138A

PROPERTIES:PERMEABILITY & CAPILLARITY than -2 kPa. Observation showed that the thickness of the surface crust was 5 mm. Tensiometer pressure profiles implied that the soil hydraulic properties of the 7.5-cm thick surface layer changed, and xt was concluded that the crest-topped soil consisted of three layers. -from Authors

safety, but little effect on the drained (long-term) value. -from Authors 943127 Downslope movements at shallow depths related to cyclic p o r e . p r e s s u r e changes K. D. Eigenbrod, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 30(3), 1993, pp 464-475. Slow, shallow ground movements in a slope near Yellowknife caused excessive tilting of timber piles that supported an engineering structure. To avoid damage to the structure, the pile foundations had to be replacedby rigid concrete piers that were designed to resist the forces of the moving soil mass. Downhill movements were rather slow and, during an initial inspection, were indicated only by soil that was pushed up against a series of piles on their uphill sides, while gaps had formed on their downhill sides. No open cracks or bulging was observed on the slope. A stability analysis indicated that the slope was not in a state of limit equilibrium. To obtain a better understanding of the creep movements in the slope and their effect on the rigid concrete piers, extensive instrumentation was carried out after the construction of the piers. -from Author

Physico-chemical properties
943131 Electro-osmotic stabilization of marine clay with chemical piles R. Srinivasaraghavan & G. Rajasekaran, Ocean Engineering, 21(2), 1993, pp 207-219. Weak marine clay deposits exist all along the seacoast of many parts of the world. Due to the poor engineering characteristics of these deposits, they pose several foundation problems to various coastal structures. Because of the high salt content in these deposits, the electro-osmotic technique has been effectively adopted to stabilize these deposits with some inorganic addittves. In this investigation, the physico-chemical changes that occurred in a marine clay with various inorganic additives are presented and discussed. The improvement in the strength and plasticity characteristics of the soil have also been studied and reported. -from Author 943132 A review of models for predicting the thermomechanical behaviour of soft clays H . N . Senevirame, J. P. Carter, D. W. Airey & J. R. Booker, International Journal for Numerical & Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 17(10), 1993, pp 715-733. This paper critically examines the use of the modified Cam clay stress-strain model in predicting the thermomechanical behaviour of soft clays. The equations governing the thermomechanical behaviour of a saturated soil are summarized and their methods of solution are briefly discussed. The observed thermomechanical soft behaviour reported in the literature has been compared with the predictions made using the modified Cam clay model. The comparisons are confined to the behaviour of normally and lightly overconsolidated clays, where the modified Cam clay is known to perform well. Apart from the effect of a single heating-cooling loop, cyclic behaviour is not considered. It is concluded that both models provide reasonable predictions under isotropicstress conditions. -from Authors 943133 Gas permeability changes of rocksalt subject to thermo-mechanical stresses C. Le Guen, M. Deveughele, J. Billiotte & J. Brulhet, Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, 26(4), 1993, pp 327-334. Permeabilities lower than 10 -17 m 2 cannot be measured using classical methods. To overcome this problem, the pulse decay method may be applied. Several thermomechanical tests, including permeability determinations have been carried out on samples from saline lithofacies of the Bresse basin (France). The permeability changes observed during these tests seem to be directly connected to the nature and structure of the material a n d a m indicative of the structural modifications the material sustains under changes of temperature and stress. -from Authors

Surface properties
943128 Constitutive laws for high-velocity frictional sliding and their influence on stress drop during unstable slip J . D . Weeks, Journal of Geophysical Research, 98(B10), 1993, pp 17,637-17,648. The Dieterich-Ruina state-variable friction laws do a good job describing results of rock friction expe.riments, and fault models based on them are able to mtmic natural seismicity in many respects. This paper explores the consequences for unstable slip when inertia is considered and when the steady state function is altered at high velocity. Two steady state functions are considered: one that has no dependence on velocity at high slip velocity ('zeroslope') and one that has a positive velocRy dependence at high velocity ('positive-slope'). Inclusion of inertia and use of these modified s t e a d y state functions improve the results of simulations in terms of qualitatively reproducing many aspects of unstable sliding, but the posxtive-slope function yields the best quantitative agreement with experimental observations. -from Author 943129 Differential equations governing slip-induced pore-pressure fluctuations in a water-saturated granular medium R. M. Iverson, Mathematical Geology, 25(8), 1993, pp 1027-1048. Macroscopic frictional slip in water-saturated granular media occurs commonly during landsliding, surface faulting, and intense bedload transport. A mathematical model of dynamic pore-pressure fluctuations that accompany and influence such sfiding is derived hem by both inductive and deductive methods. The model consists of two linear differential equations and five initial and boundary conditions that govern solid displacements and pore-water pressures. Solid displacements and water pressures are strongly coupled, in part through a boundary condition that ensures mass conservation during irreversible pore deformation that occurs along the bumpy slip surface. Feedback between this deformation and the pore-pressure field may yield complex system responses. The dual derivations of the model help explicate key assumptions. -from Author 943130 Changes in soil physical properties due to surface crust formation under simulated rainfall T. Nishimura, M. Nakano & T. Miyazaki, in: Exchange

Permeability and capillarity

943134 Fundamentals of poroelasticity E. Detoumay & A. H.-D. Cheng, in: Comprehensive rock engineering. Vol. 2, ed J.A. Hudson, (Pergamon), 1993, pp 113-171. This chapter is concerned with the formulation and analysis of coupled deformation-diffusion processes, within the framework of the Biot theory of poroelasticity. Four major sections cover the following topics: 1) the constitutive equations, presented in an effort to unify and to relate various approaches proposed in the literature; 2) the linear quasi-stauc theory o]~poroelasticity, using a formulation inspired partially by Rice and Cleary's work; 3) analytical and numerical methods for solving initial/boundary value problems; and 4) solution and discussion of

processes at the land surface for a range of space and time scales. Proc. international symposium, Yokohama, 1993),
ed H.-J. Bolle & others, (IAHS; Publication, 212), 1993, pp 253-257. Physical properties of the surface crust which was formed by simulated rainfall were measured. A small lysimeter and an acrylic cylinder were packed with an Andisol (clay loam). During the simulated rainfall, the air entry value of 1-cm thick surface soil shifted from -0.2 kPa down to less