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DEFINITION OF HOSPITAL
Hospital is an integral part of a Social and Medical Organisation, the functions of which are to provide the population complete Healthcare both Curative and Preventive with Outpatient Services which reaches out to the family in its own environment and also to carry out Training of health workers/functionaries and the Biosocial Research.
CLASSIFICATION OF HOSPITALS
1. According to Directory of Hospitals (a) General Hospital (b) Rural Hospital (c) Specialised Hospital (d) Teaching Hospital (e) Isolation Hospital
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3. According to the Systems of Medicine 4. According to the Bed Strength 5. According to Clinical Basis 6. According to Length of Stay of Patients
HOSPITAL AS SYSTEM
The Hospital System has its External Environment and Linkages. To understand the Hospital System, one has to look at the hospital as an Open System. A general hospital, within the immediate environment of health care organisation and the larger environment of the community are interdependent. The hospital services have to be considered as a socio-technical system within the health care system that copes with the constraints from both the internal and external environment.
ENVIRONMENT
Input
Output
System Boundary
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Definition of System
A system has been defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as simply a set or assemblage of things, connected, or interdependent, so as to form a complex utility; A whole composed of parts in orderly arrangement according to some scheme or plan.
"To be more precise a system is a hierarchical chain of systems and sub-systems, interconnected and interdependent, having clear objectives at each level of the system or subsystem, obtains enough inputs from its environment to offset its output, and operates with varying processes or methods to achieve the ultimate objective of the system. As per Katz and Khan social systems are anchored in the attitudes, perceptions, beliefs, motivations, habits and expectations of human beings.
Definition of System
FUNCTIONS OF HOSPITALS
(a) Restorative or Curative (b) Prevention of Diseases and Promotion of Health (c) Surveillance Centre (d) Education and Research (e) Professional Support (f) Early detection of epidemics
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(g) Primary Health Care (PHC) Programme To become a part of primary health care (PHC) programme, every hospital need to take some role such as:
i) ii) To provide support to PHC. To promote community health development action.
iii) Basic and continuing education to workers engaged in PHC. iv) Research on PHC
The hospital should regard health as a value and focus on prevention, use of appropriate technology, community involvement and multi-sectoral approach. The strengthening of co-ordination through improved exchange of information collected through passive surveillance by the hospital is an important aspect.
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c) The hospital service is normally emergent in nature and no two situations are similar needing the same treatment. So the Hospital Administration cannot always be preplanned in micro level implementation, with straight jacket formula. It is more often in management by crisis than management by objective. d) The wide spectrum of people involved in the hospital activity ranges from the highly skilled professional to the man who may not have visited a school (unskilled). Therefore, the management of this varied group of people calls for a balanced psychosocial approach.
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e) The dual control by way of professional authority and the executive authority in the Hospital invariably leads to management conflict which is a peculiar situation every hospital administrator has to face in the day to day operation. f) Of late the hospital being treated as Industry for Profit as well for maximization of the output with minimal input has led to application of management tools and techniques for its administration. E) There is a sense of urgency and it functions 24 hrs a day.
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Relating the Hospital to the External Environment Material supplies Manpower supplies Supply of finance Consumers Regulatory agencies Political groups Other similar organisations Press and other media Environmental Protection Activist
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Technology change Economic environment Social and cultural milieu Political, legal and ethical environment International environment Operational Management of the Hospital Policies Procedures Rules
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Management of Information is yet one of the most important aspect to be looked into by the hospital administration i.e. Medical Records Department. This is the most important source of hospital information.
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Maintaining Relationship with the Medical Staff Maintaining Relationship with the Public Risk Management of the Hospital Managing Ethics and Code of Conduct
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