Partial Discharge Basics of Monitoring

MICAMAXXTMplus Partial Discharge Basics
Partial discharge Basics of Monitoring
PD Tech Power Engineering AG
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Table of contents 1.0 Partial discharge introduction ..................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Partial Discharge Detection from the Inventor of PRPDA ...................................................... 3 1.2 PD Tech Power Engineering AG the partner for condition monitoring ............................... 3 1.4 Partial Discharge and Insulation Failure............................................................................... 4 2.0 Partial discharge basics .............................................................................................................. 5 3.0 What is partial discharge? ........................................................................................................... 6 3.1 Examples: slot section/generators and motors .................................................................... 6 3.2 How do we know there is a problem ................................................................................... 8 3.3 Why monitoring is necessary ............................................................................................... 8 4.0 Typical Discharge Patterns of Rotating Machines........................................................................ 9 4.1 Discharges in Endwindings .................................................................................................. 9 4.2 Endwindings Problems ....................................................................................................... 10 4.3 Endwinding Continued ...................................................................................................... 10 4.4 Delamination of Main Insulation ........................................................................................ 11 4.5 Delamination & PD Traces ................................................................................................. 11 4.6 On-line partial discharge monitoring................................................................................. 12 5.0 The MICAMAXXTMplus machine monitoring through the web ..................................................... 13 5.1 The MICAMAXXTMplus monitoring structure ......................................................................... 15 5.2 Datahandling Database................................................................................................. 16 6.0 Sensor and Coupler Installation................................................................................................. 17
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1.0 Partial discharge introduction

1.1 Partial Discharge Detection from the Inventor of PRPDA
After 14 years experience with phase resolved partial discharge detection (PRPDA), we introduce a full line of new detectors and monitoring systems for field applications with an unmatched price/performance ratio, partial discharge testing today is an indispensable tool for preventive maintenance and increase of equipment availability by reducing unplanned outages
1.2
PD Tech Power Engineering AG the partner for condition monitoring
PD tech provides instruments, installation and engineering services, as well as development and design integration know-how for most monitoring applications in the industrial and energy sectors. Significant investments into personnel and tools over the last two years have moved us to the forefront of internet integration. Our partial discharge monitoring solutions now include: Gas insulated switchgear UHF monitoring and ultrasonic inspection Medium voltage switchgear monitoring and ultrasonic inspection Transformers Rotating machines (generators and motors) including full off-line inspection and tool kit supply. Furthermore we design and provide mobile test equipment and specialised tools for insulation quality assurance and inspection. The MICAMAXXTM product family now includes partial discharge insulation condition monitoring for motors and generators ranging from a cost efficient trending and alarming system to a full expandable internet solution with analytic capabilities. The units are available as multi-purpose portable detectors for periodic on-line and off-line inspections.
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1.4
Partial Discharge and Insulation Failure
All high voltage machines will exhibit partial discharge, even from new. As a result, over 30% of unplanned outages and subsequent production loss can be attributed to insulation failure. The MICAMAXXTM product range is PD Techs state-of-the-art solution for monitoring partial discharge, ensuring greater availability of plant. All high voltage machines will experience partial discharges even from new! Discharge levels increase over time until eventually failure occurs. Can you afford the consequences? Partial Discharge Testing - The only access to the stator insulation performance on-line no interruption of service for testing solutions for permanent monitoring - perodic testing expert support and tests pd test is non-destructive tests possible: on-line and off-line determines insulation condition identifies detrimental trends an indispensable tool for maintenance planning underpins maintenance contracts Partial discharges comes from different factors TEAM stresses of the insulation Thermal, temperature Electrical, electric field Ambient (environment) Mechanical, vibrations lead to: electrical discharges (PD) which in consequence are an indicator for such stresses these indicators are not the cause but the consequence of stresses (TEAM). severe defects are always localised, a global aging does practically not exist diagnosis and monitoring analyse causes & effects of defects or aging. often defects occur in specific locations, there is no overall average ageing, e.g. using a hammer for placing only one bar might harm that specific bar. Defects Identified by Partial Discharge Measurements Loose Wedges and Bar Vibration, Slot Discharges Broken Conductors Contamination (Salt, Cement, Oil) of Damage of End-Winding Discharges between Phases as a Result of Vibration or Design Problems especially new machinesnAgeing/Delamination of Main Insulationincluded: brush sparking, collector problems pd in busbars Partial Discharge is a local brakdown phenomenon which short circuits a part of an insulation and leads to ageing and accompanies ageing! Partial discharge takes place in defects of the insulation. formation ionised species formation of corrosives ions, acids, nitrogen oxides, ozone light, sound and electromagnetic waves are emitted we use these effects for identification and localisation of partial discharges (=insulation defects): antennae, chemical sensors, ultrasonic devices, cameras..
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2.0 Partial discharge basics

Partial discharges occur wherever the electrical field is higher than the breakdown field of an insulating medium: Air: ca. 27 kV/cm (1bar) SF6: ca. 360 kV/cm (4bar) Polymers: 4000kV/cm There are two necessary conditions for a partial discharge to occur in a cavity: (1) presence of a starting electron to initiate an avalanche (2) the electrical field must be higher than the ionisation inception field of the insulating medium the availability of this initial electron influences significantly the partial discharge inception of each individual discharge pulse
To explain how partial discharge is created, we take a Sample of one period of the applied sine wave voltage (50Hz). During the increasing position, the electrons and ions from the gas losed ions are separated and went to the surface of the hole (electrons to one side/ ions to the other side) in the insulation of the material. At one point there is an higher charge on the surface as the insulation gas can keep a breakdown within this hole will happen. That is not a full discharge, it is a partial discharge within the insulation material. To visualize this effect, an aquisiton of these discharges will made over a certain time. We recommanded to chose an ACQ time of 30 sec. During aquistion all discharges are sorted out to their time position (position within a period of the sine wave) and to the amplitude position streagth of the discharge) if there exists several discharges within these windows there are added, that finally a 3D matrix is created. This 3D matrix is visualised typically in a 2D pattern with color shows intensity of the number of discharges.
Partial discharges occur wherever the electrical field is higher than the breakdown field of an insulating medium: We speak about partial discharges because the discharges are created within the insulation.
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3.0 What is partial discharge?

Partial discharge (PD) is an incomplete electrical discharge that occurs between insulation or insulation and a conductor. Overtime the insulation system of the machine will deteriorate, a process accelerated by thermal, electrical, ambient and mechanical stresses. By assessing the partial discharge levels of the machine winding, the deterioration can be effectively monitored.
3.1
Examples: slot section/generators and motors

Wedges/ Wedge thigness testing
Insulation/ winding
copper
Picture 1
Picture 2
This two pictures shows a physical experience of an acelerated evolution of electrical discharges in the epoxy resine trought one insulation paper how is using in the manufacturing of the generator bars. In the top of the picture we have an high voltage electrode and in the bottom the ground electrode, the second picture shows the evolution of the electrical treeing. Picture 2 is near of a brekown beetween high voltage and ground electrode because the electrical trees has reached the ground electrode. This is an accelerated experience of a generator breakdown, this process lasted one hour.
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Statistics shows that the most troubles in the generators are by the stator windings [Allianz 99]
Electrical treeing creep beetween the Mica tape bandage to reach the ground potential.
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3.2
How do we know there is a problem
The occurrence of sparks, arcs and electrical discharges is a sure indication that insulation problems exist. It is also likely that one or more of the following defects will be exhibited: Bar vibrations (loose wedges) End winding contamination Slot discharge Broken conductors
3.3
Why monitoring is necessary
Insulation Condition Monitoring provides an early warning of critical problems in the stator insulation of electrical machines, so that corrective measures can be undertaken before costly damage occurs. Failures such as earth faults, phase-to-phase faults or shorted turns will eventually develop as a result of the known defects. In this situation a new machine winding is likely and lead time for replacement coils can be lengthy. Failure due to discharge activity! It can be avoided! If the problem is identified early enough, the situation can be contained, by implementing a temporary repair to enhance machine life, whilst necessary spares are manufactured. In this situation, a MICAMAXXTM is a partial discharge trending system comprising of an on-line monitoring unit and PD transducers, which are fitted to the machine as a permanent installation, to enable continuous on-line monitoring of the insulation system How does it work? Partial discharge produces high frequency current pulses, which are picked up by the PD transducers (fitted one per phase) and which are connected via co-axial cable to the MICAMAXXTMsystem.
Partial Discharge Footprints The Partial Discharge Pattern Pulse Distribution Function
Thermal Ageing
Loose Copper
Pollution
Once the initial analysis has been performed, the continuous on-line monitoring unit MICAMAXXTMplus can be configured.
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4.0 Typical Discharge Patterns of Rotating Machines
Pump Storage Plant Load Variation, differential thermomechanical mouvement Insulation separated from conducteurs Partial discharge
typically a triangle form
4.1
Discharges in Endwindings
typically clonds
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4.2
Endwindings Problems
4.3
Endwinding Continued
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4.4
Delamination of Main Insulation
4.5
Delamination & PD Traces
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4.6
On-line partial discharge monitoring
Elimination of electromagnetic noise elimination of pulse noise by coincidence technique frequency domain techniques- application of spectrum analysis since 1988 reduction of pulses attenuation by adaptive frequency band (MICAMAXX)
pattern without noise Why choose MICAMAXX?
with noise (excitation of generator)
Traditionally off-line monitoring techniques such as Di-Electric Loss Analysis (DLA) and Tan Delta Testing have been used. Yet these methods as well as being considered yesterdays technologyare expensive, and require a lengthy machine outage. MICAMAXXTMplus sets new standards for the monitoring of electrical machines and is based on field-proven sensor technology. It can be an indispensable element in planning, life span extension and preventative maintenance programs, serving to reduce unscheduled and expensive failures and outages. Installation A system that has been designed specifically to allow a fast and as far as possible, a non-intrusive installation. An outage, typically during a regular service standstill is all that is required. Benefits MICAMAXXTMplus is a system which is simple to install and provides a cost effective solution for on-line PD monitoring, without compromising technical integrity.
Sharp bend: Critical level
The MICAMAXXTMplus monitoring system calculates parameters directely from the pattern. The left graph shows the calculated parameters from laboratory of insulation breakdown tests on generator bars. As shown the partial discharge level be stable over a certain time and after starts to increase exponentially until Alarm Warning breakdown. The experience of long term trending on real generators has shown the same results. With the monitoring system MICAMAXXTMplus we try to found the critical level, and gives an Warning/Alarm.
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Do you need instant expert advice, do you need expandability?
5.0 The MICAMAXXTMplus machine monitoring through the web

The MicamaxxTMplus is a real-time, 4 channel partial discharge pattern recording systems for permanent installation with remote diagnostic capabilities and embedded alarm algorithms which reduce user interaction to the bare necessities. The system trends the deviation from an assessed condition. The unit permanently informs the user about potential ageing problems.
Remote access allows experts to access the system to perform full analyses from their office. Internet server, LAN and modem features allow our experts to provide support to customers world-wide.
Pattern and analogue view of partial discharges.
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Three Phase Pattern Results
GUI: Trending Parameter Calculations (IEC60270 et al.), apparent charge, current quadratic rate.
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5.1
The MICAMAXXTMplus monitoring structure
Start
Structure description:
No
Time 00 / 30min Yes
Start Measurement CH Pattern Creation Single Pattern Storage No CH up (1-4)
This monitoring structure contains two main cycles. The Data Aquisition of the patterns for each phase and the second main cycle to analyse and evaluate them. It so evaluated in a form that the information is represented briefly and clearly in the trending software. Details about the calculations see chapter XX. After system is started up, every 30 mins it starts a measurement, generally it starts with channel 1. After the pattern creation and the storage of a single pattern it will checked if an other channel is activated. If yes, it starts a new cycle, generally until channel 3. After the last storage, it creates an mmp File (compatible to portable version) and create jpg pictures for the WEB access. From each pattern, calculations are made and if alarm/warning is activated, alarm is written to the output. At midnight (time 00:00) the number of mmp files will be counted, checks the apparent charge values of them and copy the mmp file to the long term storage place.
All done ? Yes Create mmp File
Save to Daily
Create jpg for Web Calc 1;2;3;...
Alarm/ Warning Reached ?
Yes
Alarm/ Warning Active
Make Alarm/Warning
No
No
No
All done ? Yes Yes
Store Calcs
Time . 00:00? No No
How Many mmp Listing Daily? Daily
Calcs
Check Last App. Charge Values Copy Daily Pattern To Pattern Storage Delete All Daily Pattern Storage
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The MICAMAXXTM plus is a true system solution and investment in the future of your machines. A series of expansion modules and communication options will be available shortly. Main Module Incorporates: Partial discharge (stator) monitoring system All Internet/LAN, storage, trending and alarm functions Serves as an Internet node (CAN-Bus and modem optional) Prepared for expansion modules (under development) Rotor monitor: synchronous and asynchronous rotors Condition module (temperature, current power etc.), analog an CAN-Bus inputs (others on request) Vibration and mechanical condition module Ozone Acquisition Brush Monitor The user will be supported by our experts through communication possibilities and web data base functions.
5.2
Datahandling Database
Partial Discharge Features 4 Channel PD Acquisition, Coupler-, Line- and External Synchronisation possibility Results: 8 x 8 x 16Bit Colour PD Pattern Variable Frequency Range for Noise Suppression 0.3 to 5.5 MHz, 0.5 to 5.8 MHz, 1 to 6.4 MHz, 1.5 to 7 MHz, 2.3 to 7.9 MHz 2.9 to 8.5 MHz, 3.5 to 9.1 MHz, 4 to 9.7 MHz (optional lower frequencies on request and necessity) Input Impedance: 2 k, Input Sensitivity (2pC, depends on machine impedance and noise spectrum) Coupler compatibility: PD Tech Range: CC7 to CC30 (1nF cap.), CT85, CT17 (RF current transformers), ALSTOM (PAMOS, GOLD), Rogowski Sensors, SIEMENS, IRIS, ADWEL, surge capacitor installations)
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6.0 Sensor and Coupler Installation

Compact, sensitive and reliable couplers, which are perfectly adapted to the machine types and a world-wide installation service, are a speciality of PD Tech Power Engineering AG. In order to ensure compatibility and cost-efficiency, the MICAMAXXTM detection systems are compatible with third party sensors, this allows the use of already existing coupling systems as well. (e.g. ALSTOM (PAMOS, GOLD), Rogowski Sensors, SIEMENS, IRIS, ADWEL, surge capacitor installations) A complete range of 1 nF coupling capacitors with I-match technology is available from PD Tech Power Engineering AG. The unique I-match technology avoids eddy currents caused to ground loops, incorporates provides a stable voltage divider and Imatch impedance matching which allows to look deep into the machine winding at a high sensitivity which was virtually only possible with higher capacitance values.
Capacitve Coupplers CC15;CC20;CC30
Surge Condensator
Retrofitting or installation of surge capacitors with high frequency current transformers is the solution for sensitive pd measurements on generators and motors. Furthermore, if surge capacitors are already fitted it is useless to fit additional coupling capacitors as the surge capacitors drain their signal energy. When installing coupling capacitors, why not install surge capacitors to protect the machine against surges at the same time. PD Tech Power Engineering AG provides services to optimise insulation coordination. Confined space in industrial motors and generators often complicated the installation of coupling capacitors. The ultra compact CC7 coupling capacitor design fits into most termination boxes.
CC7 capacitors installed on a large motor
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Basic Insulation Technology Research Analytic Services Consulting
PD Tech Power Engineering is active in Swiss project in co-operation with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and ISOLA Ltd. To explore and understand the basic failure mechanisms in rotating machine insulation.
Microscopic analyses of mica-glass fibre-epoxy and asphalted insulation for generators (Courtesy Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)
Further Consulting and Engineering Services

Insulation Coordination, Overvoltage Analyses, Transient Simulation Testing and Commissioning Experts Development Support Fault Analysis Maintenance and Repair Management Testing of Components Rental of Test Equipment Impulse and AC HV Testing on Site
Specifications subject to change without notice
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Partial Discharge Basics of Monitoring

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MICAMAXXTMplus Partial Discharge Basics