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Water Quantity Water Quality Distance from the source to the service area Investment and O & M Costs Environmental Considerations Hierarchy of choice 1- Spring 2 - Well/groundwater 3 - Surface Water
Water sources
Confirmed sufficient (dependable)yield Water quality Elevation Distance to service area Protected watershed On site sanitation
Water sources
expected yield from hydrogeological data Geophysical investigation Test well drilling or aquifer pumping test Water quality tests Elevation and distance to service area Environmental sanitation
4
Water sources
Wells
Based on Aquifer Tapped Shallow (<20 m depth) Deep (>20m depth) Artesian ( from confined aquifer) Based on Construction method Dug Bored, Driven Drilled
Percussion Rotary
water availability water quality tests watershed characteristics flood flows river bed material & thickness of pervious strata relative location and elevation to the service area water rights
Water sources
6
Rainwater
Can be collected from roofs of structures and conducted
to cisterns or storage tanks. Unless the catchment area is unusually large, cisterns are applicable for level I only. One mm of rain falling on one m2 of roof will yield 0.8-0.9 liters (c-value) Yield (liters per year) = Annual rainfall (mm) x c-value x surface area (m2)
With an Annual Rainfall of 2,360 mm and a surface area
Water Resources
As to Location Rainwater .. Condensation of atmospheric water vapor Surface water water open to the atmosphere Groundwater water that has percolated beneath the ground surface (springs, wells, infiltration galleries) Guideline for Selection Must satisfy quantity & quality requirements For RWS, surface sources should be last priority due to capex and O & M requirements
Springs
Moderate Chlorination & Filtration Reliable Minimum skills Water quality normally OK Chlorine only Minimum O & M
Groundwater
High Chlorination Highly reliable Minimum skills Water tastes uniformly good Minimum material required for O & M, chlorine only
Surface Water
Poor Flocculation, Sedimentation, Filtration Moderately Reliable Moderate to high skills Water quality affected by season treatment, chemicals, energy
Water sources
yes
yes
ARE RAINFALL PATTERN & ROOF DESIGN SUITABLE FOR RAIN WATER CATCHMENT?
no
yes
CAN PEOPLE AFFORD THE STORAGE TANKS NECESSARY FOR RAINWATER CATCHMENT?
no
yes
RAINWATER CATCHMENT
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
DRIVEN WELL
yes
yes
BORED WELL
yes
yes
yes
JETTED WELL
yes
yes
DUG WELL
yes
yes
DRILLED WELL
yes
SURFACE SOURCE
End of Presentation