EIGRP Fundamentals

Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

Instructor: Joe Rinehart, CCIE #14256

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

In This Lesson:
EIGRP Protocol Mechanics Tables Used by EIGRP EIGRP Metric Calculations Configuration of Basic EIGRP Lab Exercises Verification of EIGRP Process/Operation

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

EIGRP Protocol Mechanics

1. EIGRP Neighbor Relationships 2. Packet Types 3. Topology Exchange Process

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

EIGRP Protocol Mechanics

EIGRP Neighbor Relationships EIGRP Establishes Formal Neighbor Relationships Must be directly connected Peering must be on primary subnets K-Values must match AS numbers must match Authentication strings must match EIGRP Uses Hello Messages for Neighbor Discovery and Maintenance Multicast to 224.0.0.10 Single peering relationship between all routers on multi-access networks

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

EIGRP Protocol Mechanics

EIGRP Neighbor Relationships EIGRP Uses Hello Messages for Neighbor Discovery and Maintenance Sent at regular intervals on all configured interfaces Every 5 seconds (high speed interfaces) Every 60 seconds (low speed interfaces) Hold-Time = amount of time is considered alive (3x hello interval) 15 seconds (high speed) 180 seconds (low speed)

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

EIGRP Protocol Mechanics

Function(s) Sent ACK Multicast Reliably Req? or ? Unicast N N M

Hello

Neighbor discovery and maintenance Update Routing information Query Request for neighbor to verify route to a subnet Reply Reply to query ACK Acknowledge s query, update and response packets Goodbye Graceful shutdown

Y Y

Y Y

Both Both

Y N

Y N

U U

Packet Types All packets use IP protocol 88 (not TCP/UDP) Reliable Transport Protocol used to transmit data to neighbors using multicast or unicast EIGRP Packet Types: Hello Update Query ACK Goodbye

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

EIGRP Protocol Mechanics

Topology Exchange Process Hello packets sent to 224.0.0.10 Initial discovery Act as keepalive mechanism Hello intervals do NOT need to match Exceptions: Passive-interface/static neighbor configuration Upon adjacency full routing update sent between neighbors Once routing exchange is completed, only update information is sent to directly connected neighbors Conserves bandwidth between devices

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

Tables Used by EIGRP

1. Neighbor Table 2. Topology Table 3. IP Routing Table

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

Tables Used by EIGRP

IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 100 H Address Interface Hold Uptime SRTT RTO Q Seq (sec) (ms) Cnt Num 3 2 1 0 192.168.13.3 172.16.134.3 172.16.134.4 172.16.12.2 Fa0/0.13 Se0/0.134 Se0/0.134 Se0/0.12 11 153 160 10 3:47:00 3:47:02 3:47:04 3:47:37 1 43 41 42 200 570 570 1140 0 0 0 0 34 33 312 22

Neighbor Table List of Active Fully Adjacent Neighbors (show ip eigrp neighbors) Address: IP Address of the neighbor Interface: Interface to reach Hold: Holdtime before considered dead Uptime: Length of relationship SRTT: Smooth Round Trip Time (length of time to receive ACK) RTO: Retransmission timeout (how long to wait for ACK) Q Cnt: Packets in queue

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

Tables Used by EIGRP

Topology Table List of EIGRP routes either local or from updates (show ip eigrp topology) P: Passive, network available and usable in routing table A: Active, network not available, in current calculation process U: Update, network is being updated Q: Query, network query request has been sent/awaiting response R: Reply, router sending reply/awaiting ACK s: SIA status, query not acknowledged/convergence problem

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

Tables Used by EIGRP

IP Routing Table List of EIGRP routes installed and usable for routing (show ip route eigrp) D: EIGRP internal route (AD of 90) EX: EIGRP external route (redistributed, AS of 170) 192.168.44.0/24: Destination prefix/bits 90/10639872: Administrative distance of the route/feasible distance of the route via: Source of the routing update/next-hop address

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

EIGRP Metric Calculations

1. EIGRP Metric Weights/K-Values 2. Metric Calculation Process 3. EIGRP Route Selection/DUAL Methodology

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

EIGRP Metric Calculations

FastEthernet0/0.13 is up, line protocol EIGRP Uses Multiple Data Points for is up Metric Calculation, termed K Values: Hardware is AmdFE, address is K1: Bandwidth (smallest along path) 0004.9a90.f6a0 (bia 0004.9a90.f6a0) K2: Load (1-255) Internet address is 192.168.13.1/26 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 100000 Kbit, K3: Delay (cumulative, in tens of DLY 100 usec, reliability 255/255, microseconds) txload 1/255, rxload 1/255 K4: Reliability (1-255) Encapsulation ISL Virtual LAN, Color K5: MTU (minimum, never used) 13. EIGRP Only Uses Bandwidth and Delay in ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout route calculation (K1=1, K2=0, K3=1, 04:00:00 K4=0, K5=0) Last clearing of "show interface" Changed using metric weights counters never

EIGRP Metric Weights/K-Values

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

EIGRP Metric Calculations

Metric Calculation Process Values used in metric calculation may look large and confusing EIGRP metrics are always expressed in integer format (no decimals) EIGRP metric to 10.3.3.3 (R3 Loopback) is calculated using Fa0/0 (100 Mbps) path Using an Excel-based calculator, the metric from R1 to R3 for network 10.3.3.3/32 results in a value of 156160 Metric values are displayed in the EIGRP topology and IP routing tables Additional path exists on s0/0.134

INPUTS

EIGRP METRIC CALCULATOR RESULT

156160 EIGRP METRIC

100,000 Least-BW 510 Delay

METRIC = (( 10^7 / Least-BW

) + Cumulative Delay ) * 256

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

EIGRP Metric Calculations

EIGRP Route Selection/DUAL Methodology EIGRP calculates two values to use when selecting the best route to a subnet: Feasible Distance (FD): Metric of the best route to a subnet as calculated locally on a router Reported Distance (AD): Metric of the best route to a subnet as calculated/reported by an EIGRP neighbor FD to reach 10.3.3.3/32 from R1 is 156160 (RD + cost to R3) RD for 10.3.3.3/32 from R3 is 128256

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

EIGRP Metric Calculations

EIGRP Route Selection/DUAL Methodology EIGRP uses a mathematical calculation called the Feasible Condition to determine if a route is loop-free and thus usable: IF AD < RD of Route Then Feasible Condition is TRUE Routes chosen by DUAL are referred to as: Successor: Best route to a subnet and installed in the routing table Feasible Successor: Route meeting the Feasible Condition, immediately usable upon failure of the Successor

Prefix

10.3.3.3/32 Successor FS

FD AD BW Delay

192.168.13.3 156,160 128,256 100,000 5,100

172.16.134.3 10,639,872 128,256 256 25,000

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

EIGRP Metric Calculations

EIGRP Route Selection/DUAL Methodology When a route (successor) fails and no feasible successor exists, EIGRP uses DUAL to calculate a new route: Query is sent regarding the route to all directly connected neighbors If neighbor failed also, neighbor is deleted from the neighbor table While route to the subnet is being queried/calculated, it is referred to as going active When the new successor is selected the route returns to passive status

Prefix

10.3.3.3/32 Successor FS

FD AD BW Delay

192.168.13.3 156,160 128,256 100,000 5,100

172.16.134.3 10,639,872 128,256 256 25,000

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

Configuration of Basic EIGRP Lab Exercises

1. Review of EIGRP Configuration Commands 2. Devices Involved in EIGRP Domain 3. Configuration of EIGRP Routers

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

Configuration of Basic EIGRP Lab Exercises

Review of EIGRP Configuration Commands Creation of the EIGRP Routing Process router eigrp <ASN> Autonomous System number must match on all devices Use no auto-summary to disable automatic summarization Topology table is seeded from two sources: Networks/subnets on interfaces using the network subcommand Networks learned through the redistribute subcommand

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

Configuration of Basic EIGRP Lab Exercises

Review of EIGRP Configuration Commands Adjusting Bandwidth Specifications LAN interfaces automatically calculate correct bandwidth Serial interfaces default to 1544 Kbps Manual adjustment done using bandwidth <kbps> interface subcommands Manually Configuring the Router-ID EIGRP chooses the highest loopback as the router id, or the highest IP address on a valid interface

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

Configuration of Basic EIGRP Lab Exercises

Review of EIGRP Configuration Commands Manually Configuring the Router-ID Configured using ip eigrp router-id command Adjusting the Bandwidth Usage on an Interface Default is 50% of the configured bandwidth Adjusted using the ip bandwidthpercent eigrp <ASN> <percentage> interface subcommand

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

Configuration of Basic EIGRP Lab Exercises

Devices Involved in EIGRP Domain Router 1 (R1) Multipoint and point-to-point framerelay subinterfaces Redundant link to R3 (VLAN 12) Router 2 (R2) Point-to-point frame-relay subinterface VLAN connection to R5 Router 3 (R3) Router 4 (R4): Supplying default route Router 5 (R5): Stub configuration ASA 5505: Connection to Internet

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

Configuration of Basic EIGRP Lab Exercises

Configuration of EIGRP Routers Using AS 100 on all EIGRP Routers Specifying Loopback 0 as Router-ID Disabling Automatic Network Summarization Manually Configuring Serial Interface Bandwidth R1 Multipoint: 256 Kbps R1 Point-to-Point: 128 Kbps R2/R3/R4 Interfaces: 128 Kbps Limiting Serial Interface Bandwidth Consumption of 45% by EIGRP

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

Verification of EIGRP Process/Operation

1. Verifying Basic EIGRP Configuration 2. Verifying Functional Neighbor Relationships 3. Correcting the Split-Horizon Issue

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

Verification of EIGRP Process/Operation

Verifying Basic EIGRP Configuration Confirming that EIGRP is Operational Examine the output of the show ip protocols command (see left) Verify process is running Verify networks/subnets Confirming EIGRP is on Interfaces Examine the output of the show ip eigrp interfaces command Expected interfaces appear Correct ASN is displayed Peers are shown in interface statistics

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

Verification of EIGRP Process/Operation

Verifying Functional Neighbor Relationships Confirming that neighbors are peering Examine the output of the show ip eigrp neighbors command (see left) Correct interface displayed Correct IP address(es) displayed Statistics are non-zero Use ping and trace commands to confirm connectivity is active Confirm the presence of expected networks in IP routing table using the show ip route eigrp command

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

Configuration of Basic EIGRP Lab Exercises

Correcting the Split-Horizon Issue Problem: Missing Networks in IP Routing Table R1: All networks included from both R4 and R3 R3: All networks being advertised from R4 not included R4: All networks being advertised from R4 not included Solution: R1 is Using the Split-Horizon Rule on its S0/0.134 multipoint subinterface, issue the no ip splithorizon eigrp 100 on the subinterface

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

Key Terms You Should Know

RTP Reliable Transport Protocol, data transmission protocol used by EIGRP to ensure guaranteed, ordered delivery K-Values Also referred to as metric weights, the components used to calculate the EIGRP metric Hold-Time Expressed as a multiplier of 3X the hello-interval, it designates how long to wait before declaring a neighbor dead Feasible Distance EIGRP metric to a destination network Reported Distance EIGRP metric to a destination network as reported by the next-hop router Feasible Condition Test of a valid, loop-free route, when the reported distance is less than the feasible distance Successor Valid primary EIGRP route to a destination network Feasible Successor Valid secondary EIGRP route to a destination network, and usable immediately

EIGRP Fundamentals Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

What We Covered
EIGRP Protocol Mechanics Tables Used by EIGRP EIGRP Metric Calculations Configuration of Basic EIGRP Lab Exercises Verification of EIGRP Process/Operation