15 of 22 Places

28/06/2012
Start-up Stage
Big mistake Non-word meanings (istansaru) Introduction to Sarf Introduction to Nahw Grammatical states Ways an ism can be used (22 places)
Shariah Program - 2003-2012
Uses of the ism in Sentences

Purpose of Grammar
To protect yourself from confusion Ibn Khaldun lists 4 sciences: vocabulary, grammar, rhetoric, literature
Two Parts of a Sentence

Primary portion (subject)
Must be a noun / entity
What you say about the primary portion (predicate)

May be another noun, an adjective, a verb or a compound structure

28/06/2012
Two Types of Sentences

sentence
Verbal Sentence
The doer of the verb must follow the verb

nominal sentence

verbal sentence
Zayd went.
Nominal Sentence
Some sentences dont have verbs
Noun Followed by a Verb

Nominal sentence with a verbal predicate
The book is new.

Zayd, he went.
28/06/2012
Issue in verbal sentence

Verb with multiple isms: which of the nouns is doing the verb and which of the nouns is the one upon which the verb is being done? Urdu: nay and kow

Six ways of saying Zayd hit Amr

Zayd =
English: order (subject verb object) Arabic: grammatical states

Amr = (he) hit =

Verbal Sentence
Problem: sequence not determining grammar Solution: grammatical states, reflected on the ends of the ism
Issue in nominal sentence

There is no is
The book is new. the new book
28/06/2012
Phrase-level relationships
Phrase translation Zayds book tall boy
Nominal sentence
Problem: lack of is.
type of phrase possessive descriptive
How do you know from where to where is the subject and where to where is the predicate?
Solution: drop the is where the phrase level relationships end

Components of Sentence
nominal sentence verbal sentence subject predicate subject predicate
Grammatical States
Lets proceed to re-develop grammatical states in order to get to 15 of the 22 by first bringing back the slide used in the previous presentation the house example.
subject verb
28/06/2012
Grammatical States
Example Translation Role of Grammatical Reflection in the state of sentence subject
Possible usages of the ism

subject (doer of verb) object possessive subject of nominal sentence predicate of nominal sentence after a preposition numerous types of adverbs
The house fell down I entered the house door of the house
object
possessive
TOTAL: 22
Why so many usages?

Ism is very broad
Noun Pronoun Adjective Adverb
Nominal Sentence Specific

Nominal sentences start off with mubtada and khabr Certain governing agents can abrogate the sentence and this will result in further usages
Portions of each kind of sentence are labeled differently

28/06/2012
Verbal Sentence Specific

Verbal sentence must have a subject (who?) Many verbs have an object (what?) Verbs can be passive
Zayd ate an apple. The apple was eaten.
Different types of adverbs

Generic adverb Adverb of time and place (When? Where?) Adverb of reason and cause (Why?) Circumstantial adverb (How?) I became very happy.

Zayd hit Amr today.

I hit him for discipline.
Different kinds of adverbs


Zayd came to me riding.
Object of a Preposition
in the house
How do we distinguish between the different usages of the ism?

Type of word Type of sentence the word is in Grammatical state of the word
28/06/2012
Grammatical States of the ism

Though the total amount of ways an ism can be used is 22, the amount of grammatical states and endings we need to resolve ALL confusion is just 3. All we need now is to understand how they are assigned. Here they are, once again.
Grammatical States of the ism 2 12

Places of jarr
2nd half a possessive phrase
door of the house
Places of raf
Subject of a nominal sentence Predicate of a nominal sentence Subject of a verb Subject of a passive verb
After a preposition
in the house
28/06/2012
Places of nasb
Object Generic adverb Adverb of time and place
Kaana sentence
The book is new.
khabr mubtada
Adverb of reason and cause Circumstantial adverb

The book was new.

khabr ism of of kaana kaana
Inna sentence
The book is new.
khabr mubtada mubtada khabr faail na-ib faail ism of kaana khabr of inna
Summary
Places of raf Places of Places of jarr
nasb
maf ool bihi mudhaaf ilayh maf ool mutlaq majroor maf ool fihi maf ool lahu haal khabr of kaana ism of inna
Indeed the book is new.

khabr ism of of inna inna
28/06/2012
Sample Reading

15 of 22 Places

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15 of 22 Places

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28/06/2012

Uses of the ism in Sentences

Two Parts of a Sentence

Must be a noun / entity

What you say about the primary portion (predicate)

May be another noun, an adjective, a verb or a compound structure

Two Types of Sentences

Noun Followed by a Verb

The book is new.

Issue in verbal sentence

Six ways of saying Zayd hit Amr

English: order (subject verb object) Arabic: grammatical states

Amr = (he) hit =

Issue in nominal sentence

Shariah Program - 2003-2012

Shariah Program - 2003-2012

type of phrase possessive descriptive

Solution: drop the is where the phrase level relationships end

Shariah Program - 2003-2012

Possible usages of the ism

Shariah Program - 2003-2012

Why so many usages?

Nominal Sentence Specific

Portions of each kind of sentence are labeled differently

Shariah Program - 2003-2012

Verbal Sentence Specific

Different types of adverbs

Different kinds of adverbs

Shariah Program - 2003-2012

How do we distinguish between the different usages of the ism?

Shariah Program - 2003-2012

Grammatical States of the ism

Grammatical States of the ism 2 12

Shariah Program - 2003-2012

Shariah Program - 2003-2012

Adverb of reason and cause Circumstantial adverb

The book was new.

Shariah Program - 2003-2012

Indeed the book is new.

Shariah Program - 2003-2012

Shariah Program - 2003-2012

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