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Minerals
Mineral is a naturally occurring crystalline solid with a definite composition. There are almost 5,000 minerals described so far2. Trying to familiarize ourselves with all of them would be a hopeless task. Luckily, this is not necessary if your goal is to understand how our home planet works and what is it made of. About 200 minerals are called the rock-forming minerals. These are the minerals that are listed and described below. More than 99.9% of the Earths crust is composed of these minerals.
My goal is to compose articles about every mineral mentioned below. Needless to say, it is a huge amount of work which will likely keep me busy for years to come. The style of entries is a compromise between encyclopedia-like article and a narrative blog post. I pay almost no attention to crystallography or optical mineralogy. I think there are plenty of other options (both printed an web-based) available for such information but you will find here photos and some insights about the geological background of the minerals described.
More than 90% on the crust is composed of silicate minerals. Most abundant silicates are feldspars (plagioclase (39%) and alkali feldspar (12%)). Other common silicate minerals are quartz (12% pyroxenes (11%), amphiboles (5%), micas (5%), and clay minerals (5%). The rest of the silicate family comprises 3% of the crust. Only 8% of the crust is composed of non-silicates carbonates, oxides, sulfides, etc 1.
1. Silicates
Silicates are minerals that contain SiO4 tetrahedra in their crystal structure.
Quartz
Very abundant (12% of the crust) and widespread. Occurs in many igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. Quartz is the principal component of most sand samples. SiO 2
Chalcedony
To be precise, chalcedony is not a mineral. It is composed of fine intergrowth of fibrous quartz and moganite and it usually contains water. Moganite has the same composition as quartz but is composed of alternating sheets of rightand left-handed quartz. Moganite is recognized as a separate mineral.
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Opal
Opal is also not a mineral in the strict sense. It is composed of crystalline and amorphous silica with water. SiO
Plagioclase
Plagioclase feldspar is the most abundant mineral group in the crust. It occurs chiefly in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Plagioclase may be abundant in sand and sedimentary rocks but it is not as common there as K-feldspar because its resistance to weathering processes is not as good. NaAlSi3 O 8 (albite) CaAl2 Si2 O 8 (anorthite)
Orthoclase
(K,Na)AlSi3 O 8
Microcline
(K,Na)AlSi3 O 8
Sanidine
(K,Na)AlSi3 O 8
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Nepheline
Leucite
Sodalite
Sodalite can be considered a mineral group that also includes hayne and nosean. Sodalite group minerals occur mostly in silicon-deficient, sodium-rich igneous rocks but also in some contact metamorphosed carbonate rocks. Sodalite: Na 8 Al6 Si6 O 24 Cl2
Zeolites are the largest group of silicate minerals but not the most abundant. There are more than 80 naturally occurring zeolites. These minerals are widely used because they contain voids in th structure which makes them capable of carrying many chemical compounds. Zeolites are mostly too fine-grained to be identified without sophisticated analytical tools.
Stilbite
Natrolite
Natrolite forms radiating aggregates of acicular (needle-like) crystals in the vesicles of mafic volcanic rocks.
There are two silicate minerals (cordierite and beryl) that are usually considered to be ring silicates but they could also be included here because there are three-dimensional network of silicon tetrahedra in addition to ring structure. I decided to keep them among ring silicates as it is usually done because the Si:O ratio puts them firmly into the ring silicate group. So, scapolite is the on one here that is abundant enough to be worth mentioning.
Scapolite
Scapolite is found in various metamorphic rocks. Most commonly it is found in metamorphosed carbonate rocks (skarns)
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Scapolite
Scapolite is found in various metamorphic rocks. Most commonly it is found in metamorphosed carbonate rocks (skarns) and amphibolite.
Chrysotile
Antigorite and lizardite are macroscopically indistinguishable. Therefore, I decided to describe them together in one post. Mg 3 Si2 O 5 (OH)4
Muscovite
Muscovite is a very common mica found in many rock types. KAl2 (AlSi3 O 10 )(OH)2
Biotite
Lepidolite
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Glauconite
Glauconite is a green-colored mineral (it shares characteristics of both micas and clay minerals) found mostly in marine sandstones. The chemical composition of glauconite is complex because of numerous possible replacements.
There are many chlorite group minerals which are generally indistinguishable from each other by their physical and optical properties. Sometimes chlorite is included in the clay minerals group bu decided to keep it separately because chlorite is also an important metamorphic mineral which clay minerals are not.
Chlorite
Chlorite group minerals are generally green in color and occur mostly in low- or medium-grade mafic or pelitic metamorphic rocks (greenstone, chlorite schist) or in soil as a weathering product of mafic minerals.
Kaolinite
Kaolinite is mostly a weathering and low-temperature hydrothermal alteration product of felsic rocks (granite and similar). Al2 SiO 2 O 5 (OH)4
Smectite
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Illite
Talc
Talc is a metamorphic mineral. It is an alteration product of Mg-rich rocks (mostly serpentinite and impure dolostone). Mg 3 Si4 O 10 (OH)2
Stilpnomelane
Prehnite
Chrysocolla
Chain silicates are common minerals in mafic igneous (especially pyroxenes) and metamorphic (especially amphiboles) rocks. Their structure is composed of many parallel chains (double chains in amphiboles) of silicon tetrahedra. Thats why the crystals of chain silicates tend to be elongated. Pyroxenoids are relatively scarce minerals that are structurally similar to pyroxenes. Si:O ratio is 1:3 (pyroxenes and pyroxenoids) or 4:11 (amphiboles) (0.33 or 0.36).
Augite
Augite is the most common pyroxene. Augite occurs mostly in mafic igneous rocks.
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Orthopyroxene
Named so because they are orthorhombic (crystal system). Other pyroxenes are monoclinic. There used to be several different names for various orthopyroxenes (enstatite, bronzite, hypersthene, etc.) but the use of these names is no longer recommended. Orthopyroxenes occur mostly in mafic and ultramafic ignaous rocks (norite, pyroxenite). (Mg,Fe)2 Si2 O 6
Omphacite
Spodumene
Wollastonite
Wollastonite occurs mostly in metamorphosed carbonate rocks with other calc-silicate minerals like Ca-garnets, calcite, tremolite, diopside, etc. CaSiO 3 .
Rhodonite
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Hornblende is not a single mineral. It is the most abundant mineral group within amphiboles. Hornblende occurs in many igneous (diorite, andesite, granitoids) and metamorphic rocks (amphibolite, hornblende gneiss). The chemical
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Hornblende
Glaucophane
Riebeckite
Riebeckite is a sodic amphibole that occurs mostly in acidic Na-rich igneous rocks. Fibrous asbestiform variety of riebeckite is known as Crocidolite (on the picture). Crocidolite occurs in metamorphosed iron formations.
Arfvedsonite
Epidote
Epidote is the most abundant disilicate. Epidote occurs mostly in metamorphic rocks. Epidote is also a common mineral in sand.
Zoisite
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Allanite
Vesuvianite
Vesuvianite is not particularly common mineral but it occurs sometimes in metamorphosed limestone, nepheline syenite, and altered mafic rocks.
Beryl
Beryl occurs mostly in granitic pegmatites where it may form beautiful crystals. Beryl is a valued gemstone (emerald and aquamarine). Al2 Be 3 Si6 O 18
Cordierite
Tourmaline
Eudialyte
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There are two subgroups of garnets: pyralspites and ugrandites. Pyralspites (pyrope, almandine, spessartine) are reddish and occur in aluminium-rich metamorphic rocks or igneous rocks. Ugrandites (uvarovite, grossular, andradite) are brownish and occur mostly in calc-silicate rocks.
Pyrope
Pyrope is a garnet that occurs in ultramafic rocks and serpentinites (metamorphosed ultramafic rocks). Mg 3 Al2
Almandine
Spessartine
Andradite
Grossular
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Kyanite
Andalusite
Al2 SiO 5
Zircon
Zircon is widely distributed in igneous rocks but usually it occurs in very small crystals. Zircon is highly resistant to weathering and alteration. Hence, it is a common mineral in sediments and metamorphic rocks. Zircon is an especially useful mineral in geological research. ZrSiO 4
Staurolite
Olivine
Chloritoid
Topaz
Topaz is sometimes found in pegmatites along with other minerals hosting incompatible chemical elements.
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Titanite
Not exactly about the mineral itself but about the issues surrounding its name: sphene or titanite.
2.1 Carbonates
Carbonates are an important group of minerals that are most widespread in sedimentary environments, evaporite deposits, and hydrothermal veins. These are environments where carbon dioxide i generally available to form the fundamental building block of carbonate minerals the carbonate ion.
Calcite
Dolomite
Dolomite occurs mostly in dolostones (often named dolomites as well) which were originally limestone formations. CaMg(CO 3 )2
Magnesite
Rhodochrosite
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Malachite
Aragonite
Strontianite
Azurite
2.2 Sulfates
Most sulfates occur in evaporite deposits (gypsum, for example) or hydrothermal veins (barite).
Gypsum
Gypsum is a common marine evaporite mineral. It is often associated with other evaporites like halite and sylvite. CaSO 4 2H2 O
Anhydrite
Barite
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Celestine
2.3 Phosphates
Phosphates are widespread although not very abundant minerals because phosphorous comprises only 0.1% of the Earths crust.
Apatite
Apatite occurs as an accessory mineral in many igneous rocks. It is also an important biomineral. Tooth enamel, for example, is made of apatite. Several marine animals use apatite to build their shells. Ca 5 (PO 4 )3 (OH,F,Cl)
Monazite
2.4 Borates
Borates are almost exclusively evaporite minerals found in saline lakes. Borate minerals are not found in regions with wet climate because they are moderately soluble in water.
Colemanite
An evaporite mineral found in the deposits of saline lakes. It forms as a secondary mineral at the expense of other borates ulexite and borax. CaB3 O 4 OH3 H2 O
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Ulexite
3.1 Oxides
Oxides are compounds of oxygen and one or more metal cations. Oxygen is the most abundant chemical element in the crust but much of it is already tied up in silicates (silicon is number 2 in abundance after oxygen). Oxides typically do not form the major part of rocks but they are very widely distributed. Rocks that contain high concentration of oxide minerals are possible metal ores
Spinel
Spinel is a colorful mineral that occurs mostly in metamorphic rocks. Spinel is relatively resistant to weathering. So, it is often found in sand. MgAl2 O 4
Magnetite
Magnetite in the most abundant mineral of spinel group. It is found in many igneous and metamorphic rocks but also forms an important component of detrital sediments. Fe 3 O 4
Chromite
Chromite is the principal ore of chromium. It occurs mostly in ultramafic cumulate rocks. FeCr2 O 4
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Cuprite
Cu 2 O
Hematite
Fe 2 O 3
Corundum
Al2 O 3
Ilmenite
FeTiO 3
Rutile
TiO 2
Cassiterite
Cassiterite is an oxide of (SnO 2 ). It is the principal ore of tin. Cassiterite crystals have a strong luster and they are often twinned (elbow twins).
3.2 Hydroxides
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3.2 Hydroxides
Hydroxides are common minerals that occur as fine-grained (earthy) aggregates which are often mixtures of several minerals. Limonite, for example, is not a distinct mineral species because it contains several fine-grained minerals, most of them hydroxides. Hydroxides are very common minerals in soil.
Goethite
Goethite is a common brown-colored iron hydroxide that is an important weathering product of many iron-bearing minerals. Goethite is a chief component of limonite. FeO(OH)
Brucite
Mg(OH)2
Gibbsite
Al(OH)3
3.3 Halides
Halides are minerals where anion is one of the halogen elements (Cl, F, Br, I). Only three halides are common minerals. Halite and sylvite are very common evaporites and fluorite is a common hydrothermal mineral.
Halite
Halite is well-known as ordinary table salt. Halite is very important evaporite mineral. Every liter of seawater with average salinity contains 35 grams of dissolved halite. NaCl
Sylvite
KCl
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Fluorite
CaF2
4.1 Sulfides
Sphalerite
Galena
Chalcopyrite
Cinnabar
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Pyrite
Marcasite
Molybdenite
Molybdenite is steel gray and very soft mineral. Molybdenite is the principal source of molybdenum.
Covellite
Orpiment
4.2 Sulfarsenides
Sulfarsenides are minerals where both sulfur and arsenic are anions. Only one sulfarsenide is common.
Arsenopyrite
Arsenopyrite is the most common arsenic-bearing mineral. It forms in hydrothermal veins. Sometimes arsenopyrite is found in metamorphic rocks. In hydrothermal veins, arsenopyrite is often associated with gold. FeAsS
5. Native elements
Native elements are rare in the crust. Graphite is the most common of them and forms sometimes significant parts of rocks. Other native elements are found in small quantities and they are often very valuable mineral resources.
5.1 Metals
Metals rarely occur as native elements.
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Gold
Gold is usually found in hydrothermal sulfide deposits or in quartz veins in greenstones. Gold is also found as detrital grains in sand. Gold is also a biomineral. Several microbes are capable of extracting gold from solutions and precipitating it inside the cell. Gold in numbers is an article that might be interesting for those interested in gold. Au
Copper
Cu
5.2 Nonmetals
Sulfur and graphite are the most common non-metal native elements in the crust. Diamond is very rare. It is definitely no rock-forming mineral but I think it is appropriate to include it here because diamond is highly sought after jewel and important for industry because of its extreme hardness.
Sulfur
Sulfur occurs around fumaroles and volcanic vents, thats where it is most easily noticeable. However, largest concentrations of native sulfur are found in the upper part of gypsum-bearing (which provides the sulfur) salt domes that are associated with hydrocarbons (crude oil and natural gas). Sulfur there is a waste product of anaerobic sulfurreducing bacteria.
Graphite
Diamond
Diamond is the hardest mineral and used extensively in industry as well as a jewel.
References
1. Klein, C., Hurlbut, C. S. (1993). Manual of Mineralogy , 21st Edition. John Wiley & Sons. 2. Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification
Zircon
www.vvmineral.com for Opacifiers, Refractories, Flour India's only Private Manufacturer
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