COMPONENTS OF GIS

A working GIS integrates five key components: -

Hardware Software Data People Methods

HARDWARE:
Divided into three groups

1. Input device 2. Central processing unit (CPU) 3. Output device

INPUT DEVICES Input device is a device device is used to convert data from maps and documents into digital form and send them to computer. 1.key board 2. mouse 3. scanner 4. light pen 5. Bar code reader 6. joy stick

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT CPU = Single silicon chip Equivalent to several million transistors This is the brain of the computer. It is further divided into three parts. ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) CU (Control Unit) MU (Memory Unit)

SOFTWARE
The GIS software includes the programs and the user interface for driving the hardware. GIS software is essential to generate, store, analyze, manipulate and display geographic information or data. A good GIS software requires user friendliness, functionalities, compatibilities, updatability, documentation, cost effectivness. The following is a list of GIS software producers and their main products.

 Environmental Systems Research Institute ( ESRI ): ArcInfo, ArcView. Autodesk: AutoCAD Map Clark Labs: IDRISI International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences: ILWIS Mapinfo Corporation: Mapinfo. Bentley Systems: Microstation. PCI Geomatics: PAMAP TYDAC Inc. : SPANS

DATA
Data is the most important component of a GIS. Geographic data and related tabular data can be collected in house, compiled to custom specifications and requirements, or purchased from a commercial data provider. A GIS can integrate spatial data with other existing data resources, often stored in a DBMS. The integration of spatial and tabular data stored in a DBMS is a key functionality afforded by GIS.

DATA INPUT
ENTERING SPATIAL DATA

ENTERING NON SPATIAL DATA

LINKING SPATIAL DATA TO NON SPATIAL DATA

Field surveys

BOTH SPATIAL & NONSPATIAL DATA

Remote sensing data

Collecting latitude and longitude coordinates with a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver.

Data Sources for GIS

Collateral or Secondary data collection

Literatures & References

Digital data files

ENTERING SPATIAL DATA

ENTERING SPATIAL DATA

MANUAL INPUT TO VECTOR SYSTEM

MANUAL INPUT TO GRID SYSTEM

DIGITISING

AUTOMATED SCANNING

ENTRY OF EXISTING SPATIAL DATA

INTERPOLATED DATA

AUTOMATED SCANNING Flat bed Scanner

x Map to be scanned

Y Scanner Head (CCD)

Drum Scanner

D x

DATA INPUT

OUTPUT DEVICES
A plotter or other kind of display device is used to present the result of the data processing and a tape device is used for storing data or programs on magnetic tape.

GIS OUTPUT CAPABILITIES

SIMPLE DISPLAY ALL CARTOGRAPHIC OPTIONS SCALE, STYLE & COLOR CHANGE INCLUDE GRAPHS, PHOTOS, ETC. 3D DISPLAY OVERLAY OF MANY THEMES PLOTTER / PRINTER O/P, WEB DISPLAY

GIS can display in the form of Charts, Histograms, 3D visualized output, DEM, etc,.

Histograms Charts

3D IMAGE

DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL(DEM)

PEOPLE
GIS technology has limited value without the people who manage and develop plans for applying it to real world problems. GIS user range from technical specialists who design and maintain the system to those who use it to help them perform their everyday work. The identification of GIS specialist's vs. end users is often critical to the proper implementation of GIS technology. This is what called 'brain ware' which is equally important as the Hardware and software. Brain ware refers to the purpose and objectives, and provides the reason and justification, for using GIS.

METHOD

A successful GIS operates according to a well designed implementation plan and business rules, which are the models and operating practices unique to each organization.

For many years, though GIS has been considered to be too difficult, expensive, and proprietary. The advent of graphical user interface (GUI), powerful and affordable hardware and software, and public digital data has broadened the range of GIS application and brought GIS to mainstream use.

GIS Is Being Deployed In Many Ways

19

History of GIS
Decade 1960s Milestones for computer-based GIS - Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS) developed: national land inventory pioneered many aspects of GIS - Harvard Lab for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis: pioneered software for spatial data handling - US Bureau of Census developed DIME data format - ESRI founded - CGIS fully operational (and still operational today) - First Landsat satellite launched (USA) - USGS begins Geographical Information Retrieval and Analysis System (GIRAS) to manage and analyze large land resource databases and Digital Line Graph (DLG) data format - ERDAS founded - ODYSSEY GIS launched (first vector GIS)

1970s

History of GIS

Decade 1980s

Milestones for computer-based GIS - ESRI launches ARC/INFO (vector GIS) - GPS became operational - US Army Corp of Engineers develop GRASS (raster GIS) - MapInfo founded - First SPOT satellite launched (Europe) - IDRISI Project started (GIS program) - SPANS GIS produced - National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA) established in USA -TIGER/Line digital data - First GIS textbooks

History of GIS

Decade 1990s

Milestones for computer-based GIS - MapInfo for Windows, Intergraph, Autodesk, others - ESRI produces ArcView and ARCGIS - $7+ billion industry - Internet becomes major delivery vehicle - More than 1 million active users

2000s

Evolution of GIS Software

Sub Sub-routine libraries (60s/70s)

Libraries of small programs (sub(sub-routines) Required advanced programming skills

Tool box with CLI (70s/80s)

Basic package with Command Line Interface Required advanced technical skills

Task Task-oriented system (90s/00s)

Graphical User Interface (GUI) Customization capabilities to create specificspecific-purpose applications

Functionality Architecture

User Interface Applications

Output Translation Analysis

Geographic Tools
Editing Display Data Manager Spatial Reference

Customization

Data Vector Access

Raster

GIS Software Classification

Number of Users

Internet Viewer Component Hand-held Desktop Professional

Functionality

Cost

Major Product Families

Autodesk Viewer Desktop Professional Hand-held Database Server
Component

ESRI
ArcReader

Intergraph GeoMedia Viewer GeoMedia GeoMedia Pro IntelliWhere Uses Oracle Spatial Part of GeoMedia

MapInfo ProViewer MapInfo Professional MapInfo Professional MapXtend SpatialWare

Smallworld Custom Spatial Intelligence Smallworld GIS Scout Part of Smallworld GIS Part of Smallworld GIS Smallworld Internet Application Server Part of Smallworld GIS

AutoCAD LT World AutoCAD / Map OnSite GIS Server

ArcView
ArcEditor

ArcInfo ArcPad ArcSDE

Map Objects,
ArcObjects

In several products MapGuide

MapX, MapJ

Internet

ArcIMS, ArcGIS Server

In several products

GeoMedia Web Map, GeoMedia Web Enterprise In several products

MapXtreme, MapXSite In several products

CAD

AutoCAD Map

Desktop Products

Extension Products
Spatial Analyst 3D Analyst Geostatistical Analyst MrSID Encoder ArcPress StreetMap USA

ArcGIS Platform
The ArcGIS Desktop

ArcView

ArcEditor

Server Products
ArcSDE
DBMS

DBMS Gateway
Coverages

ArcInfo

ArcIMS
Internet Services

ArcGIS Server
Files

GIS Market
Type of Software System
Professional Desktop Hand-held Component Viewer Internet 0 1000000 Users 2000000 3000000

Software for GIS: The Main Players

ESRI, Inc., Redlands, CA
clear market leader with about a third of the market originated commercial GIS with their ArcInfo product in 1981 privately owned by Jack Dangermond, a legend in the field Strong in gov., education, utilities and business logistics

MapInfo, Troy N.Y.

The main two pure GIS companies.

Aggressive newcomer in early 1990s, but now wellwell-established. Strong presence in business, especially site selection & marketing, and telecom

Intergraph (Huntsville, AL)

origins in proprietary CAD hardware/software Older UNIXUNIX-based MGE (Modular GIS Environment) evolved from CAD Current GeoMedia was the first true MS WindowsWindows-based GIS strong in design, public works, and FM (facilities management), but weakening

Bentley Systems (Exton, PA)

MicroStation GeoGraphics, originally developed with Intergraph, is now their exclusive and main product.. Strong in engineering; advertises itself as geoengineering Autodesk (San Rafael, CA) Began as PCPC-based CAD, but now the dominant CAD supplier First GIS product AutoCAD Map introduced in 1996 Primarily small business/small city customer base

ESRI ArcGIS System

c:\ ArcGIS Workstation

Clients
ArcView
ArcMap ArcCatalog ArcToolbox

Consistent interface Increasing capability

ArcInfo
ArcMap ArcCatalog ArcToolbox

ArcEditor
ArcMap ArcCatalog ArcToolbox

ArcExplorer

Browser

ArcEngine/ ArcObjects Application Development & Customization

ArcServer Services
Full GIS analysis

ArcIMS Services ArcSDE Services

Database storage/access

Map display & query

ArcPad
Files
Handheld/Wireless
(Personal Geodatabase, Shapefiles, Coverages, Grids, tins, etc)

Internet

Databases
Multi-user Geodatabases Multi(in Oracle, SQL Server, IBM DBII, etc)
Source: ESRI with mods.

Future Generic GIS Internet Enterprise

Browsers
Web

Applications

Web Server

Broker Services
( built on .Net, SOAP/XML, Java API)

Source: Reza Wahadj, CSIG04, with mods.

Dallas

Delhi

Durban

Databases