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ANSI A

0724350 O O O O L S O B W
ANSI @ AI 0.1 3-1989
Revision of ANSI A10.13-1978

American Nationa1 Standard for Construction and Demolition Operations -

Steel Erection Safety Requirements

Secretariat National Safety Council

Approved April 19, 1989 American National Standards Institute, Inc

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of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the reAmerican Approval quirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by National the standards developer. is established when, in the judgment o f the ANSI Board of Standards Review, Standard Consensus substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. T h e use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from nianufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming t o the standards. T h e American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in n o circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, n o person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretations should be addressed t o the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this standard.

CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn a t any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically t o reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute.

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Foreword

Jhis

Foreword i s not part of American National Standard A10.13-1989.)

The development of this standard began in the early 1970s. The initial draft was considered by the American National Standards Committee on Safety in Construction and s based on suggestions for changes Demolition Operations, Alo, in 1977. This revision i from users and from the committee. This standhrd is one of a series of safety standards formulated by the Accredited Standards Committee on Safety in Construction and Demolition Operations, Alo. Existing and proposed standards are as follows: A10.3 Powder-Actuated Fastening Systems A10.4 Personnel Hoists A10.5 Material Hoists A10.6 Demolition A10.7 Transportation, Storage, Handling and Use of Commercial Explosives and Agents in the Construction Industry. A10.8 Scaffolding A10.9 Concrete and Masonry Work A1O.10 Temporary and Portable Space Heating Devices and Equipment Used in the Construction Industry. A10.11 Safety Nets Used During Construction, Repair and Demolition Operations A10.12 Excavation (Under development) A10.13 Steel Erection A10.15 Dredging A10.16 Tunnels, Shafts and Caissons A10.18 Temporary Floor and Wall Openings, Flat Roofs, Stairs, Railings and Toeboards. A10.19 Pile Driving (Proposed) A10.20 Ceramic Tile, Terrazzo and Marble Work A10.21 Rope-Guided and Nonguided Workmens Hoists A10.24 Roofing (Under development) A10.28 SuspendedWork Platforms for Cranes and Derricks A10.30 Drilled Caissons (Proposed) A10.31 Digger Derricks A10.32 Fall Prevention System (Proposed) A10.33 Minimum Requirements of Safety and Health Programs (Under development) A10.34 miblic Protection (Proposed) A10.35 High Pressure Hydro Blasting (Proposed) A10.36 Dry Diamond Saws (Proposed) The standards in the A10 series will find a major application in industry, serving as a guide to contractors, labor, and equipment manufacturers. One other purpose of these standards is to serve as a guide to governmental authorities having jurisdiction over subjects within the scope of the A10 Committee. If these standards are adopted for government use, the references of other national codes or standards in the individual volumes may be changed to refer to the Corresponding regulations of the governmental authorities.

Ail inquiries requesting interpretation of the language of the Committees approved American National Standards must be in writing and directed to the secretariat. The A10 Committee shall approve the irkterpretation before a response is sent to the inquirer: (No one but the AIO Commitfeeis authorized to provide any interpretationof this standard.)
The A10 Committee solicits and welcomes suggestions, comments, and criticisms concerning the requirements of the standards. They will be revised from time to time to provide for new developments, Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome.

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A N S I A L O - 1 3 89 W 0 7 2 4 3 5 0 0000153 3 W
Ail requests for interpretation and ail suggestions for improvement should be sent to the A10 Committee, National Safety Council, 444 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611.

This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by the Accredited Standards Committee on Safety in Construction and Demolition Operations, Alo. Committee approval of the standard does not necessarily imply that all Committee members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard, the A10 Committee had the following members: Matthew J. Burkart, Chairman Jim E. Lapping, Vice-chairman Phil Schmidt, Secretary
Organization Represented Aegis Corporation ALCOA Alliance of American Insurers Name of Representative

Matthew J. Burkart Walter B. Garyotis Daniel J. Mortenson Campbell G . Dewey (Alt) Robert S. Gosnell American Concrete Institute ..................................................................................... Peter D. Courtois S.J. Henry (Alt) Jim E. Lapping American Federation of Labor - Congress of Industrial Organizations .................. Leslie Murphy (Alt) American Institute of Architects .............................................................................. H. W. Eisenberg American Institute of Steel Construction Ron Davis American Insurance Service Group, Inc ................................................................... Michael Shaglia Bill Fields (Alt) Robert Latham American Road and Transportation Builders Association American Society of Safety Engineers Ernest Sorgenson. Jr F. C. Daniels (Alt) Associated Builder4 and Contractors ....................................................................... David Potts Paul A. King The Associated General Contractors of America..................................................... Joe McGonagle (Alt) Black and Veatch ....................................................................................... '..............Richard K. King Gary Buffington (Alt) Colonna's Shipyard, Inc ............................................................................................ Oscar F. Smith, IV Hamy Huggins (Alt) Wi~am E. Miller Construction Industry Manufacturers Association................................................... E. I. Dupont DeNemours & Company ..................................................................... S.C. Weatherly A. D. Cobb (Alt) Engineering Contractors Association de Nemours tom Malloy Richard Chapman (Alt) Human Factors Society Lewis C. Barbe Industrial Safety Equipment Association Frank E. Wilcher Catherine A. Morin (Alt) Institute of Makers of Explosives ............................................................................. Roger N. Presmtt International Association of Bridge, Structured and Ornamental Iron Workers .....Thomas Clarkson Bernard Puchalski (Alt) George E. Smith International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers ..................................................... Dick Strmberg (Alt) Intemational Union of Operation Engineers ............................................................ A. Bennett Hill, Jr Laborers Intemational Union of North America ...................................................... Vito Russo Mason Contractors Association of America ............................................................ George A. Miller Jack Hansman Mechanical Contractors Association of America Wiiam C. Abernathy (Alt) (Representation vacant) National Association of Dredging Contractors Gil Mier (Alt) John Brooks National Association of Governmental Labor Officials .......................................... Harold E. Van Werden National Association of Home Builders .................................................................. Kenneth A. Paradis National Contractors Association....... Charles J. Hart National Electrical Contractors Association ............................................................ Wiiam J. Normand (Alt) National Erectors Association .................................................................................. W i ~ a m Treharne S.C. Burkhammer (Alt) National Roofing Contractors Association .............................................................. Robert McAdam Fred Good (Alt)

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A N S I A10.13

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Name of Representative J o A.~Gleichman chard C.Mocny Joseph S. Puccinelii (Alt) A. J. Scardino, Jr Donald J. Godiewski (Alt) Daniel M. Paine David Denny (Ait) Randy Kmeger Lany W. Snead (Alt) J~ A. Adam Joseph L. Durst, Ir Robert J. h l Joseph A. Wiederkehr (Alt) Michael G. V o g t Mark A. Peterson (Alt) Roy Gumham Dave Hadden (Alt) Anthmy D. Brown James Makris (Alt) H.S. Lew Charles L.Nor& Ingo Bise Jeffrey D. Meddin

Organization Represented National Safety Council ........................................................................................... Scaffolding, Shoring, and Forming Institute ............................................................

.............................................................................................. Sinco, Inc .................................................................................................................. The Taylor Companies ............................................................................................. United Association ................................................................................................... United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America ..................................... United Union Roofers, Waterproofers and Aied Workers .................................... United States Department of the A m y .................................................................... United States Department of Labor -OSHA ......................................................... United States Environmental Protection Agency ..................................................... United States National Bureau of Standards ............................................................ Wire Rope Technical Board ..................................................................................... Zeise .......................................................................................................................... Zum Industries ..........................................................................................................
Sigma Associates, Ltd

Subcommittee A10.13 on Steel Erection, which developed this revision, had the following members: William Trehame, Chairman
Steve Cooper Robert George Mark Mascio Homer Petersen Don Wilson

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Contents

SECTION

PAGE

1 Scope and Application 1.1 scope 1.2 Purpose ........................................................................................................... 1.3 Exceptions and Interpretations

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7 7 7 7

2 . Referenced and Related Standards ........................................................................... 2.1 Referenced American National Standards ..................................................... 2.2 Related Standards ........................................................................................... 3. Definitions ................................................................................................................ 4. Job Planning 4.1 Survey of Work to be Performed ................................................................... 4.2 Safe Access and Movement ........................................................................... 4.3 Storage Areas 4.4 Trash ...............................................................................................................

7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8

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5. General 5.1 Workers and Supervisors 5.2 Communications ............................................................................................. 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Hoisting .......................................................................................................... Welding and Cutting Scaffolding ..................................................................................................... Safety Nets .....................................................................................................

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10 10 10 10 10 10 10

6. Hoisting, Welding and Cutting. Scaffolding. and Safety Nets ................................

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7 Temporary Hooring ................................................................................................. 8. Bolting. Riveting. Fitting-Up, Drilling. Reaming and Plumbing ............................ 8.1 General Safety Requirements 8.2 Air tools .......................................................................................................... 8.3 Bolting ............................................................................................................ 8.4 Riveting 8.5 Drilling an Reaming 8.6 Plumbing ........................................................................................................

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9. Connecting ...............................................................................................................
10. Ladders

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........................................................................................... 11. Structures .................................................................................................................

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11.1 Buildings 11.2 Bridges

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12 12 12 13 13 13

12. Material Handling and Yarding ............................................................................... 12.1 Railroad Cars .................................................................................................. 12.2 Trucks 12.3 Handling Material and Equipment ................................................................. 12.4 Yarding ...........................................................................................................

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13. Work on or Over Water ........................................................................................... 14. Personal Protection .................................................................................................. 14.1 General Requirements .................................................................................... 14.2 Work Vests and Life Preservers ..................................................................... 14.3 Safety Belts ..................................................................................................... 15. Dismantling .............................................................................................................. 16. Mill Work ................................................................................................................. Appendix Survey of Job Site ........................................................................................

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ANSI ALO.33 4 9

m 0724350 0000356

American National Standard for Construction and Demolition Operations -

Steel Erection Safety Requirements

1. Scope and Application

1.1 Scope. This standard establishes safety requirements for the handling, fitting, fastening, and dismantling of structural and plate steel at a final in-place field erection during construction and demolition operations.
1.2 Purpose. This standard is designed: (1) to guard against and minimize injury to workers and otherwise provide for the protection of life, limb, and property by prescribing minimum safety requirements; (2) to provide direction to persons concerned with, or responsible for, its application; and (3) to guide governments and other regulatory bodies in the development and promulgation of appropriate safety directives. 1.3 Exceptions and Interpretations. In case of practical difficulties, new developments or unusual hardship, the administrative or regulatory authority may grant variations or exceptions from the literal requirements of this standard only when it is clearly evident that an equivalent degree of protection is thereby provided, If engineering is involved, supporting calculations shall be submitted.

ANSI A10.8-1988, Construction and Demolition Operations -Scaffolding -Safety Requirements ANSI A10.11-1979, Safety Requirements for Safety Nets ANSI A14.1-1982, Ladders -Portable Wood Safety Requirements ANSI A14.2-1982, Ladders -Portable Metal Safety Requirements ANSI A14.4-1979, Safety Requirements for Job-Made Ladders ANSI A14.5-1982, Ladders -Portable Reinforced Plastic - Safety Requirements ANSI Z41-1983, Personnel Protection -Protective Footwear ANSI 249.1-1988, Safety in Welding and Cutting ANSI 287.1-1979, Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection ANSI 288.2-1980, Practices for Respiratory Protection ANSI 289.1-1986, Personnel Protection -Protective Headwear for Tndustrial Workers -Requirements ANSI/ASME B30.5-1989, Mobile and Locomotive Cranes

2. Referenced and Related Standards

2.1 Referenced American National Standards. This standard is intended to be used in conjunction with the following American National Standards. When these standards are superseded by a revision approved by the American National Standards Institute, Inc, the revision shall apply.
ANSI A10.4-1981, Safety Requirements for Personnel Hoists ANSI A10.5-1981, Safety Requirements for Material Hoists

ANSI/ASME B30.7-1984, B30.7a-1985, B30.7b-1986, B30.7~-1987, and B30.7d-1988, Base Mounted Drum Hoists ANSI/ASME B30.8-1988, Floating Cranes and Floating Derricks
2.2 Related Standards. The standards listed here are for information only and are not essential for the completion of the requirements of this standard

ANSI A10.18-1983, Construction and Demolition Operations -Temporary Floor and Wall Openings, Stairs, Railings and Toeboards -Safety Requirements ANSI 14.3-1084,Ladders -Fixed ments

-Safety Require7

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD A10.13-1989

ANSI/ASME B30.6-1984, B30.b-1985, B30.6b-1987, B30.6~-1988, B30.6d-1989, Derricks.

cal survey of the jobsite. The survey shall include, but not be limited to, the items listed in 4.2 through 4.4.

3. Definitions
administrative or regulatory authority. Govemmental agency or the employer in the absence of govemmental jurisdiction. authorized. Approved by a duly constituted administrative or regulatory authority. catenary. A horizontal line that is suspended between two secure anchors to which safety belt lanyards may be attached. driftpin. A pin that is tapered at both ends and used to align holes. falls. A hoisting system that may consist of one or more blocks and connecting ropes. fitting-up. A process of aligning or pulling together, or both, components prior to making the permanent connection. girder dog. An adjustable clamp that is used to grip a girder around the top flange for lifting. lanyard. A rope suitable for supportingone person. One end is fastened to the safety belt or harness, and the other end is secured to a substantialobject, catenary, or lifeline. lifeline. A vertical or horizontal line, independent of the work surface, to which the lanyard is secured either by tying off or by means of a suitable sliding connection. The lifeline shall be capable of supporting a minimum load of 5400 pounds per person. mill work. Work performed in operating industrial plants. softener. Material that is used to protect slings and materials from damage. tag line. A line that is used to control a load. tier buiding. A multiple-story building

4.2 Safe Access and Movement 4.2.1 Workers. The foilowing shall be checked: (1) Work areas (2) Walkways, runways, and passageways (3) Ladders, stairways, and elevators (4) Protection from floor, wall, and roof openings (5) Illumination (6) Fire protection and evacuation plans, their existence and their efficiency 4.2.2 Vehicles. The following shall be checked (1) Roads u r n space (a) T (b) Parking space (c) Mud areas (2) Ramps (3) Signs and signals to route vehicles on the job (4) Provisions for maintenance and repair of vehicles (5) Provisions for safe conduct of pedestrian and vehicular traffic at entrances and exits to public thoroughfares. 4.2.3 Existing Utilities, Structures, and Services. The following existing utilities, structures, and services shall be checked and visibly identified as to location and characteristics: (1) Underground structures (vaults, pipelines, sewers, electrical lines, and the like). (2) Overhead high voltage lines: if adequate safe clearances cannot be maintained, the employer shall de-energize, and visibly ground, relocate, or erect effective barriers. (3) Surface utilities, particularly crane rails, service feeders, gas and other pipelines. (4) Sanitary facilities. 4.3 Storage Areas 43.1 Lay-down and storage areas should be established and well defined for: (1) Structural steel and other materials (2) Construction tools and equipment In the event of limited space for structural layout, a strict schedule for steel arrival at site shall be established, or a remake site or warehouse provided for that purpose. 4.3.2 The lay-down and storage area shall be adequate for safe off-loading access and egress. (The storage of structural material shall be planned for orderly and safe retrieval.)
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4. Job Planning
4.1 Survey of Work to be Performed. Prior to the start of work, the employer shall make a survey of the work to be done from the construction drawings; by discussion with the owner, architect, engineer, general contractor, and construction manager; and by a physi-

4.4 Trash. Trash collection and disposal arrangements shall be made for its regular periodic collection and removal from all work areas.

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD A10.13-1989

5. General

7. Temporary Flooring
7.1 The derrick or working floor of every multistory building shall be solidly decked over its entire surface except for access openings. 7.2 There shall be a tight and substantial floor within two floors or 30 feet, whichever is less, below and directly under the portion of each tier of beams on which bolting, riveting, welding, or any form of detailing is being done, except when gathering and stacking temporary floor planks on a lower floor in preparation for transferring such planks for use on an upper working floor. The employees shall remove such planks successively, working toward the last panel of such floor so that the work is always done from the plank floor. When gathering and stacking temporary floor planks from the last panel, the employees assigned to such work shall be protected by safety belts with lanyards attached to a catenary line or other substantial anchorage. 7 3 The foregoing provisions shall not apply to what is generally known as mill buildings or other Structures where no floors are contemplated and where the operation of overhead cranes will not permit compliance. 7.4 After a working floor is provided, a safety line of ID-inch wire rope or the equivalent shall be installed around the periphery of all temporary planked or metaldecked work floors of tier buildings and other multi-floored structures. This line shall be placed approximately 42 inches above the working floor and should be flagged to increase visibility. 7.5 The safety line shall be attached to all perimeter columns and kept taut by use of a turnbuckle or other means. The safety line shall be left in place until it is replaced by walls, standard guardrails, or other means of protection or until the working floor is removed. 7.6 Wood planking used for temporary flooring shall be of proper thickness to carry a minimum working load of 50 pounds per square foot. The planking shall be a minimum of 2 inches thick, full size, undressed, or the equivalent. Planking shall be laid tightly and shall be secured to prevent movement. 7.7 When metal decking or grating is used for a work floor in place of planks, it shall be of equivalent strength; it shall be laid tightly and shall be secured to prevent movement, 7.8 Planks shall overlap their supports on each end by a minimum of 12 inches. 7.9 Wire mesh, or exterior-grade plywood that is 314

5.1 Workers and Supervisors. Arrangements shall be provided for the following: (1) Safety and health training in the recognition and avoidance of hazards; supervision of personnel. (2) Stimulating and maintaining interest in safety through: (a) Safety bulletins, record charts and posters, (b) Recognition for groups or individuals with excellent safety records, (c) Investigation and reporting of accidents, (d) Promotion of knowledge of safety rules and regulations, (e) Safety meetings, ( f ) Specific safety instructions for new employees prior to job or work assignment, (3) Necessary temporary buildings, change houses, sanitary facilities, and drinking water. (4)Adequate emergency treatment of injured or ill employees. Qualified and trained first-aid personnel shall be available.
5.2 Communications. Liaison shall be established among all entities connected with the project to avoid congestion of workers or conflict in the safeconduct of operations. This liaison shall begin prior to commencement of work and shall continue at weekly job meetings.

6. Hoisting, Welding and Cutting, Scaffolding, and Safety Nets

6.1 Hoisting. Cranes, derricks, and hoists shall be constructed, installed, tested, inspected, maintained, and operated in accordance with ANSI A10.4-1981; ANSI A10.5-1981; ANSI/ASME B30.5-1989; ANSI/ ASME B30.7-1984, B30.7a-1985, B30.7b-1986, B30.7~-1987, and B30.7d-1988; and ANSI/ASME B30.8-1988. 6.2 Welding and Cutting. Welding and cutting shall be performed in accordance with ANSI 249.1-1988.

6.3 Scaffolding. Scaffolding shall be constructed and used in accordance with American National Standard Safety Requirements for Scaffolding, ANSI A10.81988.
6.4 Safety Nets. Safety nets shall be manufactured and used in accordance with ANSI A1O.ll-1979.

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD A10.13-1989

inch thick, shall be used around columns where planks do not fit tightly.

7.10 A l l temporary flooring shall be secured to prevent displacement by wind. 7.11 All temporary or permanent floor openings shall be completely planked over or barricaded until such time as they are used, this includes openings where permanent decking is left off for access by inspection personnel. Employees required to work adjacent to any unguarded floor opening shall be protected by wearing safety belts with lanyards secured to a catenary line or other substantial anchorage, or by other equivalent fallprotection systems. 7.12 Floor planks that are temporarily removed to perform work shall be replaced as soon as possible; when immediate replacement is not possible, the open area shall be guarded in accordance with 7.11. 7.13 Transfer of floor planks from one floor to another shall be limited to bundles of not more than 2 planks wide and 15 planks high. The bundles shall be choked when hoisted with a sling or slings.

authorized container be raised or lowered buy using a hand line. 83.3 Impact wrenches shall be provided with a locking device for retaining the socket.

8.4 Riveting 8.4.1 Riveting, burning, and welding shall not be done above flammable material, unless this material is so protected that an accidentally dropped hot rivet, spark, or weld slag could not result in ignition. 8.4.2 When rivet heads are being backed out or knocked off, means shall be provided to control them. 8.4.3 A safety wire to retain the snap shall be properly installed on the snap and on the handle of an air hammer and shall be used at all times. The wire size shall not be less than No. 9 (B&S Wire Gage) or equivalent where it leaves the handle, and annealed No. 14 (B&S Wire Gage) on the snap. 8.5 Drilling and Reaming. Drilling and reaming machines shall be operated by two employees, unless the handle is firmly secured to resist the torque reaction of the machine if the reaming or drilling bit should bind. 8.6 Plumbing 8.6.1 Hooks or lashing used for plumbing shall be securely attached before stressing the turnbuckle. 8.6.2 When a turnbuckle is under stress during plumbing, a device shall be used to keep the turnbuckle form unwinding while under load. 8.6.3 Plumbing guys shall be placed so that workers have safe access at the connection points. 8.6.4 Plumbing guys shall not be removed without first obtaining permission from the job superintendent, or the superintendents authorized representative. 8.6.5 A communications system shall be established between members of the plumbing crews before starting to plumb a structure.

8. Bolting, Riveting, Fitting-Up, Drilling, Reaming, and Plumbing

8.1 General Safety Requirements 8.1.1 Eye protection shall be provided for, and worn by, workers who are reaming, or drilling, or who are driving wedges, shims, or pins. 8.1.2 Authorized containers shall be provided for storing and carrying rivets, bolts, and driftpins. The containers shall be secured against accidental displacement when aloft. 8.2 Air tools 8.2.1 Before repairing or adjusting pneumatic hand tools, pressure in air lines shall be relieved, and they shall be disconnected from the air lines. 8.2.2 Air line and hose sections shall be tied together, except when automatic cutoff couplers are used to join the sections. 8.2.3 Air lines located on roadways shall be protected from vehicle wheels. 8.2.4 Air lines and hoses shall not be used for hoisting or lowering tools. 8.3 Bolting 8.3.1 When bolts or driftpins are knocked out, they shall be retained or otherwisekept from falling. 8.3.2 Bolts, nuts, washers, and pins shall not be thrown. It is recommended that a bolt-basket or other
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9. Connecting
9.1 When connectors are working together, only one person shall give signals. That person shall make sure that the partner, or others working on the job, are in the clear. Each employee shall select a position to avoid being stnick by a swinging load. 9.2 When connectors are working at the same connecting point, they shall connect one end of the structural member before going out to connect the other end, and then only one connector shall go oyt to connect the other end. 9 3 Whenever possible, the connectors shall straddle the beam instead of walking along the top flange.

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ANSI A L O - L I 87 W 0 7 2 4 3 5 0 O O O O L b O O
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD A10.13-1989

9.4 During the final placing of solid web structural members, the load shall not be released fiom the hoisting line until the members are secured with not less than two bolts, or the equivalent, at each connection, to keep members from rolling and to sustain anticipated loads. Bolts shall be drawn up wrench-tight. 9.5 When double connections are involved, the structural detaiier and fabricator shall be consulted concerning the provisions for a seat lug or flange length extension on one of the beams, and a corresponding bolt hole in the web of the column floor or beam. 9.6 If connecting lugs are bent, they shall be straightened before hoisting the member. 9.7 When columns are being set on base plate or shims, and before lifting falls are unhitched, either the nuts on the anchor bolts shall be drawn down tight or temporary guys shall be affixed.

9.8 A piece shall never be cut loose until the required minimum of bolts have been installed; a wrench or driftpin in the hole shall not be used as a substitute for the bolts.

10. Ladders
Ladders shall be constructed, used, inspected, and maintained in accordance with ANSI A14.1-1982, ANSI A14.2-1982, ANSI A14.4-1979, and ANSI A14.5-1982.

11. Structures
11.1 Buildings 11.1.1 Permanent floors shall be installed as soon as possible as the erection of structural steel members progresses. The sequence of erection, bolting, temporary guying, riveting, and welding shall be such as to maintain the stability of the structural fiame at all times during the construction. Consideration shall be given to the dead weight of the structure, the weight and working reactions of all construction equipment placed thereon, and all external forces that may be applied. 11.1.2 There shall be a floor or safety net within two stories or 30 feet, whichever is less, below and directly under that portion of each tier of beams on which any work is being performed, except gathering and stacking temporary floor planks on a lower floor in preparation for transferring such planks to an upper working floor. The steel erectors personnel shall re-

move such planks successively, working toward the last panel of such floor so that the work is always done from the planked floor. When gathering and stacking temporary floor planks f?om the last panel, workers assigned to such work shall be protected by safety belts with lanyards attached to a catenary line or other substantial anchorage. 11.1.3 Where planking or safety nets would interfere with the erection of a structure, the use of safety belts with lanyards or other fall-protectionsystems shall be accepted as alternative protection. 11.1.4 In elevator shafts, a tight platform of planks at least 2 inches thick, full-size, or exterior-gradeplywood at least 314 inch thick, or equivalent material, shall be installed not more than two stories or 30 feet, whichever is less, below the level at which people are working. 11.1.5 During the construction of a building, there shall be at least two stairways; or else a personnel hoist complying with the requirements of ANSI Al0.4-1981 shall be installed to within four floors or 60 feet (whichever is less) of the uppermost working floor. Stairways shall not be located adjacent to each other, but shall be no more than 150 feet apart. A stairway may consist of steel scaffold with stairs. 11.1.6 Temporary stairways shall have treads constructed of wood planks not less than 2 x 10 inches in size, or of metal, not less than 10 inches in width, of equivalent strength. Such temporary stairways shall be not less than 3 feet in width, rigidly braced, and of sufficient strength to support a load of 100 pounds per square foot. 11.1.7 Stairways with steel ireads, pan type stairs and landings without permanent surfaces, or both, shall be provided with adequate wooden treads and landings fitted securely in place to eliminate tripping hazards. Stairways that are not safe or ready for pedestrian traffic shall be blocked off to prevent usage. 11.1.8 Every stairway shall be provided with handrails of height not less than 30 inches or more than 34 inches, measured vertically from the nose of the tread to the top of the rail. 11.1.9 All structural steel framing shall have its structural integrity protected prompty upon erection by bracing adequate to resist horizontal forces such as wind and reactions by erection equipment. 11.1.10 No load-bearingstructural member shall be materially weakened by cutting, holing, or other means, except with the approval of the designer of the structure or a licensed professional engineer, 11.1.11 Open-web steel joists (bar joists) placed at permanent or final positions shall be promptly bolted, riveted, or welded, and all permanent bridging shall be installed.

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11.1.12 Bar joists hoisted in groups shall not exceed the number necessary for one bay. Such joists o as to land on their shall be arranged and positioned s proper bearing ends. 11.2 Bridges 11.2.1 Safety belts shall be provided to and used by persons employed at elevations greater than 25 feet above land or water during bridge construction. Scaffolds, platforms, or safety nets may be provided as an alternative to safety belts. Safety belts or equivalent fall-protectionsystems shall be worn and used where scaffolds, platforms, or safety nets might interfere with the placement of structural members or assemblies. 11.2.2 The lateral stability of long limber beams or girders, especially when of composite design, shall be determined before lifting the members. Where required, stiffener trusses or other means shall be used to make the beams or girders laterally stable for lifting. 11.23 A girder or truss shall be secured and braced before it is released from the lifting hitch and load falls. 11.2.4 Trusses and beams shall be braced laterally and progressively during construction to prevent buckling or overturning. The first member shall be positively braced or guyed against shifting before succeeding members are erected and secured to it. The total system shall be adequately braced and stabilized by anchoring to the foundation, to suitable anchors buried in the ground, or by equivalent methods. 11.2.5 Girders, trusses, and beams shall be controlled by at least one tag line during hoisting.

12.1.6 When trusses and girders are removed from a car, pieces shall be taken out in proper sequence and the remaining girders and trusses shall be shored up for their progressive removal. 12.1.7 The car shall not be unloaded progressively from only one side, as this will unbalance the car. Exception: when the car is adequately blocked to support the unbalanced load safely and to prevent the car from tipping. 12.2 Trucks 12.2.1 Trucks shall be level during loading and unloading. When trucks are parked on a grade, the wheels shall be chocked or blocked unless attended, and the brakes should be set. 12.2.2 Slings shall be in place on the load before the binders are loosened. 12.23 When a driver's vision is restricted, the truck he or she is driving shall not be backed up unless guided by a person so stationed on the side that he or she can see the truck driver and the space in back of the vehicle, and be seen by the truck driver. 12.3 Handling Material and Equipment 12.3.1 A crane shall be kept on a firm and level surface when hoisting equipment or material. If the surface is muddy or uneven, mats or timbers shall be used to level the crane. 12.3.2 Swinging cranes shall not encroach on operating tracks, unless provisions are made to control rail traffic. 12.33 When girder dogs are used, the dogs shall either straddle a stiffener angle or be otherwise securely held in position. 12.3.4 Only eye-and-eye slings shall be used for choking a load. The eye of the sling shall be firmly in contact with the load before hoisting. 12.3.5 There shall be no loose material, tools or personnel riding on a load when it is hoisted. 123.6 Softeners should be used to protect slings from sharp edges. 12.3.7 The load block shall be centered over the load, and the load shall be balanced. 12.3.8 Sorting hooks shall be confined to sorting and shall not be used for hoisting. 123.9 Two choked slings shall be used when picking up more than one piece. 12.3.10 Special precautions'shall be used when picking up small pieces. A double turn of the sling shall be used in picking up small single pieces. Some pieces can best be handled by placing shackles in the bolt holes. 12.3.11 Lugs, gussets and connecting angles shall be examined before hoisting to ensure that no connections are bent or twisted.

12. Material Handling and Yarding

12.1 Railroad Cars 12.1.1 Cars shall be moved only when there are controlled means for starting and stopping. Prior to car movement, the immediate area shall be checked for clearance. 12.1.2 When cars are parked on a grade, the wheels shall be chocked and the brakes shall be set. 12.1.3 Stops shall be installed on all open rail ends. 12.1.4 Cars placed at desired locations shall not block active crossings and roadways, unless other access routes are available. 12.1.5 Flags or lights shall be placed on the track at least 125 feet from each end of the car or location where work is being performed. Flags or lights shall remain there during any loading or unloading operations.
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12.3.12 Skip boxes shall be loaded so that material does not fall out while the load is being hoisted or landed. 12.3.13 The weight of the load shall be known before it is hoisted. The crane or hoist manufacturers rated load capacity shall not be exceeded. 12.3.14 Heavy loads shall be moved slowly and kept under control at all times. 12.3.15 Loads shall be guided and prevented from swinging by one or more tag lines attached to the load, and controlled by one or more workers. 12.4 Yarding 12.4.1 When steel is yarded under traffic conditions in railroad yards, all equipment shall be kept free from the operating track when trains are passing. 12.4.2 Material or equipment in railroad yards, or in the vicinity of operating railroads, shall be kept at least 6 feet from the nearest rail of an operating track. 12.4.3 Material shall be piled or stacked in an orderly fashion; blocking shall be used to support an unstable pile or stack. 12.4.4 Girders shall be shored (braced) when landed and before unhitching.

a safety boat, such as floating lines and life rings downstream, shall be used.

13.7 Gangplanks shall be provided for boarding boats. Gangplanks shall be secured against slipping, and handrails shall be provided. Other means for boarding boats may be used if they provide equal protection. 13.8 Nonslip surface material shall be placed on docks, decks of barges, and boat decks subject to slippery conditions. 13.9 A l l gangways, ladders, stairways, and passages shall be kept free of ice, grease, tools, materials, and rubbish. 13.10 Decks of barges and boats shall be kept free of unused tools and materials. Work spaces shall be clear of coiled lines and stored materials. 13.11 Wire rope shall be used for anchor lines on barges or derrick boats; an allowance for tide and swells shall be made when anchoring equipment. 13.12 Mania or synthetic-fiberlines shall be used as dock hawser when tying up to wharves, piers, or shore. 13.13 All deck hatches shall be kept covered unless completely enclosed by handrails or guards. 13.14 Handrails shall be provided around the open work decks of equipment on the water. 13.15 U.S. Coast Guard and local regulations shall govern all marine operations. Danger areas shall be marked with buoys, signs, and lights. 13.16 Prior to commencement of operations, the local l underwater pipelines, cables, and other obtion of a stacles in the work area shall be identified and marked.

13. Work on or over Water

13.1 All floating equipment shall be equipped with ring buoys approved by the U.S. Coast Guard, and 90 feet of line attached. 13.2 Employees working wer or on water where the danger of drowning exists shali be provided with life jackets or buoyant work vests approved by the U.S. Coast Guard, unless otherwise protected. 13.3 Personnel boats shall be equipped with safety rails or lines around passenger open deck areas. 13.4 When safety boats are required by the regulatory authority, they shall be equipped with the following: (1) Two oars (2) Oarlocks securely attached to the gunwales or the oars (3) One life ring with 90 feet of 3B-inch rope attached (4)Two life vests (5) One ball boat-hook 13.5 A powerboat shall be provided in locations where the waters are rough or swift, and manually-operated boats are not practical. 13.6 If the water is swift and unnavigable and a drowning hazard exists, means of protection other than

14. Personal Protection

14.1 General Requirements. Personal protective equipment shall be in accordance with ANSI Z411983, ANSI 287.1-1979, ANSI 288.2-1980, and ANSI 289.1-1986. 14.2 Work Vests and Life Preservers. Work vests, life preservers, or personal flotation devices and ring buoys shall be those approved by the U.S. Coast Guard. 14.3 Safety Belts 14.3.1 Safety belts with attached lanyards shall be worn by employees whose work exposes them to falling hazards. The anchor end of the lanyard shall be secured in such a way as to limit free-fall to 6 feet.
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14.3.2 When a safety belt cannot be used, safety nets or scaffolds shall be used. 1 4 3 3 Lanyards attached to safety belts shall be secured to a member of the structure or to catenary lines. The use of either nylon rope or shock-absorbing material is recommended for lanyards.

15.11 Ventilation shall be provided where required when welding or oxygen cutting is performed. Safety practices as outlined in ANSI 249.1-1988 shall be followed. 15.12 When a residue still remains after an enclosed vessel has been purged, the cutting area shall be cleaned, fire protection shall be provided, and the residue shall be wetted down just before cutting. If there is any lapse of time between wetting and cutting, the residue shall be wetted again. Adequate precautions shall be taken prior to entering any closed vessel or confined space. Prior to entry into any vessel or confined space, precautions shall be taken against the hazards of flammable or toxic gases or oxygen deficiency.Entrants shall wear means of retrieval.
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15. Dismantling
15.1 Dismantling shall be planned with a definite sequence, and a communication system shall be set up with the responsible engineer for taking care of unplanned-for conditions that may develop. 15.2 Prior to the start of the job, a briefing session shall be conducted with all supervisory personnel in attendance. The individual in charge of the job shall make certain that the supervisors thoroughly understand the briefing on the sequence and procedure of dismantlingoperations, with particular reference to bracing or struts, or both, that must be left i n place i n order to maintain the stability of the structure. 15.3 The different phases of work shall be coordinated

15.13 When cutting, the area below shall be checked for flammable material. Precautions shall be taken as outlined in ANSI 249.1-1988. 15.14 Cutters (burners) shall be cautioned to make a visual check of every cut they make to be sure that they have cut all the way through a member. This will eliminate the possibility of pulling down the structure or damaging the hoisting equipment when removing the member that has been cut. 15.15 Rivets shall not be completely cut out of a connection until enough temporary bolts to support the weight of the member are in place and snug. 15.16 When cutters (burners) precede the dismantling gangs, the stability of the structure shall be maintained until the members are removed. 15.17 When detail gangs precede the dismantling gangs to prepare the structure so that it can be taken down easily, they shall make certain that enough bolts are left in a connection to support the structure plus ail expected loads. At least two snug bolts shall be left in each connection so that the member cannot roll. 15.18 A tag line shall be placed on each end of a member to keep it from swinging during dismantling. Workers shall not depend entirely on tag lines; good judgment shall be used in locating the center of gravity of the member, at which the crane or hoist hook shall be placed. 15.19 When a temporary structure is erected, the center of gravity of the members shall be marked so that later dismantling will be easier. 15.20 The supervisor shall make certain that no one is working immediately underneath a dismantling project and that employees are kept out of the hazardous areas below the dismantling project by barricades, or other equivalent protection.

so that one phase does not create a hazard for another,

15.4 When more than one supervisor is assigned to a dismantlingproject, one supervisor shall be designated as being in charge of that project. Communications shall be established between these supervisors. 15.5 Steel shall not be hooked onto or removed until authorization is given by the supervisor in charge. 15.6 A l i loose material shall be removed from a member before hooking onto it. 15.7 The weight of a member or members shall be known or properly estimated before hooking onto them. The crane or hoist capacity chart shall be reviewed for each different lift. 15.8 A shackle or safety hook shall be used for handling loads; an open hook shall not be used for this PurPo= 15.9 Care shall be taken when tying off scaffold lines to old steel, since old steel may develop sawtooth edges that must be avoided. A scaffold shall not be tied off to a member that is being removed. 15.10 An enclosure of pipeline that has contained a flammablegas or liquid shall not be welded or cut, until the interior has been thoroughly purged and the operation has been approved by the supervisor in charge.

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15.21 During dismantling,adequate strength lines shall be secured to structural members under stress to prevent them from swinging when cut loose; the lines shall be snubbed off to adjacent members if there is danger of employees being hit.

contractors may perform this work under the guidance of the mill or plant electrical department.

16. Mill Work

16.1 Steel erection work under mill or plant operations is especially hazardous, since there is usually a congestion of employees and materials from other contractors as well as plant personnel. Prior to the start of any erection or repair job, a conference shall be held between the erector and the plant supervisorypersonnel to formulate safe job procedures and to assign duties and responsibilities. 16.2 The department and individuals who will act as coordinatorsfor the plant work shall be identified to the steel erector. 16.3 The operating plant supervisory personnel who will have the responsibility for clearances on various phases of the work to be performed by the steel erector shall be identified and shall be readily available.

16.10 When working near hot rails where the conductors cannot be deenergized,employees shall be protected by adequate insulation on the energized items. It is recommended that the conductorsbe deenergized, that switches be locked with authorized locks, and that keys be retained in the possession of the supervisor in charge. 16.11 When working around operating crane runways, the warning signals shall be obeyed. Employees shali not step onto an operating crane runway until the supervisor in charge of operation is notified and has secured proper clearance for safe work. 16.12 When work is being done on crane runways under operating conditions, rail stops shall be placed between employees and the operating crane. 16.13 Unsecured sections of crane rail or other loose material shall not be allowed to remain on cranes or on crane runway girders. 16.14 When work is being done on crane runways, flasher lights are recommended to clearly define the work area and to warn the crane operator. 16.15 When work is being done in an area where welding or oxygen-cuttingmay cause a fire, extinguishers shall be provided and a f i e watch shall be maintained. Proper authorization for such welding or oxygen-cuttingshall be obtained from mill or plant supervisory personnel. 16.16 When work is being done in an active production area, the work area shall be roped off, barricaded, or otherwise clearly defined, and warning signs shall be posted to discourage trespassing. 16.17 Supervisor approval is required before entry to areas in which there are explosives, poisonous gas, or chemicals. No work shall be performed in such areas until the areas have been inspected and tested to ensure that it is safe to enter and work in them. Authorization from the responsible supervisor of the operating plant may be required. Continuous or intermittent testing and inspection of the areas may be required. 16.18 A gas line shall never be cut or removed, except on specific instructions from the supervisor in charge. 16.19 in the event of a gas leak or explosion, the area shall be cleared immediately. Rescue work shall be left to mili or plant personnel that are trained and equipped for emergency rescue. 16.20 A short meeting should be held by the supervisor at the work area to ensure that each employee in the crew is familiar with the work to be performed. Re-job safety planning is essential.
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16.4 The work area shall be clearly defined, and the location and identification of gas lines, oxygen lines, electrical wires, hot rails, and all similar hazardous items shall be fully establishedand made laiown. 16.5 The.responsibility for site preparation, such as closing passageways; cleaning grease or other foreign material from a crane runway; deenergizing all electrical lines; emptying,purging, and blanking of all pipelines; and so on shall be established before dismantling starts. 16.6 All existing mili and plant safety regulations shall be observed. Areas that are restricted to ali persons except operating personnel shall not be entered except on permission from the operating mill or plant personnel supervisor. 16.7 The supervisor in charge shall be responsible for obtaining proper clearances from mill or plant supervisory personnel for all phases of the work and shall not delegate this responsibility to any other crew member. 16.8 The mill or plant supervisory personnel shall determine the voltage of electricalwires near the work area and shall set the clearance limits necessary for safety. Employees, equipment, or material shail not get closer to the wires than the set limits. All wire shail be assumed to be hot until proven to be otherwise.

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16.9 Electrical wires shall not be cut or removed. Such work shall be performed by the maintenance or electrical department of the mill or plant. Outside electrical

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Appendix

m i s Appendix is not part of American National Standard A10.13-1989, but is included for information only.)

Survey of Job Site

Construction and demolition workers are subject to certain hazards that cannot be eliminated by mechanical means and must be controlled by care, common sense, and intelligence. The AIO Committee realizes the importance of safety and strongly recommends that, prior to commencing any operation, the employer make a survey of the conditions of the site to determine the hazards and the kind and number of safeguards that the employer will install. The survey should include, but not be limited to, the following:

(4) Scheduling work for safety

( I ) Safe access and movement (a) Work areas (b) Walkways, runways, and passageways (c) Ladders, stairways, and elevators (d) Protection for floor and roof openings (e) Ilumination (2) Vehicles (a) Roads: (i) Turn space (ii) Parking area (iii) Mud areas (b) Materials storage areas and dump areas (c) Signs and signals to route vehicles on the job (d) Maintenance and repair of vehicles (3) Utilities and service (a) Location of temporary buildings (b) Location and identification of high-voltage lines (identify by signs; move, de-energize, or erect barrier to prevent contact) (c) Location of sanitary facilities and drinking water

(a) Providing hard hats, life belts, goggles, work vests, and the like, on the job (b) Establishing liaison among contractors to prevent congestion among trades (c) Providing temporary flooring, safety nets, and scaffolding where required ( 5 ) Work procedures (a) Space (b) Equipment such as cranes, hoists, elevators, and trucks (c) Rigging procedures (6) Tools and equipment (a) Repair, maintenance, and care . (b) Inspection (c) Supplies of tools for each job (7) Workers and supervisors (a) Job assignment (b) Training and supervision (c) Number of workers (d) Plans for maintaining interest in safety: (i) Safety bulletins, ,record charts, and posters (ii) Recognition for groups or individuals (iii) Investigation and reporting on reportable accidents (iv) Knowledge of safety orders (v) Safety meetings (vi) Specific safety instructions for new employees (e) Establishment of provisions to take immediate action to correct unsafe conditions or acts (f) First aid and medical treatment of injuries

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