~|,l| ~|,l| ~|,l| ~|,l|

,,\| ~|.ll ,,\| ~|.ll ,,\| ~|.ll ,,\| ~|.ll

,,,l.| sll|, ,>l| ,,,l.| sll|, ,>l| ,,,l.| sll|, ,>l| ,,,l.| sll|, ,>l|

The Rules for Book 1
With an explanation in the
English language








| l, |,l| ,.
,l, ,| l~ |l. ,,|
~|, | ,
Written by Abu Salmaan Talha ibnu William
Translated by Umm Mujaahid


2
,=, ,,>_\l \=>_\l =l

)

_\=]l

s\=

=vl (












Demonstrative Pronouns
'.=

.=

_'.=

_'.'=

..

= ,,

\.

=\

.'.

.'.

.\' .,

,\\
The

'=,'

.'=

=.' ,demonstrative pronouns are similar to the English that , this

and they are of two types; ,,

\ for things which are close, and .,

,\\ for things at

a distance. Unlike in English, demonstrative pronouns in Arabic have a different form
for singular, dual, and plural, and they also change to correspond to the gender of the
noun. So if the noun is feminine then the demonstrative pronoun is also feminine,
however there are a few exceptions to this rule, as indicated below.

3
The demonstrative pronouns (for near):

_'.

_'.'=

..

=





The demonstrative pronouns (for far):

\.

=\

.'.

.'.

.\'



-\

.=' Examples


l.=

'.= This is (for masculine singular)
These are (for dual masculine)
These are (for dual feminine)
These are (for plural masculine or feminine)
This is (for feminine singular or plural irrational)
,,

\
for things which are
near
.,

,\\
for things which
are far

That is (for masculine singular)
That is (for feminine singular or plural irrational)
Those are (for dual masculine)
Those are (for dual feminine)
Those are (for plural masculine or feminine)
l.=

,'.

> l.=

) .

>.

=\\ -

'=

= ( ) .

>.

=\\ -

'= (

This is a man This is a book
(for masculine singular-rational) (for masculine singular-irrational)
4

.=

l.=

\.\=

.=

'` ,

.=

'

=}
)

..

=\\ .

= -

'= ( )

..

=\\ .

= -

'= (

This is a woman This is a car
(For feminine singular-rational) (For feminine singular-irrational)

l.= _'=\

l.=

_'=

\'

=
)

>.

=\\

= -

'=

= ) (

>.

=\\

= -

'= (

These are scholars These are pens
(For masculine dual-rational) (For masculine dual-irrational)

\.\=

_'.

, \.\=

_'.

=
) _

..

=\\ -

'=

= ) (

..

=\\ _

= -

'= (

These are Muslims These are cows
(For feminine dual-rational) (For feminine dual-irrational)
5

sv

\.

sv

= sv

.'=

=
) _

>.

=\\ -

'= ) ( _

..

=\\ -

'= (

These are Muslims These are Muslims
(For feminine plural-rational) (For masculine plural-rational)

'=,

\.

>

'.

..

.'=

> ,\ '.=

..

= is likewise allowed for irrational (nouns) but this is rare. For

example:

..

.'=

>
These words

\.

\. _

=
) .

>.

=\\ -

'=

= ( ) .

>.

=\\ -

'= (

That is engineer That is a star
(for masculine singular-rational) (for masculine singular-irrational)
6

.l.

=\

=`

=\

=
`

=
)

=.

=\\ .

= -

_,

\= ( )

=.

=\\ .

= -

\= (

That is a nurse That is a fridge
(For feminine singular-rational) (For feminine singular-irrational)

\.

>

=\

. )

'=

= ( ,

.
`
.\' _

'=

> }

=\

=` \' ( '.=
,\

=\

. is like wise allowed for plural rational like what is in the

revelation, (those messengers) but this is rare.

.l.

_'

.l.

_'=
`
`

>.

=\\

= -

'=

= ( )

>.

=\\

= -

'= (

Those are farmers Those are notebooks
(For masculine dual-rational) (For masculine dual-irrational)
7

.\.

.\l









=

.\.

_'.

.\.

_'.

=
`

=
) _

..

=\\ -

'=

= ) (

..

=\\ _

= -

'= (

Those are teachers Those are rulers
(For feminine dual-rational) (For feminine dual-irrational)

.\l

.\l

.'=

=
) _

>.

=\\ -

'= ) ( _

..

=\\ - '=

(

Those are Muslims Those are Muslims
(For feminine plural-rational) (For masculine plural-
rational)


_\'=

'=

>

'=

\'.

>

} \' ` _}

,\'

=` =
`

>

.'

\'

.\'

_'

> (

.\' Is likewise allowed for irrational (nouns) like what is in

the speech of The Most High: (translated meaning)

(Verily the hearing and the sight and the heart, of each of those
you will be questioned)
8

)

-,

=\

=\

= (
Possessed and possessor














-\

.='





'.

>

='=

. '.

> \'

,
`

-,

\} '=

= '=

-,

\} '=

= '=

=
Possessor Possessed Possessor Possessed

)

: With alif and laam (

Examples

The teachers
book
Haamids book
To show belonging in Arabic we use the possessive construction. This
consists of two parts. The possessed '

= , which appears first and

the possessor '

-,

\} , which follows straight after. The '

=
takes a damma, depending on its function in a sentence and the '

-,

\}
takes a kasra. It is important to note that the '

= can never take an

alif or laam or a tanween whereas the '

-,

\} can do so.
9

,.

\'

,

)

= (
Adjective and qualifying noun


















'.

=




\'

, \'

=
Adjective qualifying noun Adjective qualifying noun


(Without alif and laam) (With alif and laam)

Example
A new house
The new house

,.

\' _

,
The adjective in Arabic follows the noun it qualifies, unlike in English it
comes after the noun. The adjective in Arabic is called the

. and the
noun it qualifies is referred to as the

= (the qualifying noun). The

.

. follows the

= in its gender (masculine and feminine), in its

definite and indefiniteness, and like wise in its case.
10
) \l

sl.

.\l

> _

.\.

= (
The Vocative particle
and the Addressed










'.= \,

=',

_.'.

=\'

.'.` .\'

=




The
Vocative
Particle
The
Addressed
To call upon someone in Arabic you use the vocative particle

.'.` .\' ,
which is ', , equivalent to the English oh. The noun that comes after it is
called the _

.'.

=\' (the addressed), and it takes a single damma

regardless of gender.
Oh Yaasir!
11
)

\l

> (

The Genitive prepositions

(



The Genitive prepositions are:

= _

,
_\}


For (used for belonging)
In
On
From
To
By/at

_\

, _\}
Arabic nouns have endings to show their function in a sentence. The normal
ending of a noun is

damma, and the case of it is called _

=
(Nominative). However, when the noun is proceeded by any of the

=

`

=\' (genitive prepositions) it changes to a kasra and its case is no longer

_

= (Nominative) instead it becomes (Genitive).

12
Examples:

'.=


_

'.

=


_\

= '.

= '.=

, '.=



_\} '.=






The watch is on the desk
Zaynab is from Japan.
Haamid went to the masjid
I am a student at the university
This book is for Muhammad
The teacher is in the class.

_
`

=\' _

\'

='` =\' _\= .

>

=\'

= ',',\'

='=

. _\

=\'

\'= '.'

='=\'

,'.

>\' '.=

\
`
=

.
13
}

{







:

=\' _

>,

=' _

= _

` ,

>

'

_

.'=\'

:

_

=\' _ _\} >,

=' _ \

= _


The hospital
America
Musa
Zakariyya
Germany

.'

='

` ,

, `

The end case of the noun
does not change
for Musa to America in the hospital
A noun which is ismul maqsoor, has an aa sound ending. The ending
vowels of these nouns remain constant, despite their change in
function. For example, if they are preceded by a genitive preposition
(Harful Jarr), which would cause them to take a kasra, they remain
unaffected.
14
} -

=\l

s\=

=vl {



















The Relative pronouns are (for masculine):



.







The Relative pronouns
_

.
`
\' Who/which (for singular masculine rational and irrational)

_

.
`
\' Who/which (for singular feminine rational and plural masculine
and feminine irrational)
Who/which (for dual masculine rational and irrational) _'.
`
\'
Who (for plural masculine rational only) :

_,

.
`
\'

`
>

=\

\
For masculine
_

.
`
\' _'.
`
\' _,

.
`
\'
`
>

=\

\
_

.
`
\' _'.
`
\'
`
.' ' _

.
`
.' _

.` .

=\

\

The Relative pronouns, -

=\'

.'=

=.' have the meaning of which, who,

and differ in their form to correspond to the correct gender. They also
differ to correspond to the singular, dual and plural noun. Note that the
pronoun _

.
`
\' is also used for plural irrational nouns (ghayru aaqilin). Objects,
animals and concepts are classified as irrational nouns whilst rational include;
humans, angels and devils.
15










: Example



_

.
`
\'






_

.
`
\' :







_

.
`
.' ' _

.
`
.' Who (for plural feminine rational only)

_'.
`
\' Who/which (for dual feminine rational and irrational)

\' .\l

='.

=\'

=
The man who left the masjid is a famous merchant.

For masculine singular rational

)

`
>

= '= (

,'.

>\' .\l

_
`

=\

>

=\' _\

=
The book, which is on the desk, belongs to the teacher.

For masculine singular irrational

)

`
>

= '=

= (

.` .

=\

\
For feminine
16

_'.
`
\' :

.\' :

_'=
`

=\'

l.

\l

_'.

\' _\} ',

.
The teachers who went to the classroom, are new.

For masculine dual rational

)

`
>

= _` .

= '= (

_'=

\'

l.\l

_'=,

= _

The pens, which are in my bag, are old.

For masculine dual irrational

)

`
>

= _` .

= '=

= (

=\' l

.\ ',

>

=\'

= '

=
The engineers who left the restaurant are from
Turkey.

For masculine plural rational

)

`
>.

'= (
17













_

\' :

'

=\' _

\l

=\' _\}

.
The woman who went to the school is a
headmistress


For feminine singular rational

)

.` .

'= (

=\'

\l _

.
`
=

>

=\' _\=
The ruler, which is on the desk, belongs to Muhammad.


For feminine singular irrational

)

.` .

= '=

= (

.
The donkeys, which are in the field, belong to the
farmer.

For masculine plural irrational

)

. (

18

_'.

\' :












_

.
`
.' :

_'.

'` ,` =\'

\.

\l

=\'

,'='
The cars, which are in front of the masjid, belong to
the minister.

For feminine dual irrational

)

.` .

_` .

'=

= (

_'.

\'
`
=\' \.

\l _

>

.}

=\'

= '.

The students, who left from the school, are from
England.

For feminine dual rational

)

.` .

= _` .

'= (

.'=

=\' _

vl \}

.'=
`

` =\' _
',

.'=\'
The Muslims who went to the market, are teachers from
Germany.

For feminine plural rational

)

.` .

'= (

19

.'=

=\' _

vl

.'=
`

` =\' _\} _

.
',

.'=\'
The Muslims who went to the market, are teachers from
Germany.

For feminine plural rational

'=
20


}

{

The laam of definiteness

: Example

, '.=

. '.= \'

=
`
.\'

,.






This house This is a house
(The laam of definiteness)

A noun that has tanween, the indefinite article, is referred to as
indefinite. The Tanween is the double vowel that you find at the end of a
noun (look at the first example below). Its equivalent in English is A. In
Arabic to make a noun definite we add on the alif and laam. The laam here
is called the

=
`
.\'

,. ,laam of definiteness.
21
}

{
The detached pronouns


























They are:








We

. I

'.'

>

=
We are students

) _` .

= (
For plural or dual
\.l

\'=

,
I am a student

)

= (
: For first person (masculine or feminine) _

=
`
\

>

=\

\

'.' _

. .

.' . '=

.' . ,

.' '=

.'

.'
` _

.'

= '=

= ,

= _

= '=

= ` _

=
Pronouns are of two main categories:

-\

=\'

.'=` =\' , the detached

pronouns and

=
`
.

=\'

.'=` =\' ,the attached pronouns. The pronouns

in this category are detached pronouns. Detached pronouns give the
meaning he she they etc and even it. They are divided into 3 types:
for first person, second person, and third person, in each of these
categories they differ in form. Please note unlike in English, pronouns
in Arabic have a different form for dual and plural.
22





You (plural) ,

.' (dual) You '=

.' (singular) You

.'

'.

=













You (plural) ` _

.' (dual) You '=

.' You (singular)

.'

'.

=



\=

.l

_',

\'=
You are students

) _` .

= (
For masculine dual

.l

\'=
You are a student

)

= (
For masculine singular
,

.l

=
You are students

)

= (
For masculine plural

.l \=

_'.

\'=
You are students

) _` .

= .` .

= (
For feminine dual

.l

\'=
You are a student

)

= .` .

= (
For feminine singular

.l

.',

\'=
You are students

)

= .` .

= (
For feminine plural
_

='=

=\

\ : For Second person (masculine)

: For second person (feminine) .',

='=

=\

\
23





They (plural) ,

= (dual) They '=

= He (singular)

'.

=











They (plural) ` _

= (dual) They '=

= He (singular) _

'.

=




For third person (masculine)

_,

.'=\

\

\=

_',

\'=
They are students

) _` .

= (
For masculine dual

\'=
He is a student

)

= (
For masculine singular
,

=
They are
students

)

= (
For masculine plural
For third person (feminine)

\=

= '.

\'=

_
They are students

) _` .

= (
For feminine dual

\'=
She is a student

)

= (
For feminine singular

.',

\'=
They are
students

)

= (
For feminine plural
24
}

{
The attached pronouns

'.= :

=
`
\

>

=\

\
'.

,'.

> '.
Our book

)

.` .

>

= _

= (
Masculine and feminine
plural and dual

,'.

> _
My book

)

.` .

>

= (
Masculine and feminine
singular
'. _

= '=

> ,

>

= '=

> ` _

>

'=

= ,

= '= '=

= ` _

=
As mentioned earlier Pronouns are of two categories: The Detached
Pronouns and the Attached Pronouns. The category mentioned here is
that of Attached Pronouns. Similarly Attached Pronouns are divided
into 3 types: for first person, second person, and third person and
within these categories they differ in form. The pronouns once again
have a different form for dual and plural.
25

'.= :

'.= :




_

='=

=\

.',

='=

=\

\
'=

>

,'.

> '=

>
Your book

)

.` .

`
>

= _` .

= (
Masculine and feminine
dual

,'.

> =
Your book

)

>

(
Masculine singular

,'.

> ,

>
Your book

)

`
>

= (
Masculine plural
,

>
,

>

,'.

> '=

>
Your book

)

.` .

`
>

= _` .

= (
For masculine and
feminine dual

,'.

>

=
Your book

) .` .

= (
For feminine singular

,'.

> ` _

>
Your book

) .` .

= (
For feminine plural
` _

>
26









:

'.= :

_,

.'=\

.',

.'=\

\
'=

,'.

> '=

,
Their book

)

`
>

= _` .

= (
For masculine dual

,'.

>

-
His book

)

>

= (
For masculine singular

,'.

> ,

,
Their book

)

`
>

_ (
For masculine plural
,

=
'=

=
'=

,'.

> '=

,
Their book

)

.` .

`
>

= _` .

= (
For masculine and
Feminine dual

,'.

= ',
Her book

) .` .

= (
For feminine singular

,'.

> ` _

,
Their book

) .` .

= (
For feminine plural
` _

=
27
}

{
The kam of interrogation
and its specification

'.

= Example




=

>

'

>

='`
`
.\

'=

.'

. ,

>

\'

= .

.'.

'=

=.'

_'

> '.}

=\'



How many wheels
belong to the bike?
How many pens do
you have?
The tamyeez (distinctive term) of kam is always singular.
It is ended with an alif, except when the noun ends with
the taa marboota (a closed taa)
The kam of
Interrogation
-` ,

=',

=} ,

>
Its
specification

. '=

Its
specification
'=

.

The kam of
Interrogation
-` ,

=',

=} ,

>
Kam of interrogation comes before a noun and it is used for questioning. It gives
the meaning how much/many. The noun that comes after it is called its tamyeez
(specification) and it is always singular and takes the mansoob case (Accusative
case). Please look at the example below.
28

vl \

Verbs

)

.\

.\l

s\. (
The taa of feminine form

'.=

\' _

\'
`
=\'

,\'

=
`
,.'





The mother left the
house
The student sat in the
classroom
Arabic verbs have a root, similar to English. Verbs are normally made up
of three letters knows as radicals. To make a verb represent the past
tense certain letters are added at the end of the root (look at the
examples below). The

.'.

.'
`
.\'

, is used to conjugate a verb to make it

past tense, singular feminine third person. The

=` .\' is used to
conjugate a verb to make it past tense, plural feminine third person.
Finally, the

'

='=

=\' is used to conjugate a verb so that it

represents past tense, plural masculine third person. Please note these
are just a few of the conjugated verbs.
29
)

.\l

. (
The noon of women form

'.=

.'=` .\'

=\' _\}

.'=
`

=\'

_ _

=\'

=








)

=\=

\l (
The waw of group form

'.=

'=
`
\'

=\' _\} '

_' ` =

=\'

-
`
>

= '






The (female pl.)
nurses left the
hospital
The women (pl.) went
to the masjid
The pilgrims (male
pl.) returned from
Mecca
The men (pl.) went to
the school
Example
30
)

\l .

=\l

(
The number and the enumerated

)

= _\} -

.`

= (
From 3 to 10

:













3 Female students
to 1
3 Male students

.',

\'=

.`

=\'

=\'
The enumerated
(Feminine

.` .

= - )

The enumerated
(Masculine
`
>

= - )

.`

=\'

=\'
The number

The number

In Arabic, to construct a number two things are included; the

=\' (the number)

and the

=\' (the enumerated). The noun, which denotes the thing numbered, is
called

=\l and the number is called the

=\'. Unlike in English, Arabic numbers

can be feminine or masculine. With regards to the numbers 3 to 10, if the

=\l
is feminine the

=\' is masculine and if the

=\' is masculine the

=\' is
feminine (opposites come together). Also the numbers from 3 to 10 follow the
mudaaf and mudaafun ilaihi construction.

31

'.
`
.

=\'

>

'
`
>

=\'

_'> '.} '.

`
.

=\'

_'> '.}

'
`
>

=\'

>

_,

\'.

=\' _

_` =

= '=>

`
>

=\'

=\\



















When the enumerated is masculine then the number is feminine, and
when the enumerated is feminine then the number is masculine, like
what is clear in the two examples (above).

.`

'

-
`
.

= .
) ( ) ( ) (
Five students
then the
Four students
then the
Three students

.'=

.

) (
) (
) (
Eight students Seven students
Six students
) ( ) (
Ten students Nine students
For the masculine enumerated
32

.
`
.

=\'

=\\

.',

\'=

..

.',

\'=

'
`
.

.',

\'=

.',

\'=

) ( ) ( ) (
Five students
then the
Four students
then the
Three students

.',

\'=

.',

\'=

.',

\'= _.'=

.',

\'=

.

) (
) (
) (
Eight students Seven students
Six students
) ( ) (
Ten students Nine students
For the feminine enumerated
33
)

\l

=\l (
The Diptotes









_

.,

= ` ,

, .

` =\'

=\' '=

_,

.
`
.\' (

>\' (

The Diptotes do not like two things, and they are nunation and the kasra

'.

'.

=\'

_\}

'.=\' _

_
To Zaynab
In the schools
From London
The Diptotes are nouns that do not take a single kasra nor do they take a
Tanween (double vowel), which can be of: dammataan , fathataan and
kasrataan . So it is important to understand that if a diptote is in a
sentence where it is supposed to take a kasra, it does not do so, rather it is
substituted with a fatha. (Please look to the examples below)
34

` =\'

=\'

..'

_'

..'





:












:











The following examples are from the diptotes:
A feminine proper noun designated for the
masculine
)

`
>

=\' _
`
=

=\

.` .

= (

= '

='=

'=

=

Talha Muaawiya Usaama Hamza
Feminine proper nouns
)

.` .

=\'

=\' (

='

.'=

-
`
>

`
.

=

Jeddah Mecca Aaishah Faatima Zaynab
35

:













:









:

',

.}

Yuusuf Paris London Edward William
Masculine nouns, ending with aalif and noon on the
scale of falaan
)

`
>

=\'

=\'

\' _\

\'

>

(
The foreign proper nouns
)

=\' _

=.' (

_'=

_'
`

_',

_'

=

Marwaan Sufyaan Affaan Uthmaan

The proper nouns on the scale of afalu
)

=\'

\' _\

' (

.'

='

Anwar Ahmad
36

:











:










:

>' _

='

,'

='

='

='

'

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