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TOWARD A GREEN CITY

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June n, I ^i

VISIONS FOR TORONTO

TOWARD A GREEN CITY VISIONS FOR TORONTO TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction Vision Built Statement Environment

^ 2 4 19 34 40 44

Dual City or Green City: Crossroads f o r To r o n t o ' s E c o n o m i c D e v e l o p m e n t Green Municipal Democracy Society Bio-Region

Green Municipal Democracy: Social Movements and Civil Planting in the To r o n t o

Green Feminism and Municipal Politics...' 52 Energy Social and Justice Green for the Municipalism Green City 61 66

The Green City Program Work Group is: John Bacher, Steve Crossman, Susan Elbe, David Goodman, Steven Hall, Don Houston, Mike McConkey, Brian Milani, Kate Sandilands. Special'Thanks to: Mike Carr and Christine Laws

For more information, contact Brian Milani 12 Newmarket Avenue To r o n t o , O n t a r i o M4C 1V7 Canada

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Toward a Green Toronto: An Introduction "Vision" has today become one of the most overused words in p.-.liti-ai lifeat a time when real vision has never been so lacking. This miie.-ti.-.n is intended as a modest contribution to discussion of an ecological vision ir,r t h e To r o n t o r e g i o n . Its origins can be traced to a group called Environmentalists PUn To r o n t o , w h i c h w a s o r i g i n a l l y a v i s i o n i n g p r o j e c t o f t h e To r o n t o E n v i r o n m e n t a l Alliance. _In 1989, EPT held several participatory visioning sessions-one m which, on iransportation, spawned the now autonomous qroup Environmentalists l - l n Tr a n s p o r t a t i o n . I n t h e s u m m e r o f 1 9 9 0 , m e m b e r s o f t h e o r i g i n a l E P T d e c i d e d t o p u s h a h e a d w i t h a d r a f t To r o n t o G r e e n C i t y P r o g r a m , o u t l i n i n g realistic ecological potentials for every sector of the region's economy; c u l t u r e , a n d p o l i t y. I t w a s i n t e n d e d a s a p r o v i s i o n a l d o c u m e n t , t o b e circulated to diverse community and movement groups, and be revised based .-,n feedback and criticism. It was intended to raise substantial issues, and perhaps even aid the formation of a Green municipal network. Even being so provisional, the original intention turned out tn be overly ambitious in the time available. But the group attracted to it a numoer of knowledgeable and committed people with much to contribute t.-. social c h a n g e s t r a t e g y. T h e r e s u l t i s a c o l l e c t i o n o f e s s a y s o n t h e m e s , relationships and processes essential to saving and Greening our bioregion. It is merely the rst edition of a evolving document. While the outcome of animated discussion and debate, no one article represents a complete consensus of the groupfor with the time available, we r e l t i t b e s t t o e n c o u r a g e e a c h i n d i v i d u a l ' s c r e a t i v i t y. B y t h e s a m e t o k e n , althougn we have covered a number of signicant areas: the built environment, economic development, transportation, agriculture and urban planting, feminist p e r s p e c t i v e s , e n e r g y, s o c i a l j u s t i c e , a n d m u n i c i p a l d e m o c r a c y w e h a v e certainly not covered all the important topics essential to creating a Green c i t y. M o s t n o t i c e a b l e a r e q u e s t i o n s o f r a c i s m , N a t i v e l a n d c l a i m s a n d aboriginal rights. Health, education, waste management and human services are other examples of glaring omissions. We intend these omissions to be corrected in future editions by writers speaking within these struggles and concerns. We welcome constructive comment and input from all readers^ Despite these omissions, we feel that these essays capture some essential principles of ecological designdesign which entails a new socialecoiogy and a new ecology-of-mind as much as a new relationship to non-human nature. We hope that they inspire other groups and individuals to look deeply at tne potentials for humane, ecological and egalitarian living, so that we can escalate the alternative activity already begun to make a" signicance impact on our area. While we have timed publication to coincide with the beginning of the municipal election campaign, we have few illusions about existing parties and politicians, however well-intentioned they may be. Our purpose is to raise substantial issues and assist the creation of new kinds of r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n t h e c o m m u n i t y. Names and addresses of the participating writers are included at the end of each essay to facilitate networking and discussion. We would like to thank the many who have helped make this work possible, through discussion, or actually facilitating compilation of this edition. The Green City Program Project

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Vision Statement: Toward a Green City In this, the last decade of the twentieth century, we bear witness to the awesome destnictiveness of our industrialized society. Both in the course of world events and in our individual experiences of country city and neighborhood, we see the possibility (indeed, probability) of ecological and social disaster. We are undermining the basis of physical existence on this planet: industrial processes pollute our nvers, lakes and oceans; chemicalized agriculture mines the soil and allows it to erode away; fossil fuels are being burned off with all possible speed; agricultural lands are turned into arid deserts as carbon dioxide emissions lead to global wanning; supersonic ights and CFC's in industry destroy the ozone layer. On a local level as well, we see the eradication of entire ecosystems as cities expand into the regions surrounding them; with the extinction of every plant or animal species, millions of years of evolution are erased forever. This vast destruction is intimately related to exploitative social relations and structures Poverty sexism racism, heterosexism, imperialism, the exploitation of one class by another, repression of dissentall of these forms of oppression serve to degrade human experience in the world and to divide people against each other. All of these dominations are interrelated and interconnected: the systems of 'power over" which shape our social lives on the planet are also at the base of ecological degradation. Toronto is not exempt from these processes. We are wallowing in our waste. Our transit system is centred around cars, which contributes to fossil fuel dependence and global warming. The city is planned around cars; people are forced to commute long distances, which wastes both natural and human energies Our downtown core is overdeveloped; the suburbs are fast becoming wastelands, serviced by homogene ous and impersonal franchises, if at all. Urban wild habitat is precarious. Obvious and insidious violenc es against women, children, elders, racial and ethnic minorities, people with disabilities, gay men and lesbi ans are frequent occurrences in both public d w** ?<>-: Poverty is increasing. People are alienated isolatea and disempowered. We need to reclaim our city as part of a process of reclaiming our lives and reorienting our society We want more trees and fewer cars. More generally, we want to plan for our city to live with in the envi ronmental constraints of our region - to nd alternatives to fossil fuels, to create transportation and hous ing which use minimal (and renewable) energy, to integrate commercial, educational and residential needs into communities, to grow our own (pesticide-free) food, to assure safe and green public spaces, and to undo the environmental damage we have done so far (and continue to do). But a Green city goes beyond "environmentalism.' Social organization plays a vital role in forming alternative relations to nonhuman nature, as well as to each other. What we seek is a nonviolent society m.w* a dveraty of human experiences is respected, one in which material needs are fulfilled and' all individuals and groups can do more than merely survive, one in which the activities of daily life are meaningful and creative, one in which "equality' and liberty' are more than merely abstract concepts. This vision of a truly ecological society requires both community and democracy. Communities, dened as people sharing a sense of place and/or a sense of values, are the places where democracy is built and practised. Only when communities are empowered to speak their experiences and concerns will diver sity be represented; only when a diversity of points of view is given genuine respect will communities feel empowered and responsible. These empowered communities are both an end in themselves and the means by which ecological concerns and visions can be addressed. The time to start rebuilding community is now. Redening development - both physical and social - cannot occur without participatory democracy. To move toward a holistic vision, beyond piecemeal

reforms dened from the interests of a single constituency, requires many perspectives and many partici pants. Such change also develops over a long period of time. But what we create in the immediate future forms the possibility of an ecological society, indeed, the possibility of any future at all. In places, such moments of community democracy already exist. In Toronto, local struggles to reclaim social and natural environments offer possibilities for a more collective vision of the future. But to empower these groups and transcend their relative isolation, we need stronger communication and strong er coalition. What we need to create is a shared vision among these groups, one which connects individual issues to broader analyses and collective denitions of direction. Thus, the purpose of this document is to facilitate these processes of communication, connection and discussion. The visions we present in the following pages are a rst draft toward a Green city programme While the authors share a desire for a more holistic and democratic vision, we neither agree on all points nor do we consider the document, as a whole, to be complete. These recognitions of our limitations are ' part of our vision: we all present different experiences of the world but, for all our diversity, we do not exhaust all possibilities. The purpose of the document is not, then, to represent a totality; it is designed to stimulate a movement toward a participatory Green vision, to promote awareness and critical thought, to raise issues for discussion, and to facilitate communication among a variety of groups. To that end we welcome comments (both agreement and dissent); we also encourage groups to formulate their own needs and visions for inclusion into future drafts of this document. This Green city programme is part of a process of reclaiming our future. It is an attempt to bring community democracy to bear on social and environmental problems. It is, we hope, a step in the direc tion of building a truly ecological society.

What follows are two views of the Built Environment in the Green City. Two views are presented not because they debate one another but rather because they are complimentary. The reader will quickly see the different perspectives brought to the problem of the Built Environment in the Green City in these essays. A short section on housing is included in this chapter and is found at the end of The Built Environment II. While initiatives about housing are implicit within the two main essays it is too important a subject to not be considered separately; we strongly believe that housing is a RIGHT. A set of specic actions, an agenda, is also included in the Built Environment, these are suggestions for a city council to take on that will have near to immediate positive action for the environment. This agenda is a partial action plan to implement the ideas contained in other parts of the chapter.

THE BUILT ENVIROHMENT T By Susan Elbe. The values which once shape our urban environment have undergone a g r e a t d e a l o f q u e s t i o n i n g i n r e c e n t y e a r s . We n o w t a l k a b o u t " g r e e n v a l u e s " , s u s t a i n a b i l i t y, h e a l t h y e n v i r o n m e n t s , a n d t r e a d i n g lightly on the earth. We now question the rampant growth for the sake of growth. A new perspective on the city would include other goals which may, at the most, be given token consideration in urban planning. These would be the goals of the people whose lives are the city, not necessarily those of the people who own the city. R e e s t a b l i s h i n g To r o n t o t o r e e c t t h e s e n e w v a l u e s w i l l r e q u i r e a major effort which must place development and redevelopment in a completely different framework. This new perspective would include a number of uncompromised goals. Goals: Urban design in the Green City should ensure: A. environmental/agricultural preservation B . r e s t o r a t i o n o f t h e h e a l t h o f t h e To r o n t o b i o r e g i o n C. maximum opportunity for participation in political and social activities D. E. F. G. safety, accessibility and freedom of movement a sense of local identity and development of an appropriate vernacular in design effective, widespread public transit opportunities for work, services, social activity and recreation within waling and cycling distance of home

H. community visioning I. adequate housing for all (see section at the end of Built Environment II) Urban development according to Green City goals will not only bring about a different physical form, it will have an impact on everything from the way we work to the way we live and play e v e r y d a y. i t w i l l p r o v i d e o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r t r u l y s u s t a i n a b l e living which encompasses not only rationality but comfort and beauty as well. Such ambitions will necessarily change the way in which planning and development take place. This will be discussed in a later sections on the development process. Green City development will be driven by values or principals which lead the way to alternative physical, social and economic forms. This will be in contrast to traditional planning and development practises which reinforce existing patterns of non-Green urbanization. Such changes will necessarily affect many people and will therefore r e q u i r e a l o t o f d i s c u s s i o n a n d i n p u t f r o m p e o p l e . To b e t r u l y effective and empowering, people within various development areas must be allowed greater autonomy over local affairs. Encouraging local self-reliance will involve major changes to the way Toronto a n d i t s r e s i d e n t s o p e r a t e . I t w i l l u l t i m a t e l y r e s u l t , h o w e v e r, i n a more ecologically sound way of living. The goals listed above will be discussed further in the following: A & B. Environmental/Agricultural Preservation Restoring the Toronto Blorealon Thoughts on this goal were largely inspired by the Royal Commission o n t h e F u t u r e o f t h e To r o n t o Wa t e r f r o n t . M u c h o f w h a t f o l l o w s adopts goals and guidelines set out in the Interim Report entitled "Watershed". The fundamental principle which will guide all development wi-11 require denition of the community in a bioregional/ecosystem context. All efforts in planning, remediation, protection and development will adopt this approach, recognizing the interdependent nature of all aspects of the environment. This approach to planning: includes the whole ecosystem, not just parts of it;.focuses on inter-relationships among the elements; understands that humans are part of nature, not separate from it; recognizes the dynamic nature of the ecosystem; i n c o r p o r a t e s t h e c o n c e p t s o f c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y, r e s i l i e n c e , a n d s u s t a i n a b i l i t y, s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e r e a r e l i m i t s t o h u m a n activity; uses a broad denition of the environment - natural.

physical, economic, social and cultural; encompasses both urban and rural activities; . is based on natural geographic units - such as watersheds rather than on political boundaries; and in^af!onal;leVel8 aUVlty " l0Ca1' "O1^' n.tion.1. La "Pha8i28. the other lmPrtance ' living species other and of generations than our own;, is based onthan an humans ethic in n^,-!0?ref8 is measured fcV ^e quality, well-being, integrity, and dignity it accords natural, social and economic systems C- Political/Social Activity The principles and implications of this goal are discussed more tuiiy in the section on Development of the Green City. Only the most immediate effects of this goal on the form of thei built environment are considered here. uut Designs for development or redevelopment should give primary ns*deratint encouraging ful1 Participation in political and social activities. The built environment can be designed to members""6 increased formal and ^torm.l interaction aorcnTco^unity The most minimal response would be the provision of a community ?Mreo,^CK WUld Pr0Vi.de facilities for meetings of a?Z This could become a requirement of development. ?h^ehr^P,POrtUnrtltles to enhance interaction on an informal level 2?E I1?1.- ,n a mior-8al. it would mean providing public "^e^'and buiietr?^mCroera and reater ^"action betw'ePn tne "J, bu*u ror- O" a macro-scale. It could Imply more dense

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-.J^'h!?*' f.bUvUt envif>nment, people would come to recognize 2l^?~ and area. t0 b2come more "nsitive to promote changes safety, In a sense particular geographic Such awareness would of community and greater Involvement in changes which would affect the D- Safety, Accessibility and Freedom Qf MoV<Hy>ntdesignTf CiV7 hnt resP.onsibilitv to ensure public safety through rt^Tl its built environment. The public response to violent nliyi^*??\nS\v?lneraible people has bee* to require them to curtail their right to participate to be active. This has done much to deny the equality which is promised in a ?f?hfa.1C 8lociety- "n*1* ^ny modifications must still be made tLina> ?}?} environt to reduce the incidence of violent crimes tatv intniZtVls^^ysic^ desi?n be used to bring greater satety into the city. Above a,can however, solutions should be based on providing an enhanced sense of community, not a fortied

sense of privacy.

Four basic elements which can be added to design to increase safety include: l.Good lighting 2.Adequate, security systems 3.Visibility to others 4.Access to help These should, however, be considered minimum requirements. The following, more specic ideas should be considered in design of the Green City: Land Use -greater variety in land use type promotes safety: a place w h e r e p e o p l e b o t h w o r k , l i v e , p l a y, s h o p , e t c . w i l l p r o v i d e level s of activity which add to the safety of an are mixing land uses also promotes familiarity among neighbours - ie.; commercial activities catering to a local clientele are preferable to regional businesses which would draw strangers into an area. For example, a corner store or small local pub would have a different impact on the neighbourhood than a large entertainment facility - the relationship between built form and the street should also be such that there is a strong link between the two. By bringing the built form to the street edge, there is a direct connection such that the inhabitants can see and hear what is occurring on the street edge. These invisible eyes and ears provide a required sense of security that make the streets more inviting and safe. Landscaping consider that large amounts of vegetation used in landscaping can compromise public safety- fences and s h r u b b e r y s h o u l d n o t l i m i t v i s i b i l i t y, p a r t i c u l a r l y w h e r e t h e y are next to pedestrian thoroughfares " l e f t o v e r " s p a c e s s h o u l d n o t b e i g n o r e d . Wa t c h f o r g a p s between buildings, alcoves, niches, recesses and nooks which provide potential environmental opportunities for violent crime Parking - integrate with other major site uses - prevent single-use, isolated parking areas designate parking spaces for women, the elderly and the physically disabled near the attendant, near escapes or near people who can help

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E. Local Idenity Communities will become more dense overall but they must remain attractive and livable. New development should require design studies which elaborate their place within a local historical, geological and environmental framework. These design studies should be subject to public input. The form of communities, while more dense overall, will not mean an abundance of high rises. Higher density proposals have generally involved one type of built form, namely, high rise towers with large amounts of surrounding green area. The imposing heights of these built forms are considered by many to be obtrusive and over-powering. As well, the surrounding greenspaces are difcult t o d e n e . To t h e r e s i d e n t s , t h e y a r e t o o c l o s e t o t h e p u b l i c domain to be treated as private open space; to the public, they are connected too closely to the built form to be considered part of the public realm. Aside from some visual improvement, these spaces offer little to anyone. Development within communities would also promote the work of local a r t i s t s a n d c r a f t s p e o p l e i n t h e f o r m o f a r t p a r t n e r s h i p s . Ve r y s i m p l y, a c e r t a i n p e r c e n t a g e o f a l l n e w b u i l d i n g c o s t s i n c a p i t a l projects would be dedicated to providing public art, preferably by local artists. F. L o c a l W o r k p l a c e s While people cannot be forced to stop commuting, the Green City must provide the opportunity for people to make this choice. Higher densities, mixed uses, favouring local suppliers, and developing interactive computer facilities (as in Singapore) will bring this about. Development should always contain a workplace component which will be developed simultaneously with the residential component. People are more likely to look for a place to live close to where they work rather than a place to work close to where they live. G. Public TransJr Community design must provide densities and road layouts which make the provision and use of public transit feasible. Road patterns which force buses to spend a lot of time winding through complicated paths discourage people from taking transit. Research had also shown that higher density mixed residential and ofce projects generate fewer driving trips, with more transit use per unit. Higher densities provide the critical mass necessary to support transit facilities, thereby offering alternate modes of transit to the population. H. Development Procega The physical form and layout of urban areas is a mirror of how we organize ourselves as an economic and social body. A green vision

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of our built environment will mean having to change to this image in a number of important basic ways. It may be the major focus for all of the changes envisioned in the Green City, from restoring the health of the bioregion to implementing a truly democratic society. The earlier paper on the built environment written for the Green City Network took a fairly specialized look at urban form. This paper tries to go further and see planning and development as a source for re-negotiating the social and economic forces which s h a p e t h e c i t y. A s s u c h , i t i s n o l o n g e r a " n e u t r a l " , t e c h n i c a l process but a highly politicized and politicizing force which loos directly at our connections between the built environment and or s o c i e t y. We would assert, probably as a point of argument, that our present economic system cannot be manipulated into some sustainable future. It is the fundamental right of private property owners in our society to mae the greatest prot from the use or their property as they can. the term "highest and best use" is the nal criteria by which our legal system, through the Ontario Municipal Board, judges disputes on the correct use of land. This essentially boils down to the prot which can be gained through developing and selling land; growth which comes through speculation, elaborate nancial dealings around the sale of land and ever-increasing densities in development. It may consider the most obvious detrimental effects to communities but only to the point where private property retains its sacred right to prot. "Rationalization" of land use has honed development for maximum prot into a ne art. It has meant the segregation of land uses, much as the mass production of goods meant breaking down the work p r o c e s s i n t o t i n y, b o r i n g t a s k s . I t m a k e s p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e b u i l t environment much more predictable, much easier to turn into f o r m u l a s a n d m u c h q u i c k e r. I t a l s o p a r c e l s s o c i a l r e l a t i o n e i n t o forms which are predictable and controllable. As a result of this growing organization of the planning and d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e b u i l t e n v i r o n m e n t , t h e To r o n t o b i o r e g i o n h a s seen living spaces become vastly separated from work places, community and recreational facilities dispersed from the population they are supposed to serve and formula-built residential areas w h i c h h a v e l i t t l e t o d o w i t h t h e c o m m u n i t y i d e n t i t y. T h e production line turns a prot at a great, rate because it makes everything loo, feel, smell, sound and taste the same: have you tried asking for a burger with no onions at McDonald's? As mentioned above, prot is not the only motivation for organizing the land development process as it has been done. Part of the motivation is to organize society in ways that shape the social function. Suburbs are custom designed to accommodate and produce healthy, happy workers who don't have much time or energy t o g e t i n v o l v e d i n t h e i r b u i l t e n v i r o n m e n t . R a t h e r, t h e y s p e n d their time and energy commuting, driving among distant shopping and recreational spaces, outtting every single large house with

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luxurious ornaments and keeping the nuclear family together which is most acceptable in the suburbs. Separating residential areas from each other by income and race is another way in which control over societies is exerted through land use. It starts at the planning stage and continues through the marketing and subsequent sale and redlining certain districts. Societies thus remain sheltered from the realities of oppression and the effects of poverty among growing sectors of the population by keeping them physically isolated. Poverty then becomes just a n o t h e r m e d i a p r o b l e m y o u r b e d t i m e s t o r y o n t h e 11 o ' c l o c k news. Perhaps more importantly, however, the seperation provides socially oppressed classes with something to aspire to: a clear set of steps and rules which cannot be challenged if they are to attain a more satisfactory life. The set of rules may have nothing to do with what has worked best for them in the past as a culture but it is the only set allowed in this society at this time. It is little wonder that people feel so cut off from each other and that it is difcult to nd people interested in planning issues i n t h e c i t y. T h e y d o n ' t s p e n d e n o u g h t i m e i n a n y o n e o f t h e i r daily environments to get very attached to what may happen there. They are far removed from the reality of ghettoization and isolation. This makes life easier for developers. Rationalization of land use has also made it much more resistant to changed, largely because, like a production line, it operates so smoothly. To some extent the work environment was made more acceptable to humans through union organization and protest. Organizing some sort of protest and defending the environment from further exploitation through an oppressive built environment is more difcult. Developers looking for maximum prot and a work force occupied with concerns other than challenging the way their cities are built, will nd Green City ideas difcult to accept. Many of the environmentally sound ideas which have so far come out of "healthyproposals are expensive and reduce prot in fairly dramatic ways. They also imply a community which is more in touch with itself and where women are not regulated to impoverishment or, of they have t he^ ce h ofi a ce , to of ts hu ec h r oc le u ffe e urre m an ed f t ch oa nts u m in th ce h ao nfg e sn ,pa i ti dm c uh sa t ub ed m bc eh r ie N oe r tr. h American's major corporations have shown themselves to be very mobile. if they can't reach the same prot levels and have the s a m e w o r k f o r c e i n To r o n t o t h a t t h e y c a n e l s e w h e r e , t h e y w i l l 1eave. This could mean some fairly difcult times for people who are employed by the industries leaving town. It could also mean the money needed to improve waste treatment and revive the bioregion leaves as the tax base disappears. The greening of the city cannot rely simply on changes which only the afuent can afford to make. The bulk of environmental costs such as foul air, excessive noise,

toxic wastes, deteriorating social infrastructure and lengthy commutes are currently borne by the lower income groups, the e l d e r l y, c h i l d r e n , w o m e n a n d t h e r a c i a l l y u n d e r p r i v i l e g e d . T h e s e are the people who have been listened to the least and who are therefore least able to defend themselves, if they are considered at all in current planning efforts, it is in appendices which supposedly inform the main body of the document A green city which leaves jobs for the securely employed white professionals intact without considering what happens to these less privileged people is not acceptable either. It appears, then, that there will be a choice between imposing only those policies which employers and the tax base will accept or fundamentally changing the type of economy we depend on. An environmentally sensitive planning process therefore becomes a very dynamic social and political process where people make choices like this. It must be rst acknowledged that a green city will rely on a vastly altered view of the economy and its relation to people's lives. In the short term it will imply major dislocations in employment and the benets which usually accompany ;t. Questions of planning for a green city thus become intensely political although not along the same clearly-dened lines as in earlier days. This socio-economic division is further complicated by the fact of divisions among multiple government jurisdictions. Witness the proliferation of economic development departments in municipalities all across North America. Thus growth and its attendant environmental damage may be kept out of one area but welcome by a neighbouring jurisdiction from which environmental damage can ow o v e r. P o l l u t i o n d o e s n o t s t o p a t t h e c i t y l i n e , t h e p r o v i n c i a l line, the national line, or any other politically dened line. Division also exists at all levels of government, from the municipal to the international. Each is jealous of its own autonomy and would resist changes which challenge their jurisdictions. A green city plan must address the potential of administrative backlash and economic isolation in its struggle against continued environmental degradation. Creating a green city is ideally something to be enjoyed by all sectors of the population, rich and poor, young and old, women and men, white and non-white. If we are going to alter the built environment to the extent required to revive the bioregion, it is impossible to remain neutral and assume that the costs and benets of major physical changes will be enjoyed by all. A Green City Network will need to turn to those groups that are prepared to support greater equity in the distribution of costs and benets from reduced growth and household consumption.

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The process of change will involve several important elements which, at every step, acknowledges the political nature of how our cities are built. As such, it will become the nature of urban development to be both politicized and politicizing. Each step, therefore, will rely on a political rather than a strictly technical process to reach its Green conclusion.

THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT II By Don Houston. INTRODUCTION : THE PROBLEM It doesn't take an especially perceptive person to see that things a r e n o t a l l r o s y i n To r o n t o B u t w h a t , r e a l l y, i s w r o n g ? ? ? Lets list a few symptoms rst and hope that they lead us towards the causes. * People feel powerless; they have little input to the decisions that shape their neighbourhoods and their city. * There are many areas where a person feels "unsafe", where you feel exposed and vulnerable. * The connections between nature and natural processes (like growing food) have been * You can taste the severed. air - and it doesn't taste good; you can s e e i t t o o a n d i t i s n ' t p r e t t y. * To r o n t o i s h o t t e r t h a n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a s a n d g e t t i n g h o t t e r. * Walking is pleasant in some places (usually older neighbourhoods that mix stores with homes) but is downright nasty in other places, try to walk from downtown to the lake. * The buildings that many of us live or work in are uncomfortable, often the air is not t to breath. * It seem that the public transit system is less reliable and less comfortable. There are dozens of other symptoms (homelessness, gangs, garbage, foodbanks ) but it would be too depressing to list them all. we cannot hope to solve all of the problems of the city so we are * g o i n g t o f o c u s o n t h e s h a p e o f t h e c i t y, i t ' s a r c h i t e c t u r e , u r b a n design and land planning; in short "THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT". And surprise, surprise - a few of the likely diseases of the city can ^ be found here! F i r s t : d e s i g n , w e a t h e r o f t h e c i t y, a n e i g h b o u r h o o d o r o f a building, is driven by the need/desire to make the greatest S Ua nn i 6y .r e tT uh r <n ne c k 'o v a .e kr .a ro fo he eed ofp m t cS om m rp is c ot n c ebrun r .i dp e s f i tt h er tn de sv e l o te hne city/residents/workers. This is the primary and overriding reason

13

for the shape we are in. I do not suggest that a strict socialist regime is inherently more able to produce good urban design however a greater degree of community intervention in the planning and development process is likely to produce an urban form that is better in many regards. Second: we are addicted to cars. Too much urban land is dedicated to the car and too often is urban form created by the car. We don t need to list all of the environmental nasties about cars, so we won t. To continue the medical analogies; the prognosis is not good. The path we are on is not sustainable either ecologically or socially and probably not economically either. The Built Environment is only one aspect of the problem, however it is a central one. The shape of our cities and our buildings the feel of our neighbourhoods, parks and landscapes dene us in some manner, and how we treat the natural world around us revels much about our character and humanity. We have only one city to build, let us do it right. PRESCRIPTION So we are going to hell in a hand basket, what are we going to do about it? First we must dene the principals and goals for the continuing evolution and ongoing design of the urban form. At the rst meeting'of Environmentalists Plan Toronto we listed thirteen design principles: * diversity * equality and respect * renewability * beauty mterrelatedness * inherent value * permaculture * doing more with less * awareness of human spirituality * exibility participation * multiple purpose * appropriate scale. At that time (early 1989) we felt that these concepts were quite inclusive and they are however some important concepts should perhaps be made explicit. Comfort, and safety (especially for women), a sense of joy - celebration, and the reconnection with nature perhaps should be stated more explicitly. Also the idea of r lo ail s s e ln f sr em lia cte . b A sn ys ,- d ecc io uns en t e ac koe . tem approach to planning issues and ( Perhaps a few of the above concepts need a little explanation. Diversity. It is commonly held by ecologists that an ecosystem with a large number of plants and animals is healthier and more aSi withstand shocks that is with only a few species. (This rule has been contested by one some scientists). It does seem apply to human settlements as well. One of the charms of Toronto is the diversity of the city; diversity in it's people the

H
architectural styles and ways of life n^ ~* -u

well.

citizens

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for

nature

as

Permaculture. Lets try to desirm coif ma*~* * are cheaper and often irV ^utTful! aininff 8V8teros' they Doing More Hith Less. He have to be effirinf ^.^h ~. garba^aV? ^ " U "&"' ^fung^n"^8 peobaI d USS enerW WaSte and better and * usefu"*work tor

of7eevelonerfideV?ilP^\5ieA08.are .* * a very JZF&

TnpS?8 of LCpYoDiaendieVetrhyeda' lan*}y and "spe-ct'the ideas and b e l i e v e t h a t t h e i r r i i S t f l ^ 0 m m U n i t V- I n C a n a d a l a n d w n e r 8

people? thfs should no?et8thea^sramUnt ^ th riht8 of th

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CONCLUSIONS It is difcult to say what exactly an ecologically sound built environment will look like, however I can, perhaps sketch an outline of it. First it will not be a bucolic Utopia with streams running down every street, no cars or paved roads and goats in everyone's backyard. An ecological Toronto will still be a large city and it will likely have a higher over all average density than it currently does. Buildings in a Green Toronto will be changed but may not all that different, for example the most energy efcient single family house in Canada - The Advanced House - is almost indistinguishable from its neighbouring suburban homes. In fact the urban form and design is likely to be familiar to anyone who knows a large city. Much of downtown Toronto already has an urban form that is quite ecologically sound. It is a form that allows, indeed encourages, living without an automobile because is intense and compact. When you live downtown you can usually walk to all sorts of stores and to recreation; work and friends can usually be reached via public transportation. Owning a car while living downtown is often more trouble than convenience and is always costly. It is likely that in an ecological Toronto you would see designs that make the most of the power of the sun for passive heat gain, to heat water as well as space or to generate electricity, it may even come to pass that a windmill or two is erected somewhere in the city. But that said the primary method to create energy to p o w e r t h e c i t y w i l l b e t o c o n s e r v e e n e r g y. i n t h e b o o k Environmentally Appropriate Technology" Bruce McCallum describes a built form that reduces energy requirements, one radical example is the townhouse. The creation of an ecologically sound built form will not be accomplished through radical changes in design but through a thousand smaller steps to mae the existing stock of buildings more efcient and ensuring that new building is more efcient (both environmentally and economically). However the process of planing and development will become radically different to become much more proactive where developers are given clear instructions about the form and efciency of what is built and where it is built. As stated above it is not likely that an ecological Toronto will become a pastoral/bucolic oasis but that does not mean that nature / - J * 111 b e m o r e e x c l u d e d f r o m t h e c i t y t h a n i t i s p r e s e n t l y. I i believe that Toronto can become a more dense city AND create a city J t h a t i n t e g r a t e s n a t u r e i n t o t h e f o r m o f To r o n t o . T h i s w i l l b e accomplished by making room for nature in our parks, our backyards, even our rooftops and in room taken away from the automobile. We can create havens for nature and wildlife in the city, indeed they already exist. I have seen in my neighbourhood (Shaw Street and Davenport) Cardinals, Raccoons, and even a Great Blue Heron. If we leave room for the necessities of nature (water and some land that is left to itself) nature will thrive. I hope and believe

u
that an Green Toronto will be "greener" in the sense of natural wen'8 bee wen. L*%LZ^V Planting in iTLTr1 the Toronto Pr?Vldf Bioregion". SPaCe t0 produce '&fas Int^thl n/,eaSOn, "fu '? ??ke use of nature and natural processes "*? Vie. design of the built environmental of Toronto. In their Nancv Jack jicf?^"' 0cean^ks City John that Todd utilize and Nancy Todd propose and dozens of Farming", specic designs natural energy and ecological processes to helc.servicehuin populations in cities and protect the environment as well oTa qua?!ty8oCfa ** A U8ed t0 proposals help maintain ?,* quality of air ^ranTwa?" and water ?* for '^V* a city. set of has been put forward to create in the soon to be built RailwVy tands an ecologically sustainable built form that would, if incorporated form many f the re<Iirements of an ecologically sound but?t

H O U S I N G First it must be understood that housing is a RIGHT and that all reaslnable0fcosTtr0nt0 8hUld ^ aCC888 t0 8af housing" at*" fnd'hnn^V/ important the housing stock of the city be designed possible a manner that i8 as environmentally sustainable as These goals are In no way exclusive of one another and are in fact very complementary. Housing that is designed for energy efciency "1 bt serviced with public and to able sSSort a solid local retail and service sectortransit will need betoquite dense and therefore will be less expensive as land costs, construction cotts and infrastructure/servicing costs all go dowii. 3hJS Is "ot to say that we are advocating many high rise buildings of different8h^,^itS.ln 6aCh' rather a visually interesting m?x buift or ouiit o^fbaUiildin'lype8' maintained. The m08tly current low style rl8e of suburban apartments sinale would familv be dwellings that are built on quite large lots is alrlady obsoTete rii^f^' suburbs will be converted as cost'andtaxef llali ztfil \n nS Chanfle Vs "fk* retro-fits and' Intensification w i ? ? h m - ? a 8 e f r e ? u l r e l - A s i n E c o l o g i c a l To r o n t o t h e r e ^ service tnis service this7 type t^l^f0^ of lifestyle S8 U anyway. Would be almo8t impossible to !fa2S? f the comPact form of the city there will be more outdoor fa?^f?r everyone willcity. be freed to create natural and agricultural space and rightspace in the

11

A variety of tenure types will become common in Toronto. We will see fewer homes and buildings owned by absentee land-lords collective formes of ownerships will be much more common - this ranges from a few friends buying a house together to the type of co-ops that are quite common in Toronto today. The look of housing may become much more idiosyncratic as owner/occupant designed and built housing will become more common. The concept of "sweat equity" will be valuable in creating a more ecological city, in this way old and often abandoned buildings of all types could be transformed into vibrant and healthy homes for thousands of people. This type of activity is common in illegally occupied buildings in the old warehouse districts of the city where a bunch of artists will rent, subdivide and create wonderful live/work space for themselves. To nance housing new structures will need to be found. This may be accomplished within the current system but it is equally likely that new formes of borrowing and mortgages will be developed. (See economic development chapter.)

ACTIONS FOR THE NEXT MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT OF THE CITY OF TORONTO TO UNDERTAKE TO PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT AMD CQ^UNITY AT LAJHF^ PERTAINING TO BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTS)! V **** A* ***** ** * To ensure that the proposed development is as environmentally friendly as possible including the following areas: water use and conservation, energy use and conservation, and waste management. Through bylaws and development restrictions. * Require that building materials be as far as possible derived from within the local bioregion, including material that is reused ? .;?* recycled; To ensure that waste from building/destruction/renovation be reprocessed or disposed of within the bioregion. * To establish an ofce of environmental review that will assess development proposals as to how they address environmental problems. * To ensure that any new development seeks to maintain or correct neighbourhood imbalances so as to allow residents to live, work, shop and recreate in the same area. * To ensure that all new appliances and lighting systems installed in the city meet energy consumption guidelines. * To provide for neighbourhood review of all development proposals to ensure that the quality of life in the area is maintained and enhanced including protection of heritage sites and nature.

r-

/ F

k process for development b yT?ueStauJ,iSh at h e p u b l i c . decisions that is *driven xvu * To establish an ofce that tracks to development of new technologies and methods to accomplish ecological building and to require that all new development by "state of the art" in ?erms of the environmental impacts. UL * To eliminate zoning regulations that are exclusive within a district to achieve a better balance of land use. Wlin a L^reVi?Wwalli^Xistin5Lbylaws to ^entify those that discourage e??i0t1(5al buildina' Pub"c participation etc. and replace them parUcYpaTfon *" Pr-active for th environment and pubHc or^fU^Sn.-ft tnV" identify areas that are or feel unsafe and wty.L0r*Metro) seek methods totocorrect those situations. rJVdeiJtify.tnd a n d p e o premove_ l e w i tbarriers h y o to u n the g movements c h i l d r e n of . the handicap xuap ^nr^n^^i1!!! **. "G4eoa1raPJhic Information System" that will map the lull JLad .hltoJic land us,es in the city and identify features !rSold and garbage dumps, contaminated lands, areas%of buried naturalstreams, importance, areas that may be intensied. * To dissolve all planning functions to neighbourhoods. ^^0nLr!^1leJneint; a planning ??diC'?l afrmative action program all people into the and development process.that will bring *ty^tlt theucity dfes not have about the above changes it must make clear a rm jurisdiction commitment to to bring lobby higher levels of government of the required abilities and powers!

DUAL CITY OR GREEN CITY: CROSSROADS FOR TORONTO'S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT By: Brian Milani The current recession has brought to the fore some basic questions about the region's economic development. The downturn has brought suffering to many, and there are calls to get people working again. But patterns that were apparent in the region's economy well before the downturn have inspired apprehension about the nature of this development, and about the implications f o r f u t u r e r e c o v e r y. It is becoming increasingly clear to the area's social movements that our economic problems cannot be separated from our social, cultural, political, or even spiritual problems. It is equally clear that most of our pressing longterm problems do not result from a lack of developmentbut from a particular kind of economic development. Pollution, congestion, increasing crime, homeiessness and lack of affordable housing, decay of communities, polarization of the job market, and a general decline in the quality of life all accompanied the boom of the eighties. G r o w i n g e v i d e n c e i n d i c a t e s t h a t To r o n t o i s e x p e r i e n c i n g a p a t t e r n o f development which is sweeping the industrialized world. A global economic restructuring is taking placeone which has been most obvious in the East w i t h t h e c o l l a p s e o f t h e s t a t i s t r e g i m e s , b u t i s a l s o h a v i n g p r o f o u n d e ff e c t s in both the developed West and in the Third World. It is the product of three p r i m a r y c a u s e s : ( 1 ) n e w t e c h n o l o g i e s a n d s o u r c e s o f p r o d u c t i v i t y, ( 2 ) sharpening international competition, and <3) growing social and environmental costs of industrial development. In the new situation, many national governments find themselves unable to play a major roleexcept perhaps in de regulating economic activityand cities are becoming increasingly important players in stimulating economic development. It is the purpose of this essay to emphasize the most basic choices we will be making in the next few years...and in particular to highlight the appropriateness of a course rarely considered in establishment discussions: namely, gearing economic development directly to human and ecological needs. The Green movement is beginning to make it indisputably clear that it is not against development. On the contrary, we question whether the current protand power-driven trajectory of the economy should even be considered "development" in any meaningful sense. It appears to be undermining the very s o c i a l a n d e c o l o g i c a l b a s e o f t h e e c o n o m y, d e s t r o y i n g e v e n m o r e t h a n i t produces. We have traditional concerns about the distribution of society's wealth; but we also have equally basic questions about the nature of this wealth. Far from advocating a retreat to a romantic pre-industrial condition, the essay will attempt to synthesize the essence of the only really stable and sustainable form of economy possible for us today. It is an economy based in the direct production for human need, for community development and for environmental regeneration. A "trickle down" or "spin off" will not save our

2.C

communities at this point, let alone our urban civilization or global ecology T h e p o t e n t i a l s - c u l t u r a l , t e c h n o l o g i c a l , d . i n i . t r. t i v e - f o r ' . e h i . v ' M , Z r g o a l s a r e g r o w i n g e v e r y d a y. T h i s e s s a y w i l l a r g u e t h a t i t i s o n l y t h e G r e e n

SJL.tui.biss*s:modei of deveiopfflent uhich a"- *o ** zz

Uhat)H.?JrT for City conventional md!1 iS "0t' economic houeve|-' Ply an economic to be substituted development. By "policy" denition it integrates ecological, social, sexual, spiritual and political values into ill s rategies. And while it embodies certain general character?^""t Jakes a different shape everywhere, and can hardly be implemented from'above This essay wi 1 oversimplify somewhat to focus on the "economic" dlmensions'of Ihs vision, leaving the social, cultural, and geographical dimensions for other

The Dual Citv

citie l yv , 3c tu ra y? , "e on o me ica y ,r ap tic ly th art i zi a s t it o an kin es s - s tt rr u uc cttu urra al H 1u lJ ^V "l l , " c* th c lhl a co t lei r sa t il c po la oo f place under the emerging global economic order. It s it o "disappearing middle" where good-paying blue-collar and mi derange VZiV. joos are evaporating. New technology is automata many of them, or lakfna it possible to move them half-a-world away to cheap-labour regions T^e reLIt L n h 1Sd sweats"P-like manufacturing jobs and a "hambu^eV economy" of p re ev va 'a a ,s a"n d - "a " n U inrc kr-e a s i * "o * r tS S -te m td im en r" w ,o pr ils n"g *p io nC t o0 f r 'i t * th ao kr ets p lra c ea n i nd ap na r" tu-n Sr nrrk t economy" outside the bounds of governmental regulation? underground w h i - h l h r L Te r " * " f t h S d U a l e C O n 0 m y i s t h e c o r p o r a t e m a n a g e r i a l s e c t o r, e Xc Jt of r? i d s V ea :n d a ? l e"s Ps^ -rb io l ui lm p en ra iu ho ir sc e cd orb py ora te s sfS les oa os te d i n t e arnnya tp an r ta ic ar t im o. n ,T f th pressures of competition to globalize as much as possible. t is the prot imperatives of this sector which are dening the shape of the current " n le tt vy "rU Cd HU in Tc he Sn tC la i Cn a. U B ro p to rn ae te l ra ld Is th ne o wk ifn od r ex x? b bi il li i an erv e9 n - .d e ra l irz a"t i o uft tih t e i sc o n c ew ss rily . - o r p o r a ^ o n s ' o p Va J e 1 : be"emS "" "atinS " "V Withi" ^ ^

*rrJH,*7U* "lb?1y flies ^ the face of stable institutional t Z B l Tw t C ; a r a f u S ! ; l S t l , : f t h e P r s v i o u s P " e c f i n d u s t r i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n , of n? i^ I h Amerlcan economies were based on the undisputed hegemony LL !7i n WaSte Production <whee twin components were arms ^un a1 , ? P"vatized Consumer Economy), and on stable relationships - ? * r e ? " C a p l t a l u & i a b o u r ' a n d ' e h & p o o r. T h e r e e x i s t e d t a c i t " s o c i a l r S?!.i whleh-^h*;o u'h c o l l e c t i v of e b a r g a i n i to n g ,workers and th e Wthe elfa re State, respectivelyprovided some measure security and poor.

V
ri.f<!Lthe latr6 seventies' a crisis of profitability began to affect these domnln"! P?' Japanefe and E">-opean rms began to challenge US economic t in yn cro su r b to is en n ae sd ss ulp bh ei g a n Kt o as kie oy l e v e r" ^t-h e re r e9 w es sto ce eg sa . nT h e rp la op wl y i nn a attiio on ns w ch e y nte a nc o pn otlr ic used to ortset laoour wage gains began to skyrocket cut of control. Economic
, .,,.n , . ,s i. ,e _a j ..A .n d . . t n - i r-. ~ u i .e 04 1of n. t< r o*l .,_ production ei c c i,e w n e -s-o ci a la d . a-n v - .7 n-f a^ nrr..= av 1 costs , -u .- ac o . . .o _n i .o^m .i _ grcJth slewed. And tne social ana environmental waste

ai

began to register in national economies. All of the sudden, governments could no longer "afford" lonqstandina social contracts, and the era of Reaganism, Thatcherism and dereguUt on was ^,US,f Th!/eCOVeryafter *"e recMion of 1581-83 saw an unprecedented -III n > ?Z aS increasing "'Poratione ^tooled of or the restructured to -ut uusts. Despite the 9rWth" supposedly importance "human factor" to p.st-industrial economic development, most corporations have opted to r uusts at the expense of labour-deskilling whole sectors of work throuoh "n^ibiHtal"TaylHrLSt me.th?S ' Jb dSSign- The -^-mentioned needs for exibility; and "decentralization" are being met by ever-more-pervasive a r^J'l^n V c o n t r ; cEconomy. * l " 9 o u t The -ofte n to illega l or se mi-le g asimply l r mprodu.-e s in a growing Underground Underground Economy does not rLXlt , rSlegal ! drugs, more typically a whole range completely items but outside the bounds itofproduces government regulation. It of is organically linked to the formal corporate economy through subcontracting, a product of the corporate sector's restructuring. While it is true that the modern economy is ever more dependent on highlevel skills and creativity in part of- its workforce, these capacities are channelled into an increasingly export-oriented sector, which is continually extending the separation between production and consumption, and between social/ecological values and the nancial "bottom line". The scale of corporate organization and the appearance of new communications technologies have facilitated the growth of a mammoth "Casino Economy" (in the words of Business Week magazine), where increasing proportions of the world's capital resources are being absorbed in speculative financial dealingswith vast amounts of capital being shifted around the globe via corporate take-overs and currency manipulations. Cities like Toronto have always been implicitly imperialistic in relation to other regions. The products of the land, and the labour, of loronto's various supply-regionsfrom Northern Ontario to the Maritimes to large parts of the Third Worldhave always been essential to our economy. .oronto has thus been a contributor to, and sometimes a primary cause of, other regions' imbalanced and distorted development. The current thrust of the world economy, however, tends to exaggerate regional disparities, and even cause major dislocations right here in our city. Our housing crisis is, for example, partly due to the draw Toronto has exerted on work-starved people in other regions. As national governments are becoming increasingly powerless to counterbalance global corporate power, municipalities themselves nd themselves engaged in frenetic competition to attract external capital. Failure means stagnation. Success can mean a hallowing out of real production, supercial wealth, and the creation of a Dual City. The Dual City is a society of two worlds. The corporate service- and information-sector provides high incomes for a narrow upper-middle class which exnibits a taste ^ f or increasingly customized items, personal development and 'quality of life". The most basic standardized mass-production goods are prized by the growing numbers of working poor, the unemployed, immigrants, the homeless, etc. Their work is increasingly part-time, low-paid or subcontracted; their chances of owning their own home is virtually nil. For

Q 3,

them, competing in a Global Economy means competition with Third Ur.rld sweatshops or with other local unemployed for a job at 7-11. Increasing crime and drug addiction reflect people's lack of connection to their work, ? ea.-h ZlrZLi0*"* security T^ purposf.Expenditures personal necessarily increase. by the upper crust on policina and The Srgen Citvi A Sealistir Alternativp =. U Daf become a11 t0our simplistic truism to in say that and our cannot sorial and environmental problemsa" are, like economy, global nature be solved within national borders. But it is even more to the point to say that these crises are fundamental problems of scale, and of values that J hi solved without adjusting our basic relationsh p ?o nature a^d to each Xr

p ^rrlneVthe^aTsoT? T ""?" f CSt *if" "at ?

ln! f* It the economics real social and environmental costs of way, production. It means integrating and ecology in an even more basic so that our .ccial andeconomic institutions begin to mimic the order-of-nature. resistretheeen-ti^ ILt ^^ f.*hI" Srt f r9ani"tion. It is one that ',"?! . notlun that our environmental problems can be separated from r^?-i r- ' *' f "ime * drU9S' 0f violence a9ainst women, or of an'e^n* V.l fr..m, a TSpective that sees current corporate restructuring as an escape ana an extension of, the these problems by replicating the social structures or aUenation and domination which are the source of ou woes! The Sreen City paradigm is not, however, simply a reaction to current proolems, a retreat to the past, or a Utopian pipedream. It is^n fact'the nuraPPrand1teehn r^ *? "y ha"neSS ^^ human Potentials, 'both wrt^-L" technological. The essence of the Green is self reliance, participation, and disaccumulation (or "doing more withCity less"). ** "Doing more with less- is what the information-revolution is supposed to be hwInT ft\*utin9 knowledge for both drudge-labour and materials. The bioregional Lonserverand form renewable-resource economy by this criteria, the most advanced of information-economy. It is, attempts to ''=e '?\USe.of materials, and utilize the organic powers of nature r\lZit d'stu:bln9 them, creating interesting knowledge-intensive, community-based work. by It is the information-revolution taken to its logical conclusion, but focused even more on capital-savings than labour saving. The western industrial system of the past 40 years has tended to cultivate the labour-saving side of technology, and repress the capitaland materials-saving side, to keep intact established power relationships. In fact, a waste economy was built in the postwar world to maintain demand for corporate production, and ostensibly keep the world from returning to the Great Depression. A disaccumulationist economy which saves capital and material threatens the centralized control ot the industrial system, and the radical separation of production and consumption upon which the system has always been based. nximum conservation of energy and materials requires "end-use" planningie. planning consumption along with productionand much greater public participation and control. Giant economies of scale, and

13

centralized control, are not necessary for a society which "produ.-es" energy by super-insulating rather than by nuclear power stations. ** The human need for participation is what the global movements for democracy are all about. There is little doubt that, however totalitarian technologies or social systems may become, this need for participation w i l l c o n t i n u e t o g r o w o v e r t h e l o n g t e r m . I t w i l l , m o r e o v e r, n o t b e limited to strictly political-electoral representation, but increasingly direct forms of democracy which allow people to control their own lives on an everyday basis. Economic democracy is a old concept which is today being discussed and experimented with in new ways by the alternative economics movementways which attempt to combine equality a n d c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h n e e d s f o r i n d i v i d u a l i n i t i a t i v e a n d c r e a t i v i t y. The Green City is a place which shapes its institutions and processes to maximize participation and equalitynot simply as a by-product but as a goal of economic development. This is in sharp contrast to the Dual City which is ever more impersonal, and limiting of meaningful participation for growing numbers of the population. ** Self-Reliance is most obvious in its absence today. The devastating famines of Africa, the crushing debt of Latin American nations (and relatec crises like the Peruvian cholera epidemic), etc. are evident examples of export economies dependent on external markets, and deprived of their own indigenous resources. But even localities in the rst w o r l d s u ff e r f r o m s u c h d e p e n d e n c e , w h i c h c a u s e s d a n g e r o u s i n s t a b i l i t y, insecurity and alienation. The current recession is an outstanding example of our dependence on external cycles of boom-and-bust. The G r e e n C i t y i s a m u n i c i p a l i t y b a s e d i n s e l f - r e l i a n c e , i n e ff e c t " g r o w i n g " out of'its bioregion. The conventional wisdom argues that this sort of self-reliance is impractical in a world of mass production where efcient technologies demand giant mass markets. But in fact, advanced production systems no longer require mammoth markets for standardized products; their exibility allows them to produce diverse goods in short runs for regional markets without major retooling. And in a ,,disaccumulationist,, economy which seeks to minimize the consumption of materialsadvanced information-based production tends to involve decentralized low-tech eco-preduction as much as high tech mass production. While the restructuring corporate economy avoids these essential principles (self-reliance, participation, disaccumulation) like the plague, it pays homage to related characteristics of human-development-based and ecologybased organization by adapting some of these characteristics in its own reorganization. Human creative development is in fact essential to many emerging forms of production; the problem is that those who share these b e n e t s a r e a m i n o r i t y o f t h e s o c i e t y. F l e x i b i l i t y a n d d e c e n t r a l i z a t i o n a r e b y - w o r d s o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n . U n f o r t u n a t e l y, c o r p o r a t i o n s a r e gaining this exibility by contracting out work to sweatshop-like subeconomies, by moving capital and production outside government regulation, and b y i n u e n c i n g g o v e r n m e n t s t o d i s m a n t l e s o c i a l s a f e t y n e t s . Va r i o u s f o r m s o f "participation" are being instituted at the workplace which increase worker responsibility without concomitant control.

ZH

Much has been made recently of the role of the specialist in modern production. The rise of the specialist in information-based production is "Hn^Vf^9 .the mil^v-model of corporate organization,^ on a e acluaUv hi nn lu^T^ hSlete' Whle leVeis f ^ddlelmanagement Zr 9 fIlm*nated as have specialists in the knowledge eld must to make decisions for ti*tl? themselves-only they the required do so. Such transformations in the corporate world indicate the potentials for more participatory less authoritarian forms of organization. They indicate that the more substantial forms of participation in ecological production an^ s^ial organization are appropriate to our times. But moves toward IVTJ?'"I!*" '\ thS corPrate "W *' circumscribed by rationalization tl in" LL T^ WhiCh centralized in effSCt control. USes Pa"^lar forms participat on to increase effective In all of these of cases, the new chanena/thf9^^ ,*"* P^oduc*ion are being implemented in ways that do not beei r^power. direction of society by the elites which have always h~ T?ei Green.Citv is an economy which takes seriously new potentials for dem-^tf 0r9a^ati*n, decentralization, exible and adaptive organ zation at uf i discussions scale are a f tthe h e .....re reP"f i ^ - " ^ " ? of ^ appropriate ^developm e n t . and B u healthy t i t r e ecology cognize s taqehat t n J t l S or f a fC ial JU S t i C B 'of " 'development i5 not -i-P ly a Ma e r just of w hat tha e benets certain course are, but it t tis as^u*ch

qua! ir-nf! iTT fr'1'5' ^ ^ *?" ^ "*1 "^ P-ticipationLd

abstract e^numiu I- n-f<- or TT"? ^p priorities for policy ahead of any aostract technological imperatives. New design, questions of ecological fr'cm ?hl f,TS5 SlfPl^hi*hli*ht the '** *hat injustice now includes stealing lurvivaL ^ ^ ^ SPeCiSS' and S involves a tn^at to our very Beyond Sustainability! New Directly for the Toronto Economy uo .a Green.development is not simply "sustainable development"-development workff^Iirr: i* the X! individual, ^generative dev*!opmpnt. development which directly works to heal the community and the environment. This must be nr^uth of ,f appropriate 9 ? 9ra?Ual restructu'in9 of grassroots the economy, and of through the growth enterprises, guided by processes community design and planning. It is not enough to place limits on the destructiveness of conventional economic growth our survival depends on auditing that e c o n o m i c g r o w t h h e a l t h e p l a n e t a n d c o m m u n i t y. " w a r a n g * n a * The new directions for the Toronto-area economy would include these eight. A rundamental effect they all would have is decreasing, or even eliminating, the separation between production and consumption which is at the -ore ot the system of exploitation of people and of nature.
1.

Self-reliance: Particularly in the production for primary needs: food, shelter, clothing, basic infrastructurethe Toronto regional economy wouid strive to optimize self-reliance. Self-reliance does not necessarily total,aself-sufciency, a withdrawal from the growth, Global village. But mean it means reorientation away from export-based

25

and a focus on production for community need. This would by no means be t h e e n d o f e x t e r n a l t r a d e , j u s t t h a t s u c h t r a d e w o u l d b e s e c o n d a r y. T h i s w o u l d n o t o n l y g i v e To r o n t o m o r e c o n t r o l o v e r i t s o w n a ff a i r s b y minimizing our dependence on external events and cycles, but it w.-.uld free up our current "supply regions" for more balanced development. Such local/regional organization would be necessary to make the most efcient/ecologicai use of natural resources. An economy which is based on integrating with organic processes naturally tends to become bioregional in scale, since most of these processes work withinand actually definethe bioregion. Integration of Economics with Ecology and Human Need: This is perhaps the most fundamental principle of the Green City's redenition of economics. It means that economic activity is no longer a means to simply survive, to "support oneself", but a means of self-actualization and of service...both to the community and the planet. This requires the conscious encouragement of enterprise to serve the region's most pressing needs. This would be achieved in two ways: (1) building into the Community Development Plan sufcient incentives for achieving desired goals: e.g. creating interesting work, providing affordable housing, s a v i n g e n e r g y, g r o w i n g f o o d , e t c . a s w e l l a s s o m e d i s i n c e n t i v e s ( e . g . disposal taxes; to make anti-social or anti-ecological activities too c o s t l y. N e w f o r m s o f c o s t - a c c o u n t i n g w h i c h r e g i s t e r s o c i a l a n d ecological costs' of productionwill be necessary to make this work. And (2) making the size of markets small enough that enterprises are naturally responsive to the needs of their respective communities. Outright bans on certain products and processes certainly might be in order; moving immediately to zero-discharge of toxic pollutants is denitely desirable. But the focus of the system would be to design into the system incentives, both material and non-material, for all s o r t s o f t h i n g s w h i c h a r e m a r g i n a l i z e d t o d a y. G o o d d e s i g n m i n i m i z e s policing, and maximizes self-management. A Material Base in Renewability and Conservation: the core of the new economy would be its basis in renewable-energy, renewable-resources, and conservation. This does not mean simply replacing fossil fuels or n u c l e a r w i t h s o l a r p o w e r, o r m a k i n g s u r e g r a n d m a s w i t c h e s o f f t h e kitchen lights. It demands a rational reintegration of production with consumption so that almost every output is an input for something else, and that the minimum material and energy is used. This requires a restructuring that tends to integrate community and workplace, formal and informal economies, human activities with natural processes, and scientic knowledge with folk wisdom and everyday observation. Manufacturing would be hardly distinguishable 'from waste management, so dependent it would be on reuse, reduction and recycling. The eventual goal would be the achievement of a bioregional economy, emphasizing the use of indigenous materials and natural cycles, the economy running like a sailboat in the wind of inexhaustible natural processes. The ideal of such Bioregionality would not simply be the efcient use of nature. It would be respectful co-inhabitation of the bioregion with all other speciesand the recognition of the subjectivity within

3&

nature. It is extremely important to stress that the kinds of jobs that this sort of ecological focus would produce are exactly the kind that we need, and which are today disappearing the fastest. They tend to b* "middle range" jobsblue, white and service jobs with middle- to highs k i l l l e v e l s . T h e s e s k i l l s , h o w e v e r, c a n b e e a s i l y p r o v i d e d o n t h e community level, and the jobs tend to be much more interesting than the i n d u s t r i a l j o b s w h i c h a r e d i s a p p e a r i n g t o d a y. Supporting and Extending the Informal Economy: The informal economy (which we distinguish from the "underground economy") is the primarily non-casn sector based in and around the home. It is the housework, g a r d e n i n g , a p p l i a n c e r e p a i r, s e l f - h e l p b u i l d i n g , e t c . w h i c h i s t o d a y accounting for an increasing percentage of society's real wealth. It is the traditional realm of "women's work" which has been so important t o s o c i e t y, a n d y e t s o d e v a l u e d b y a p a t r i a r c h a l s y s t e m . I n o u r e r a o f m a s s c o n s u m p t i o n , i t h a s g r o w n s i g n i c a n t l y, e v e n a s s o m e f o r m s o f domestic workeducation, daycare, etc.have been pulled increasingly i n t o t h e f o r m a l c a s h o r p u b l i c e c o n o m y. W h i l e i t i s s o m e w h a t t i e d i n t o the recent growth of the underground economywith the latter's involvement in exploitative forms of homeworking, a community-based e c o n o m y w o u l d w o r k t o e x t e n d a n d l e g i t i m a t e t h e i n f o r m a l e c o n o m y. I t would allow people to prosper in constructive activities which had previously been considered simply forms of "consumption". This revaluation of certain forms of "consumption" implies an acknowledgement not just of the growth of domestic material production but of the longstanding centrality of many forms of personal and social service taking place in and around the home. It is the "people-production" ("reproduction" in Marxist terminology) or human self-development upon w h i c h s o c i e t y h a s a l w a y s b e e n b a s e d . To d a y , t h e r i s e o f c u l t u r a l production, human services and mass consumption all reect in a highly distorted way the fact that human self-development must begin to play a more central, valued and conscious role in society if we are to survive. Integrating the formal and informal economies is therefore essential not only to ecologically integrate production and consumption, but also to reintegrate the economy's "male" and "female" sectors. Va l u i n g w o m e n ' s t r a d i t i o n a l w o r k i n t h e h o m e m e a n s s u p p o r t i n g t h e informal economy in ways which guarantee that women's work is properly remunerated in both the formal and informal sectors. Women who chose to work at home would be recognized nancially, and women working in the formal economy would have a base of power to further their struggle for equality in the formal economy. Such an integration would not only give all peoplemen and womengreater opportunities to do work at home if they so choose, but it would encourage the "feminization" (humanization) of the male-dominated formal sector as well. Community Development Plans could encourage informal activity in all sorts of ways, including Basic Incomes schemes. But the most important mechanism for integrating formal and informal activityand not incidentally in eliminating the exploitative Underground Economyw o u l d b e t h e c o m m u n i t y c u r r e n c y, l i k e t h e L E T S y s t e m r e c e n t l y i n i t i a t e d i n To r o n t o . C o m m u n i t y c u r r e n c i e s a l l o w i m a g i n a t i v e j o b c r e a t i o n , a n d provide an organic non-coercive means of integrating social-ecological

3,7

values into economics by essentially eliminating the coercive power of money (scarcity). Community currencies allow the elimination of poverty to go hand-in-hand with the stimulation of individual initiative and the l o c a l p r o v i s i o n o f n e e d e d f o o d , s h e l t e r, c l o t h i n g , e n e r g y a n d s e r v i c e s . 5. Downsizing the Economy: A more appropriate scale would not necessarily mean that all enterprises would be smaller; in some sectors, some might e v e n b e l a r g e r. B u t b y a n d l a r g e , t h e s c a l e o f o r g a n i z a t i o n c o u l d a n d should be much smaller. Scale is a key in integratinq economic, social and ecological values; an economy which rewards locally-oriented proauction, and which keeps its organizations small, will naturally reinrorce business sensibility and responsiveness. An economy which is also based primarily in renewable energy and renewable resources will tend to feature smaller organizations which can more exibly respond to changing social or environmental circumstances. It tends to be bioregional in scope. 6. Reshaping the Physical Structure of Community: Closely related to appropriate scale is the idea of appropriate formorganic form that allows each space its own type of beauty while being totally functional, r u n c t i o n a i i y, o u r c u r r e n t b u i I t - e n v i r o n m e n t i s b a s e d o n a s e p a r a t i o n oetween paid employment and the home. Spiritually, it conveys the fact that everything is fragmented and is unrelated to everything else. P o l i t i c a l l y, i t a n n o u n c e s t h a t s o c i e t y m u s t b e d e s i g n e d b y " o t h e r s , notably professionals and specialists. By contrast, the physiral structure of the Green City is mixed use, always in harmonious relationship to its surroundings, whole (no in-between places which are "dead"), and made by everyone. See the GCP "BuiIt-Environment", Agriculture and Planting", and "Transportation" sections for more details. 7. More creative, fullling work: The encouragement of local enterprise and "own work" (self-employment in the informal economy), along with the creation of community currencies, should result in an integration of work, life-purposes, and social goals. It would also obliterate many d i s t i n c t i o n s b e t w e e n w o r k a n d p l a y, a n d a r t a n d d a i l y l i f e . U n i o n s a n d employee groups would work with management to assess potential technologies to optimize both productivity and worker fullment. Education would be more directed in this context to providing the skills for such job creation (e.g. in eco-agriculture, or solar design, etc.) w i t h o u t s a c r i c i n g i t s g o a l s o f b r o a d c u l t i v a t i o n o f h u m a n c r e a t i v i t y. 3. More democratic ownership and control: A community-based economy is less susceptible to the domination of a powerful few. A conserver economy which emphasizes saving capital even more than saving labouralso gives many more people the opportunity of starting their own businesses, since startup costs would be much less. It would still be desirable to consciously encourage "third sector" (co-operative or non-prot) enterprises, as well as increasing levels of worker self-management, prot-sharing and collective ownership. The emphasis of this kind of economy would be on diversitywith a work situation for swery kind of p e r s o n a l i t y, w h i c h n e v e r t h e l e s s g u a r a n t e e d a f a i r i n c o m e a n d p e r s o n a l

a2
i n t e g r i t y. I t w o u l d a l s o s e e m r e a s o n a b l e t o e n c o u r a g e c o m m u n i t y a n d worker participation on the boards of larger organizations to ensure that these organizations worked in harmony with the community plan and worker happiness. 7 H Finally, a more egalitarian land tenure would have to come abnut as no deep sense of stewardship could be developed under rurrent conditions of super-concentrated corporate ownership. Community Land trusts and municipal land banking might be one means of freeinq land from a speculative market, but various options would have to be explored. One drastic means would be a ground rent (land tax) system w h i c h g u a r a n t e e d t h a t l a n d b e u s e d p r o d u c t i v e l y. T h e g r o w t h . - . f community currencies into major economic forces could well provide'a more natural transition to more egalitarian land ownership-again, by e l i m i n a t i n g t h e c o e r c i v e p o w e r o f s c a r c e m o n e y, w i t h o u t u n d e r m i n i n g incentive to serve the community. Elements of Green Economic Strategy The transition to a Green economy is a gradual one, and one which cannot take place by nat, but only by encouraging the self-activity of the c o m m u n i t y. W e l i v e i n a n e r a w h i c h h a s g r o w n t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e destructiveness of centralized state planning. And yet we have begun t appreciate the importance ridding humanity of unsustainable and exploitative practicesour survival depends on it. Clearly the need for planning is growing and not decreasing. The Green City provides a model which combines the best of truly free e n t e r p r i s e ( a c t i v i t y w h i c h t r u l y, e m p o w e r s ) w i t h p a r t i c i p a t o r y p l a n n i n g . T h e key is planning processes which involve everyone and everyday activities which give people the opportunity to create their own world. The Green City community Development Plan would not be a blueprint, but a general community consensus which would allow optimal scope for people to spontaneously work out the specics ot development as it happened. Obviously this requires a kind of consensus and cooperation unknown in mainstream society. But it is the way most, of our ancestors lived as hunter-gatherers and in many agricultural societies; and it is also a kind of consensus we can nd within our own society, away from the centres of (largely male) power. Certain initiatives can be taken to establish the infrastructure which can allow people to "grow" an increasingly Green economy. The following ve elements are synthesized from alternative development models being employed elsewhere: 1. The Community Development (or Green City) Plan T h e C D P i s t h e v i s i o n o f t h e c o m m u n i t y. I t i d e n t i e s g o a l s i n e v e r y s e c t o r o f t h e e c o n o m y, a n d s e t s p r i o r i t i e s f o r d e v e l o p m e n t . I t i s created through a participatory design process which taps the imaginations, needs and concerns of all people in the region. It would entail a plan for the entire region, as well as sub-plans for ea.-h of tne municipalities in the region, based on their interrelated, but difrerent, goals.

a < ?
We see the Green City Program as the embryonic nucleus for the CDP. Just as we would like to see this program be the expression of the vision of a large community movement, we feel the Community Development P l a n s h o u l d b e s i m i l a r l y p a r t i c i p a t o r y. W e r e c o m m e n d q r a s s m . - . t s Community Design processes be set up, at Regeneration Centres" and subc e n t r e s t h r o u g h o u t e a c h m u n i c i p a l i t y. A s t h e R e g e n e r a t i o n C e n t r e s c a n be the focal points for the organization of the Neighbourhood Assemblies (see GCP section on Municipal Democracy).and the Community Planninq commissions, so they can be bases for the Community design process. Because the element of equality and justice are so central t--- this . process, care should be taken to make sure at the beginning that various d i sa d va n ta g e d g ro u p s w i th i n th e cu rre n t so ci e tyn a ti ve p e o p l e , w o me n t h e p o o r, p e o p l e o f c o l o u r, t h e h a n d i c a p p e d , s e n i o r s , e t c . a r e g i v e n particularly privileged status in the design of the planning process and in the prioritizing of Plan goals. The Bioregional Resource Inventory This would be a prior necessity for developing the CDP. It would assess the state of the current economy as well as potentials inherent in the r e g i o n ' s s o c i a l a n d n a t u r a l e c o l o g y. I t w o u l d s t a r t w i t h a b i o h i s t o r y of the region, looking at the area's ecology and economy before European settlement and trace the development of economic life over the area's h i s t o r y, w i t h p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n t o t r a d i t i o n a l p r a c t i c e s , p r o d u c t s and knowledge which hinted of opportunities for future practices or research. It would provide detailed information on all sectors concerning i m p o r t s a n d e x p o r t s . F o o d , e n e r g y, w a t e r, c a p i t a l i n o w a n d o u t o w would all be involved. It would determine the resource needs of existing industry and the general public, and it would itemize the existing natural resources in the region. It would clearly outline strong and weak sectors, and highlight gaps. The resource inventory would also take stock of the human potentials in the area: skills, educational levels, and various needs. Throughout, it would frame this information in terms of knowing one's watershed, and aiming to develop products and activities that the bioregion in a sense "wants" to produce. Foremost among these activities would be ecological restoration. The resource inventory would provide the raw data for implementing policies of import substitution to increase local self-reliance. From it, the CDP could determine markets for new local production, and p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r n e w e c o l o g i c a l i n d u s t r y. The inventory would lay the basis for a new system of cost accounting, attempting to put some quantitative gures on the social and environmental costs of current production. The inventory would be carried out by a "think tank" of experts connected with community organizations, by the local municipal planning ofces, and by long-time inhabitants of the region. The Regeneration Centre(s): We support the recommendation of the recent Watershed report of the Crombie Royai Commission on the Waterfront to establish a Centre for G r s e n E n t e r p r i s e a n d I n d u s t r y i n t h e P o r t l a n d s . We f e e l , h o w e v e r, t h a t

3o
because truly sustainable develooment i= - -,. L would be constructive only in ^hT-ontext Tr^6'' SUCh a c* e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t . To s u p p o r t t h i s l u l X \ U S o n c o m m u n i t y Regeneration Centres. The Regenerl?ic'n r .^ advcates a network of regenerative economic developmentIn the-I" "?ld "? the nexus ' Physical centre of alternative act vity wherT" *', " UUld be the aavice, to share information and expedience to %? Uld COme <*r and to simp-ly socialize. Initially it !i ,A 1USS Possibilities, preliminary alternative activity networLnn ^ *he fCal Pint ** drawing up of the rst CommunUyl^i^^ education "rJw to the locale tor the community desiqn r?TV ' " <ould be the well as the ^gen^is^Z^^C^^^^. .

s t a r t e d . I t w o u l d b e a t r a i n i n g c e n i ' r T f ^ H 1 ^ " d P r i Va t e ' 9 e t m the social-ecological goa?s of ?he Cu T^ ^J*0"' and n e x u s o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n w i t h e x i s t i n g V- \ w a s a l s o b e t h e how they can "convert" product on 2? fxr' ^B* a"d small, as to to implement new demote s^ct'ef^ *"" eo-un">' Pla"' and could assist trade unions adapt ".^the l9' * Centre production, and help unions Zr, J, S co"""nity-oriented which would please both? "^agement to nd technologies * Research: the Centres would be a nexus f-, , infrastructure for regenerative devefon? Ch-and-devel *pment t e c h n o l o g y. S i n c e t h e S r e e n e c o n o m y t T V * n . a P P r o P r i a t e - Regeneration centres would have to h~! ftlon:lntensive, the university departments-which would nlfr , Cl0SS- "" * local their research toward reaenerat? *J f lnc:easin9 portions of the infrastructure-rpotentUl would hfP"'ent- Essantial to tap decommodify intelligence Uimiis onmeareS 1" th* CDP to information must be" established to spe^d tta ^IJ9"*" " creation of more nc^e^ncen^s ^ reseat " " th

to ^Lr^^lnrneren^L^w1"^:6'1 in "^ h
t h e i r g o o d s o r s e r v i c e s w o u l d h " h 3 Ve S U d a * r k e t s f r technologies CeJa. soUr Jit?" * e"9a9ed up ^search on new offer signffican? blneHts ?otha f^96. *reatent> which could eco-entrepreneurs. It would J-- '"mmunit>' ^ opportunities for i n f o r m a t i o n - t e c hy no g i e various s / v kinds t l Z J t of i LT ?* ' '"'""on on l o una management systems. EdUCeaduc0aiion:e SST^JS ^ T" V Pla" ' ""tinui"9 about e--. ,,nv L-n t ? ear" about the community plan,

>e 1 pU. Inhere s.-V-r^ 9y' 3?Ut ^""^^ "eeds. It ouid

where students "Vd "L "Ul Update their curriculum, ana At the Centre .-! *? ?51r' P^sibilities for careers. c o n s e r v a t i o n ^ p o s t ' n g , ^ d e n ? " " " ^ " k 111 " * f -oustrial development^ " ^&-^--learr^nx<^

3 /

through the lifetime, the Regeneration Centre would be a central point of a society-wide knowledge network, which would include the school system and the universities. * Coordination: the Centre would also be a coordination point for v a r i o u s d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e l o c a l e c o n o m y. I t c o u l d b e t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o f c e f o r t h e l o c a l G r e e n D o l l a r c u r r e n c y. A n d i t could also compile a Green Pages directory of local enterprises which help to actualize the community plan, and so deserve publi<support. * Networking: the Centre would be the locale where all sorts of groups and individuals could share their visions and experience, and where people could come simply to share good conversation over a cup of tea. Each municipality in the Toronto region could have a primary Regeneration Centre; but it would be useful to have subcentres in each community or eventually each neighbourhood, associated with each Neighbourhood Assembly. An Alternative Financial Structure The nancing of the conversion to a regenerative economy is a crucial topic. One would not expect the major commercial banks to support any undermining of their own power. Realistically the gradual transformation would have to involve alternative institutions which could make sure that capital stayed in the community and that investments worked to advance the CDP. In general, there would be four basic components: (a) seed and"infrastructural capital from public sources (municipal and perhaps even provincial money), i.e. from taxes, to start up Regeneration Centres, to do a certain amount of research, to administer the community design process. (b) Credit Unions, Earth Banks, and Ethical Investment Funds: these institutions would be the logical outcome of people in the community putting their own savings and earnings to work. Rather than having one's personal account in a Royal Bank or CIBC, it would be in a community-oriented bank or credit union whose commercial loans would be geared towards supporting truly productive enterprise in the bioregion. (c) Pension Funds: the necessary legislation should be secured to allow working people to use their retirement ^savings to work for them b e f o r e r e t i r e m e n t . Tr a d e u n i o n s c o u l d d i r e c t t h e i r p e n s i o n m o n e y towards projects that met the community plan to create both good jobs and real wealth. (d; Community Currencies: the nal essential element of the nancial system would be the community currency (like the LETSystem) which would allow a valuation of previously unvalued informal economic activity and speed up the accumulation of local capital in the for.T.al sector. As^-.Tore and more basic products (particularly food

3 ^
and shelter) became available with these currencies, they would virtually eliminate poverty and relieve government of many burdens of support. Each of these elements (particularly #b and #d) could be initiated immediately with very little initial investment by government. Ofcial municipal support would be important, however, in developing the initial public support these new institutions would need to become major players in the local economy. 5. Green Pilot Projects It is essential that there be initial examples of regenerative development m the Toronto region. There are possibilities everywhere. But there are some specic, opportunities of a signicant scale that can snape the future development of the region for some time. The Sti?f<n^? a?dr thS,Portlands a'e waterfront to areas and which will determine the relationship of Toronto with the drastically affect the character of the City. The City, in cooperation with other regional municipalities, should support the current initiatives to develop ?!oi9lC? dE^el?Pment 'or Portlands the Railway Landsthe (through Railway Lands Action Coalition) PUns and the (through Labourthe Council of netro Toronto, and as recommended by the Crombie Commission), and expand these initiatives to involve full-blown community design processes. To r o n t o a r e a m u n i c i p a l i t i e s s h o u l d l o o k c a r e f u l l y a t a l l opportunities to experiment with social and ecological design processes, to create models for future development. Various sizes of pilot projects would serve to offer maximum impact. The Green Citv Vision: Opportunities and Pitfane A Green Toronto would be a qualitatively different place than the oronto in wmch we live today. It is not something that will emerge halfre1tructurLnruhi,ah tUnin9 development practices. economic restructuring which is going fucurrent on throughout the industrial world The is opening up lltrL Trtuni*ief !or local input in shaping development policy. But it is tf nnfJyirPrtant that the counity groups and social movements which try

Ire ?rPy!ngnto cre^er**655 **" * ^ ^ ' ViSin abUt the City ^

Throughout the developed world, municipalities are groping for new forms wf regulation and crisis management. Cities and regions are experimenting with, new agencies and forums, soliciting the input of various organizations, pubxic and private, universities, and the like. Specialized quasi-public agencies and commissions are being hatched to serve particular functions. And various levels ot government are soliciting the input or support of non governmental organizations (NGO's) and community groups. "Roundtables" for discussions oetween business, government and the public are being used. And even various terms or community economic development (C.E.D.) are being utilized to deal with some of the most pressing problems created by the Dual Li^y marginalization of growing numbers of people. Popular organizations must be careful that various forms of community

3B
e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t a r e n o t u s e d s i m p l y to " l l i n g a p s " i n th e D u a l C i ty, and pick up the slack for decreasing government and corporate responsibility for community welfare. Community economic development must not be used to simply soak up marginalized labour in ways that reinforce an exploitative social structure. Green Municipal Coalitions must insist that regenerative development be the core of economic development practice, and that the essential characteristics of the Green Cityself-reliance, participation and d i s a c c u m u l a t i o n b e t h e u l t i m a t e c r i t e r i a o f . d e v e l o p m e n t p o l i c y. R e a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n , i t s h o u l d b e s t r e s s e d , i m p l i e s e q u a l i t y, a n d t h e a l l e c o n o m i c and ecological policy must be founded rst and foremost on the principles of social justice. A certain brand of environmental ism has been the expression of the upscale "rst city" with its growing concerns with lifestyle and "quality of life". Greens must be insistent that the needs of the marginalized and casualized "second city" be the basis for real ecological action. Many of us feel that the closing days of the century hold the possibilities of a new tide of social change. But we must recognize that the kind of urban transformation we are talking about is necessarily a gradual process. Social and economic regeneration exhibits denite stages of ''succession" the same as landscape regeneration does. We need to be determining the "pioneer" enterprises, activities and institutions, that, like pioneer plants, can thrive in our barren economic landscape and prepare the ground for more substantial forms of ecological and egalitarian enterprise. A holistic perspective is crucial to all this. Fundamental problems and crises will not be solved with band-aids. Green municipal networks must hone their sense of vision based on the kind of society we most desire. The Green City may seem Utopian today, but only because our current system is so out of touch with our real needs and social potentials. When one is dealing with fundamental problems, the fastest and most direct route to a solution may be the most ecotopian.

Brian Milani Spring 1991

3H

Green Municipal Demnrrary

by MiJce McConkey Introduction. The current parliamentarian system has recently been characterized as ve year fascism" (referring to the duration of a majority government^ mandate.) The prairie farmer radicals at the begLing X century used to can our politics an "electoral aristocracy." Both S assessments are couched in the same recognition: once our "representatives" get to Ottawa tor T oronto. Victoria. Quebec City, etc.) they no longer"eT SE themselves W!th "-Panting us disregarding or our viewsW Jy until aSa power unto pretty much our desires the neT eT-aion is approaching. That this political norm is accompanied by perlasrte

Srrat2erPtahthy ^ **- as 9uM PUb"C be ^tlZZoMc.i wisdom, rather than naivete is the standardCan view among "ooiitkal
hlTtSK Tt ther eipertS-Recent events surrounding th^ freS deal S S S E S S ? G S T h 3 Ve ^ * < - e m o h ^ f a l t o f The autonomous municipality, based upon self-governing coooerativelv eXeSdThr^7 W^h^8enUme democracy ^based be expressed and exerused This statement of Green democracy is upon the hi storv of democratic experience, and directed toward consideration of Z democracy of a municipality such as T oronto. The outlines of howsuch an n SS "Sff?;" fC?erate and "V vith K i provided here Y eXtrapolated from the P^ciples and examples SiTnme^LT^ ^ "democracy" " ^"ing the collective seif-

=^SaS;SSSStSL so s=:e or me~-n. as to ::;r

Citizenship. The political culture of democracy is cultivated bv as its arise amid the face-to-face work aa of acting discussing together ar^amrtlf "^ongoing * "^ f Spidt and **and vigo/tha/can " v

^fS?Entt?difference with others-t0Ward ^e SuStt

allows further cooperative act.on and discussion. This is the nature of

35
democracy as an ongoing interpersonal human endeavour - i.e., as a way of life. As citizens struggle to cultivate the institutions of a democratic political community, so they indirectly - but necessarily - cultivate themselves as democratic citizens. The condence and competence required by democratic citizens for self-government can only arise from a democratic culture immersed in the responsibility and experience of actual day-to-day selfgovernment. Democracy itself is its own school of citizenship. Self-styled leaders who claim to represent the people, in fact just deny them access to the school of citizenship, and turn their own rhetoric about democracy into a cynical fraud. The political competence and condence that makes for democratic citizenship is derived from the political experience that can only be achieved through thorough participation. Hence, the institutions of democracy must maximize participation. This is why the institutional corner-stones of democracy are assembly, sortition (choosing by drawing lots), rotation and mandated delegation. All the practices of a genuine democracy are structured out of these political institutions. Furthermore, although the legacy upon which radical notions of democracy are based has included polities that have been extremely exclusionary in both gender and ethnic terms, this exclusivity is not intrinsic to radical democracy. And, indeed, a Green embodiment of such a polity can only be based upon an egalitarian ethos that militates against such discrimination in the constitution of its citizenry. In a Green democracy the citizen cannot be exclusively male/white and genuinely democratic. Neighbourhood Assemblies. As democracy is founded upon a degree of authentic political control and interpersonal capacity for distinctive reputation, in densely populated urban areas such as Toronto, it must be based upon the human scale of local neighbourhoods. Such neighbourhoods should establish popular assemblies to decide policy for the neighbourhood, and make its contribution to deciding municipal policy. The neighbourhood assembly's policy-making process must be based upon the right of all citizens to freely speak to any issue in,the assembly, followed by a majority vote. Assemblies should convene on regular occasions. A large indoors site should be found in the neighbourhood for convening the

assembly: e.g., church, school, recreation centre, etc. T o maiimize

participation: assembly day must be a paid work-free day, on-site child-care

3 6
must be provided by the assembly, and the physical needs and limitations or all citizens must be considered in choosing a location. There should also be a neighbourhood house, procured by the assembly, to serve as a gathering spot for citizens to informally meet to discuss politics and other matters, an opportunity to work through differing views with neighbours between assembly days. This house would also hold the ofces of the executive council (see below), and so would also serve as the neighbourhood assembly's bulletin board, so to speak: the place through which new issues, debates, problems and initiatives would be initially brought to the attention of the neighbourhood. Executive Council. The business of organizing the assemblies, establishing the agenda, and ensuring thorough publication of the agenda appropriately in advance of assembly day, would be the responsibility of the executive council. Agenda proposals would be submitted to the executive council at its ofces in the neighbourhood house. There, with an eye toward avoiding redundancy, the executive would edit and collate the proposals into an agenda that covered the full range of proposals submitted. The deadline for proposal submission might be one week prior to the assembly day At this time, the agenda should be posted at various public sites throughout the neighbourhood. At the beginning of each assemblv, however any citizen or group of citizens would be entitled to challenge the treatment of any particular proposal in the formulation of the agenda. The executive council, or some other council empowered by and answerable to the assembly, should be charged with the responsibility of outreach activities. Such activities should focus upon social groups that have traditionally been excluded from the political culture due to their general state of social powerlessness (heteronomy.) The outreach should be geared to helping such people better appreciate the opportunities to participate in the social autonomy of the neighbourhood assemblies. The executive would have no power of policy decision. Its sole function would be to ensure a smooth process of assembly. To avoid cliquism and elitism, and to ensure the maximum opportunity for citizens to participate the executive would be chosen by sortition and subject to rotation after a ' specically limited period of time. No individual chosen by sortition would be obliged to serve on the executive. But once anyone did serve that individual would only be eligible to serve one more time - and not consecutively. The moderator of each assembly would also be chosen by sortition from among the members of the incumbent executive for that lone

37
session, and would not be eligible to do so again during the same term on the executive. Municipal Assembly. The neighbourhoods would be federated into a municipal assembly, also with its own executive council. Each neighbourhood assembly would choose by sortition its allotted members for the executive of the municipal assembly. This executive would be under the same restrictions and obligations as the executives of the neighbourhood assemblies (see above.) Based upon population, each neighbourhood would also be allotted a certain number of mandated delegates to make up the body of the municipal assembly. With the executive of the municipal assembly ensuring that the municipal agenda is publicized with plenty of time for neighbourhood assemblies to consider and conclude upon the issues involved, these latter would then instruct their delegates how to vote at the municipal assembly. These delegates should also be chosen by sortition, subject to frequent rotation. While these delegates would be the only ones eligible to vote for the position of the neighbourhood assembly, the latter would be free to designate anyone from its assembly to speak on behalf of its position. Presumably, those who had spoken most passionately or eloquently in defense of the* endorsed position would receive this calling. The municipal assembly must have no authority to conclude upon any matter not previously dealt with by the neighbourhood assemblies. And neighbourhood assemblies' delegates could challenge the agenda of the municipal assembly at the beginning of the session. The municipal assembly's moderator would be chosen in the same manner as those in the neighbourhood assemblies. Referenda. In cases of extreme division between neighbourhoods in the municipal assembly, resort might be made to referenda. This is undesirable in that it reduces debate to an either/or prospect that can never be reective of the full range of perspectives. Therefore, when used, the wording of the proposition must be endorsed by a large majority of neighbourhood assemblies (perhaps even ail.) And the vote must be held during special municipality-wide neighbourhood assemblies, and only following a full airing and discussion of all views on the proposition at hand.

3 *
Emergencies. A special committee, including but larger than the executive of the municipal assembly, chosen by sortition and rotating in time with the latter, would be responsible for taking decisions of immediate action in response to emergencies. Any decisions made by this committee would be rendered void in the absence of endorsement by the municipal assembly, by means of the neighbourhood assembly-based procedure outlined above, within a limited time frame: e.g., two weeks. Compliance & Dissent. If any citizen in a neighbourhood assembly, or any neighbourhood in the municipal assembly, is free to not comply with the democratic decision, it becomes impossible for the neighbourhood or municipality to exercise its autonomy. For example, if a policy against dumping human waste into a water-way upstream from others is able to be effectively disregarded by the party upstream, then the democracy will be quickly perceived as ineffectual. In the interest of public health, then, people may abandon their democracy for an authoritarian polity that at least can be depended upon to enforce the law. Hence, the right to participate in the process of democracy, entails an obligation for compliance with the democratic decision. Short of violence or incarceration, the assembly must be prepared to use any methods necessary to counter-act non-compliance, including the most extreme ostracism and boycotting. As a nal measure even the withholding of food and other elements of subsistence, or - for the individual - exile from the municipality, might be considered. However, a democracy must also ensure to all its members the full range of non-violent, non-destructive, public expressions of dissent from, or bearing witness against, any decision made by the assembly. transition. A Green municipal democracy cannot be simply legislated into existence. And even if it could, this would be undesirable. While some assistance in its establishment could be provided by the declining government institutions - particularly at the municipal level - the achievement of such a polity must arise from a "pregurative praxis." This is to say, the struggle to create such a polity must, in its very process, begin elaborating the rudimentary procedures and structures upo'n which the emergent polity's institutions could ultimately be built. Furthermore, only this process, preguring its intended end, provides the experience with which can be nurtured the citizenship - and its democratic consciousness necessary for such a democracy.

3 = 1
People could join established organizations - e.g.. resident associations, community councils, popular groups - and actively work to reorganize them as nascent popular assemblies. Initially, these assemblies might have little more than moral authority. But if a democratic sensibility is inspiring popular participation, in time this moral authority can come to challenge the legitimacy of the established order. It is in this kind of highly charged, dynamic circumstance that dramatic social transformation is possible; out of which emergent procedures and structures may be consolidated as the institutions of a new polity. Democratic Consciousness. Frequently, talk of a decentralized polity, such as this Green municipal democracy, incurs fears of parochialism, atavism and xenophobia. We are ill-advised to take such fears lightly-. However, too often, these fears are decontextuaiized. They assume people with a pre-transition consciousness exercising the post-transition polity. As discussed above, though, it is not only democratic institutions that must be cultivated amid the transition, but also democratic consciousness. Ultimately, a democracy is not its procedures and structures, but its culture as a way of life. The consciousness of self-interest must be transcended by the consciousness of the common good. The "looking out for number one" sensibility must be eclipsed by a sensibility oriented to common seeing and common doing. Reliance upon experts and representatives must give way to a new consciousness that valorizes autonomy, while placing our hope for it in the condence and competence of common people regenerated as democratic citizens. The institutions of an authentic democracy can contribute to the cultivation of such consciousness. They can never, however, serve as a substitute for it.

Ho
GREEN MUNICIPAL DEMOCRACY: SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND CIVIL SOCIETY

By: Kate Sandilands

The word 'democracy' invokes powerful images of past, present and future social life- .h* P^.fc revojutionary call of liberty and equality, the collapse of the Berlin WaTS ^mpower^ cteens malong the* voices known in processes of collective decision-making, fa part teausTof fa em<S many of which faU far short of our own conceptions of what democracy is aU about fa stert

In this contested terrain are emerging ideas and practices which pose a direct challenae . contemporary institutions of 'democracy.' In opposition to parliamentary debSandlo dec^ral ft, f

assemblies,is a crucial step toward the development of 'democratic constiousness ^ThtLffo.3 ,. and mechanisms neither complete, nor exhausi possibilities for radc^feZ^' "f ^T1 ""*" of^alternatives currently practised by social .oSS'^SS^ZSST

' a t m b l y ^ r r n To t l h ^ " " ^ " j " " - i B d " ^ - ^ w ^ S r i . m

civil s^etfand^'al^f1 V*? * "" ^^ "^ f P01*0*1 "<nnulation in state and

^rsst^0^' ** * ~; zsr
The Democratization of Everyday Life m.f DTnJra?"iS n<" exPressea thoroughly in voting once every four or five years nor can it be uTfrXT^T y and V "me8aK,a,ianP01"*1"^^bly. it bacXtion'*& Ufe emboied m constructed through many facets of socialRather, practice, including the moa ev^to of

TnTr, " T f ""J k ta ^ p0,en,ial ,0 emanae * *d inform^KtorotoIav fad^ST f "P^^011- Ideaay. * yP f Plaice and attitude SSol tne* actios
S1,^*!" hfe cannot "formal be unposed democratic by the state, expression; but rather, however, in their relative the forms autonomy. of democracy show^ limTof cnSSd the SatT faST partiKS J.Sin "" f0mlS f "* "* ** constituted in civil society - and in ferS ,t^' iaUt0!10mous e^00" and organizations - that new of democracy emerge femmist, abongmal, antt-racst gay struggles (the list practices is, of course, not exhaustive) 3 From making sense of the world and new practices of life (e.g., decision-making. poweTwo k nXutv) arise mspecc opposition to contemporary institutions, with the purpose of botiTch^len^ng^nSg

w,h 5 Pf?0"1?: there,is a ?win8 recognition that contemporary 'citizenship' is located in a complex would argue, and formal processes as wein Conte*,., would a t to ' "full toX " ? meaningful P ^ ^ . ^ " participation a g a i n s t in bo m edemocratic quity an d freed om (p ^tiom! social movement politics seek to redress these imbalances, both in the cc^nToi%tSZ^

Hi
programmes and m the forms of their politics. Beginning from the experiences of disenfranchised groups new conceptions of what it means to be human are incorporated into new political and social ideals ' beyond white, western, male, heterosexual, adult, economically successful, temporarily able templates of 'perfection'. Beginning from such a plurality of perspectives, new ways of organizing political and social life are currently being experimented with, as a basis from which to rethink sociopolitical organization more g e n e r a l l y. 6 Thus, the democratization of everyday life is not merely supplementary to reformulating the state ^ZZltr r "^P* f st*e reform), but rather presents the Social types movement of emerging and re-emerging alternative forms from which we conceive of radical democracy. politics are, therefore not merely constructed in order to give the disenfranchised greater access to contemporary rights of '

a^rnSU^L wVrid miUlate dti2enShip hSeIf thrUgh the Creation of new way* of Ug in the social
The following ideas do not (and cannot) exhaust possibilities for alternative democratic process Rather they represent insights drawn from social movements' experimentations with such alternatives They should be read as beginnings, as ideas for engaging, here and now, in the revisioning of democracy in civil society, in necessary conjunction with working toward a radicalized public sphere. Elements of Alternative Democracy New social movements focus not on getting their constituents a bigger piece of the preconstituted pie, but rather on restructuring the very relations which disenfranchised them and delegitimated their practices and ideals in the rst place. In their practices of revisioning society in light of these organic concerns, a number of areas of concern have arisen as common across a variety of social movements They are interrelated concerns, and deal with both cognitive and structural change. They are also drawn from particular experiences of the world, notably, the experiences of being cast as "Other* in late capitalist social economic and political relations. In that context, none of the following visions of alternatives should be read as expressing the 'essence' of any given subaltern group; rather, these ideas and practices are part of the spectrum of human behaviours which are not included in hegemonic denitions of humanity or democracy. /. Empowerment and responsibility In late capitalism, only certain versions of 'power' are recognized as legitimate. SpecicaUy, power has taken the form of a commodity: it is a zero-sum 'thing,' traded on a limited market of social behaviours. These behaviours are formed around particular models of achievement and success, and tend to be expressed and constructed in relations of domination, authority and exploitation. Many social movements are currently working toward alternative visions of what power is all about To many feminists, for example, power is not merely 'power over*; it involves a complex web of practices of interdependent self-authorship, respect, and condence. Simply, it is 'power to'; empowerment, then involves claiming that 'power to,' not gaining greater ability to participate in 'power over.* Such alternative forms of power are grounded in alternative ways of living in the world, as well as in new forms of political organizing formed specically from these alternative perspectives. Implicit in processes of empowerment are practices of responsibility. Simply, if one is to become the author of one's own life (in the context of others' relative autonomy), one must be responsible for both individual and community decisions and processes of development. Engendering such a sense of responsibility involves the recognition that many different aspects of human life are important, and that experiences garnered from these activities are crucial for the articulation of a saner vision of the world. To put it simply, politicians and economists should not run the world; their experiences and visions are

* * a
profoundly limited yet their authority to dene what is -important' has tended to disempower people whose experiences lie in other areas. To re-engender responsibility and alternative forms of power then we must validate not only these forms themselves, but the broad range of life experiences which ^4 rise 2. Autonomy and interdependence fa contemporary social relations, the "ideal' social actor is self-possessed, self-motivated, and protective of his or her own interests alone. Not only has this model led us to the brink of catastrophe

&~ ," 2" ^^ """"",0 *"* **"" T "teta.t0 ** ^'

Of course, alternatives are currently available, if devalued. Here we might look to the exoeriences of

SSSTT I" * Vm?*an f the idea au,onomy d to,erdepento^or anuthetical(fT1,anS poles, but are rather complementary, and ** form part of an alternative*^ constructions of k retoons between individuals and their social contexts. Achievement, for ex^Ple. SnleT, as part of how a community, rather than an individual, grows. The "individual' might aboX re-vistonlT not as separate from, but as sonultaneously an active part of. and a whole beinglrcting withfa Cer social and environmental processes. B uun'iarger
In light of this rethinking, democracy becomes more than a process of negotiation amone comoetinc

otrSvSSs1 **mstead*a process by which a communit' *- i'seif rmrs^^r

3. Community and nurturance Clearly, the reformulation of both power/responsibility and autonomy/interdependence are contingent on alternative practices of community. 'Commiuty,' here, means TSE%L& body of people, drawn together over common concerns and understandings; it may be co^tteed

DrocelLT^hl3'^'COmmuni?iavolves identication and identity, constructed in part through S of empathy. Wfale can commumties may not bepennanent, it isan crucial that they are screak, which genuine shanng occur. Such sharing involves more than arbitrary delineation^ otc^mTon interests; it suggests trust, respect, and perhaps most importantly. nurturancT meaUn 'COmmon Democracy cannot be merely a forum for the war of all against all. Particularlv in a context in whirl,

altn c emben ?f"?" ^Ups a""1*). * Vion of opinion, want and needle risky acts mdeed. Some sense of caring, of respect, of sensitivity to emotions, could do wondens SS expression of these tentative concerns (as feminists, for example, have been sayfagfortn^!*
A sense of nurturance between communities could also facilitate democratic processes in which competition and wmning are not singular and paramount concerns, fa JS^SL

4. Equality and difference Contemporarysocial movements are faced with a dilemma, one which is again strongly related to the concerns raised earlier. To gain the power to define oneself and to participate *SSas

H3
equality (of opportunity or condition) is crucial. However, that equality tends to be constructed in terms which are not dened by subaltern groups themselves; it is cast in terms of preexisting values and institutions. Differences from these denitions are seen as deviant, inferior, and socially unacceptable. A clear example of the tensions between desire for equality and desire to posit difference is emerging in the gay movement. Having been constructed as 'deviant,' gay men and lesbians simultaneously challenge the processes of construction of 'normalcy' by putting forward their own lives as alternatives to . dominant heterosexist practices, and also seek to be recognized as not different, as humans just like heterosexuals. While the two agendas may appear contradictory, they both represent challenges to the status quo , difference j? mmentS m a prOCeSS f of Change' ^ changes M antithetical possibilities, bothof the construction of and the construction equalityrather involve to conceptions of value social acceptability, and of humanity. Clearly, the templates we are offered against which to model ourselves are limiting and oppressive; they must be both expanded and directly challenged in order to radically revise our ways of living in the world and with each other. Alternative democratic practice must involve a healthy respect for difference, in addition to possibilities for the renegotiation of any given identity or social structure. For, while equality does embody some notion of -fairness" or 'parity,' it does not mean sameness. Indeed, as a social value, equality is meaningless if its terms are imposed from above; the very idea of 'alternative' democracy implies giving some measure of fair weight to ideas, practices and identities which are not held by all people at all times in other words, to differences. Such a valuation of diversity can only be enriching.

All four of these general areas of concern are derived from contemporary social movement activities as they construct and are constructed by new forms of everyday practice and political organization None originates in the state (although all have implications for its form); all are indications of the limits of the state. And it is not merely that the contemporary public sphere is awed in some way in its ability to -represent' such alternative visions (although it is, without doubt, profoundly awed). Rather, new forms of social practice will constantly form and emerge in a plurality of social locations: the social world can never be static. Thus, the moments of alternative democracy expressed here are part of a continuing process by which new forms of life are given voice and value; respect for and attention to them are both process and product in the continuing development of a saner, more democratic, world. But these revisionings may seem Utopian and idealistic. How can we work toward such vast changes in human interaction in a world where disaster is imminent? I would argue that the visions outlined here are quintessentially practical, in part because they already exist in certain contexts, and in part because some form of vision is crucial to carry us away from patterns which replicate the destructions we seek to confront and end. Taking seriously these alternatives is not something we can relegate to tomorrow. The challenges these and other visions of alternative democracy present are vitally important in a context where the Reform Party of Canada is seeking to hegemonize its neo-conservative agenda as democracy. Their use of the term to describe their authoritarian, right-wing programme clearly underlines the ideological import of democracy,' the growing concern with democratic processes in many sectors of society. In this context we must work toward making our visions and practices of democracy known, valued and presented as a coherent opposition to such disastrous possibilities.

11
Planting in the Toronto Bio-Region By: John Bacher +tlt *? contemplate is bio-region how rapidly, less than 1S twos*a99erin9 hundred years, the Toronto hasin Lin ecolog caHy degraded. Where once salmon c^okeS stress with their spawning runs and vast marshes teemed with "ife now an urban wasteland serves as a parasite on the ' biosphere. Our glittering towers mock the memories of on,. towering trees that soared over three hundred ?eet in * of ?h!* a? *he P'a9ue of automobiles assaults the memories

elpre^sririln^s?0"9^ ^ "C* ""*< Ver ha* """"

The Toronto bio-region for thousands of years supported * way of life in which humans enhanced, rather than ZtrLls genetic diversity and the stability of Icolystems Thif ' approach to nature is still possible today? Us need s becoming more compelling with every statistic released concerning the greenhouse effect and global warming While the varied Iroquoian peoples who lived in this bio region respected nature by farming only small patches of a loSltZll\" dl feWahabC^etUl1y ^"^ y ""t"?ft"bSr!fl envir^nt-can1^^^: ia^y p^i;?^.'^' To V o n ' t o r e%nu:-en s 1 foreign 'ofeft0 ^ a^me fP * * *P d " ? *i < J * refugees of dictatorships, while ate cthe same time becoming a land of homes and workplaces surrounded bv a magnicent swath of roof gardens? urbln agriculture solar !i8P0^K,' W3llS CVered W1"th var,'ed vinel'and trees-onen na, by ban on automobiles. n o ^ ., . vwed ed1bv e t hthe at^e th a t . private 11 n e t h e t r. . t w h i c h h a ^ b l e n wl.aVCOlu91'Ca11y Torc-nto, homes and places of work have become sans penetrated by even the all enveloping wildness ot 1 fe. Garages will no longer provide a sanctuary for the d=?d y automobile, but have been replaced with bio-shelters raising food crops, owers and sh. The now steriMe rooftops of apartments have been replaced with a hIi?k+* i mixture of photovolatic cells, windmill Tnd garden 9which serve as conservers of storm water and as recipients of

o?hrssh otners fish ponds. p:nSrfpPS Everyh?Vehbecome inch of the city W,"ld has bl>d been 'tLdeS,
with9plstfcfd TC7d SShr!' t0 holy to be contaminated urban wilderness urDan wild-rt* ds9rad,e and gardens V has monocultures. become the The challena care of to our +h* y o u n g a n d c o m f o r t f o r t h e e l d e r l y. c h a l l e n g e t o t h e T^firS,t-SteP *n mov1n9 towards the restoration of th= dras"?? limit-9;0"' fU,d be the '-Potion of firm and iot'tltr h-- - Krba" exPan?lon- The need for such an riv slVvTr^f ?" rec9n1zsd by Part of the provincial to arrord lh-'dlI-Hly th= demands^r" of the This was continue "oxford *he automobile. tr^sur"V cannot

^5
cautiously announced through a report prepared for the Greater Toronto Authority (GTA), called Trends *nd nnti.n. T h i s p r e s e n t e d t h r e e a l t e r n a t i v e f u t u r e s f o r t h e To r o n t o urban region. The most compact "Central Option" would curtail sprawl to encourage the preservation of farmlands forests and shorelines. Current sprawl cannot be continued simply because of the enormous investment that would be required in the ecologically unsustainable reliance on th* private automobile. Stopping sprawl is only the rst, albeit a dramatic and controversial measure, in the greening of the Toronto bioregion. Outside the growth limits of the Central Option ru^iCU?VSh e ?hat iS b61"ng assaulted land severances, rural estate development and gravel pits.byCurbing such practices requires bold intervention such as the model of Wuebec'sAgricultural Land Reserve, which protectively zones the province's farmlands. On increasingly fewer clear days, over a third of Canada's Class One agricultural land can be seen from the CN tower. This land has some of the greatest productive capability in Canada due to its favourable climatic conditions. The top down approach of a provincial land reserve, while it can be effective is an unfortuanate consequence of municipal councils being controlled by the development industry, and a citizenry apathetic or confused as to its opportunities to protect the environment by the planning process. This can be changed through a widespread democratic environmental consciousness, which would view it intolerable for- sprawl to sacrice farmland and natural areas for short term prots. The provincial approach of a land reserve, essentially reversing local ofcial plans where they conict with the goals of foodland preservation, may be a while in coming. Both municipalities and citizen groups can take steps however, to ensure that the bulldozers are stopped before the land is rescued by a distant authority saving the land at the last minute by the imposition of a land freeze or provincial reserve. Municipalities have not protected farmland in Toronto bioregion because they are dominated by politicians who share the values of the development industry *nd are generally nanced by them in election campaigns. This can be changed by either the powerful mobilization of citizens demonstrated by the successful compaign to save the Rouge Valley- or by the election of new municipal politicians of a greener stripe. The preservation of the Rouge Valley is one of the best examples of the environmentally begnin aspects of people power. By organizing over a thousand people to attend municipal council meetings, Save the Rouge revolutionized attitudes of Scarborough city council towards this

H&
watershed. Now the Rouge is protected in what may be seen as a model for the rural countrside- valley lands and woodlots undergoing enhancement for wildlife habitat and farmers protected from development by securer land leases. It is generally unknown how citizens can have major impacts on the existing planning process through requesting amendments of ofcial plans. It is possible to stop the bulldozer by forcing hearings on land use designations by the Ontario Municipal Board. The strength of such c o n s e r v a t i o n i s t e f f o r t s h o w e v e r, w o u l d b e g r e a t l y e n h a n c e d by the passage of an Environmental Bill of Rights. This would provide intervenor funding to overcome the David and Goliath nature of legal confrontations between poorly funded friends of the planet and pecuniarily motivated land developers. T h e b o l d e s t m e a s u r e o f f o o d l a n d p r e s e r v a t i o n h o w e v e r, m e r e l y provides the opportunity to begin to move in the direction of sustainable agriculture. Achieving the goals of variously dened bio-dynamic, organic, natural or ecological agricultural systems all involve the. healing of a w o u n d e d e a r t h . T h e g o a l o f a g r o - f o r e s t r y, f a r m i n g i n h a r m o n y with the surrounding natural wilderness of the Carolinian forest in this bio-region, should be the basis of agriculture in our countryside. Shelter belts,of at least three wide rows of trees wide to be self-regenerating would cross every eld to contain farm runoff and suppress wind v e l o c i t y. Tr e e s , i n c l u d i n g e d i b l e v a r i e t i e s b e a r i n g f r u i t s and nuts can intersperse farm elds and woodlots can be greatly expanded. The wooded area's expansion reduces erosion by wind and air and even frost damage. Such forest plantings can be integrated with the needs of wildlife habitat and combined with wetland and stream rehabilitation by returning woodland to stripped bare stream banks. C u r r e n t l y h u g e a r e a s o f t h e To r o n t o b i o - r e g i o n a r e o w n e d b y land speculators, controlling vast baronial domains in order to reap massive windfall prots on rural to urban land conversions. Such tracts are largely outside of sensible growth limits, giving a powerful vested interest to urban sprawl. The enormous tracts of land owned by devlopers should be seen as major opportunites of ecological restoration. Here land can be acquired without the disruption of established family farmers. Here the land is either vacant or is b*ing mined for short term cash cropping. Such areas can be replotted and reforested. Under imaginative programs of agro-forestry more people could live on such lands than are supported from the current monocultural deserts of corn production.

V
In areas where farmers continue to own their land, economic incentives should be given to encourage ecological miC agriculture. Currently farmers are paid not to be keepers of the land, but mere growers of agricultural commodities, many of which have global surpluses. Instead of maximizing production, farm support programs should aim at ecological r? *? . i tP ym en ts n eb md asd, e e fs ot ra b p ll ia or o ew nh nn cd e w if ld l irfa et l o hn a ;b aa t, re st orc ea w te lan sn ht i n hg es d gt e s aa improve woodlots. Strategies can be developed to link natural areas in farming districts to overcome the c o n s e q u e n c e s o f i s l a n d e c o l o g y, w h i c h e l i m i n a t e d s s p e c i e s due to the isolation of disconnected natural areas. The original principles of Iroquian agriculture can be r e a p p l i e d t o t h e l a n d s c a p e o f t h e To r o n t o b i o r e g i o n . Agricultural yields can increase when farmland becomes again the small patches of cropland surrounded by forest. Wildlife can flourish in the surrounding wilderness. Evn within the patches establish for farming rows of trees," including edible nut and fruit crops, can hold the soil and moderate climate. Such an imaginative approach of harmony with nature provides corridors for wildlife movement and reverses the heating of streams from siltation which kills cold water sh species such as trout and salmon.

The landscape now is the plaything of interests which war on nature. Shorelines continue to be ruined for power-boats that add to the greenhouse effect as they pollute Lake Ontario. Gravel pits devour the landscape for the great crusade the automobile. Expressways still target prime agricultural land, which continues to be sacriced for such purposes as airports and commercial strips. Oams have been built to allow development on oodplains- a storm of a force greater than Hurricane Hazel which earlier devastated To r o n t o c o u l d b r i n g w o r s e d e s t r u c t i o n a n d d e a t h b y b r e a c h i n g the reservoirs designed to meet only the capacity of this past disaster. To d a y t h e g r e a t d r i v i n g f o r c e o f h u m a n i n t e r v e n t i o n u p o n t h e landscape has been the desire to re.ap the windfall prots of real estate speculation. This pattern highlights the warning of Gandhi that the earth has enough for everyone's need, but not for every man's greed. The movement from greed to need will' be characterized.by efforts of ecological restoration which will dwarf the silly efforts of current land descreators building quarries, shopping centers, high rise towers, suburban sprawl and other monuments to human f ol 1 y . Even within rm growth limits their will be opportunities for greeneld developments. Such developments must procede on the same basis of urban redevelopment efforts for

H?
e c o l o g i c a l r e s t o r a t i o n . T h is means no loss of natural d r a i n a g e f e a t u r e s , t h e r e t ention of storm water runoff, and t h e i n t e r g a t i o n o f w i l d e r ness features into the urban e n v i r o n m e n t . D r y s e w a g e s ystems, composting and water conservation will make possible the expansion of rural h a m l e t s w i t h o u t t h e s a m e severe environmental consequences encouraged by conventional s e r v i c i n g i n f r a s t r u c t u r e . M a n y greeneld developments currently on draft or approved ofcal plans must be rede signed. They encourage the automobile dependent urban sprawl destroying the planet and frequently have no provisi on for affordable housing. Such a r e v i s i o n o f p l a n n i n g p r o j e cts in the works should accommodate most of the gr e e n e l d p r o j e c t s f o r t h e n e a r future. The path of ecological restoration sets to meet human needs within the requirements of ecological diversity and s t a b i l i t y. T h i s c a n b e a c h i e v e d i n q u i t e a n d i n s p i r i n g fashion. Just as wetlands have been buried, so can they be recreated. The mouth of the Don could again become a vibrant marsh, home to thousands of herons, bitterns, swans and varied duck species. Wetlands can be reborn by removing urban and agricultural development from the ood plains which should be kept free of human habitation. The Holland Marsh, which is oxidizing- slowly burning up, from the inevitable impact of draining organic soils for agriculture, can be restored to its original wetland condition. Extirpated species such as wild rice, elk, bobcat, buffalo, l y n x , m o o s e , b a d g e r, p o r c u p i n e , o t t e r, p r a i r i e c h i c k e n , a n d wolf, wolverines and eagles can be returned to their former habitat. To a c h i e v e e c o l o g i c a l a g r i c u l t u r e c o n t r o l o v e r t h e r u r a l landscape will have to be wrested away from land speculators. This can be encouraged through the promotion of land trusts. Trusts would won the land and lease it to farmers on a long term basis to encourage sustainable agriculture. L a n d Tr u s t s w o u l d r e p l a c e d e v e l o p e r s a n d b a n k e r s a s t h e owners of large tracts of land in the rural landscape. Currently the illusion of land ownership hides the reality that land is merely borrowed for future generations and that its enjoyment is dependent on the health of the surrounding ecosystem. With land trusts, land would be owned on behalf of the diverse species of the bio-region-promoting their mutual well being instead of the opportunity for prot from real estate speculation. Land trusts originated in India, as part of the Ghandian movement's efforts to develop a self-sufcient rural economy in harmony with the planet. Villager communally own theirsurrounding farmlands, thus being freed from the exploitation of landlords and money lenders. Unlike the

HI
oppressive and disastrous collective and state farm systems of discredited Communist regimes, land trusts increase the security of tenure of fami 1y farmers by inter-generational leases that avoid the heavy costs of renancing land. Land trusts have started in the United States, and have served to protect the security of family farmers while protecting the beauty of the landscape. One magnicent opportunity for the creation of a land trust lies in the area originally expropriated by the federal and p r o v i n c i a l g o v e r n m e n t s f o r t h e To w n o f S e a t o n a n d t h e building of the Pickering Airport. These 60 square miles of woodland and Class One farmlands can become a vivid demonstration of an ecological approach to agriculture. This potential may be squandered by the building of a demonstration new town, further wastefully expanding the u r b a n e n v e l o p e d o f t h e To r o n t o a r e a . Within the urban growth limits, the same principles of ecological restoration that are needed for the countryside must be applied. Just as the farming of steep slopes and shorelines disrupts the water cycle, so are urban pattern of nature broken by an articial drainage system of u n d e r g r o u n d s e w e r s . S t o r m w a t e r, s e w a g e a n d g a r b a g e p o l l u t e the earth instead of their elements enriching it as is done in natural cycles. Restoring natural cycles should form the basis of urban agriculture. Currently the enormous area of at rooftops serves as a biological desert and as a path for polluted s t o r m w a t e r. R o o f g a r d e n s c a n c a p t u r e r a i n f a l l a n d b e fertilized by greywater and the composted waste from garbage and dry toilet systems. In place of the buried articial drainage system leading to overloaded sewage treatment plants, streams, wetlands and other natural drainage features long buried, can be restored. These moves can all b e e n h a n c e d b y t h e e n d o f p r i v a t e a u t o m o b i l e s i n t h e c i t y. Much of the land saved from the automobile can be devoted to new urban watercourses, gardens, tree planting and aquaculture. Both the countryside and the city can be a green and pleasant land, as the cycles of nature again form the basis for human economy. Urban agriculture gives more people the opportunity to experience the process of nature that feed us. It will help many understand the terrible waste of turning the vegetative matter of their home into garbage to be,incinerated or l a n d l l e d . B y c o n t r i b u t i n g t o t h e f o o d s u p p l y, u r b a n agriculture will also reduce rural farming's impact on wilderness, both within the bio-region and in areas as distant as the tropical rainforest, which is still being destroyed for our hamburgers.

ED
Inherit in plans for urban agriculture is a new reverance for life, which rejects current patterns of asphalt junges and green deserts. All human and organic wastes can be redirected towards nuturing life instead of mindlessly being ushed into a sewage plant, incinerated or buried in dumps. Rooftops, boulevards and former parking lots can become parklands. Many aspects of urban agriculture simply require that a r e s p e c t f o r n a t u r e r e p l a c e a c u r r e n t h o s t i l i t y, a s i s actually codied in infamous pieces of legislation called weed control by-laws. Dangerous pesticides harmful to both humans and the environment are poured on lawns and parks, to eliminate benecial species such as the dandelion and c h i c k o r y. T h e s e " w e e d s " c a n p r o v i d e a c a n e f r e e c o f f e e substitute and have leaves similar in benecial health properties as dark green lettuce. "Weed" control by laws should be replaced with the banning of synthetic chemical fertilizers and pesticides and in urban environment. The great changes needed in urban planting can be vividly symbolized by the sterlie landscaping of our schools. Without exception these are bleak monoculture or concrete wastelands. Our educational institutions should become models of a new reverance for nature. Children will be taught how to plant for endangered species- such as the M o n a r c h b u t t e y, d e p e n d e n t o n t h e m i l k w e e d p l a n t f o r survival. School wastes can be returned to- the earth in a vivid demonstration-fashion. Roof tops have been transformed into laboratories for ecological innovation, complete with garden, windmills and photovolatic cells. Dandelions can be gathered for salads from the school lawn. Rainwater shall be collected for ponds for waterfowl and sh. The model of schools as teachers for the environment can be applied to every person and inst i t u t i o n i n s o c i e t y, Churches and other religious bod ies can be appropriate agencies for exhbiting a reveranc e f o r t h e e a r t h . T h e i r structures can be redesigned to show respect for the planet as they are now being reshaped fo r t h e n e e d s o f t h e handicapped. Church yards poisi oned with pesticides show a v i o l a t i o n o f a u t h e n t i c s p i r i t u a l i t y. C e r o m o n i e s s u c h a s E a s t e r, o r i g i n a l l y d e v e l o p e d t o commenorate the cycles of nature, can acquire a new validi ty when celebrated in an earth sensitive environment. A spirit for ecological redesign can enliven every heart, even the most commercially hardened. A greening zeal can be applied to the roof and lawn of any business . Every senior citizen housing project can have providing opportunities to care for the earth by its members as part of its basic mandate. Housing Co-ops can plant milkweed to save butteries and organize dandelion festivals. Business can

.57
compete over being the rst to have a dry toilet system a roof garden or pesticide free lawn. All of this involves a p r o c e s s o f d i s c o v e r y, b r e a k i n g d o w n t h e b a r r i e r s t o understanding the voices of nature around us. Land trusts are as necessary for ecologically sensitive l a n d s c a p e i n t h e c i t y a s t h e c o u n t r y s i d e . W i t h i n t h e c i t y, some forms of land trusts already exist as has been demonstrated by the innovative income integrated d e v e l o p m e n t s o f t h e To r o n t o C i t y H o m e C o r p o r a t i o n , especially the St. Lawrence development. The end of federal funds for land banking after 1978 has made the assembly of land for non-prot housing a more difcult task. City Home no longer has the funds to acquire as it once did single family homes for its portfolio, an economy which has a l s o h u r t t h e To r o n t o N a t i v e H o u s i n g C o r p o r a t i o n . Bringing urban land under the control of trusts to place it in nonspeculative tenure is a vital component of any green city movement. The prots from real estate speculation taken out of urban land make it more difcult to r e h a b i l i t a t e e c o l o g i c a l l y. H i g h e r l a n d c o s t s m a k e p a r k l a n d acquisition, urban wetlands, restoring streams and oodplains more expensive. Land costs increasing shelter costs reduce the quality of life of every resident. Land speculation taxes, grants to non-prot housing bodies to assemble land, co-operative conversion of housing stock, the use of pension funds and ethical investment strategies to further such goals are all small but important elements of a strategy of brining land into a trust relationship. This would seek not only to meet human needs, but those of all the diverse species of the bioregion.

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Green Feminism and Municipal Politics Ey: Kate Sandilands I. Introduction: As constituted in contemporary parliamentary politics, feminism is seen to be concerned with -women's issues'; reproductive rights, pay and employment equity, child care and violence against women are concerns which are now beginning to inform various levels of government. While feminism in general and a Green feminism in particular, supports the inclusion of all such 'women's' concerns into any pro- ' gressive political agenda, the drafting or enactment of such policies by no means represents the achieve ment of a global, or even a local, feminist agenda. Conversely, progressively-minded politicians or citizens cannot assume a -liberal-humanist' approach to feminist politics by assuming that, for example, all envi ronmental issues are 'feminist' because of their uncUscriminating impact on human or nonhuman health and wellbeing. Not only is this idea untrue (women and other oppressed peoples tend to be exposed to ecological degradation differently than afuent groups), but it misses the point: long-term ecological change cannot occur without social change, including those types of change which have been identied bv feminists. 3 A Green feminism asserts that long-term survival on the planet is premised on the need to develop new relations between human and nonhuman nature, and on constructing transformed relationships between members of the human species. The two projects are not merely parallel; they are mutually con tingent. The exploitation of nonhuman nature is based on particular sets of social relations, relations which also shape how variously-situated humans view nature, other people and themselves Likewise the exploitation (and liberation) of women and other oppressed groups depends on particular relations ' between human and nonhuman nature. This concept requires some explanation. As other sections of the Green City Plan document the types of economic and social development which have precipitated ecological crisis are the related to limit ed vision, narrow interests, and power structures which enforce a particular vision of 'progress.' Capitalist deve opment has taken for granted that natural 'resources' are there for the taking; in many senses such envelopment has also assumed that human 'resources' are equally expendable in the quest for prot Throughout history and continuing in the present, women, members of racial minorities in the 'devel oped world people of colonized and decolonizing nations, indigenous peoples and other 'marginalized' groups have been exploited as labourers (and in many other forms), all part of the quest for protlJke natural resources,' such people have only been granted value insofar as they are useful to members of the dominant group, only been granted -humanity' (and this, in many cases, very recently) insofar as they approximate a hegemonic idea of 'man' (read: White, Western, economicaUy successful, physically 'per fect, heterosexual and young). While these processes of instrumentalization and homogenization contin ue to this day, oppressed peoples the world over are ghting for the right to determine their own futures ootn through creating alternative forms of economic and social development and through reviving and ' recreating their own cultures, their own denitions of worth, including alternative relationships to the nat ural environment. Thus, both structural and ideological change, stemming om a variety of perspectives is crucial if we are to re-think and reconstruct our relations both among us and between us and nonhu-' man nature. To further these goals of interconnected change, then, social critique and action must inform a com prehensive Green agenda in all forms of politics, both within and outside current structures of power To that end, a wide variety of critiques and visions emanating from diverse perspectives, and particularly those of oppressed groups, should inform all political decisions. While this document is primarily located in a feminist perspective, and while the issues raised stem from feminist analyses of women's experiences the word women has been left out of much of the document deliberately to highlight the fact that restructuring must occur to address all forms of domination, all forms of liberation. Of course, other views

S3
should be actively solicited in response to the issues outlined here, as well as other formulations of the issues as raised by different subaltern peoples. The rest of the document will proceed in two ways. First, some general principles of a Green femi nism will be outlined in order to provide a philosophical base from which to formulate the types of change necessary to a Green future. Second, some tentative suggestions for immediate action will be offered; these items vary in their complexity, their purpose and their immediate feasibility. Neither the philosophy nor the proposals should be considered 'complete,' because of the limitations of any docu ment of this nature, because the construction of this list could not involve all of the diverse voices which make up contemporary feminism, and because a Green feminism necessarily recognizes its own inability to forecast all possible needs and issues arising in the process of social/ecological transformation. Rather this document should be considered as a basis for thought and action. Guided by the types of philosophi cal and practical principle outlined, political actors need to work in terms of the forces and processes shapmg particular issues, something requiring detailed and immediate knowledge which arises from the situation itself.

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II. Principles of a Green Feminism First, a Green feminism requires that women and other oppressed peoples be given the opportunitv to express their concerns m the public realm so that future processes of decision include the voices of more than the powerful few. Only when a range of perspectives is included in public decision-making is it possible to work toward self-determmation for all citizens. Given historical inequalities affecting access education, and other deciding factors in political voice, a Green feminism advocates strong afrmative ' duTeren^1"^ " " *themsdveS ** M means toward IuaBty * towaid the expression of A Green feminism also recognizes that the structures of power existing in our society hinder the development of autonomy, and work against the generation of responsibity, self-knowledge and empowermen in disenfranchised communities and groups. Therefore, a process of radical democratization must take place. Special attention needs to be paid to privileging the voices of subaltern groups, preferably on a community basis, so that power does not replicate itself in even the most decentralized meeting In addi tion, the mequahties of power which hinder a group's development must be destroyed, restructured and reoriented. Part of this process involves facilitating equal access to employment, housing, soical services legal status and educaUon in order to move toward equality of condition, a basis from which to work more adequately toward other forms of equality. However, a Green feminism is not and cannot be limited to issues of equality: its vision includes the transformationof contemporarysocial formations, not just a -bigger piece of the pie' for oppressed peo ples. Specically, a Green feminism recognizes that systemic exploitation has not merely removed access from subaltern groups but has crushed alternative values and ways of living in the world, again" all part of he process of progress: accumulation, homogenization, colonization, eradication. These alternatives need to be rediscovered, where fragments of alternatives survive, and recreated where they do not, based on the perceptions and experiences of people who have been oppressed by existing power structures. Feminists have discussed a number of dimensions along which women's experiences might serve as part of such a transformative vision. While these values represent neither the experiences of all women nor all of any woman s experiences, they do highlight a number of important ways in which autonomous teminist self-reection might inform an alternative politics. 1) A re-emphasis on nurturance and interconnections among humans and between human and nonhuman T^ ,De ,pnmaiy ValueS of *man" 'm Post-Enlightenment thought (spawned and concretized in the development of capitalism), singular emphasis on competition and self-aggrandisement has led to the repudiation of other humans and of nonhuman nature as somehow secondary to prot and to individ ual needs. Feminists suggest that the development of genuine caring and community are crucial to social and ecological survival on the planet. 2) A revaluation of life, human and nonhuman, as intrinsicaUy worthwhile rather than as instrumentally prized. This project necessarily entails a genuine respect for diversity, for the rights of all other humans to security and freedom, and for the rights of other species to develop in and of themselves and not merely in accordance with their use to human beings. Such respect requires a system of communication rather than domination; it is not a system of self-oblivion, but one which allows all people to develop and dene full human subjectivity, and one which refrains from destroying the potential of other species to develop and diversify. Here, the ability of women to dene their own subjectivity is paramount to human liberation, as is the case for other subaltern groups. 3) A refocus on community as a basis of sharing and communal development. This focus is both a means through which alternative forms of expression and being may develop and a way of providing all

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people with a secure environment in which to form multiple connections to other humans and to nonhu man nature. 4) A movement away from relations of 'power over' to relations of empowerment. This process requires changing both forms of interaction and the types of power basis from which power differences spring in the rst place. The development of these 'values' cannot exist in isolation from concrete, structural changes- both ideas and acts must develop in a reciprocal, reinforcing manner, in which new structures emerge from vision and new visions emerge from material change. Reorganization of work, of the polity, of communi ty, of gender, of race, of sexuality and of ecological relations are all part of a process of liberation; all need to be tackled in order to begin to build toward a more sustainable future. And again, feminist discussions have informed some of the types of structural change needed in this process of rebuilding. 1) Institutional support for a variety of modes of work, in which workers themselves have control and ownership over processes of decision-making, over standards and other aspects of the labour process over pnonties and work relationships. Crucial to this process is an integration of production and reproduction of paid workplace and family, so that all forms of work are meaningful and accessible, and so that the individual is not fragmented between conicting responsibilities.
-sfcj.rjr. ... .

2) The creation of shared responsibilities for childrearing, preferably through communities and collectives through such measures as socializatiortrof childcare at the local level, restructuring of work patterns to ' childcare schedules, support mechanisms for parents, etc. 3) Decentralization of power and control over social services, fostering the development of community autonomy and local expertise. Alternative medical practices, for example, should be fostered, as well as local art-or craft forms and skills as dened by groups themselves as intrinsicaUy or extrinsically valuable. 4) The institutionalization of diversity and ehange, both through preventing discrimination or violence against identiable groups of people and through supporting groups' efforts to organize, to enact their own visions, mid to challenge authority in some democratic way (i.e., so that no single code becomes dog ma). While a Green feminism recognizes that agendas do conict, that actions are interconnected, groups must be able to dene their own needs in a local context before discussion can take place to negotiate global issues. In summary, then, a Green feminism has as its central objective the creation of a saner social system one which is basetfbn the development of alternative ways of being in the world and on healthier rela tions among humans and between humans and nonhuman nature. As a result of this agenda, steps must be taken in two general directions: insuring equality within the present system, and developing alterna tives to that social system based on the visions and experiences of subaltern groups. III. Green Feminist Policy Directions The following policy suggestions are based on the philosophical dimensions outlined above. 1. A priority of any existing government must be to take the opinions of its constituents into considera tion in formulating any decision. While, ideally, a radical democracy would redene political structures altogether, the following steps need to be instituted immediately. a) a radical programme of afrmative action, guaranteeing women and other minorities privileged repre sentation in all government decision-making bodies.

S6
b) regularized consultation with, and institutional support of (in the form of money, space and staff) non governmental organizations (NGO's) representing diverse community interests. c) facilitation of communication among community NGO's (e.g., in the form of sponsored conferences, public debates, etc.) and increased support for the development of coalitions among groups with similar short-term or long-term goals. d) active efforts to communicate with and mobilize groups or potential groups who are not currently rep resented by existing NGO's. e) providing a regular newsletter informing all community members about upcoming events impacting on the community, and encouraging public meetings to discuss these issues. 2. Government is responsible to work toward empowering subaltern minorities, not just by providing access to political voice but by creating institutional mechanisms giving rise to equality and autonomy. a) instituting and enforcing systems of pay and employment equity, as well as equity in education. b) preventing cUscrimination in access to all aspects of employment, social services and education. c) working toward desegregating the labour force through the development of alternative training pro grammes, paid adult education, and employer incentives to hire people into 'nontraditional- occupations. d) improving the range and quality of services offered within communities, based on locally-constituted resources, needs and visions. e) providing institutional support for the development of community programmes (e.g., recreation, peer support, self-government). 0 nancial/planning support for business development in subaltern groups and communities, again with an emphasis on decentred locations and alternative work processes. g) decentralized city planning, e.g., fostering the development of worksites and services outside the core of the city. h) improved public transportation (designing the city for people, not cars). i) fostering the development of workers' and consumers' co-operatives, as well as co-operative housing, community-based nancial institutions, etc. j) creating more public meeting-places, preferably, safe and attractive parks with plenty of green spaces. 3. In its regulatory and conciliatory role, government is responsible for facilitating genuine communication among groups, genuine autonomy for minorities, and an atmosphere of genuine respect for differences. This type of agenda should support the development of group cohesion and intergroup co-operation, at all stages free from threats of discrimination or violence. a) making all aspects of community accessible to all members, geographically, physically, temporally and psychologically (with the possible exception of autonomously-organized minority groups, who should be free to set their own policies in this regard). :-

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b) providing security, at all times and for all members, in all public places in the form of safe public transportation, safe community spaces, safety from ecological harm. c) providing resources in the public sphere for community members who nd, for whatever reason that their private spaces are unsafe; providing support for groups who deal with the effects of these processes and who seek to solve them. d) taking the needs of subaltern groups into consideration in all aspects of city planning (e g housing transportation, zoning) so that the groups can dene their own notions of safety, accessibility and aesthet ic b e a u t y. ' e) providing psychological security by working toward ending all forms of violence to racial or ethnic minorities, women, children, elderly or disabled persons, gay men and lesbians, and any other group which might encounter violence directed at its members as members. e) providing facilities (space, mediators, counselling) for groups or communities whose relations have moved or might likely move toward mutual distrust or inter-group violence. 0 providing incentives for group co-operation, especially for the development of political coalitions.
IV. Conclusions

Once again, it needs to be emphasized that neither the philosophies nor the proposals outlined above are exhaustive. However, there are many groups in existence which can, at the present moment, facilitate discussions on specic issues and in specic communities. These groups are a vital resource in any move ment toward community-based social change; consultation with them will provide better policy as well as more empowered communities. Women Plan Toronto is an excellent example of such a group; their booklet Shared Experiences and Dreams is an excellent resource for planning which embodies the very process represented here as a crucial part of a Green feminist agenda. However, it is also important to keep a set of-pnnciples in mind when examining local issues: the philosophical needs to inform the practi cal and vice versa. It is through this reinforcing process that we can work toward a vision of a socially and ecologically healthier future. Please note that this paper was prepared specically with the Toronto municipal elections in mind (Nov. 1991). I am actually considerably more sceptical of the role of the state in the construction of dem ocratic politics than this particular paper suggests (see the paper on 'Social Movements and Civil Society'I would argue that social movements need to specically limit the state's hegemony to dene 'political' space, and that social movement autonomy is key in this process). Please also note that this paper, like the rest of this draft of the Green City Programme, is "in process.' Comments, criticisms, and lively debates over parts (or even the whole) of this piece are not merely welcome, they are crucial to its revision and development.

TRANSPORTATION IN THE GREEN CTTY K $ By: Steve Crossman Transportation affects Land Use and Land Use affects Transportation. They are mutually dependent phenomena. For example, high capacity transportation facilities can increase the demand for land and lead to higher density uses. Toronto's subway system has had this effect on land along its routes (ie.- the downtown area, Yonge And Eglinton, North York's City Centre). Similarly, a more intensive use of land can lead to political pressure to increase the carrying capacity of transportation facilities. We can see this happening today with the pressure to extend Front Street to service expected increased trafc from the SJcydome and other developments (ie.- Bay/Adelaide). Simultaneously, large-scale transportation developments have allowed for widespread suburbanization of the Toronto-centred region while the process of suburbanization has created its own transportation demands and patterns. Current Situation With the GTA's increasing population, these relationships have resulted in: ^ 1) the conversion of valuable agricultural land adjacent to Toronto into suburban development; 2) too much money devoted to highway development and not enough on transit or bicycle facilities; 3) increased amounts of commuting time for workers as home and workplace are separated even further; 5) energy inefcient suburban areas that cater only to cars to the disadvantage of non-drivers; 6) large amounts of land within the city being dedicated to parking lots, roads and other car-servicing purposes; 7) increased air pollution from automobiles and soil pollution problems from road salt. What We Must Do We must avoid the types of land use.and transportation development that increase pressure on the other in order to stop what has been an upward, evergrowing spiral of overdevelopment. Both concerns must be addressed simultaneously to affect real change. Otherwise, for example, if the transportation situation was improved without changes to land use patterns, greater suburbanization would likely occur and bring with it more land use and transportation problems. We will examine in greater detail below what needs to be done to Toronto's land use pattern and transportation system. TRANSPORTATION The individual choice of mode of transport is constrained by many

si
factors. Given that travel by car is the most expensive form of local transportation , there must be many constraints on travel bv transit and bicycle that would lead to such a widespread use of the car. Some of these constraints are: 1) infrequent and non-direct transit service, particularly in peripheral areas; * 2) the current bias in expenditures, land and facilities that favour automobile use at the expense of other modes; 3) a perception that parts of the transit system are unsafe; What We Must Do Tn Transportation Obviously from the list of constraints above, measures must be enacted to make Toronto's transportation system safe, economical convenient and accessible. These measures include: ' 1) Priority being given to public transport that is integrated with the cars, bicycles and walkers both in terms of facility design and in allowing people to travel using more than one mode. 2) The promotion of transport technology that is non-polluting (ie.- natural gas and propane are preferable to diesel fuels and gasoline). 3) Increased attention to making public transport facilities free of the threat of violence against riders. 4) Spending more money on facilities devoted to bicycles, including bicycle paths and lock-up stands in high trafc areas. 5) Opposing any expansion in the car carrying capacity of our road networks. We must discourage private automobile trafc by stopping road widenings, preventing road extensions like Leslie Street and the Allen Expressway, and decreasing parking spaces. Money that would be spent on road construction should be devoted to bicycle and transit facilities. 6) Creating transit only rights-of-way, even at the expense of automobile trafc so that transit becomes faster and the preferred mode of travel. LAND USE Unfortunately, both transportation and land use have negative environmental effects. Urban sprawl, which separates residential and workplace areas, is energy inefcient (and hence polluting) and it is not economically feasible to service with transit

b e c a u s e r e s i d e n t i a l d e n s i t i e s a r e l o w. What We Must Do In Land Use We must:

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1) restrict future development to that area currently within the G TA . I f p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e s , a p r o c e s s o f i n l l i n g a n d density increase should take place. Such density increases will make transit more economically feasible and efcient. 2) adopt mixed-use zoning policies that allow residences, workplaces, and places of recreation to be near each other for easy access, thereby reducing the need for roadways. We should discourage housing-only subdivisions and commuter suburbs. 3) avoid intensive commercial development that puts a stress on current transportation facilities. 4 ) b a l a n c e c o m m e r c i a l d e v e l o p m e n t w i th a d j a c e n t r e s i d e n ti a l development. High density residential development doesn't necessarily mean that the demand for transportation facilities has to increase - it's the separation of residences from workplaces that leads to this demand. Better land use means better mobility for everyone workers, children, seniors, homemakers and the handicapped.

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ENERGY AND GREEN MUNICIPALISM by Stephen Hall
Background Throughout history energy use in society has strongly inuenced the quality of life, the degree of political autonomy and the measure of social equity. Our era of advanced industrial capitalism relies heavily on the maximum use of cheap fuels as a generator of wealth for the wealthy. Our political, social and technological systems are set-up in such a way as to maximize production and consumption. For example, electrical utilities whether public or private reward electricity consumption by charging less the more that is used. This boosts electricity demand which in turn brings the inevitable decision for more new power plants. The computers, bulldozers and concrete mixers all whiz and chug with delight Governments at all levels and of all political persuasions whether interventionist social democrat or free market Tory massively subsidize energy consumption through grants to new superhighways or new fossil megaprojects. Energy epitomizes the "Grow or Die" mentality of the modern era. The consequences of which we must live in horror everyday. Global warming, acid rain, ozone smog and stratospheric ozone depletion are all directly caused by the systematic abuse of energy. The damage is everywhere to be seen forest "dieback", skin cancer and a frantic pace of life. Indeed we may well be nearing social and ecological collapse. The Dead End of Environmentalism The alternative to this deadly course emerged out of the environmental movement of the mid-1970's. It emphasized^n energy system built upon energy conservation and renewable forms of energy such as passive solar space heating, wind energy and biomass fuels. Amory Lovins called this system a soft energy path. SOFT ENERGY IS Democratic- Solar energy is free for all and falls in roughly equal proportions, given polar/equatorial variations, on most of the globe. Thus most people on the planet can participate in this energy future. The technologies are generally user-friendly or can be made comprehensible to lay people in order to make judgements about deployment. Decentralized- It moves citizens away from being dependent, passive consumers reliant on energy utilities to becoming active producers. The technologies are diverse and accessible and are not easily monopolized by governments and corporations.

G\
Locally and Regionally Specic- The mix of efciency and renewable technologies will vary according to the climate, social priorities, economic base, building stock and transportation systems of the green municipality. The systems designed and engineered can be specically tailored to harmonize with surrounding natural ecosystems and carry capacities. Communitarian- It is suited to human scale control and operation. The system is adaptable enough to t household or community operations. Flexible- These systems increase exibility and stability given a range of political, social, economic and environmental conditions. If for some reason Mexican winter tomatoes became undesirable or unattainable, passive solar greenhousing offers the opportunity of growing our own - year round. Efcient- Currently centrally generated electricity plants only convert 25% of total energy available into useful work. The other 75% is lost in production,conversion and distribution. The energy waste becomes pollution in the form of greenhouse gases, acid gases and radioactive waste. In contrast, soft energy provides all the energy services required (heating, cooling, lighting) by matching energy quality and quantity with end-use need or thermodynamic job. A large portion of our energy needs are for low grade, low temperature heat for space and water heating(70-150 F). Yet we burn very high grade energy sources such as uranium or coal at 2400 F and then degrade the electricity produced to match our low grade needs. This often referred to as the "the thermodynamic equivalent of cutting butter with a chainshaw." Good Work- Numerous economic studies have demonstrated repeatedly that dollar for dollar energy efciency creates twice as many jobs as any new energy supply project whether it be nuclear power or large hydro-electric. The jobs created by investments in energy efciency and renewables last 10 to 15 years versus the" boom and bust" cycle of megaprojects. All kinds of jobs are created unskilled, semi-skled and very high technology. They can be created locally and regionally in order to address the loss of single industries or chronically regionally depressed areas. Ecological- This system minimizes pollution and the consumption of non-renewable resources. The technologies designed can be crafted to harmonize with Nature and also harmonize human society with natural rhythms.

3
Some regions of the world have made signicant progress in implementing a soft energy path - Sweden, California and British Columbia. Anywhere this path has been tried yields very similar results: the quality of life improves, permanent jobs are created and new benign industries are stimulated. However, even in these regions much more can be done. In Ontario we've barely gotten started. Over the last 10 years environmentalists have put forward modest reforms that would bring about some change - all with very limited impact. The main reason, I believe, above all else, is that energy policy has been left to institutionalized, professional elites who deliberate behind-close-doors. In almost all cases these energy elites are almost always white, upper middle class males. A major challenge will be to open up energy policy and planning to women and people of colour. But generally, citizens are treated at best as a massied public or at worse as a reied clients to be manipulated. The environmental movement has failed to achieve even the smallest successes, even with the enormous economic rationality of the soft energy path precisely because we are dealing with a system which is inherently irrational - driven by power, control, greed and privilege. The recent ascendency of the provincial NDP is a graphic illustration.Despite mouthing all the words fundamental shifts in direction of energy policy appear inert if not retrograde. If there has been any signicant movement then it can be found on a local level, specically, the City of Toronto with its implementation of the 20% C02 reduction target is moving in the right direction. Environmentalists are constantly lobbying government which is built upon centralization, hierarchy and domination to implement a soft energy path which is by its very nature, democratic, decentralized, dispersed and human scale. The assumption has been that environmental change can be won through tinkering with existing social institutions without addressing more fundamental issues such as the nature of power, the values of Growth and Progress and private property. A smaller minority has tried to argue the Market is the mechanism to implement a soft energy path - failing to realize the transnational power structure holds a private veto over public policy. The Third Sector I believe a more fruitful, and ultimately more successful arena for the soft energy path could be the city. That is diverse elements such as community based organizations, small businesses, independent contractors, coops and perhaps even city governments could shake the paralysis that we're in. The key is to develop a political culture and social infrastructure which matches the inherent

( , *

decentralization of the soft energy path. Let me re-emphasize that government and the market are incapable of making the necessary changes. And even if, there are openings in the system- the System is still enveloped by the the mentality of gradual incrementalism. A response which is neither sane or rational given the current situation. Solutions Neighbourhood Assemblies The key to changing direction in energy policy is to take control out of the hands of government bureaucrats and put it in the hands of citizens. This will not be an easy project, for governments will not voluntarily surrender control of the energy agenda. They jealously guard their privilege as the experts on behalf of society. How will control be wrested from them? Clearly, the most appropriate arena for energy policy is the neighbourhood assembly. It is here that such important social questions can be discussed and debated such as: What kind of energy future do we want? What is the true cost of energy? What is the optimal mix of energy options? At least initially, the Neighbourhood Assembly could establish itself as a moral authority -" A Voice of the People". At rst, burning issues of the day might be put forward as propositions to be openly publicly debated. These debates may take weeks to unfold. A suggested list of burning issues may include: 1) Immediate phase-out of nuclear power in Ontario 2) Commitment to 60% net reduction of carbon dioxide based on 1988 levels by 2015. 3) Call for a moratorium on all dam construction in the Hudsons Bay/James Bay bioregion.(Galloping electricity demand in Toronto is causing ooding of Indian Land in this bioregion.)

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The Toronto Energy Services Corporation- A Municipalized Utility This not-for-prot corporation would be responsible for providing energy services (heating, cooling, lighting) to the City of Toronto and its citizens. It would coordinate the generation and distribution of all fuels including efciency, renewables, natural gas and electricity. Energy policy would be determined by the Board of Directors. The Board would be appointed by the Neighbourhoood Assemblies and be subject to immediate recall and rotation. Full Service Neighbourhood Energy Centres One way to increase energy as a political priority would be to establish super energy efcient demonstration/service centres in each neighbourhood in the City to act as a focal point in the transformation to a green energy future. Community- based organizations would be funded to plan, implement and deliver energy efciency/renewables programs on a neighbourhood basis. Federal and / or Green dollars would be used to nance super-retrots of homes and stores. Perhaps the Bread and Roses Credit Union could be approached to provide low-interest loans to individual households for energy and environmental retrots. Industrial Conversion The shift away from a capital/resource intensive economy to a labour intensive, human scaled, sustainable economy should also be seen as energy conservation activities as well. Thus peace conversion of military industries, automobile manufacturing and chemical industries would reduce energy consumption drastically.

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SOCIAL JUSTICE FOR THE GREEN CITY By Helen Riley. The green society requires more than an environmental clan-up. It is a new way of living. Economic justice Economic justice requires reducing the disparity between the rich and poor. There must be immediate action to relieve poverty, hunger and homelessness, followed by long term programs to ensure that equitable nancial benets and meaningful roles in society are available to all. Beyond the immediate reduction of poverty, there must be limits on earnings differentials between the lowest paid and the wealthiest members of society. As a beginning, wages should be increased by at amounts not p e r c e n t a g e s . S e c o n d l y, t h e t a x b u r d e n s h o u l d b e m o r e f a i r l y distributed. As well as reducing economic disparities a wealth tax could provide much of the nancing necessary for green city planning and development. The income tax system must also be made simpler and f a i r e r. General sales taxes are unfair to be removed. They can be replaced from non-renewable resources, measures which will help preserve funds for public use. lower-income families so should with consumption taxes on energy taxes on pollutants and other the environment as well as raise

In the longer term the whole economic and monetary system will be revised. The green city will encourage the use of local exchange and trade of goods and services. Green dollars will be legal currency. In addition, the city will raise its own money to nance public works or to lend at low interest rates for worthwhile projects and enterprises. This money will also be legal tender. This kind of nancing will reduce the dependence on banks and other nancial institutions and keep the cost of, borrowing down. It will also enable the city to make welfare or guaranteed annual income payments to support those who can not support themselves. The Legal System The legal system must be reformed to provide a genuinely fair system for all. There must be a change from legalism to a more balanced

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consideration of individual and mutual rights and responsibilities. Te c h n i c a l i t i e s m u s t n o t b e a l l o w e d t o i n t e r f e r e w i t h g o o d judgement. After all the jury system was originally intended to provide this sort of common sense, community-based approach. Th e l e g a l p ro fe ssi o n w i l l n e e d to re e va l u a te i ts ro l e , i t ca n h e l p set guidelines for community fairness reviews and appeals and design new ways of ensuring that people are protected from e x p l o i t a t i o n . C o r p o r a t e l a w, t o o w i l l n e e d t o b e r e e x a m i n e d t o b r i n g c o r p o r a t i o n s i n t o a n e w, m o r e r e s p o n s i b l e r e l a t i o n s h i p t o their communities as well as their workers. While laws themselves must be revised to support the green c o m m u n i t y, k n o w l e d g e o f t h e l a w a n d a c c e s s t o a d v i c e m u s t b e available to all. This will require things like walk-in legal clinics and simplication of contracts. In the green city, however, the legal system will only be used as a last resort. Non-violent conict resolution will be taught and practised, there will be community advisors and mediators to help resolve disputes and to encourage agreement on compensation or reparations. Quality of Life The quiding principle of the green city will be to improve the quality of life for all its residents. There is a growing understanding that our present urban life-style is unhealthy for us, for our children and for our future. We need to slow down, to consider what is really important and then to commit ourselves to making the necessary changes. There must be a deliberate intent to co-ordinate social policy and planning with land use planning. The human needs of the community must direct the physical development of the city not the other way around. In the green city people will be encouraged to take control of their own lives, to make their own decisions, but also to participate in their communities, to help others and to respect each other's differences. A major emphasis will be to promote d i g n i t y, r e s p e c t a n d h u m a n i t y. One of the highest priorities will be to make the city a safer p l a c e t o l i v e , p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r w o m e n , c h i l d r e n a n d t h e e l d e r l y. There will be positive efforts to promote a non-violent, nons e x i s t , n o n r a c i s t s o c i e t y. Social justice requires that we reject, censure, discourage, forbid violence in all its forms, public and private, physical and mental, coercion by subtle-means as well as by threats.

?
Community Resource? In order to promote well-being, community services will ne be redesigned to provide ready access to information and support on a non-judgemental basis. FV " Having control over one's life promotes health. Individuals will be involved in decision-making regarding their own well-being and the well-being of their communities. ff SSSSSiS h61S.pr2gr??;f 8Uch as wel1 baby clinics, will be tutl ' .iPUbU<^ wiil be P'ted by concentrating nutrition, clean airheaith and water, healthy lifestyles and so on. on Many services will be provided by nurses, midwives self-hein groups, para-professionals and so on. miawives, self help The focus will be on strengthening people and communities rather than on intervening in their lives. communities rather Th^ewlMntl8 "'i11 aCt as facil^ators, as mediators, as aides. Snyifl^roV1?8i.pIaCM S.UCh as coranity centres where people a n a ? o p l a y. 8 ' t 0 f m r U P 8 ' t 0 h o l d m ^ i n g s , t H o r k wiif1J"Wnedaequipment' 8Uch as computers, games and both indoor and outdoor community facilities,tools will and encourag^ccess for all and reduce wasteful duplication. wwuwge access !n51i^fd"fftin SU1 supPrt healthy activities and activities. But this does not mean life-styles a sombre and Puritanism We

^dft0/,aUgh to have fun' need timeTo our friends and families,m?re' to celebrate our We achievements, toenjoy inake music to
raf' >Th% *f f life wU1 be 8lower' allowing time to smell' the

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Social justice means promoting human dignity and self-reaoect Tt encSuraXCammu?udiiVer8ity; " mean8 ^^ ^ and ?? mofn? accepting g mu*ual responsibility support. it means sharing well-being. resources fairly. It means for community This will not be easy to do. Vested interests are very powerful more involved *in\P^ in ^VL* their ?* communities be morG ^lf-reliant, we will be more helping response ourselves and