iT

* f m T T * * m +

mammfi+, m:im.mr~~a*l
Vinlala's Vimala's Vinlala's Vimala's car broke down, consequc~ltlp,she was late for work. car broke down; she was, consequently late for work. car broke down; Madhuri, however, gave her lift. car broke down: Madhuri gave her a lift, however.

l+Trikm*~-M*$
8) Consequently, furthermore, hence. howcvcr, moreover, indeed, nevertheless, therefore thereupon.
TT)
T)

df835 (Adverbs) q W & W7 if &'?l f 1 *, according, also, further, likewise, otherwise, still, then, there, therefore, too, thus. Prepositioiial phrases % (sentence connectors) W7 if % 81 at least. on thc other hand, in contrast, in addition, as a result, for example, in that case. of cotuse.
*J

1.

it enjoys a pleasent climate. The city is situated near the sea; consequentl~~,

r n ~ a r . r r ; m r r $ ~ J m m ~ m % ~

2.

The weather has improved; therefore we can enjoy our party, or The weather has improved; we can enjoy our party. or The weather has improved; so we can enjoy our party. The weather has improved; conseauently we can enjoy our party.

-rhFm~mmr3;k%-~~3mf?n~m1
4.

I
I

5.

She was extremely tired; however, because of the noise all around she was unable to go to sleep until early hours of the morning. .m~w*-$;~~m*9jhmimvrimrh;r~l He was extremely tired, but he was nevertheless unable to sleep until after midnight.

I
6.

~ ~ e ~ i ~ m ~ ~ , * ~ % m m ~ m m d = h * & @ l
2 .

Not enough progress, moreover. has been made by m n y students.

*m*~~v4Fcasmm%**31
7.

Of course, nobody imagined that he would be able to repay the loan.

*m*~$f%~~~lr"**,m*rn*~*m m m & 8 m m * ~ - * * ~ ? s r m * ~ l * b ~
lf@WW+i FFklW (Relative Pronouns) 3?K FbkRFFF

(Relative Adverbs) ";it

3 - m Y * m 3 , ~ . r c * ~ * ~ . i i f * ~ * q = ~ m * +Tim81
~ ~ * w r ; r i l ~ :

@)
1

* m q + % & ~ * m f l , ( m * )
He has a watch which runs right.

2
3.

*m??T&*81
Where there is truth t

(Fi+aFmrn)

~ is h god.

~sm;TTm*m*=&81

(q=m?r9yr)

He doesn't do his work because he is lazy.

A pistol was found in his room.

2.

@dTT*rn**rnl
The sun was hot & travellers perspired.

3.
4

~ & ~ r i t ~ . - ; h t i ~ ~ r n & r n r n ~ p i h ~ l The night cane on J c n a rain fell heavily we all got very wet.
~.rn~~~fcrPjrmrnl They rested evening came.

a
I

5
6.

wmi+r~%SC.*e~~*&&rn<? Did you hear that I liave passed the examination?

~ ~ T f h * ~ ~ ~ ? @ ? ~ ? ? l
I will help you with the money (that) you need.

@)
1.
2.

~ m ~ % q * & m l
I know where I could find him. I went to the place where 1 could find him.

(m>1 -

3mm~rn+?3*9~m2~~ ( * = )1 3rnM$*rn2TTl
I went where I could find him.

3.

-(

7.7.1

3WTWT (Adjective Clause) : Ti?FK 3fk FWT.

~ i r M d ~ l i ~ & T r n r T , r n k ~ m [ % l The teacher, who was appointed last year in the college, has been dismissed

~;4fsmnfrmmrn31 He, wllo is honest, gets success &&**rnkp-1~Tqm?l The girl whom I saw vesterdav is very intelligent.

%*3~-+rn*rnM1
That is the teacher who taught me English

T~,3r@$fftzit,&M*31
The book, which vou had lent me, is very interesting

%3~ijg;qmmmm~m*@*~2TTl
I have finished reading the novel (that) you Rave mc.

~ 3 T I T ; L i t ~ ~ S ~ ~ a ; r n ~ r n ~ l
Blessed is the mail that walks not in the com~anv of the wicked

M ~ m m T f ; t m T @ - r ~ ~ z ~ ~ ~
The hunter k~lled the tiger which was danaerous Iw ~T T T;T;F;~~ B*~T That is the man whose house was raided.

F + . r i : ~ k * r n ~ $ r n f ; r ~ ~ l
We visited the house where Mallatina Gandhi was born. si:*-?@**rnqTit*2i=r1 This is the place (place)

where the lion was shot at. (place)

(time)

wm~a;tstia&&mdmfr;rrml
At a time when prices are high, we must reduce our expenditure.

sf~m?~m&mdrn*l
May is the illonth it is hottest in Hyderabad. he has resigned:! (time) (reason)

mm*mdB%**&fisr2?
Could you tell ine the reason & C I cannot tell the reason

$*mm~~3Ti3TT~mT?
& he came.

*-3wwf%(1)3,k,Mmm,k*Mm~
TF?t (Relative words) W

d Tm9 who. which, that, whom W F b T d 2I

% 3-8FkZ (Noun)
WbWT (Pronoun)

a; ; i m & ? M w f % r w r m * ~( 3 ) ~ f % % m m m * % 3 ~ r & B ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(2) t%hT T R l T f (Adjective clause)

2.

fhT-f%$TT (Adverb) W antecedent

& FFC TF3 f I

3TFCT

% 8k

9T T h e w where, the &when, the reason wily, the wavlrna~mer how.

3.
*-T% Relative Pronoun

f%$ d 2 :

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

Romans were the best soldier (that) the world ever saw. I saw a man (whom) I know. On the day (when) you pass the examinatioil I shall give you a reward. Eat all (that) you can.

I.

The old man. who died yesterday, sold clothes in the Bapu Markel.

2.

The house, the lawyer lived in: was tluee kilometers from the Collectorate.

3.

The elderly foreign traveller who was waiting for :he bus at thc. bus station looked at his watch. The bus from Jaipur, which was due at eight O'clock. was alrcady one hour late. He pwt down tlie heavy suitcase he liad bee11 holding and walked across to a man who was sellilig newspapers and malja~ines. The thief w110 1md been standing near him realized this was the opportunity he had been waitlna for. Thc theif went quickly to the place where tlie man liad left the suitcase and picked ii up at the niolnelit wlien the traveller liad his back tunied. When the thief was about to slip away, he was caught by a police man who was mi~iutelv watching the desiyns of the thief. l%e traveller hei~ved a sigh of relier and profilsely thanked tlke a!ez police man. But for whose Dresence. his suitcase would have gone.

7 . 7 . 2 F h t 3WWf (Noun Clause) :

TMT FWV

1.

F % ~ ~ T T $ T ? M * ~ ~ I Where he is going is not known to anyone.

2.

+J*rnfismrrnl
Whosoever speaks, shall be killed.

3
4

That he will come back soon is certain.

~ ~ % j T r n ~ * 3 1
Tell me where you live.

5.

@f+wr~mx31
Ask if he is at home.

?3a+r@Fem;r?R?;.~~~*~~<$l
Pay carefid attenti011to \~113ii:_p;.d_'~-.
iO

say.

m&M**rn*31
There is no substancelmeaning ill what you sav.
~ ~ ~ f B ; Everybody's expectation ~ ~ $ F T T that he would pass. l

8.

9.

'

The request will be that they may be allowed lo resign.

& ?PV ?TdT

(i) (ii)

(Verb)

TT3 (Tense) 7 '7

f$?R W 8$ ?PWR%T 8 I

&~W%P~~~TFETT$?I We saw that birds were twittering.

(iii)
(iv)

h ~ r r c i t a ~ % @ ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 1 It appeared that somebody was calling me. @ ~ ~ % ~ ~ . T ~ + $ T T ~ @ I

I calne ts know that you had left for school.

~T~WFJTIT'RV&~~I%~&WT~&I
You yourself could mess why she had come to you.

r&?T

(ii) if @ Pesent tense F T 'P?PT I%T Tmr b ?d%T M 3 W (i) .ff $lTT I 3 W F T if Past Tense PJW 8tT 2 Noun Clause Verb T tense

W (iii)

(iv) Yd%h & 3k

FFFT

**

e Noun Clause if FW f h 7 Tmr Tl?f

* * *

d 3$ 3

3~ m3 r 8~ NOIUI Clause jr @ jr

Perfect ~ e n s e . 3 WR

f%T 3 l T T TI

*# ~3

3TFR

T T +T ~ Past

FFlK (Exception) : Noun Clause if Tensc 3 ' T k R h T& &IT I qeTl i)

# ?iFb8hTFIT4 % f?W Tmr $

Verb

&9li;f%T%@?IFI81
He remembered that the earth is round.

ii)

f ; m r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ? F ~ l % ~ @ + l s f m ; 9 r ~ b 1
The science teacher told that Ule earth rotates round the sun.

@ I 2 ~ ~ * $ t h a t ' ~ ~ F ? R + t f % T ~ 3 1
(i) (ii) He thinks I am a fool. It seems he is not clever.

(3) He said he was not going. (iv) I believed he was right (v) I was sure she was wrong.

1.
2

* ~ w ~ m 2 ~ * r n * 3 m % l
What is rieht for one may be duty for other.

* w * ~ ~ & m 3 * + m ~ a m 3 1
What mav be good for one may be bad for other. r n * ~ * ~ l Whatever vou write will be correct.

3.

4.

T ? * ~ ~ ~ . F I T s * % I Whatever he says is not correct.

I.

When Manoj's mother heard how her son was behavin~ at the Universitv, she felt very angry. She decided she would teach her son a lesson. She wrote and told
him (Manoj) that she had lost all her money. She asked if Manoi could continue at the Universitv without her help. Manoj supposed her mother was telling the and replied that he could not continue his studies at Universitv without his

mother's help. He started to pack his belongings and was very relieved when he heard that his mother had been deceiving him. He, however, realized how he had wasted his mother's hard earned money. Manoj promised he would not be so foolish again.

7.7.3 % T k & F J T

TRlW (Adverbial Clause) : T k T l T T T FWT

3 2[?T

%TbhTT 3 T T W T (Subordinate Adverb Clause)

Verb. Adjective rFT Adverb f%?Fi% d$ FRFR $ & if 3 ~ ' X T T - S ~ T T SW ~

~ l ~ + T ~ $ ~ k

*& 2
:

TFTW '(main clause)

fh-'k&PT FRFR & ? 1

I Subordinating Conjunctions

T r r n * ~ * r n ~ * * r n r n ~ W * M ~ ~
I.

(m=fh

* faTn)

When I was a studel11 at Kanpur, 1 myself used to cook food and used to go to college on foot.
2.

%~m~%~;*ml(=7*m-**m)
The mother is so weak that she carnot move.

3.

~ ~ ~ $ w I T $ T T M( z~ % m ~i F i iT ~m w ~ - ~ = ~

m*m)
TW if

The Principal spcaks so slowly that it is diffic~ilt to comprehend.

= k : @-m3 T ? &
1

& Subordinate Coqjunction T l 8 P ?! d -h F?? r n ~ r n M i f ~ ~ m ~ l * -

**&mrnit;r*h*Wmrn;rM,h1
Had I not seen with mv own eyes I would not have believed it.

2.
? , -.

@m?*fs-h*w*mm*l
He would be happier were he more honest

*~bw~?trmmm*l
What would you answer did I ask such a question'?

~@mMrnf$a-wit~~
Whichever road we take we shall be late.

m m . ; i t ~ * h ~ , m ~ & * l However cleverly you may cheat, you will be found out/caugl~t at last.

6. 7.

He was SO we,& he could not speak. He is so old he can hardly walk.

mm*fmT%?~~~~*~mmm~~~r*~m.;rrsr% &-fkF7 (, ) commas W + F T ? T d; 3 F F T 3F-f W 3V-f W F & i 8 1 Relative J'TVF$ $

~ * ~ m i r m

* ~ m
~

m l ~ * ~ ~ ' ~ m s m * m *

**~l~~~msfM;fw*m**m*~m~;srr &SI
The Chairman of a company, who was an experienced person, said that if the busii~ess was not supervised immediately come of the factories would have to be closed.

3FT TF7 %

'if Relative ZTFFT

Cornnla

FTR TFi?

m3FT V R W m

7.8 9

(Conditional Sentences)

~ m * ' ~ " % & * m ~ 9 d i w ~ m m h $ , ? r 3 (a)

@)

If, unless, until, iy case, on condition that, provided that, in case of, so long as, but for;
even if, as if, even though, either...or, whether...or, whatever, wherever, no matter, in any case, anyway, otherwise, however, still.

if-4R+?&T*m~m:

@i)
I
2

T h T FiWf

*d'd
m

(with reference to present time)

~ R 3 ~ m ~ ~ ~ 4 3 7 3 % m ~ r If you wish, I will help him.

If I were you, I would go.

3
4.

m @ r m ~ & % m m $ , ~ @ ~ m ~ ~
If I knew what to do, I should do it.

Md**M$wdml My alarm watch only noes if I it. M & * * ~ W * * * ~ I

My alarm watch only
if I It ~ o e unless s you handle it roughly

'

shook it a~+mit$~mf9;+h-d~=~~1

: dm Past Simple I

rj@r FlV&

M%R TWR

* 8 3 ~4 w 3
V

Tense W f;T h $ 1 8I

Present Sinlple

3T

~sarwawrd

(m) V&
7

% T&# 3 ((withreference to future time)

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ % ~ T E F R K & I

* *

If he comes, I will help him.

8
9
10

e~mflpjm**mml
If he works hard, he will succeed.

d?mmi2mr,*mmFh+1
If it snows tomorrow, we shall no ski-ing.

i+?Wf*Sn?l*m%T;-mT?f*M*ml
I will take a door-key in case I

am late.

11
12
13

TFFTJW+R~T~,M~~I

So long as you
~ * r

can see, don't worry.

n r n ~ ~ ~ f g ~ T 3 1

Provided that it doesn't rain, the cricket match will end taday.
$ @ ~ ~ ~ @ T ~ r d ~ f g ~ @ On condition that you offer me a cup of coffee, give you a book.

;itz : f & 3 ~ ~ ~ m 3 (clauses) - f f % r * ~~ w ~ ; T ~ ~ T T K T ~ ~ T % W $ if clause h Present simple tense a;T &iT b g@T F k !? I 9@i 3CF91sPI (Main clause) % F ? T F % Future W Future simple tense TN $IT F$-w?Imperalive W f;l diT adm 8 GTh equivalent W k
t.iif3if

(12)
(T)

3W3I

ti% T k % f3 (\vith,refedce to the past time)

% &?T

3TlfhTi TWP4 (dependent clause) Past Simple Tense T W

3 7 % Past Perfect Tense 3

9@T 3 T W T $ %FI
~

3L
8I
1

would/shou!d/mightIco~dd T Y?lT &IT 8 I Past Tense Tf; m M7 Future ~ @ 3 h$ 3 4 % ~~ ~ I~wmf@rn Rf @&Narll

*~mpi3&m%t:m=tIf@i
If it silowed tomorrow, we should go ski-ing.

2,

rnt%&?@,rnrn%rnh\
Prcyidcd that it d
a rain, the cricket match would end today.

3.

3Frm3Rrn*mw*~,it~3m?l~ml On condition that you bo~lghtme a caffee, I would show you my photographs.
If it were to snow tomorraw, we would go ski- it^. If I were to start 11ununing, it 'vould be surprising. If I were to see her more often, I would get to know her better,

4.
5.

6.

TIW Fii?m

* &3t d

~TTWI TT 7 '1 -

TTGT

( c o ~ tsentences) i ~

% mtjrc TT

jltmR iidltir*

Hypothetical 3WiT Imagined

d, unfulfilled conditicm in Fast

* d, % *
T I T

STT

191t1rv41

d,
%I

@T T FRTI

7.8.1 WFRlWW '%'I#' (Positive Condition)

? $ Ih (conjunctwn) 'and'

3 T d 'J;I

FWI f I

3.3 1

~mmr+3shTmmm+m~~ml
Please take this medicine, and (then) you will feel better.

~m*~mir..framafcmr~m3:
2.

* r n ~ r n * 8 ? i ~ ~ r n l
If you take this medicine, you will feel better.

7.8.2

VVTlVFT (Negative)
IQI<I~+I+

STif

'Unless' TE
1.

d w TTT 8 :

~**mm**was;%*m;r&1
I won't lend Mohan the money unless he needs it I won't lend Mohan the money if he does not need it

m m p ~ f r m 3 2.

They threatened to beat him unless he returnedthe goods stolen by him.

m
They threatened to beat him if he did not return the goods stolen by him.
*&erngTqTW;*~~~mm*m-rn3*ml

~
(i) (ii)

If you don't come in time, yon will be marked absent

Unleag you come in time, you will be marked absent.

4.

m3ll+m;r*,amm~*~1
(i)
(ii)

If you don't take a taxi, you will not reach in time.

Unless you take a taxi, you will not reach in time.

5.
6.

~ ~ m f ? m f z T a w ~ ~ * m m ~ - ~ S h T ~ 1 ~ ~ m 1
Unless you take exercise regularly, you will not keep fit md healthy.
~ ~ 4 m ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ : ~ T 8 % l ' @ $ 3 1 1 ~ z ~ ~ ~ m r

Unless you teach students well, they will not respect you. ? WR f%4f 3 l 7 f 2 I q.yY, But for +Noun Phrase i377 '% Negative condition 3
7.
8.

put for Tendulkar, India would have lost the match (if It had not been for Tendulkar; I f Tendulkar hadn't played well).

But far your help, we would not have succeeded.

7.8.3 WFThT Wf (J3ypothetical or Imagined Condition)

9.
10

~ ~ m ~ - w + ; q m f r ~ 3 w m m 4 ~ w m ~ ~
If I had a lot of money, I would build a house and buy a car.
* * r n f T r n & - r n 7 F ~ r n & l

If I had
11

the

money, I would ltelg him.

12

*m+rmma'lf*~m! If he changed his views. we codd elect him emmhiimmr;iCtS7im,~a1

If it had slowecj yesterday, we would b ~ p ~ ne c ski-mg. (But it did not know z ~ d we did not go ski-kg).
i C$T,

13. ~ 3 If only you.

: i i~ ~ ~ -~i m $ F~h ~ & $ ~t

l i s t a t e y:iir

em;& kzve hexed the title of

the song

*-

mmm*

7.8.4

difT'&de3fk&3l-g~raf
If
=

~ 3 m W m

(i)

on the condition thatlh ease

1.

*~+%Thit:*f&plll
If she is there, I shall see her. or On the condition that she is there, 1 shall see her. or In case she is there, I shall see her.

2.

*k%Zif3~~1
If that is so, I am content. or On the coildition that it is so, I am content. or In case r4 is so, I am content.

(ii)
3.

If = admitting that, though/although

m ~ m b , (+ ~ ~ ~ ) ~ m * m ~ T h $ r
If he is blunt, he is at least honest. or Adlnitting that he is blunt, he is at least honest. or T o u d he is bhmt, he is at least honest.

4.

*(=~)TJrmfr*;$fsna*frl
I f you are poor, yet you are not dishonest.
or Although you are poor, yet you are not dishonest.

(iii) If
5.
6.
7

- whether

* m ~ f g w * M m + l I asked him if (=whether) he would help me.

$Td&T*T5~ft&1 I worlde r if (=whether) he is at home. M'~~~~WTWTF+TTTVTJTRI Ask hip1 if (=whether) it is time to start.

8.
9.

*myTB(%w)*m1
I wondcr if ('whether) he will come.

3K?T*prf%w**enmm?%$l
He asked me if (=whether) I had passed the examination.

(iv)
10.

If= whenever @T

sRgft*plTTTf3m**1
If I fed any doubt, I will inquire. or Whenever I feel any doubt, I will inquire.

11.

3h~rn<T*~1&~nrnr4?Wih**@I
If at any time you do not understand what I say, always lask for an eqlanatiw.

7.
8.

Though I am drenched. yet I do not care for myself. Virtuous deeds never prove to be painful.

9.

He was so mnuch ashamed of his failure that he did not lllove out of his l~ouse for

a week.
10.
11. 12.
13.

Wherever you wish.to stay, you can.

My house is older than nly friend's ]louse but it is more durable than that. He was awarded so that he could be nlotivated and can work more diligently in filture. Those who study the life, will observc that fortune always favours couragcous and diligent people in the same way as the wind and waves favour courageous sailors.

mmm3=d

*YP=f

1.
2.

If Baber had not attacked on India, Moghul empire would not have been established. If you want that others should respect you, you sl~ould respect others. Unless you hear lrom me you should not proceed to kanpur. Had he worked hard he could have succeeded. He worked hard. even thcn he did not succeed. However hard you try, you cannot succeed.

In spite of his hard labour he did not succeed. or -He laboured hard, nevertheless he did not succeed. If he arri\,es before I come back. don't let him proceed.
Although I am drenched to the skin, I do not care a bit for myself. Whether we beat them or they beat us, the match wiU be enjoyable. She looks pretty, whatever she wears. Wherever he goes, he makes friends. She looks pretty even if she wears ugly clothes. If I were you, I would not undertake a journey in the Present circumstances. I agree to these terms and conditions provided or provided that you will sign your name. You must have $his room whether you wish it or not.