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Describe the properties of Dry gas commonly used by the petroleum engineer. Estimate the values of the properties using normally available information about the dry gas.
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Dry gases are the easiest to deal with because no liquid condenses from the gas as it moves from the reservoir to the surface. The gas compositions at the surface and reservoir conditions are the same and therefore, the specific gravity would also be the same for both.
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Dry gases are the easiest to deal with because no liquid condenses from the gas as it moves from the reservoir to the surface. The gas compositions at the surface and reservoir conditions are the same and therefore, the specific gravity would also be the same for both.
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The gas formation volume factor (Bg) is defined as the volume of the gas at the reservoir conditions required to produce one standard cubic foot of gas at the surface conditions. The reciprocal of the Bg sometimes is called gas expansion factor. The usual units for the Bg are:
Reservoir cubic feet per standard cubic feet, res. cu ft/ scf. Reservoir barrels per standard cubic feet, res. bbl/scf.
Bg =
VR V SC
VR =
z R nRTR PR
VSC =
z sc nRTsc Psc
The volume of n moles of gas at standard condition Thus, the formation volume factor is
Bg
z R nRT RT PR = z sc nRT P sc
B g = 0 . 0282
sc
=
B g = 0 . 00502
Bg
Pressure
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EXAMPLE 1
Calculate the formation volume factor of a dry gas with a specific gravity of 0.818 at reservoir temperature of 220F and pressure of 2100 psig.
First, estimate the Ppc and Tpc S Second. d C Calculate l l t th the Ppr and d Tpr and d get t the th z factor. f t Third, Calculate the Bg using the following equation:
B g = 0 . 00502
SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 1
First, from this figure and at 0.818 gravity Ppc = 647psia Tpc = 406 R. Second calculate the Tpr and Ppr
TPR =
T TPC
PPR =
P PPC
TPR =
P PR =
Resource: McCain textbook pg. 119
SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 1
Third, Find z value for the dry gas using this chart Ppr = 3.27 and Tpr = 1.68
z = 0.855
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EXAMPLE 1
Calculate the formation volume factor of a dry gas with a specific gravity of 0.818 at reservoir temperature of 220F and d pressure of f 2100 psig. ig
Once Z factor is estimated, then you can use the following equation for calculating the gas formation volume factor
B g = 0 . 00502
B g = 0 . 00502
The coefficient of isothermal compressibility (Cg) is defined as the fractional change of volume as pressure is changed at a constant temperature. The coefficient normally is referred to as gas compressibility (Cg)
Ga as compressibility, Cg
Reservoir pressure
cg =
1 V 1 Vm or = V P Vm P
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Viscosity is a measure of the resistance to flow exerted by a fluid This is called dynamic viscosity and has units of centipoise = g mass / 100 sec cm
Kinematic viscosity is viscosity / density, units are in centistokes = centipoise /g/cc = cm2 /100 sec
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VISCOSITY OF GASES
Gas viscosity decreases as reservoir pressure decreases. The molecules are a apart at low pressure and move past each other more easily. At l low pressures an i increase i in t temperature t i increases gas viscosity i it whereas h at high pressure gas viscosity decreases as the temperature increases
100oF 150oF 200oF
T increasing
Pressure
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g =
y M yM
gj j j
1/ 2 j 1/ 2 j
y M
g gj j
= = =
j
Viscosity of gas mixtures Viscosity of component j in the gas mixtures Mole fraction of component j in the gas mixtures
EXAMPLE 2
Calculate the viscosity of the gas mixture given below at 200F and a pressure of one atmospheric absolute.
Mw 16.04 30.07 44.10 58.12
g =
y M y M
gj j j j
1/ 2 j 1/ 2 j
= 0.0125 cp
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g = ratio atm
where
atm
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