MA 101 (Mathematics - I)

Tutorial Problems and Additional Practice Problems

on
Single-variable Calculus
Tutorial Problem Set - 1
1. Examine whether the sequences (x
n
) dened as below are convergent. Also, nd their
limits if they are convergent.
(i) x
n
= (a
n
+b
n
+c
n
)
1
n
for all n N, where a, b, c are distinct positive real numbers.
(ii) x
n
=
1
n
2
(a
1
+ + a
n
) and a
n
= n +
1
n
for all n N.
2. Let (x
n
) be a sequence in R and let y
n
=
1
n
(x
1
+ + x
n
) for all n N. If (x
n
) is
convergent, then show that (y
n
) is also convergent.
If (y
n
) is convergent, is it necessary that (x
n
) is (i) convergent? (ii) bounded?
3. For a R, let x
1
= a and x
n+1
=
1
4
(x
2
n
+ 3) for all n N. Examine the convergence
of the sequence (x
n
) for dierent values of a. Also nd lim
n
x
n
whenever it exists.
4. Given a, b R, let x
1
= a, x
2
= b and x
n
=
1
2
(x
n1
+ x
n2
) for n = 3, 4, .... Prove
that the sequence (x
n
) is convergent and nd lim
n
x
n
.
5. Let (x
n
) be a sequence of nonzero real numbers. Prove or disprove the following:
(i) If (x
n
) is not bounded, then lim
n
1
x
n
= 0.
(ii) If (x
n
) does not have any convergent subsequence, then lim
n
1
x
n
= 0.
Tutorial Problem Set - 2
1. Examine whether the following series are convergent.
(a)

n=1
1
n
1+
1
n
(b)

n=2
1
(log n)
log n
(c)

n=1
(2n)!
n
n
2. Let x
n
> 0 for all n N. Prove that the series

n=1
x
n
converges i the series

n=1
x
n
1 + x
n
converges.
3. If (= 0) R, then show that the series

n=1
(1)
n
sin(

n
) is conditionally convergent.
4. Let a
n
> 0 and b
n
> 0 for all n N such that
a
n+1
a
n

b
n+1
b
n
for all n n
0
, where
n
0
N. If the series

n=1
b
n
converges, then show that the series

n=1
a
n
also converges.
Use the above fact to examine the convergence of the series

n=1
n
n
n!e
n
.
5. Find all x R for which the series

n=1
(1)
n
(x 1)
n
2
n
n
2
converges.
Tutorial Problem Set - 3
1. Let f : R R be dened by
f(x) =
_
x if x Q,
[x] if x R \ Q.
Determine all the points of R where f is continuous.
2. Let f : R R be continuous such that f(x) = f(x
2
) for all x R. Show that f is a
constant function.
3. Let f : [0, 1] R be continuous such that f(0) = f(1). Show that
(i) there exist x
1
, x
2
[0, 1] such that f(x
1
) = f(x
2
) and x
1
x
2
=
1
2
.
(ii) there exist x
1
, x
2
[0, 1] such that f(x
1
) = f(x
2
) and x
1
x
2
=
1
3
.
(In fact, if n N, there exist x
1
, x
2
[0, 1] such that f(x
1
) = f(x
2
) and x
1
x
2
=
1
n
.
However, it is not necessary that there exist x
1
, x
2
[0, 1] such that f(x
1
) = f(x
2
)
and x
1
x
2
=
2
5
.)
4. Let p be an odd degree polynomial with real coecients in one real variable. If
g : R R is a bounded continuous function, then show that there exists x
0
R such
that p(x
0
) = g(x
0
).
(In particular, this shows that
(i) every odd degree polynomial with real coecients in one real variable has at
least one real zero.
(ii) the equation x
9
4x
6
+x
5
+
1
1 + x
2
= sin 3x + 17 has at least one real solution.
(iii) the range of every odd degree polynomial with real coecients in one real variable
is R.)
5. Prove or disprove:
(i) There exists a continuous function from [0, 1] onto (0, 1).
(ii) There exists a continuous function from (0, 1) onto [0, 1].
Tutorial Problem Set - 4
1. Let f : R R be twice dierentiable at 0. If f(
1
n
) = 0 for all n N, then nd f

(0)
and f

(0).
2. Let f : R R be such that f(x) f(y) (x y)
2
for all x, y R. Show that f is a
constant function.
3. For n N, prove that the equation 1 x +
x
2
2

x
3
3
+ + (1)
n
x
n
n
= 0 has exactly
one real root if n is odd and has no real root if n is even.
4. Let f : R R be dierentiable such that f(0) = f(1) = 0 and f

(0) > 0, f

(1) > 0.
Show that there exist c
1
, c
2
(0, 1) with c
1
= c
2
such that f

(c
1
) = f

(c
2
) = 0.
5. Prove that (1 + x)

1 + x for all x 1 and for all > 1.

6. Let f : R R such that f

(c) exists, where c R. Prove that

lim
h0
f(c + h) 2f(c) + f(c h)
h
2
= f

(c).
Give an example of an f : R R and a point c R for which f

(c) does not exist

but the above limit exists.
Tutorial Problem Set - 5
1. Let f : [1, 1] R be dened by
f(x) =
_
1 if x =
1
n
for some n N,
0 otherwise.
Show that f is Riemann integrable on [1, 1] and that
_
1
1
f(x) dx = 0.
If F(x) =
_
x
1
f(t) dt for all x [1, 1], then show that F : [1, 1] R is dieren-
tiable, and in particular, F

(0) = f(0), although f is not continuous at 0.

2. Let f : [a, b] R be continuous such that f(x) 0 for all x [a, b] and
_
b
a
f(x) dx =
0. Show that f(x) = 0 for all x [a, b].
(The above result need not be true if f is assumed to be only Riemann integrable on
[a, b].)
3. Prove that
1
2

_
1
0
1+xx
2
1+x
4
dx
5
4
.
4. If f : [a, b] R is continuously dierentiable, show that lim
n
_
b
a
f(x) cos nxdx = 0.
(In fact, it is sucient to assume only that f is Riemann integrable on [a, b].)
5. If f : [0, 1] R is continuous, then show that
_
x
0
(
_
u
0
f(t) dt) du =
_
x
0
(x u)f(u) du.
Tutorial Problem Set - 6
1. Examine whether the following integrals are convergent.
(a)
_

0
sin(x
2
) dx
(b)
_
1
0
log x

x
dx
2. Determine all real values of p for which the following integrals are convergent.
(a)
_

0
x
p1
1+x
dx
(b)
_
1
0
(log
1
x
)
p
dx
3. Show that
_

1
sinx
x
p
dx converges absolutely if p > 1 and conditionally if 0 < p 1.
4. Find the area of the region that is inside the cardioid r = a(1 + cos ) and
(i) inside the circle r =
3
2
a,
(ii) outside the circle r =
3
2
a.
5. Find the length of the curve y =
_
x
0

cos 2t dt, 0 x

4
.
6. Consider the funnel formed by revolving the curve y =
1
x
about the x-axis, between
x = 1 and x = a, where a > 1. If V
a
and S
a
denote respectively the volume and the
surface area of the funnel, then show that lim
a
V
a
= and lim
a
S
a
= .
Additional Practice Problems
1. Prove or disprove the following statements:
(a) If both (x
n
) and (y
n
) are unbounded sequences in R, then the sequence (x
n
y
n
)
cannot be convergent.
(b) If (x
n
) is a sequence in R which converges to 0, then the sequence (x
n
n
) must
converge to 0.
(c) A monotonic sequence (x
n
) in R is convergent i the sequence (x
2
n
) is convergent.
(d) If a monotonic increasing sequence (x
n
) in R has a convergent subsequence, then
(x
n
) must be convergent.
(e) If x
n
= (1
1
n
) sin
n
2
for all n N, then the sequence (x
n
) is not convergent
although it has a convergent subsequence.
(f) The series

n=1
(1)
n
(

n
2
+ 1 n) is conditionally convergent.
(g) If f : R R is not dierentiable at x
0
R and g : R R is not dierentiable at
f(x
0
), then g f : R R cannot be dierentiable at x
0
.
(h) If f : R R is dierentiable, then for each c R, there exist a, b R with
a < c < b such that f(b) f(a) = (b a)f

(c).
(i) If f : [0, ) R is dierentiable such that f(0) = lim
x
f(x) = 0, then there
exists (0, ) such that f

() = 0.
(j) lim
n
_
1
0
nx
n1
1 + x
dx =
_
1
0
_
lim
n
nx
n1
1 + x
_
dx.
2. Examine whether the sequences (x
n
) dened as below are convergent. Also nd their
limits if they are convergent.
(a) x
n
=
1n+(1)
n
2n+1
for all n N
(b) x
n
=
3.5.7. .(2n+1)
2.5.8. .(3n1)
for all n N
(c) x
n
=
1
1.n
+
1
2.(n1)
+
1
3.(n2)
+ +
1
n.1
for all n N
(d) x
n
=
1
n
2
([] + [2] + + [n]) for all n N, where R.
3. Let a > 0 and let x
1
= 0, x
n+1
= x
2
n
+ a for all n N. Show that the sequence (x
n
)
is convergent i a
1
4
.
4. Let x
1
= 1 and let x
n+1
= (
n
n+1
)x
2
n
for all n N. Show that the sequence (x
n
) is
convergent. Also, nd lim
n
x
n
.
5. If (x
n
) is a sequence in R such that lim
n
x
n
= 0, then show that the series

n=1
x
n
x
2
n
+ n
2
is absolutely convergent.
6. If a series

n=1
x
n
is convergent but the series

n=1
x
2
n
is divergent, then show that the
series

n=1
x
n
is conditionally convergent.
7. Let the series

n=1
x
n
converge, where x
n
> 0 for all n N. Examine whether the
following series converge.
(a)

n=1

x
n
n
(b)

n=1
x
n
+ 2
n
x
n
+ 3
n
8. If

n=1
x
n
is a convergent series, where x
n
> 0 for all n N, then show that it is
possible for the series

n=1
_
x
n
n
to converge as well as to diverge.
9. Let f : R R be dened by f(x) =
_
1
x
sin
1
x
if x = 0,
0 if x = 0.
Examine whether f is continuous at 0.
10. Give an example (with justication) of a function from R onto R which is not contin-
uous at any point of R.
11. Let f : R R be continuous such that for each x Q, f(x) is an integer. If f(
1
2
) = 2,
then nd f(
1
3
).
12. Let f : R R be continuous such that f(
1
2
(x +y)) =
1
2
(f(x) +f(y)) for all x, y R.
Show that there exist a, b R such that f(x) = ax + b for all x R.
13. Let f : [0, 1] R and g : [0, 1] R be continuous such that sup{f(x) : x [0, 1]} =
sup{g(x) : x [0, 1]}. Prove that there exists [0, 1] such that f() = g().
14. Consider the continuous function f : (0, 1] R, where f(x) = 1 (1 x) sin
1
x
for
all x (0, 1]. Does there exist x
0
(0, 1] such that f(x
0
) = sup{f(x) : x (0, 1]}?
Justify.
15. Let f : [a, b] R be continuous. For n N, let x
1
, ..., x
n
[a, b] and let
1
, ...,
n
be
nonzero real numbers having same sign. Show that there exists c [a, b] such that
f(c)

n
i=1

i
=

n
i=1

i
f(x
i
).
(In particular, this shows that if f : [a, b] R is continuous and if for n N,
x
1
, ..., x
n
[a, b], then there exists [a, b] such that f() =
1
n
(f(x
1
) + +f(x
n
)).)
16. Let p be an nth degree polynomial with real coecients in one real variable such that
n(= 0) is even and p(0) p
(n)
(0) < 0. Prove that p has at least two real zeroes.
17. Let p be a non-constant polynomial of even degree with real coecients in one real
variable. Prove that exactly one of the following two statements holds.
(a) There exists x
0
R such that p(x
0
) p(x) for all x R.
(b) There exists x
0
R such that p(x
0
) p(x) for all x R.
18. Let f(x) =
1
1+|x|
+
1
1+|x1|
for all x R. Find, if possible, x
0
, y
0
R such that
f(x
0
) f(x) and f(y
0
) f(x) for all x R.
19. Let R and let f : R R be dened by f(x) =
_
cos
1
x
if x = 0,
if x = 0.
Show that f has the intermediate value property i [1, 1].
Also, nd all values of for which there exists a function g : R R satisfying
g

(x) = f(x) for all x R.

20. Give an example (with justication) of a function f : R R which is dierentiable
only at 2.
21. Let f : R R be dened by f(x) =
_
sin
3
x sin
1
x
if x = 0,
0 if x = 0.
Examine whether (a) f is dierentiable at 0, (b) f

is continuous at 0 and (c) f

is
dierentiable at 0.
22. Let f : R R be dierentiable at x
0
R and let g(x) = |f(x)| for all x R. Show
that g : R R is dierentiable at x
0
i either f(x
0
) = 0 or f(x
0
) = f

(x
0
) = 0.
23. Let f : (a, b) R and g : (a, b) R be dierentiable at x
0
(a, b) such that
f(x
0
) = g(x
0
) and f(x) g(x) for all x (a, b). Show that f

(x
0
) = g

(x
0
).
24. For n N, let f : R R be dened by f(x) =
_
x
n+1
if x 0,
x
n+1
if x < 0.
Show that f is n times continuously dierentiable but that f
(n+1)
(0) does not exist.
25. Let f : [0, 1] R be dierentiable such that f(0) = 0 and f(1) = 1. Prove that there
exist
1
,
2
[0, 1] with
1
=
2
such that f

(
1
) + f

(
2
) = 2.
26. Let f : (a, b) R be dierentiable and let x
1
, ..., x
n
, y
1
, ..., y
n
(a, b) such that y
i
< x
i
for i = 1, ..., n. Show that there exists (a, b) such that
n

i=1
(f(x
i
) f(y
i
)) = f

()
n

i=1
(x
i
y
i
).
27. Prove that for each a (0, 1) and for each b R, the equation a sin x + b = x has a
unique root in R.
28. If a, b, c R, then show that the equation 4ax
3
+ 3bx
2
+ 2cx = a + b + c has at least
one root in (0, 1).
29. If p is a polynomial of degree n with real coecients in one real variable, then show
that the set {x (0,

2
) : p(x) = sin x} has at most n + 1 elements.
30. Prove that between any two real roots of the equation e
x
sin x = 1, there exists at
least one real root of the equation e
x
cos x + 1 = 0.
31. Let a
0
, a
1
, ..., a
n
R such that |a
0
| +|a
1
| + +|a
n1
| a
n
. Prove that the equation
a
0
+ a
1
cos x + + a
n
cos nx = 0 has at least 2n roots in [0, 2].
32. Prove that for each n N, the equation x
n
+ x 1 = 0 has a unique root in [0, 1].
If for each n N, x
n
denotes this root, prove that the sequence (x
n
) converges to 1.
33. Let f : [a, b] R be twice dierentiable and let f(a) = f(b) = 0 and f(c) > 0, where
c (a, b). Show that there exists (a, b) such that f

() < 0.
34. Prove that
(i)
x1
x
< log x < x 1 for all x > 0
(ii) 1 + x < e
x
< 1 + xe
x
for all x(= 0) R
(iii) 2 sin x + tan x > 3x for all x (0,

2
).
35. Let f
n
(x) = 1
x
2
2!
+
x
4
4!
+ (1)
n x
2n
(2n)!
for all x R, n N. Prove that
f
2n1
(x) cos x f
2n
(x) for all x R, n N.
36. Let p be an nth degree polynomial with real coecients in one real variable such that
p(x) 0 for all x R. Prove that p(x) + p

(x) + + p
(n)
(x) 0 for all x R.
37. Let f : R R be twice continuously dierentiable with f(0) = 0 and let
g(x) =
_
f(x)
x
if x R \ {0},
f

(0) if x = 0.
Show that g : R R is continuously dierentiable.
38. Let f : R R be dierentiable such that f(0) = 0 and |f

(x)| |f(x)| for all x R.

Prove that f(x) = 0 for all x R.
39. Let f : [a, b] R be a bounded function. If there is a partition P of [a, b] such that
L(f, P) = U(f, P), then prove that f is a constant function.
40. Let f : [0, 1] R be continuous such that |f(x)|
_
x
0
f(t) dt for all x [0, 1]. Show
that f(x) = 0 for all x [0, 1].
41. Prove that
(a)

2
9

_
2

6
x
sinx
dx
2
2
9
(b)

3
8

_
3

4
sinx
x
dx

2
6
42. If f : [0, 1] R is Riemann integrable, then nd lim
n
_
1
0
x
n
f(x) dx.
43. If f : [0, 1] R is continuous, then nd lim
n
_
1
0
f(x
n
) dx.
44. Let f : R R be continuous and let g(x) =
_
x
0
(x t)f(t) dt for all x R. Prove
that g

(x) = f(x) for all x R.

45. Evaluate: lim
x0
x
1 e
x
2
_
x
0
e
t
2
dt.
46. Examine whether the following integrals are convergent.
(a)
_

0
x
1+x
2
sin
2
x
dx
(b)
_
2
1

x
log x
dx
47. Determine all real values of p for which the integral
_

0
e
x
1
x
p
dx is convergent.
48. Find the area of the region enclosed by the curve y =
_
|x + 1| and the line 5y = x+7.