Chemistry Analyzers Principles

Prepared by: Eng. Saad Abdel Gaber CASBEC Faculty of engineering Cairo University

Beer Lamber law

AbsobanceAbs=a b C / AbsobanceAbs= - log Isample Ibaseline

What is the unit of absorbance? How to get ( Ibaseline)? What is the meaning of and absorbance -0.1?

Light sources
Lamps ( Tungsten Halogen - Iodine) Led and Laser Now what is halogen?

Halogen lamp

System with Dispersion prism (Monochromator)

Exit slit Entrance slit Red I0 I
Readout device

Detector

Prism

Violet

Cuvette

Light source

Monochromator

Filter wheel

Installing filters

Flow cell

Pump system without tubing

Tubings

Pump system with tubing

Installing tubings to cuvette

Cuvette with pump

Cleaning optical components

Heaters and temperatue sensor

Heating:
Heaters Peltier element

Temperature sensors:
Thermocouple: Is an electrical apparatus that can generate a current proportional to the amount of heat it is exposed to LM35: Semiconductor

Control:
Stop heater and Fan for cooling Digital control Invert Peltier element current direction

Peltier construction

Peltier element arrangement with silicon for good heat transfer

Temperature sensor LM35

Photodiode
Is a type of photodetector capable of converting light into either current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation The material used to make a photodiode is critical to defining its properties, because only photons with sufficient energy to excite electrons across the material's bandgap will produce significant photocurrents. Materials commonly used to produce photodiodes include: Material Wavelength range (nm) Silicon 1901100 Germanium 4001700 Indium gallium arsenide 8002600 Lead sulfide <1000-3500 Because of their greater bandgap, silicon-based photodiodes generate less noise than germanium-based photodiodes, but germanium photodiodes must be used for wavelengths longer than approximately 1 m

Photodiode

Photodiode Technical Information

Logarithmic Amplifier
Ii Vo !log Io Ibaseline Vbaseline !log Io Isample Vsample!log Io Isample Vsample Vbaseline ! logIbaseline logIo logIbaseline logIo !log ! Absorbance Ibaseline

Manual systems
Prepare reagents i.e. prepare powder Prepare reagents from powder lamp Manual change for filters Use your eyes for readings Manual calculations

Problems
Fill cuvette with distilled water Check lamp If is not passed then check:
See if there are any air bubble inside of the cuvette Clean the cuvette, and try again Check the status of the lamp Check the voltage in the lamp Clean the lens and filters Check the position of the filter. what else?! Suggest

Molecule Total bilirubin Lactate Creatinine Female Male Urea Glucose Sodium Potassium Lithium

Type of test Blood (serum) Blood (serum) Blood (serum) Blood (serum) Blood Blood (serum) Blood (serum) Blood (serum)

Normal levels US units (mg/dL) 0.21.0

Normal levels SI units (mmol/L) 3.417.1v103 0.51.3 5397 v 103 62115 v 103 3.67.1 3.95.8 136145 3.55.1

Toxic levels (mg/dL) High levels result in jauntice >45 >4 >100 <50 or >400 <120 or >160 mEq/L <3 or >7.5 mmol/L >2.0 mEq/L

512 0.61.1 0.71.2 1020 70105 136145 mEq/L

0.81.2 mEq/L

NA

Normal and toxic levels of various molecules in the body given in both US and European (SI) units (Pagana and Pagana, 1995). NA denotes not available.

Batch Analysers
Separate batches of tests in a single run. In order to have the whole results of the patient it should wait until the last batch of tests is processed. Had high throughput and relatively low reagent costs. Batch processing systems were popular in the early to mid 1970's. Batch analysers are marketed for small laboratories (10-30 sample patients per day) and its throughput is lower than 100 test/hour. Examples of Batch Analysers are BTS-370 Plus (BioSystems), American Monitor KDA, Abbott ABA 100 Arco PC (Biotecnica Instruments, Italy),SABA and AutoLab (Assel/AMS, Italy), Corona (Clinicon, Sweden), Minilab (Electa Lab, Italy) and Erba Smart Lab (Transasia, India).