CHEMISTRY OF URINE ANALYSIS

v ORGANS FOR EXCRETION 1. KIDNEY AND LUNGS 2. LIVER, SKIN AND INTESTINES v URINE: 1. COLLECTION: RANDOM SPECIMEN:

2. FIRST MORNING SPECIMEN 3. TWO HOUR POSTPRANDIAL TEST 4. CATHETERIZED SPECIMEN 5. SUPRAPUBIC SPECIMEN

6. MIDSTREAM CLEAN-CATCH SPECIMEN 7. 24-HOUR SPECIMEN

**for a 24-hour specimen examination to be done: 1. If complete examination of the constituents is needed 2. To prevent the conversion of urea to ammonium carbonate which gives a more ammoniacal odor than normal; consequently the nitrogenous constituent of the urine is altered by the loss of nitrogen as volatile ammonia. A. VOLUME Normal output (24-hour urine) 1. Birth to 3 days old 2. 5 to 10 days old 3. 1 year old 4. 10 years old 5. Adult Volume increased during cold weather/or decreased during hot weather Depends on: a. Nature of food and amount of fluid e. Diarrhea and vomiting intake f. Drug intake b. Mental excitement g. Solutes excreted c. Diabetes insipidus and Diabetes h. Cardiac status Mellitus i. Renal status d. Temperature and humidity 1. 2. 3. PATHOLOGY ANURIA OLIGURIA POLYURIA

B. COLOR AND APPEARANCE 1. COLOR a. UROCHROME b. UROERYTHRIN c. UROBILINOGEN and UROCHROMOGEN

DATE DEVELOPED July 2011 DEVELOPED BY: Sunshine A. Tayaotao DOCUMENT NO. ISSUED BY: Sunshine A. Tayaotao REVISION # 00 PAGE NUMBER 1 of 4

BIOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY

Activity # 10: Tests for Carbohydrates

COLOR Dark yellow Light yellow Amber Red Brown

CAUSE

COLOR Black Green Blue green Blue

CAUSE

2. APPEARANCE/TRANSPARENCY: o Normal: o Turbidity/cloudiness occur when: a. A flocculate of molecules composed of nucleoprotein mucoid develops b. After a meal, urine is alkaline due to the calcium phosphate c. Urea decomposes to form ammonia d. Fat globules or pus cells in a pathological urine may indicate infection in the urinary tract o Other terms used: a. Clear c. Moderate cloudy a. Hazy d. Cloudy b. Lightly cloudy e. Marked cloudy C. ODOR AND TASTE 1. ODOR o Fresh urine o On standing o Acidosis o Mousy or barnyard-like 2. TASTE: o Salty due to NaCl o Diabetes D. SPECIFIC GRAVITY Varies according to the concentration of solid waste products Factors influencing specific gravity: a. Amount of solid and liquid intake b. Time of the day c. Pathological conditions Importance of determining specific gravity: a. In the case of an individual with normal kidneys, this test will provide information on the state of hydration of the patient b. Specific gravity tests determine the presence of parenchymatous renal disease c. Helps distinguish between acute renal failure and just dehydration d. Determines the concentrating ability of the kidneys, constituting an important test of the renal function e. Serves as rough estimate of the total solids in urine E. pH due to acid phosphates, sulfates, and organic acids o increased acidity when: o Temporarily alkaline ALKALINE FERMENTATION OF URINE: 1. Shortly after a meal, urine is usually alkaline because of the concentration of HCl from the blood to the stomach. During gastric digestion on account of the removal of HCl from the blood, the urine becomes more alkaline. 2. Urinary tract infection also gives alkaline urine because of the action of microorganisms (bacterial contamination) to split urea to ammonia. 3. At room temperature, urea decomposes to ammonia, making the urine more alkaline
DATE DEVELOPED July 2011 DEVELOPED BY: Sunshine A. Tayaotao DOCUMENT NO. ISSUED BY: Sunshine A. Tayaotao REVISION # 00 PAGE NUMBER 2 of 4

o o o

Maple syrup Bleach odor Fruity and acetone-like

BIOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY

Activity # 10: Tests for Carbohydrates

4. Fruits and vegetable produce alkaline urine due to the presence of alkaline ash i.e, sodium, potassium, calcium. Within an hour, there is a decrease in urinary acidity, thus resulting to alkaline tide. ALKALINE TIDE: temporary shift in pH due to an equivalent of alkaline salts enters the blood for each equivalent of HCl secreted into the stomach during digestion, and these salts are excreted in the urine

1.

NORMAL CONSTITUENTS 96% water and 4% dissolved inorganic and organic waste products UREA Formed in the liver from the oxidative deamination of amino acids

2. URIC ACID Increased uric acid: a. b. Decreased in the presence of gout and nephritis Under certain conditions, uric acid crystallizes in the kidneys, forming kidney stones 3. CREATININE Proportional to the muscular development of the individual CREATININE COEFFICIENT 4. CHLORIDES 5. PHOSPHATE: derived from P-containing foods: casein, nucleoproteins and phospholipids Increased Decreased 6. SULFATES 7. AMMONIA 1. OTHER CONSTITUENTS Small amounts of hippuric acids; indican; amino acids and urochrome PATHOLOGICAL CONSTITUENTS GLUCOSE: Normally very small amounts in the urine but not enough to give a (+) result to Fehlings and Benedicts tests Large amounts due to a. b. c.

2. PROTEINS Indication of impaired kidney functions, such as nephritis and nephrosis 3. KETONE BODIES Increased in uncontrollable diabetes, high fever, starvation 2 out of 3 ketone bodies (acetoacetic acid and -hydroxybutyic acid) bring about ACIDOSIS as a result of the depletion of the bodys alkali reserve 4. BLOOD a. RBC b. HEMOGLOBIN Occurs in malaria; scurvy (disease caused by vitamin C deficiency; s/s spongy gums, loosening of the teeth, and bleeding into the skin and mucous membranes) and small pox
BIOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY Activity # 10: Tests for Carbohydrates DATE DEVELOPED July 2011 DEVELOPED BY: Sunshine A. Tayaotao DOCUMENT NO. ISSUED BY: Sunshine A. Tayaotao REVISION # 00 PAGE NUMBER 4 of 4

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BILE Yellowish to green to brown color and by yellow foam when shaken indicates: a. Obstructive Jaundice b. Hemolytic Jaundice

6. INDICAN when CHON foods containing tryptophan putrefy in the large intestine, indole and skatole are formed These substances are detoxified in the liver; indole being converted to indican (indoxyl potassium sulfate) which is excreted in the urine 7. Pus and casts caused by infection in the kidneys or urinary tract may also be present in the urine.

URINARY SEDIMENTS 1. ORGANIZED: epithelial cells, pus cells, bacteria, parasites, erythrocytes, mucous threads, tissue debris, etc. 2. UNORGANIZED: calcium phosphate, oxalate, triple phosphate, uric acid, urates of ammonium and sodium, calcium sulfate, carbonate, magnesium phosphate, hippuric acid, cys, leu, and lys TERM Acidosis Alkalosis Anuria Dysuria Edema Enuresis Nephritis Nephropathy Nephrotic Syndrome Nocturia Oliguria Phosphaturia Polyuria Proteinuria Pyelonephritis DEFINITION TERM Pyuria Renal Failure Renal Insufficiency Trichomonas Vaginalis Urates Uricaciduria Uricosuria Urochrome Urocyanin Uroerythrin Urolith Uropathy Uropenia DEFINITION

BIOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY

Activity # 10: Tests for Carbohydrates

DATE DEVELOPED July 2011 DEVELOPED BY: Sunshine A. Tayaotao

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