Inscribed bamboo slips of The Art of War, unearthed

in Yinque Mountain, Linyi, Shandong in 1972, dated

back to the 2nd century BC.
The Art of War
Traditional Chinese
Simplified Chinese |,
Hanyu Pinyin nz Bngf
Literal meaning Sun Tzu's Military
Principles
Transcriptions
Mandarin
- Hanyu Pinyin nz Bngf
- WadeGiles sun1 zi3 ping1 fa3
Min
- Hokkien POJ Sun-chu-peng-hoat
Wu
- Romanization sen tsy pin fah
Cantonese (Yue)
- Jyutping syun1 zi2 bing1 faat3
The Art of War
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Art of War is an ancient Chinese military treatise attributed to
Sun Tzu (also referred to as "Sun Wu" and "Sunzi"),
[1]
a
high-ranking military general, strategist and tactician, and it was
believed to have been compiled during the late Spring and Autumn
period or early Warring States period.
[2]
The text is composed of 13
chapters, each of which is devoted to one aspect of warfare. It is
commonly known to be the definitive work on military strategy and
tactics of its time. It has been the most famous and influential of
China's Seven Military Classics, and: "for the last two thousand years
it remained the most important military treatise in Asia, where even
the common people knew it by name."
[3]
It has had an influence on
Eastern and Western military thinking, business tactics, legal
strategy, and beyond.
The book was first translated into the French language in 1772 by
French Jesuit Jean Joseph Marie Amiot and a partial translation into
English was attempted by British officer Everard Ferguson Calthrop
in 1905. The first annotated English language translation was
completed and published by Lionel Giles in 1910.
[4]
Leaders as
diverse as Mao Zedong, General Vo Nguyen Giap, Baron
Antoine-Henri Jomini, General Douglas MacArthur, and leaders of
Imperial J apan have drawn inspiration from the work.
Themes
Sun Tzu considered war as a necessary evil that must be avoided
whenever possible. It notes that "war is like fire; people who do not
lay down their arms will die by their arms"
[5]
. The war should be
fought swiftly to avoid economic losses: "No long war ever profited
any country: 100 victories in 100 battles is simply ridiculous. Anyone
who excels in defeating his enemies triumphs before his enemy's
threat become real". According to the book, one must avoid
massacres and atrocities because this can provoke resistance and
possibly allow enemy to turn the war in his favor
[5]
. For the victor,
"the best policy is to capture the state intact; it should be destroyed
only if no other options are available""
[5]
.
Sun Tzu emphasized the importance of positioning in military strategy. The decision to position an army must be based
on both objective conditions in the physical environment and the subjective beliefs of other, competitive actors in that
environment. He thought that strategy was not planning in the sense of working through an established list, but rather
that it requires quick and appropriate responses to changing conditions. Planning works in a controlled environment; but
in a changing environment, competing plans collide, creating unexpected situations.
The 13 chapters
The Art of War is divided into 13 chapters (or pin), and the collection is referred to as being onezhun ("whole" or
alternatively "chronicle"). Because different translations have used different titles for each chapter, a selection appears
below.
Chapter Lionel Giles (1910) R.L. Wing (1988)
Ralph D. Sawyer
(1996)
Chow-Hou Wee (2003)
I Laying Plans The Calculations Initial Estimations
Detail Assessment and Planning
(Chinese: [,)
The beginning of The Art of War in a
classical bamboo book from the reign
of the Qianlong Emperor
II Waging War The Challenge Waging War
Waging War
(Chinese: |,|,)
III Attack by Stratagem The Plan of Attack Planning Offensives
Strategic Attack
(Chinese: W,,W)
IV Tactical Dispositions Positioning Military Disposition
Disposition of the Army
(Chinese: 5#,#)
V Energy Directing
Strategic Military
Power
Forces
(Chinese: |,|,)
VI
Weak Points and
Strong
Illusion and Reality Vacuity and Substance
Weaknesses and Strengths
(Chinese: Q|,Q)
VII Maneuvering Engaging The Force Military Combat
Military Maneuvers
(Chinese: 5\,)
VIII Variation of Tactics The Nine Variations Nine Changes
Variations and Adaptability
(Chinese: 1,1)
IX
The Army on the
March
Moving The Force Maneuvering the Army
Movement and Development of
Troops
(Chinese: |5,|)
X Terrain
Situational
Positioning
Configurations of
Terrain
Terrain
(Chinese: j#)
XI The Nine Situations The Nine Situations Nine Terrains
The Nine Battlegrounds
(Chinese: 1j)
XII The Attack by Fire The Fiery Attack Incendiary Attacks
Attacking with Fire
(Chinese: 9W)
XIII The Use of Spies
The Use of
Intelligence
Employing Spies
Intelligence and Espionage
(Chinese: )|,)[)
Chapter summary
Laying Plans/The Calculations explores the five fundamental factors (the
Way, seasons, terrain, leadership, and management) and seven elements
that determine the outcomes of military engagements. By thinking,
assessing and comparing these points, a commander can calculate his
chances of victory. Habitual deviation from these calculations will ensure
failure via improper action. The text stresses that war is a very grave matter
for the state, and must not be commenced without due consideration.
1.
Waging War/The Challenge explains how to understand the economy of
warfare, and how success requires winning decisive engagements quickly.
This section advises that successful military campaigns require limiting the
cost of competition and conflict.
2.
Attack by Stratagem/The Plan of Attack defines the source of strength
as unity, not size, and discusses the five factors that are needed to succeed
in any war. In order of importance, these critical factors are: Attack,
Strategy, Alliances, Army, and Cities.
3.
Tactical Dispositions/Positioning explains the importance of defending
existing positions until a commander is capable of advancing from those
positions in safety. It teaches commanders the importance of recognizing
strategic opportunities, and teaches not to create opportunities for the
enemy.
4.
Energy/Directing explains the use of creativity and timing in building an army's momentum. 5.
Weak Points & Strong/Illusion and Reality explains how an army's opportunities come from the openings in the
environment caused by the relative weakness of the enemy in a given area.
6.
Maneuvering/Engaging The Force explains the dangers of direct conflict and how to win those confrontations
when they are forced upon the commander.
7.
Variation in Tactics/The Nine Variations focuses on the need for flexibility in an army's responses. It explains
how to respond to shifting circumstances successfully.
8.
The Army on the March/Moving The Force describes the different situations in which an army finds itself as it
moves through new enemy territories, and how to respond to these situations. Much of this section focuses on
evaluating the intentions of others.
9.
Terrain/Situational Positioning looks at the three general areas of resistance (distance, dangers, and barriers)
and the six types of ground positions that arise from them. Each of these six field positions offer certain
advantages and disadvantages.
10.
The Nine Situations/Nine Terrains describes the nine common situations (or stages) in a campaign, from
scattering to deadly, and the specific focus that a commander will need in order to successfully navigate them.
11.
The Attack by Fire/Fiery Attack explains the general use of weapons and the specific use of the environment as
a weapon. This section examines the five targets for attack, the five types of environmental attack, and the
appropriate responses to such attacks.
12.
The Use of Spies/The Use of Intelligence focuses on the importance of developing good information sources, and
specifies the five types of intelligence sources and how to best manage each of them.
13.
Authenticity
Main article: Sun Tzu
Traditionalist viewpoint
Traditionalist scholars attribute the writings of "Sun Tzu" to the historical Sun Wu, who is recorded in both theRecords
of the Grand Historian (Shiji) and theSpring and Autumn Annals as having been active in Wu around the end of the
sixth century BC, beginning in 512 BC. The traditional interpretation concludes that the text should therefore date from
this period, and should directly reflect the tactics and strategies used and created by Sun Wu. The traditionalist approach
assumes that only very minor revisions may have occurred shortly after Sun Wu's death, in the early fifth century BC, as
the body of his writings may have needed to be compiled in order to form the complete, modern text.
[6]
The textual support for the traditionalist view is that several of the oldest of the Seven Military Classics share a focus on
specific literary concepts (such as terrain classifications) which traditionalist scholars assume were created by Sun Tzu.
The Art of War also shares several entire phrases in common with the other Military Classics, implying that other texts
borrowed from theArt of War, and/or that The Art of War borrowed from other texts. According to traditionalist
scholars, the fact that The Art of War was the most widely reproduced and circulated military text of the Warring States
period indicates that any textual borrowing between military texts must have been exclusively fromThe Art of War to
other texts, and not vice versa.
[7]
The classical texts which most similarly reflect Sun Tzu's terms and phraseology are
theWei Liaozi andSun Bin's Art of War.
[8]
Later criticism
Skeptics to the traditionalist view within China have abounded since at least the time of the Song dynasty. Some,
following Du Fu, accusedThe Art of War's first commentator, Cao Cao, of butchering the text. The criticisms of Cao
Cao were based on aBook of Han bibliographical notation of a work composed of eighty-two sections that was
attributed to Sun Tzu. The description of a work by Sun Tzu composed of eighty-two sections contrasts with the
description of theArt of War from theRecords of the Grand Historian (Shiji), in which theArt of War is described as
having thirteen sections (the current number). Others doubted Sun Tzu's historical existence and claimed that the work
must be a later forgery. Much of The Art of War's historical condemnation within China has been due to its realistic
approach to warcraft: it advocates utilizing spies and deception. The advocacy of dishonest methods contradicted
perceived Confucian values, making it a target of Confucian literati throughout later Chinese history. According to later
Confucian scholars, Sun Tzu's historical existence was accordingly a late fabrication, unworthy of consideration except
by the morally reprehensible.
[9]
If the modern text of The Art of War reflects contrasting interpretations of the value in chivalry in warfare, the existence
of these differing interpretations within the text supports the theory that the core of The Art of War was created by a
figure (i.e. the historical Sun Tzu) who existed at a time when chivalry was more highly valued (i.e. the Spring and
Autumn period), and that the text was amended by his followers to reflect the realities of warfare in a subsequent,
distinctly un-chivalric period (i.e. the Warring States period).
[9]
Modern archaeological findings
The 1972 discovery in a tomb of a nearly complete Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD) copy of The Art of War, known as
the Yinqueshan Han Slips, which is almost completely identical to modern editions, lends support that The Art of War
had achieved its current form by at least the early Han dynasty, and findings of less-complete copies dated earlier
support the view that it existed in roughly its current form by at least the time of the mid-late Warring States. Because
the archaeological evidence proves that The Art of War existed in its present form by the early Han dynasty, the Han
dynasty record of a work of eighty-two sections attributed to Sun Tzu is assumed by modern historians to be either a
mistake, or a lost work combining the existingThe Art of War with biographical and dialectical material. Some modern
scholars suggest that The Art of War must have existed in thirteen sections before Sun Tzu met the King of Wu, since the
king mentions the number thirteen in theRecords of the Grand Historian (Shiji) description of their meeting.
[9]
Alternative viewpoints of origin
Some modern historians challenge the traditionalist interpretation of the text's history. Even if the possibility of later
revisions is disregarded, the traditionalist interpretation that Sun Tzu createdThe Art of War himself (ex nihilo), and that
all other military scholars must have copied and borrowed from him, disregards the likelihood of any previous formal or
literary tradition of tactical studies, despite the historical existence of over 2,000 years of Chinese warfare and tactical
development before 500 BC. Because it is unlikely that Sun Tzu effectively created China's entire body of tactical
studies, "basic concepts and common passages seem to argue in favor of a comprehensive military tradition and evolving
expertise, rather than creationex nihilo."
[7]
One modern alternative to the traditionalist theory states that The Art of War achieved its current form by the mid-to-late
Warring States (the fourth-to-third century BC), centuries after the historical Sun Tzu's death. This interpretation relies
on disparities betweenThe Art of War's tactics and the historical conditions of warfare in the late Spring and Autumn
period (the late sixth century BC). Examples of warfare described inThe Art of War which did not occur until the
Warring States period include:
the mobilization of one thousand chariots and 100,000 soldiers for a single battle
protracted sieges (cities were small, weakly fortified, economically and strategically unimportant centers in the
Spring and Autumn period)
the existence of military officers as a distinct subclass of nobility
deference of rulers' right to command armies to these officers
the advanced and detailed use of spies and unorthodox tactics (never emphasized at all in the Spring and Autumn
period)
the extensive emphasis on infantry speed and mobility, rather than chariot warfare
Because the conditions and tactics advocated inThe Art of War are historically anachronistic to the historical Sun Tzu's
time, it is possible that The Art of War was created in the mid-to-late Warring States period.
[10]
A view that mediates between the traditionalist interpretation that the historical Sun Tzu was the only creator of The Art
of War in the Spring and Autumn Period and the opposite view, that The Art of War was created in the mid-late Warring
States Period centuries after Sun Tzu's death, suggests that the core of the text was created by Sun Tzu and underwent a
period of revision before achieving roughly its current form within a century of Sun Tzu's death (in the last half of the
fifth-century BC).
It seems likely that the historical figure (of Sun Tzu) existed, and that he not only served as a strategist and
possibly a general, but also composed the core of the book that bears his name. Thereafter, the essential
teachings were probably transmitted within the family or a close-knit school of disciples, being improved
and revised with the passing decades while gradually gaining wider dissemination.
[11]
The view that The Art of War achieved roughly its current form by the late fifth-century BC is supported by the recovery
of the oldest existing fragments of The Art of War, and by the analysis of the prose of The Art of War, which is similar to
other texts dated more definitively to the late fifth-century BC (i.e. Mozi), but dissimilar either to earlier (i.e. The
Analects) or later (i.e. Xunzi) literature from roughly the same period.
[8]
This theory accounts both for the historical
record attributingThe Art of War to Sun Tzu, and for the description of tactics anachronistic to Sun Tzu's time withinThe
Art of War.
Historical annotations
Before the bamboo scroll version was discovered by archaeologists in April 1972, a commonly cited version of The Art
A portion of The Art of War in Tangut
script
of War was theAnnotation of Sun Tzu's Strategies by Cao Cao, the founder of
the Kingdom of Wei.
[4]
In the preface, he wrote that previous annotations were
not focused on the essential ideas.
After the movable type printer was invented, The Art of War (with Cao Cao's
annotations) was published in a military textbook along with six other strategy
books, collectively known as the Seven Military Classics (jyj / jj).
As required reading in military textbooks since the Song Dynasty, more than 30
differently annotated versions of these books exist today.
TheBook of Sui documented seven books named after Sun Tzu. An annotation
by Du Mu also includes Cao Cao's annotation. Li Jing'sThe Art of War is said to be a revision of Master Sun's strategies.
Annotations by Cao Cao, Du Mu and Li Quan were translated into the Tangut language before year 1040. Other
annotations cited in official history books include Shen You's (176-204) Sun Tzu's Military Strategy, Jia Xu'sCopy of
Sun Tzu's Military Strategy, and Cao Cao and Wang Ling'sSun Tzu's Military Strategy.
Quotations
Chinese
Verses from the book occur in modern daily Chinese idioms and phrases, such as the last verse of Chapter 3:
E%%j,|?)?%|%j,|?%,?%j,@),
So it is said that if you know your enemies and know yourself, you can win a hundred battles without a single loss.
If you only know yourself, but not your opponent, you may win or may lose.
If you know neither yourself nor your enemy, you will always endanger yourself.
This has been more tersely interpreted and condensed into the Chinese modern proverb:
%j%,|?),
If you know both yourself and your enemy, you can win numerous (literally, "a hundred") battles without jeopardy.
English
Common examples can also be found in English use, such as verse 18 in Chapter 1:
|,g,|,?,)|,?),|,,|,
All warfare is based on deception. Hence, when we are able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our
forces, we must appear inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away; when far
away, we must make him believe we are near.
This has been abbreviated to its most basic form and condensed into the English modern proverb:
All warfare is based on deception.
Military and intelligence applications
In many East Asian countries, The Art of War was part of the syllabus for potential candidates of military service
examinations. Various translations are available.
During the Sengoku era in Japan, a daimyo named Takeda Shingen (15211573) is said to have become almost invincible
in all battles without relying on guns, because he studiedThe Art of War.
[2]
The book even gave him the inspiration for
his famous battle standard "Frinkazan" (Wind, Forest, Fire and Mountain), meaning fast as the wind, silent as a forest,
ferocious as fire and immovable as a mountain.
The translator Samuel B. Griffith offers a chapter on "Sun Tzu and Mao Tse-Tung" whereThe Art of War is cited as
influencing Mao'sOn Guerrilla Warfare, On the Protracted War, andStrategic Problems of China's Revolutionary War
and includes Mao's quote: "We must not belittle the saying in the book of Sun Wu Tzu, the great military expert of
ancient China, 'Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a thousand battles without disaster.'"
[2]
During the Vietnam War, some Vietcong officers studiedThe Art of War, and reportedly could recite entire passages
from memory.
General Vo Nguyen Giap successfully implemented tactics described inThe Art of War during the Battle of Dien Bien
Phu ending major French involvement in Indochina and leading to the accords which partitioned Vietnam into North and
South. General Vo, later the military mastermind behind victories over American forces in Vietnam, was an avid student
and practitioner of Sun Tzus ideas. America's defeat there, more than any other event, brought Sun Tzu to the attention
of leaders of American military theory.
[12][13]
Finnish Field Marshal Mannerheim and general Aksel Airo were avid readers of Art of War. They both read it in French;
Airo kept the French translation of the book on his bedside table in his quarters.
The Department of the Army in the United States, through its Command and General Staff College, has directed all units
to maintain libraries within their respective headquarters for the continuing education of personnel in the art of war. The
Art of War is mentioned as an example of works to be maintained at each individual unit, and staff duty officers are
obliged to prepare short papers for presentation to other officers on their readings.
[14]
The Art of War is listed on the Marine Corps Professional Reading Program (formerly known as the Commandant's
Reading List). It is recommended reading for all United States Military Intelligence personnel and is required reading for
all CIA officers.
[15]
According to some authors, the strategy of deception fromThe Art of War was studied and widely used by the KGB: "I
will force the enemy to take our strength for weakness, and our weakness for strength, and thus will turn his strength
into weakness"
[16]
. The book is widely cited by KGB officers in charge of disinformation operations in Vladimir
Volkoff's novel Le Montage.
Application outside the military
The Art of War has been applied to many fields well outside of the military. Much of the text is about how to fight wars
without actually having to do battle: it gives tips on how to outsmart one's opponent so that physical battle is not
necessary. As such, it has found application as a training guide for many competitive endeavors that do not involve
actual combat.
There are business books applying its lessons to office politics and corporate strategy.
[17][18][19]
Many Japanese
companies make the book required reading for their key executives.
[20]
The book is also popular among Western
business management, who have turned to it for inspiration and advice on how to succeed in competitive business
situations. It has also been applied to the field of education.
[21]
The Art of War has been the subject of law books
[22]
and legal articles on the trial process, including negotiation tactics
and trial strategy.
[23][24][25][26]
The Art of War has also been applied in the world of sports. NFL coach Bill Belichick is known to have read the book
and used its lessons to gain insights in preparing for games.
[27]
Australian cricket as well as Brazilian association football
coaches Luis Felipe Scolari and Carlos Alberto Parreira are known to have embraced the text. Scolari made the Brazilian
World Cup squad of 2002 study the ancient work during their successful campaign.
[28]
Sources and translations
Sun Tzu translated and annotated by Lionel Giles (2005). The Art of War by Sun Tzu Special Edition. El Paso
Norte Press. ISBN 0-9760726-9-6.
Sun Tzu translated and annotated by R. L. Wing (1988). The Art of Strategy. Main Street Books.
ISBN 0-385-23784-7.
Sun Tzu translated and annotated by Ralph D. Sawyer (1994). The Art of War. Barnes & Noble.
ISBN 1-56619-297-8.
Running Press miniature edition of
the 1994 Ralph D. Sawyer
translation, printed in 2003
Sun Tzu translated and annotated by Chow-Hou Wee (2003). Sun Zi Art of
War: An Illustrated Translation with Asian Perspectives and Insights.
Pearson Education Asia. ISBN 0-13-100137-X.
Sun Tzu translated and annotated by Samuel B. Griffith (1963). The Art of
War. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-501476-6.
Sun Tzu translated by John Minford (2002). The Art of War. Viking.
ISBN 0-670-03156-9.
Sun Tzu translated by Thomas Cleary (1991). The Art Of War. Shambhala
Publications. ISBN 0-87773-537-9.
Sun Tzu translated by Victor H. Mair (2007). The Art of War: Sun Zi's
Military Methods. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13382-1.
Sun Tzu edited by James Clavell (1983). The Art of War. Delacorte Press.
ISBN 0-385-29216-3.
Sun-Tzu translated by Roger Ames (1993). The Art of Warfare. Random
House. ISBN 0-345-36239-X..
Sun Tzu translated by the Denma translation group (2001). The Art of War: the Denma translation. Shambhala
Publications. ISBN 1-57062-904-8.
Sun Tzu translated by J.H. Huang (1993). The Art of War: The New Translation. Quill WilliamMorrow.
ISBN 0-688-12400-3.
Sun Tzu translated by Donald G. Krause (1995). The Art of War For Executives. Berkely Publishing Group;
Perigee Books. ISBN 0-399-51902-5.
Sun Tzu translated by Stephen F. Kaufman (1996). The Art of War: The Definitive Interpretation of Sun Tzu's
Classic Book of Strategy. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3080-0.
Sun Tzu translated by Yuan Shibing (1987). Sun Tzu's Art of War: The Modern Chinese Interpretation. Sterling
Publishing Co., Inc.. ISBN 0-8069-6638-6.
Sun Tzu translated and annotated by Thomas Huynh and the Editors of Sonshi.com (2008). The Art of War:
Spirituality for Conflict. Skylight Paths Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59473-244-7
Sun Tzu translated in Hindi by Madhuker Upadhyay (2001). 'Yudhkala'. ISBN 81-7778-041-7
The Art of War plus The Ancient Chinese Revealed. translated by Gary Gagliardi. Hillsborough, Washington:
Clearbridge Publishing. 2003. ISBN 1-929194-42-0.
See also
Philosophy of war
List of military writers
List of Chinese military texts
The Seven Military Classics
Thirty-Six Stratagems
Shiji
Records of the Grand Historian
Wei Liaozi
Sima Rangju
Jiang Ziya
Sun Bin's Art of War
Spring and Autumn Period
Warring States Period
State of Wu
Confucianism
Chinese Transcription
Wade-Giles
Pinyin
Sinology
Lionel Giles
Ralph D. Sawyer
Samuel B. Griffith
The 33 Strategies of War
The 48 Laws of Power
The Art of War (Machiavelli)
The Art of War (de Jomini)
The Book of Five Rings
On War
Arthashastra
Chanakya
Epitoma rei militaris of Publius
Flavius Vegetius Renatus
Sextus Julius Frontinus
Notes
^ "Zi" (; "Tzu" in Wade-Giles transliteration) was used
as a suffix for the family name of a respectable man in
ancient Chinese culture. It is a rough equivalent to "Sir"
and is commonly translated into English as "Master".
1.
^
a b c
GRIFFITH, SAMUEL B. The Illustrated Art of War.
2005. Oxford University Press. p. 17, 141-143.
2.
^ SAWYER, RALPH D. The Seven Military Classics of
Ancient China. New York: Basic Books. 2007. p. 149.
3.
^
a b
GILES, LIONEL The Art of War by Sun Tzu - Special
Edition. Special Edition Books. 2007. p. 62.
4.
^
a b c
Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartoek, J ean-Louis Pann,
J ean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, Stphane
Courtois, The Black Book of Communism: Crimes,
5.
Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, 1999,
hardcover, 858 pages, ISBN 0-674-07608-7, page 467.
^ SAWYER, RALPH D. The Seven Military Classics of
Ancient China. New York: Basic Books. 2007. pp.
149150.
6.
^
a b
SAWYER, RALPH D. The Seven Military Classics of
Ancient China. New York: Basic Books. 2007. p. 150.
7.
^
a b
SAWYER, RALPH D. The Seven Military Classics of
Ancient China. New York: Basic Books. 2007. p. 422.
8.
^
a b c
SAWYER, RALPH D. The Seven Military Classics of
Ancient China. New York: Basic Books. 2007. p. 423.
9.
^ SAWYER, RALPH D. The Seven Military Classics of
Ancient China. New York: Basic Books. 2007. p. 421.
10.
^ SAWYER, RALPH D. The Seven Military Classics of
Ancient China. New York: Basic Books. 2007. pp.
150151.
11.
^ Interview with Dr. William Duiker, Conversation with
Sonshi (http://sonshi.com/duiker.html)
12.
^ McCready, Douglas. Learning from Sun Tzu, Military
Review, MayJ une 2003.[1] (http://findarticles.com
/p/articles/mi_m0PBZ/is_3_83/ai_109268913
/?tag=untagged)
13.
^ Army, U. S. (1985). Military History and Professional
Development. U. S. Army Command and General Staff
College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies
Institute. 85-CSI-21 85.
14.
^ Marine Corps Professional Reading Program [2]
(http://www.marines.mil/news/messages/Pages
/2005/MARINE%20CORPS%20PROFESSIONAL%20READING%20PROGRAM.aspx)
15.
^ Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. The
State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on
Russia--Past, Present, and Future. 1994. ISBN
0-374-52738-5, chapter Who was behind perestroika?
16.
^ Michaelson, Gerald. "Sun Tzu: The Art of War for
Managers; 50 Strategic Rules." Avon, MA: Adams
Media, 2001
17.
^ McNeilly, Mark. "Sun Tzu and the Art of Business :
Six Strategic Principles for Managers. New York:Oxford
University Press, 1996.
18.
^ Krause, Donald G. "The Art of War for Executives:
Ancient Knowledge for Today's Business Professional."
New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 1995.
19.
^ Kammerer, Peter. "The Art of Negotiation." South
China Morning Post (April 21, 2006) pg. 15
20.
^ J effrey, D. "A Teacher Diary Study to Apply Ancient
Art of War Strategies to Professional Development" in
21.
The International J ournal of Learning: Common Ground
Publishing, USA, 2010. Volume 7, Issue 3, pp. 2136
^ Barnhizer, David. The Warrior Lawyer: Powerful
Strategies for Winning Legal Battles Irvington-
on-Hudson, NY: Bridge Street Books, 1997.
22.
^ Balch, Christopher D., The Art of War and the Art of
Trial Advocacy: Is There Common Ground? (1991), 42
Mercer L. Rev. 861-873
23.
^ Beirne, Martin D. and Scott D. Marrs, The Art of War
and Public Relations: Strategies for Successful Litigation
[3] (http://library.findlaw.com/2005/Dec/28/231115.html)
24.
^ Pribetic, Antonin I., "The Trial Warrior: Applying Sun
Tzu's The Art of War to Trial Advocacy" April 21, 2007,
[4] (http://ssrn.com/abstract=981886)
25.
^ Solomon, Samuel H., The Art of War: Pursuing
Electronic Evidence as Your Corporate Opportunity [5]
(http://www.doar.com/apps/uploads
/literature13_art_of_war.pdf)
26.
^ "Put crafty Belichick's patriot games down to the fine
art of war" (http://www.smh.com.au/news/Sport
/Put-crafty-Belichicks-patriot-games-down-to-the-fine-
art-of-war/2005/02/03/1107409980481.html) . The
Sydney Morning Herald. 2005-02-04.
http://www.smh.com.au/news/Sport/Put-crafty-Belichicks-
patriot-games-down-to-the-fine-art-of-war/2005/02/03
/1107409980481.html.
27.
^ Winter, Henry (June 29, 2006). "Mind games reach new
high as Scolari studies art of war"
(http://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/mind-games-
reach-new-high-as-scolari-studies-art-of-war-95223.html)
. Irish Independent. http://www.independent.ie/sport
/soccer/mind-games-reach-new-high-as-scolari-studies-
art-of-war-95223.html.
28.
External links
Media related to Sunzi at Wikimedia Commons
The Art of War (http://ctext.org/art-of-war) Chinese-English bilingual edition, Chinese Text Project
The Art of War translated by Lionel Giles (1910) (http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/132) at Project Gutenberg
Art of War audio book (http://www.archive.org/details/art_of_war_librivox) , public domain solo recording by
Moira Fogarty at Internet Archive
The Art of War, Restored version of Lionel Giles translation: Direct link to PDF (http://www.paxlibrorum.com
/res/downloads/taowde.pdf) PDF (216 KB))
Sun Tzu France (http://suntzufrance.fr) French reference website concerning The Art of War
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Art_of_War&oldid=506102162"
Categories: Chinese classic texts Chinese military texts Military strategy books Zhou Dynasty texts Warrior code
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