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b
a
a
b
d
b
a
b
a-b/2
a-b/2
b
b
d
=d
2
(2cossin-sin
2
)
=d
2
(sin2 -sin
2
)
=d
2
sin2 -d
2
sin
2
(4)
To get maximum value of , differentiate A
gi
w.r.t ,
and equate to zero,
i.e.,d/d A
gi
=0
On differentiating equation (4) w.r.t we get,
d/d A
gi
=d
2
cos22- d
2
2cossin
Put d/d A
gi
=0
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/ EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
38 38
So d
2
cos22- d
2
2cossin =0
d
2
2cossin =d
2
cos22
d
2
sin2 =d
2
cos22
sin2/cos2 =2
tan2=2; 2=tan
-1
2
=1/2 tan
-1
2 =31.72
When =31.72, the dimensions of the core will give
the maximum area for the core for a specified d.
a=d cos ; b=d sin
=d cos31.72; =d sin31.72
=0.85d; =0.53d
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/ EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
39 39
Substitute the values of a &b in equation (3) we get,
Gross core area, A
gi
=2ab-b
2
=0.618d
2
Let stacking factor, Sf=0.9
Net core area, Ai=Stacking factorGross core
area
=0.9 0.618d
2
=0.56d
2
The ratio, Net core area/ Area of
circumscribing circle
=0.56d
2
/( /4d
2
)=0.71
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/ EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
40 40
The ratio, Gross core area/ Area of
circumscribing circle
=0.618d
2
/( /4d
2
) =0.79
Core area factor=Net core area/square of the
circumscribing circle
=Ai/d
2
=0.56d
2
/d
2
=0.56
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/ EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
41
41
CHOICE FLUX DENSITY and CURRENT DENSITY ( B
m
and )
B
m
determines the core area.
Higher B
m
smaller area smaller Lmt saving in
the cost of iron and copper.
But higher B
m
increases the iron loss and temprise.
For Distribution transformer B
m
=1.1 to 1.35Wb/m
2
.
For Power transformer B
m
=1.25to 1.45 Wb/m
2
.
The area of conductors for the primary and secondary
windings determined after choosing a suitable value for
which depends on the methodof cooling.
Current density value depends on method of cooling and
range is 1.1 to 2.2 A/mm
2
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/ EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
42 42
TYPES OF WINDINGS
Cylindrical windingwithcircular conductors.
Crossover windingwithcircular or rectangular
conductors.
Continuous disc typewindingwithrectangular
conductors.
Helical winding.
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/ EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
43 43
DESIGN OF WINDING
Thedesignof windinginvolvesthedeterminationof
no. of turns & areaof cross sectionof theconductor
used.
Theno. of turns is estimatedusingvoltagerating&
e.m.f per turns.
The area of cross section is estimated using rated
current& current density.
Usually theno. of turnsof L.V windingisestimated
first using the given data & it is corrected to the
nearestinteger.
Thentheno. of turns of H.V winding arechosen to
satisfythevoltageratingof thetransformer.
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/ EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
44 44
Number of turns in a low voltage winding,
T
LV
=V
LV
/ E
t
or AT/I
LV
where,
V
LV
=rated voltage of low voltage winding.
I
LV
=rated current of low voltage winding.
Number of turns in a high voltage winding,
T
HV
=T
LV
V
HV
/ V
LV
where,
V
HV
=rated voltage of high voltage winding.
Rated current in a winding =
kVA per phase 10
3
/voltage rating of the winding
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/ EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
45
DESIGN OF YOKE
The purpose of the yoke is to connect the legs
providing a least reluctance path. In order to limit the
iron loss in the yoke, operating flux density is
reduced by increasing the yoke area.
Generally yoke area is made 20% more than the leg
area.
In case of rectangular yoke ,
depth of yoke =the depth of core.
In square or stepped ,
depth of core =width of largest stampings
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/ EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
46
DESIGN OF YOKE
Area of yoke =depth of yoke x height of yoke
= D
y
x H
y
D
y
= width of largest core stamping = a
H
y
=(1.15 to 1.25) A
gi
for transformers using grain
oriented steel
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/ EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
47 47
OVERALL DIMENSIONS OF A TRANSFORMER
The main dimensions of a transformer are:
Height of the window (H
w
) and
Width of the window (W
w
)
Other important dimensions are:
Width of the largest stamping(a)
Diameter of the circumscribing circle(d)
Distance between the core centres(D)
Height of the yoke(H
y
)
Depth of the yoke(D
y
)
Overall height of transformer frame(H)
Overall width of transformer frame(W)
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/ EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
48 48
OVERALL DIMENSIONS
a =width of the largest stamping ;
d =diameter of the circumscribing circle;
D =distance between centres of adjacent limbs;
W
w
, H
w
=width and height of the window ( length of the
window);
Hy =height of the yoke;
For core type: D =d +W
w
; D
y
=a,
W =D+a ;
H =H
w
+2 H
y
Width over two limbs=D + outer diameter of h.v.windings
Width over one limbs=outer diameter of h.v.windings
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/ EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
49 49
For three phase transformers :
D=d +W
w
, D
y
=a,
H=Hw+2Hy ;
W=2D+a;
Width over 3 limbs=2D+outer diameter of h.v.winding
Width over one limb =outer diameter of h.v.winding
For Single phase shell type :
Dy =b ;
Hy =a ;
W = 2W
w
+4a ;
H =H
w
+2a
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/ EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
50
Output Equations Main Dimensions - KVA output for
single and three phase transformers Window space
factor Overall dimensions Operating characteristics
Regulation No load current Temperature rise in
Transformers Design of Tank -Methods of cooling of
Transformers.
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
51
OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
Resistance of winding
L
mts,
L
mtp
=length of primary & secondary windings,m;
r
p
,r
s
=resistance of primary and secondary winding respectively,m
Total I
2
R loss in windings
Total resistance (per phase) of transformer referred to primary side
Per unit resistance
p mtp
s mts
p p
p s
T L
T L
r andr
a a
= =
2 2
c p p s s
P I r I r = +
2
2
2
.
p
c s
p p s p s
p p s
T
P I
R r and r r r
I I T
| |
| |
= = + = +
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
p p
r
p
I R
V
=
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
52
Leakage reactance of winding
The estimation of leakage reactanceis the primarily the
estimation of the distribution of leakage fluxand the resulting
flux leakages of the primary and secondary windings
The distribution of leakage flux depends uponthe geometrical
configuration of the coilsand the neighboring iron massesand
permeability of the latter
Leakage reactance of core type transformer
Leakage reactance of sandwich coils
Leakage reactance of core type transformer
Per unit leakage reactance
2
3
p s
mt
x o
t c
b b
L AT
f a
E L
+
| |
= +
|
\ .
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
53
Note on Reactance:
Useful flux: It is the flux that links with both
primary and secondary windings and is responsible
in transferring the energy Electro-magnetically from
primary to secondary side. The path of the useful
flux is in the magnetic core.
Leakage flux: It is the flux that links only with the
primary or secondary winding and is responsible in
imparting inductance to the windings. The path of
the leakage flux depends on the geometrical
configuration of the coils and the neighboring iron
masses.
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
54
Leakage reactance of sandwich coils
The idealized flux distribution in shell type transformers
Each of n coils is sandwiched between two coils of L.v.winding.
Per unit reactance
6
p s
o mt
x
t
b b
f L AT
a
n E w
+
| |
= +
|
\ .
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
55
Output Equations Main Dimensions - KVA output for
single and three phase transformers Window space
factor Overall dimensions Operating characteristics
Regulation No load current Temperature rise in
Transformers Design of Tank -Methods of cooling of
Transformers.
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
56
REGULATION
Onno loadthesecondary terminal voltageVp=Vp. Thedrop
insecondary terminal voltagefromno loadto full loadcanbe
calculatedbyusingthephasor diagram.
At laggingpower factor cos,
Assuming that the angle between Vp and Vp is very
small, we have
, 2 2
( cos sin ) ( cos sin )
p p p p p p p p p p
V V I R I X I X I R = + + +
sin cos
'
p p p p p p
X I R I V V + + =
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
57
REGULATION
The p.u regulation, for full load rated output Q and full load
current I
p
is :
If the regulation is large and the phase shift between Vp and Vp
is not justified. For this case:
p
p p p p
p
p p
V
X I R I
V
V V
sin cos
,
+
=
=
sin cos
p r
+ =
2
) sin cos (
2
1
sin cos
r p p r
+ + =
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
58
Output Equations Main Dimensions - KVA output for
single and three phase transformers Window space
factor Overall dimensions Operating characteristics
Regulation No load current Temperature rise in
Transformers Design of Tank -Methods of cooling of
Transformers.
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
59
ESTIMATION OF NO LOAD CURRENT OF
TRANSFORMER
No load current of a transformer has 2 components:
Magnetizing component depends on the mmf required
to establish the desired flux.
Loss component depends on the iron losses.
NO LOAD CURRENT OF A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER:
Total length of core=2l
c
Total length of yoke=2l
y
l
c
=H
w
=height of the window
l
y
=W
w
=width of the window
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
60
mmf for core = mmf/metre for max. flux density in core
total length of core
=at
c
2l
c
=2 at
c
l
c
mmf for yoke = mmf /metre for max. flux density yoke
total length of yoke
=at
y
2l
y
=2 at
y
l
y
Total magnetizing mmf,AT
0
=mmf for core + mmf for yoke + mmf
for joints
=2 at
c
l
c
+2 at
y
l
y
+mmf for joints
Maximum value for magnetizing current =AT
0
/ T
p
If the magnetizing current is sinusoidal, rms value for
magnetizingcurrent,
I
m
=AT
0
/2T
p
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
61
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
62
NO LOAD CURRENT OF THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER:
Total lengthof core=3l
c
Total lengthof yoke=2l
y
l
c
=H
w
=height of thewindow
l
y
=W
w
=widthof thewindow
mmf for core= mmf/metre for max.flux density in core
total length of core
=at
c
3l
c
=3 at
c
l
c
mmf for yoke = mmf /metre for max. flux density in yoke
total length of yoke
=at
y
2l
y
=2 at
y
l
y
Total magnetizing mmf,AT
0
=mmf for core + mmf for yoke + mmf
for joints
=3 at
c
l
c
+2 at
y
l
y
+mmf for joints
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
63
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
64
Output Equations Main Dimensions - KVA output for
single and three phase transformers Window space
factor Overall dimensions Operating characteristics
Regulation No load current Temperature rise in
Transformers Design of Tank -Methods of cooling of
Transformers.
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
65
DESIGN OF INSULATION
Basic consideration in design the insulation
ELECTRICAL INSULATION: Dependsontheoperatingvoltage, eddy
current lossintheconductorsandtank walls.
MECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS: depends on the capable to with
standmechanical Stressesduringfault .
THERMAL CONSIDERATIONS: depends on Safe operating of
temperaturevaluesandtypesof coolingemployed
Insulation of transformers divided in to four types
Major , Minor , insulation relative to tank , insulation between phases
MAJ OR INSULATION : Betweenwindings andcore(grounded).
MINOR INSULATION :Betweenturns, coilsandlayers.
MATERIALS : cottonthread, cottontape, leatheroidpaper,
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
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TRANSFORMER OIL AS A COOLING MEDIUM
Thespecific heat dissipation due to convection of oil
conv
= 40.3 ( /H)
W/m
2
- C ;
where,
= temp difference of the surface relative to the oil, C
H =height of the dissipating surface, m.
Average values
0
2 0
20 . . 0.5 1
80 100 /
conv
C and H to m
to W m C
= =
=
IFETCE/EEE/M.SUJ ITH/III YEAR/VI SEM/EE 2355/DEM/VER 1.0
67
TEMPERATURE RISE IN PLAIN TANKED WALLS
The transformer core and winding is placed inside a container
called tank
The tank will dissipate the heat byboth radiation and
convections
For temperature rise over 40
0
C over the ambient temperature
20
0
C,
The specific heat dissipation are follows,
Due to radiation 6.0 W/m
2
-C and
Due to convection 6.5 W/m
2
-c
Thus a total of 12.5 W/m
2
- C is taken.
.
.
. . . . . . .tan
.
12.5
i c
t
total loss
Temperature rise
sp heat dissipation heat dissipation surface of the k
P P
Temperature rise
S
=
+
=