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General Studies
Drainage System

Drainage system (Geomorphology)

In geomorphology, a drainage system is the pattern formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage basin. They are governed by the topography of the land, whether a particular region is dominated by hard or soft rocks, and the gradient of the land. Geomorphologists and hydrologists often view streams as being part of drainage basins. A drainage basin is the topographic region from which a stream receives runoff, throughflow, and groundwater flow. Drainage basins are divided from each other by topographic barriers called a watershed. A watershed represents all of the stream tributaries that flow to some location along the stream channel. The number, size, and shape of the drainage basins found in an area varies and the larger the topographic map, the more information on the drainage basin is available. Types of drainage system Drainage systems can fall into one of several categories, depending on the topography and geology of the land:

Dendritic drainage pattern. Dendritic drainage system

Parallel drainage pattern.

Trellis drainage pattern.

Dendritic drainage systems are the most common form of drainage system. In a dendritic system, there are many contributing streams (analogous to the twigs of a tree), which are then joined together into the tributaries of the main river (the branches and the trunk of the tree, respectively). They develop where the river channel follows the slope of the terrain. Dendritic systems form in V-shaped valleys; as a result, the rock types must be impervious and non-porous. Parallel drainage system A parallel drainage system is a pattern of rivers caused by steep slopes with some relief. Because of the steep slopes, the streams are swift and straight, with very few tributaries, and all flow in the same direction. This system forms on uniformly sloping surfaces, for example, rivers flowing southeast from the Aberdare Mountains in Kenya. Trellis drainage system The geometry of a trellis drainage system is similar to that of a common garden trellis used to grow vines. As the river flows along a strike valley, smaller tributaries feed into it from the steep slopes on the sides of mountains. These tributaries enter the main river at approximately 90 degree angles, causing a trellis-like appearance of the drainage system. Trellis drainage is characteristic of folded mountains, such as the Appalachian Mountains in North America.

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Rectangular drainage system

General Studies
Drainage System

Rectangular drainage develops on rocks that are of approximately uniform resistance to erosion, but which have two directions of jointing at approximately right angles. The joints are usually less resistant to erosion than the bulk rock so erosion tends to preferentially open the joints and streams eventually develop along the joints. The result is a stream system in which streams consist mainly of straight line segments with right angle bends, and tributaries join larger streams at right angles. Radial drainage system In a radial drainage system the streams radiate outwards from a central high point. Volcanos usually display excellent radial drainage. Other geological features on which radial drainage commonly develops are domes and laccoliths. On these features the drainage may exhibit a combination of radial and annular patterns. Deranged drainage system A deranged drainage system is a drainage system in drainage basins where there is no coherent pattern to the rivers and lakes. It happens in areas where there has been much geological disruption. The classic example is the Canadian Shield. During the last ice age, the topsoil was scraped off, leaving mostly bare rock. The melting of the glaciers left land with many irregularities of elevation, and a great deal of water to collect in the low points, explaining the large number of lakes which are found in Canada. The watersheds are young and are still sorting themselves out. Eventually the system will stabilize. Annular drainage pattern In an annular drainage pattern streams follow a roughly circular or concentric path along a belt of weak rock, resembling in plan a ring-like pattern. It is best displayed by streams draining a maturely dissected structural dome or basin where erosion has exposed rimming sedimentary strata of greatly varying degrees of hardness, as in the Red Valley, which nearly encircles the domal structure of the Black Hills of South Dakota. Major rivers of India India is a country of many rivers. Rivers are scattered throughout its length and breadth. Based on the size of their catchment areas, the river systems are divided into three main categories: (1) Major river basins: catchment area of 20,000 sq km and above, (2) Medium river basins: catchment area between 2,000 sq km and 20,000 sq km, and (3) Minor river basins: catchment area below 2,000 sq km.

Further for convenience, the rivers in India are divided into four groups (based on their origin): (A) The Himalayan rivers - including the Indus, the Ganga, the Brahmaputra and their tributaries, (B) (C) (D) The Peninsular rivers - including the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna, etc along with their tributaries, The coastal rivers, and The rivers of Inland drainage basin.

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INDIAN RIVERS

General Studies
Drainage System

The rivers of India play an important role in the lives of the Indian people. The river systems provide irrigation, potable water, cheap transportation, electricity, and the livelihoods for a large number of people all over the country. This easily explains why nearly all the major cities of India are located by the banks of rivers. The rivers also have an important role in Hindu mythology and are considered holy by all Hindus in the country. Seven major rivers along with their numerous tributaries make up the river system of India. Most of the rivers pour their waters into the Bay of Bengal; however, some of the rivers whose courses take them through the western part of the country and towards the east of the state of Himachal Pradesh empty into the Arabian Sea. Parts of Ladakh, northern parts of the Aravalli range and the arid parts of the Thar Desert have inland drainage. Dr.Francis Buchanan surveyed the courses of the rivers of India along with their tributaries and branches in 1810-11 AD and presented a minute account of it. The shifting of the courses and bed over the centuries is very remarkable. Many of the channels mentioned in that survey have now become dead, dried or even extinct. All major rivers of India originate from one of the three main watersheds: 1. The Himalaya and the Karakoram ranges 2. Vindhya and Satpura ranges and Chotanagpur plateau in central India 3. Sahyadri or Western Ghats in western India

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The Himalayan River System

General Studies
Drainage System

The Himalayas are drained by 16 major rivers. The major Himalayan Rivers are the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra. These rivers are long, and are joined by many large and important tributaries. Himalayan rivers have long courses from their source to sea. Ganges River System The major river Ganges,and its tributaries like Yamuna, Son, and Gandak, which have been left out of the list, actually formulates the biggest cultivable plains of north and eastern India, known as the Gangetic plains. The main river, the holy Ganges forms by the joining of the Alaknanda River and Bhagirathi River at Devprayag. The Bhagirathi, which is considered the Ganges' true source, starts from Gomukh . Known as the Padma River in Bangladesh, it joins the Jamuna River, the largest distributary of the second longest river of India. The Brahmaputra is longer, but most of its course is not in India. The Ganges Brahmaputra river system forms the largest delta in the world known as the Sunderbans before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. At the origin in the Rishikesh the bridge on it is known as laxman jhula Ram jhula . Indus River System The Indus River originates in the northern slopes of the Kailash range near Lake Mansarovar in Tibet. Although most of the river's course runs through neighbouring Pakistan,as per as regulation of indus water treaty of 1960 India can only use 20 percent of water of river.A portion of it does run through Indian territory, as do parts of the courses of its five major tributaries, listed below. These tributaries are the source of the name of the Punjab region of South Asia; the name is derived from the punch("five") and aab ("water"), hence the combination of the words (Punjab) means "five waters" or "land of five waters". Beas The Beas originates in Bias Kund,lying near the Rohtang pass. It runs past Manali and Kulu, where its valley is known as the Kulu valley. It joins the Sutlej river near Harika, after being joined by a few tributaries. The total length of the river is 615 km. Flowing west, it enters India in the Ladakh district of Jammu and Kashmir. Chenab The Chenab originates from the confluence of two rivers, the Chandra and the Bhaga originates from bara lacha pass (lahul-spiti H.P.), It is also known as the Chandrabhaga in Himachal . It runs parallel to the Pir Panjal Range It enters the plains of Punjab near Akhnur and is later joined by the Jhelum. It is further joined by the river Ravi and the Sutlej in Pakistan. Jhelum The Jhelum originates in verinag in the south-eastern part of Jammu and Kashmir, in a spring known as Verinag. One of its important tributaries is Krishna-Ganga. Ravi The Ravi originates near the Rothang pass in the Himalayas and follows a north-westerly course. It turns to the south-west, near Dalhousie, and then cuts a gorge in the Dhaola Dhar range entering the Punjab plain near Madhopur. It flows as a part of the Indo-Pakistan border for some distance before entering Pakistan and joining the Chenab river.

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General Studies
Drainage System

Sutlej (Satluj) The Sutlej originates from the Rakas Lake (Rakshas Tal), which is connected to the Manasarovar lake by a stream, in Tibet. It enters Pakistan near Sulemanki, and is later joined by the Chenab. It has a total length of almost 1500 km. The first village where it enters in India is Namge. Satluj has very significant value in economy of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan as most of water used in agriculture in Punjab is supplied supplied by Bhakda-Nangal dam built on river Sutlej (Satluj). The Brahmaputra River System The Brahmaputra, also called Tsangpo-Brahmaputra, is a trans-boundary river and one of the major rivers of Asia. With its origin from Talung Tso Lake in southwestern Tibet as the Yarlung Tsangpo River, it flows across southern Tibet to break through the Himalayas in great gorges and into Arunachal Pradesh (India) where it is known as Dihang. It flows southwest through the Assam Valley as Brahmaputra and south through Bangladesh as the Jamuna (not to be mistaken with Yamuna of India). In the vast Ganges Delta it merges with the Padma, the main distributary of the Ganges, then the Meghna, before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. About 1,800 miles (2,900 km) long, the Brahmaputra is an important river for irrigation and transportation. The average depth of the river is 124 feet (38 m) and maximum depth is 380 feet (120 m). The river is prone to catastrophic flooding in spring when the Himalayan snows melt. The average discharge of the river is about 19,300 cubic metres per second (680,000 cu ft/s), and floods can reach over 100,000 cubic metres per second (3,500,000 cu ft/s). It is a classic example of a braided river and is highly susceptible to channel migration and avulsion. It is also one of the few rivers in the world that exhibit a tidal bore. It is navigable for most of its length. The river drains the Himalaya east of the Indo-Nepal border, southern-central portion of the Tibetan plateau above the Ganges basin, south-eastern portion of Tibet, the Patkai-Bum hills, the northern slopes of the Meghalaya hills, the Assam plains and the northern portion of Bangladesh. The basin, especially south of Tibet is characterized by high levels of rainfall. Kangchenjunga (8,586m) is the only peak above 8,000m and the highest point within the Brahmaputra basin. The Brahmaputra's upper course was long unknown, and its identity with the Yarlung Tsangpo was only established by exploration in 188486. This river is often called Tsangpo-Brahmaputra river. The lower reaches are sacred to Hindus. While most rivers on the Indian subcontinent have female names, this river has a rare male name, as it means "son of Brahma" in Sanskrit (putra means "son"). Course Tibet The Brahmaputra river, called Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibetan language, originates on the Angsi Glacier located on the northern side of the Himalayas in Burang County of Tibet and not Chema-Yungdung glacier, which was previously identified by geographer Swami Pranavananda in the 1930s.The river is 3,848 km long, and its drainage area is 712,035 square km according to the new findings, while previous documents showed its length varied from 2,900 to 3,350 km and its drainage area between 520,000 and 1.73 million square kms. This finding has been given by Mr. Liu Shaochuang, a researcher with the Institute of Remote Sensing Applications under the analysis using expeditions and satellite imagery from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS).

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Assam and adjoining region

General Studies
Drainage System

The Brahmaputra enters India in the state of Arunachal Pradesh, where it is called Siang. It makes a very rapid descent from its original height in Tibet, and finally appears in the plains, where it is called Dihang. It flows for about 35 kilometres (22 mi) and is joined by the Dibang River and the Lohit River at the head of the Assam Valley. Below the Lohit the river is called Brahmaputra, enters the state of Assam and becomes very wideas wide as 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) in parts of Assam. It is joined in Sonitpur by the Kameng River (or Jia Bhoreli). Between Dibrugarh and Lakhimpur districts the river divides into two channelsthe northern Kherkutia channel and the southern Brahmaputra channel. The two channels join again about 100 kilometres (62 mi) downstream forming the Majuli island, the largest riverine island in the world. At Guwahati, near the ancient pilgrimage center of Hajo, the Brahmaputra cuts through the rocks of the Shillong Plateau, and is at its narrowest at 1 kilometre (1,100 yd) bank-to-bank. Due to the river's narrow width, the Battle of Saraighat was fought here in March 1671. The first rail-cum-road bridge across the Brahmaputra was opened to traffic in April 1962 at Saraighat. The environment of the Brahmaputra floodplains in Assam have been described as the Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests ecoregion. Bangladesh In Bangladesh, the Brahmaputra is joined by the Teesta River (or Tista), one of its largest tributaries. Below the Teesta, the Brahmaputra splits into two distributary branches. The western branch, which contains the majority of the river's flow, continues due south as the Jamuna (Jomuna) to merge with the lower Ganges, called the Padma River (Pdda). The eastern branch, formerly the larger but now much smaller, is called the lower or old Brahmaputra (Bromhoputro). It curves southeast to join the Meghna River near Dhaka. The Padma and Meghna converge near Chandpur and flow out into the Bay of Bengal. This final part of the river is called Meghna. In the past the course of the lower Brahmaputra was different and passed through the Jamalpur and Mymensingh districts. In a 7.5 magnitude earthquake on April 2, 1762, the main channel of the Brahmaputra at Bhahadurabad point was switched southwards and opened as Jamuna due to the result of tectonic uplift of the Madhupur tract. The Ganges Delta, fed by the waters of numerous rivers, including the Ganges and Brahmaputra, is 59,570 square kilometres (23,000 sq mi) large, one of the largest river deltas in the world. The Peninsular River System The main water divide in peninsular rivers is formed by the Western Ghats, which run from north to south close to the western coast. Most of the major rivers of the peninsula such as the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri flow eastwards and drain into the Bay of Bengal. These rivers make delta at their mouth. The Narmada and Tapi are the only long rivers, which flow west and make estuaries. Following is a brief description of some of the important river systems of the Peninsular India. 1. The Narmada System

The Narmada rises on the western flanks of the Amarkantak plateau about 22 40' N: 81 45' E (height 1057 m). It flows through a rift valley between the Vindhyan range on the north and the Satpura in the south. It forms a picturesque gorge in Marble Rocks and Dhuandhara water fall (9 m) near Jabalpur.

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General Studies
Drainage System

After passing Handia and Punasa it enters the alluvial plains of Indore and meets the Arabian Sea south of Bharuch forming a broad 27 km estuary. The total length of the river is 1,312 km occupying a drainage basin area of 98, 795 sq. km 87 percent of which lies in Madhya Pradesh (cf. Gujarat 11.5% and Maharashtra 1.5%). The average annual rainfall in the river basin varies from 157 cm in the east to 76 cm in the west giving an annual water yield of 54,600 million m. It often causes floods near Mandla and Jabalpur in its upper course and Ankaleshwar aid Bharuch in the lower reaches. The river is navigable in its lower course. Amongst the tributaries of the Narmada the Hiran, Orisan, Barna and Kolar join from the north while Burhner, Banjar, Shar, Shakkar, Dudhi and Tawa meet the mainstream from the south. A giant Sardar Sarovar Project is being commissioned over the river which will provide irrigation to 18 lakh hectares of agricultural land, besides generating 1450 megawat of hydel power, and providing drinking water to 30 million people and water to neighboring industrial centers. But its ill effect over the environment and the rehabilitation of the displaced persons are impeding the early completion of the project. The Tapti rises near Multai in Betul district (21 48' N; 78 15' E) over the Satpuras (762 m). It is 724 km long 3 and drains an area of 65,145 sq km with annual water yield of 17,982 million m . About 79% of its basin area lies in Maharashtra, 15% in Madhya Pradesh and 6% in Gujarat. The Purna is a major tributary of the Tapi which joins the main stream near Bhusawal. Its other tributaries include Betul, Patki, Ganjal, Dathranj, Aner, Bokad, Bhokar Suki, Mor, Harki, Manki, Guli, Arunavati, Gomai and Valer along the right bank and Veghar, Girna, Bori, Panjhra, Ambhora, Khursi, Khandu, Kapra, Sipra, Garja, Khokri, Utaoli, Mona, Buray and Amravati along the left bank. The amount of rainfall in the Tapi basin area varies from 114 cm in the east to 76 cm in the west causing frequent floods in the Khandwa region and in the lower reaches. The Kakrapara and the Ukai projects have been launched to harness the Tapi water. The last 48 km course of the river is tidal and is navigable. 2. The Sabarmati System
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The Sabarmati is the third largest west-flowing Peninsular rivers with a total course of 320 km and drainage area of 21,895 sq. km and annual water yield of 3,800 million m-*. It rises in the Mewar Hills (Aravallis) and flows to the Gulf of Cambay. The city of Ahmadabad is situated along the bank of the Sabarmati. 3. The Mahanadi System

The Mahanadi rises near Sihawa in Raipur district of Chhattisgarh. Its total length is 858 km with drainage area of 1,41,589 sq. km (53% in Chhattisgarh and rest in Orissa) and annual flow of 66,640 million m\ The Seonath, Hasdeo, Mand, and lb are the left bank tributaries while the Jonk, Ung and Tel join it on the right bank. The basin area of Mahanadi receives in average annual rainfall of 137 cm which allows it to contribute 3.6% of the total annual water yield of the country. 4. The Brahmani System

The Brahmani is formed by the confluence of the Koel and Sankh and flows through Bonai, Talcher and Balasore districts. It is finally joined by the Baitarani River before it enters the Bay of Bengal near Hansua. Its total length is about 800 km. with a catchment area of 39,033 sq. km and mean annual runoff of 18,310 million m.

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5. The Subarnarekha System

General Studies
Drainage System

The Subarnarekha rises a little to the southwest of Ranchi, and flows in a general easterly direction through Singhbhum, Mayurbhanj and Medinipur districts. It is about 395 km long and drains an area of 19,296 sq. km. with annual water yield of 7,940 million m3. Its drainage basin is shared by the states of Jharkhand, West Bengal and Orissa. 6. The Godavari System

The Godavari, the largest of the Peninsular Rivers, rises in the Nasik district of Maharashtra (Western Ghats) and joins the Bay of Bengal in Andhra Pradesh after flowing for 1,465 km. Its catchment area spreads over 3,12, 812 sq. km., of which 49% lies in Maharashtra, 20% in Madhya Pradesh, and 23% in Andhra Pradesh. The Godavari is often referred to as Vridha Ganga or Dakshina Ganga because of its large size and extent. Its principal tributaries include the Pravara, Purna, Manjra, Penganga, Wainganga, Wardha, Pranhita, Indravati, Maner, Tal and Sabari. Among these, the Manjra, Penganga and Wainganga are the largest and together account for 1, 15,832 sq. kms of the drainage basin. It forms a picturesque gorge above Polavaram. The river is 2,750 m wide near Rajahmundry below which it splits into several branches and forms a large delta. The Godavari basin area receives an average annual rainfall between 75 and 200 cm and gives an annual water yield of 1, 18,000 million m . It causes heavy floods in its lower reaches below Polavaram. A number of projects are under execution to utilise the water of the Godavari system for irrigation and power generation. The river is also navigable in its lower course. 7. The Krishna System
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The Krishna is the second largest east flowing Peninsular River. It rises from a spring near Mahabaleshwar. Its total length of 1,400 km and drainage basin area of 2, 58,948 is shared by Maharashtra (27%), Karnataka (44%) and Andhra Pradesh (29%) states. The Koyna, Yerla, Varna,Panchaganga, Dudhganga, Ghatprabha, Malprabha, Bhima, Tungabhadraand Musi are the main tributaries of the Krishna. The Tungabhadra consists of the Tunga and Bhadra rivers which originate in the western Karnataka and join just below Shimoga. Similarly the Tungabhadra meets the Krishna river near Kurnool town. It has a total length of 640 km with drainage area of 71,417 sq. km. Another tributary Bhima commands a catchment area of 76,614 sq. km. The Krishna river has an annual water yield of 62,800 million m which is being proposed to be utilised in a number of irrigation and power projects. Important among these include the Nagarjunsagar, Srisailam (Andhra Pradesh), Vir, Khadakwasla, Mula, Bhima, Krishna, Kaudi (Maharashtra), Ghataprabha, Tungabhadra, Bhadra, Malaprabha and Upper Krishna projects (Andhra Pradesh). 8. The Penner System
3

The Penner rises in Kolar district of Karnataka. It occupies 55,213 sq. km. of catchment area between the Krishna and the Kaveri. It forms a gorge near Gandikota in Cuddapah district and neets the sea near Nellore town. Its principal tributaries include the Jayamangali, Kunderu, Sagileru, Chitravati, Papashni and the Cheyyeru. Its annual average discharge is 3,238 million m3. The river has no delta worth the name.

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9. The Cauvery (Kaveri) System

General Studies
Drainage System

The Cauvery rises from Brahmagiri of Corgi district at an elevation of 1,341 m and flows for 805 km meeting the sea at Cauveripatnam and draining an area of 87,900 sq. km of which about 3% lies in Kerala, 41% in Karnataka and 55% in Tamil Nadu. Since the catchment area of the river enjoys rainfall both by south-west and north-east monsoons the river carries plenty of water throughout the year. Its average annual yield of water is 20,950 million m. It is joined by the Hemavati, Lokpavani, Shimsa, Herangi and Arkavati on the left bank, and the Lakshmanatirtha, Kabbani, Nuau, Suvarnavati, Bhawani and Amravati on the right bank. The river descends from the south Karnataka plateau forming the famous Sivasamudram waterfalls. Its delta (area 3200 sq. km) extends from Tiruchchirappalli to the sea coast wherein the river is bifurcated into two channels; the northern channel is called Coleroon and the southern as Cauvery. About 90-95% potential of the river has been utilised through various river valley projects: the Krishnaraja sagar (Karnataka), Mettur, Ramasam, lower Bhawani , Velur, Karar, Vellakkoil andTiruchchirappalli (Tamil Nadu). The river water dispute sharing the Kaveri water between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu has affected the friendly relations between two neighbouring states. 10. The Tambraparni System

The Tambraparni, the river of the Tirunelveli district, rises on the slopes of Agastyamalai in the Western Ghats and flows into the Gulf of Mannar. Eight kilometers inland from its present mouth laid the remnants of Korkai, the former capital of the Pandya kingdom and a great sea port. 11. The Luni System

The Luni rises in the Aravallis to the southwest of Ajmer and flows through a semi-arid tract more or less parallel to and west of the Aravallis. Its length is 320 km ending on the Sahni marshes north of the Rann of Kachchh. Its main tributaries are Sarsuti, Bundi, Sukri and Jawai etc. Of these the Sarsuti rises from the Pushkar Lake. The river contains water only during rainy season. Its water is sweet only down to Balotra a few kilometres from Pachbhadra Lake.

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INDIAN RIVERS
RIVER Indus SOURCE Near Mansarover Lake LENGTH (in km) 2,880 (709 in India)

General Studies
Drainage System

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TRIBUTARIES Gilgit, Dras, Hunza, Jhelum, Satluj, Ravi, Beas, Chennab. Lidar, Sind, Pohru, Kishanganga Chandra and Bhaga -----------------------It meets Satluj near Harike Barrage Beas, Spiti Yamuna, Son, Ramganga, Ghaggar, Gandak, Kosi

Jhelum Chennab Ravi Beas Satluj Ganga

Verinag Bara Lacha Pass Near Rohtang Pass -------do----------------Near Mansarovar Lake Gangotri Glacier

724 1,180 725 460 1,450 (1,050 in India) 2525

Yamuna Brahmaputra Mahanadi Godavari

Yamnotri Glacier Chemyungdung Glacier Dandakarnaya region Trimbak plateau near Nasik

1,376 2,900 (720 in India) 857 1,465

Chambal, SIND, Betwa, Ken Dibang, Lohit, Subansiri, Manas Ib, Mand, Hasdo, Ong, Jonk Manjra, Penganga,Wardha, Wainganga

Krishna

Near Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra

1,400

Koyna, Ghatprabha, Bhima, Tungabhadra,Musi

Cauvery Narmada Tapi

Taal Cauvery in Western Ghats Amarkantak plateau Multai in Betul(M.P)

800 1,310 730

Hemavati, Shimsha, Arkavati, Amravati Hiran, Burhner, Tawa, Kundi Purna, Bokad, Patki

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