ELECTRICAL ELECTRICAL POWER POWER FACILITIES FACILITIES

Seismic vulnerability
BUIIDLINGS Structural and nonstructural

Seismic vulnerability
HIGH VOLTAGE SUBSTATIONS

North Palm Springs 6.2 Mw, 1986

Live Tank Power Circuit Breaker
Ostrom

Current Transformer (CT)

Ostrom Ostrom

WWW.JSCE.ORG

Arrester Failure

TRANSFORMER Bushing VULNERABILITIES Porcelain Failure

Schiff

EERI

Radiator Removed Manifold Leakage

Schiff

Bushing Slippage

Seismic vulnerability
TRANSMISSION LINES

500 KV 500 KV 230 KV

EERI EERI

Niigata, Japan 7.4 Mw (1964)

TECLEE

Landers 7.4 Mw (1992)

Turkey Earthquake 7.4 Mw (1999)

TECLEE

Northridge 6.7 MW (1995)

Ridge Shatter

New Zealand, 1968

TECLEE

Taiwan Earthquake

RIVERCROSSING
Chile, 2010 Sumatra 2004
EERI

TCLEEE

Chile, 2010

TCLEEE

RISK REDUCTION SOULTIONS

DETERMINE RISK Identify And Quantify Potential Losses

IDENTIFY STRATEGIES

Design Strategies

Business Strategies

Response Strategies Response plan and Materials

Reduce Hazard

Reduce Vulnerability

Accept Risks

Emergency Operation Centers

Evaluate and Select Optimal Combination of Strategies

Reduce Vulnerability
EXISTING EQUIPMENT NEW EQUIPMENT

RETROFIT VULNERABLE EQUIPMENT

DESIGN TO INDUSTRY STANDARDS

INDUSTRY STANDARDS
TRANSMISSION TOWERS
ASCE STANDARD: DESIGN OF LATTICED STEEL TRANSMISSION STRUCTURES ASCE STANDARD: DESIGN OF STEEL TRANSMISSION POLE STRUCTURES ASCE GUIDELINES FOR ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION LINE STRUCTURAL LOADING IEEE, NATIONAL ELECTRICAL SAFETY CODE

FULL SCALE TOWER TESTE

ASCE 74: 3.6 EARTHQUAKES Historically, transmission structures have performed well under earthquake events, and Transmission structure loadings caused by wind/ice combinations and broken wire forces exceed earthquake loads FEMA 202, EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION OF ELECTRICAL .. THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT REPORT, Table 1, page 5 the reported damage in the Kanto EQ was attributable to Landslides, Table 1- Transmission Towers Destroyed/Damage (EQ #1 X, and EQ #3 X) Alaska, transmission towers, towers are designed to exceed the forces generated by earthquakes failures that to occur are mostly related to foundation instability NESC 2005, Rule 250A.4, structural capacity loading and strength requirements provides capacity to resist EQ ground motions.

INDUSTRY STANDARDS
SUBSTATIONS
IEEE 693, RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR SEISMIC DESIGN OF SUBSTATIONS IEEE 1527, RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR THE DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE BUSWORK IN SEISMICALLY ACTIVE AREAS ASCE, SUBSTATION STRUCTURE DESIGN GUIDE

IEEE 693 Recommended Practice for Seismic Design of Substations

Contents 1. Overview (Clause) 2. References (Clause) 3. Definitions (Clause) 4. Abbreviations and Acronyms (Clause) 5. Instructions (Clause) 6. Installation Considerations (Clause) 7. Qualification Methods: An overview (Clause) 8. Design Considerations (Clause) 9. Seismic Performance Criteria for Electrical Substation Equipment (Clause)

Annex C Annex D Annex E Annex F Annex G Annex H Annex I Annex J Annex K Annex L

(normative) Circuit Breakers (normative) Transformers and Liquid Filled Reactors (normative) Disconnect and grounding switches (normative) Instrument transformers (normative) Air core reactors (normative) Circuit switchers (normative) Suspended equipment (normative) Station batteries and battery racks (normative) Surge arresters (normative) Substation electronic devices, distribution panels and switchboards, and solid-state rectifiers

Annex C: Circuit Breakers

C.3 Seismic qualification method Seismic withstand capability shall be demonstrated as follows: a) 169 kV and above. By time history and sine beat shake-table testing. b) 121 kV to less than 169 kV. By dynamic analysis. c) 35 kV to less than 121 kV. By static coefficient method. d) Less than 35 kV. By inherently acceptable.

C.4.1

C.4.2

C.4.3

C.4.4

H igh R equired R esponse Spectrum , 0.5g

1.80 1.60
S p e c tra lA c c e le ra tio n

0.5g

1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.1

1 Frequency, (Hz)

10

100

M oderate R equired R esponse S pectrum , 0.25g

0.90 0.80

0.25g

S p e c tr a lA c c e le r a tio

0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.1

1 Frequency, (Hz)

10

100

RETROFIT RESOURCE DOUMENTS

GUIDE TO IMPROVED EARTHQUAKE PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS, ASCE MANUAL AND REPORTS ON ENGINEERING PRACTICE NO. 96, 1999 FEMA 202, EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION OF ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION FACILTIES SERVING THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT REPORT ASCE TECHNICAL COUNCIL ON LIFELINE EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING MOMOGRAPHS: RECONNAISSANCE REPORTS EERI: RECONNAISSANCE REPORTS ANERICAN LIFELINES ALLIANCE: GUIDELINE FOR ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM IN NATURAL HAZARDS AND HUMAN THREAT EVENTS TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS: PICTURES OF EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE TO POWER SYSTEMS AND COST-EFFECTIVE METHODS TO REDUCE SEISMIC FAILURES OF ELECTRIC POWER EQUIPMENT, PURDUE UNIVERSITY

EXISTING EQUIPMENT: RETROFIT VULNERABLE EQUIPMENT

Seismic Seismic Mitigation Mitigation of of Existing Existing Facilities Facilities

Investment Protection

Power System Recovery

INVESTMENT PROTECTION
POWER POWERSYSTEM SYSTEMRECOVERY RECOVERY Critical Path Approach
Transf. T-Line

Transformer Transformer anchorage anchorage

75-80%

Critical Critical Path Path Through Through Substation Substation

20-25%

Mitigation Includes:
T-Line

POWER SYSTEM RECOVERY

Transformers Transformers& &Reactors Reactors SubStation SubStationBatteries Batteries

PCB

PCB

Bracing Bracingand andAnchorage AnchorageCritical CriticalComponents Components Adding Emergency AddingConnection ConnectionFlexibility Flexibility EmergencyGenerators Generators SubStation SubStationPower PowerService Service

Power System Recovery

Transformer

Disconnect Switch

T-Line

T-Line

Circuit Breaker

Circuit Breaker

Critical Path Approach

Disconnect Switch

Power System Recovery

Transformer

T-Line

T-Line

Circuit Breaker

Circuit Breaker

Power Circuit Breaker

Critical Critical Path Path Approach Approach

500kV Power Circuit Breaker Mitigation

Power System Recovery

Transformer

T-Line T-Line

Transformer

Circuit Breaker

Circuit Breaker

Critical Critical Path Path Approach Approach

Pad Mounted

Equipment Equipment Connections Connections Rigid Bus

Transformer Connection Flexibility and Bracing

Flexible Bus

RESEARCH

SEESL/UB

EQUIPMENT SUPPORT PEDESTAL RETRO-FIT WITH DAMPERS INSTALLED USING THE EXISTING ANCHOR BOLTS
PSU

EQUIPMENT HYBRID SEISMIC CONNECTIONS

SEISMIC QUALIFUCATION PROCEDURES Transformer Analysis

UB

UB

CONNECTION INTERACTION

Flexible Cable Shake Table 230 kV Bushing

SEESL/UB

UB

RESEARCH NEEDS
RETROFIT OPTIONS FOR LEACY SYSTEMS: DAMPING DEVICES, BASE ISOLATION, ETC. GUIDELINES FOR ANALYSIS QUALIFICATION OF EQUIPMENT SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CALIBRATION FOR IEEE 693 FRAGITY DEVELOPMENT/GUIDELINES FOR TRANSMISSION COMPONENTS EQUIPMENT INTERCONNECTION RESEARCH RECONNAISSANCE REPORTS ON POWER SYSTEM PERFORMANCE

THE END