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SM
Why Do We Test?
2-1
Doble Training
2-2
Doble Training
m A
ICIT
HV
O IR E
LV CHL
CH CL
m A 6
2-3
Doble Training
Relationship Between mA, pF, Watts, And Percent Power Factor IC IT See the relationship clearly (Fig 1) but more realistically (Fig 2) IC IT Cos = IR Fig 1 PF = IR/IT E IR Fig 2
7
We apply a voltage across our insulation, and measure the current that flows (IT) in mA. We measure the capacitive component (IC in pF) and the resistive component (IR in Watts)
2-4
Doble Training
C= 4d
C A d
A
CH CHL CL
BT
10
2-5
Doble Training
11
12
2-6
Doble Training
The measured Watts represent the energydissipating tendency of the insulating material (i.e., the Dielectric Loss portion of the insulating material). This component of the measured current is created by foreign materials not part of the insulation system. Examples:
Moisture Arcing Byproducts Metallic Particles from forced oil motors Airborne Particles
IR
IC
Surface leakage on a bushing with contaminated porcelain can be highly resistive because of moisture and particles of contamination. Since the inside of the bushing is clean and free of moisture, the C1 current measured on the inside should be highly capacitive.
14
2-7
Doble Training
15
Watts As It Relates To VT Or V2
The angular difference between VT and V2 is caused by the element
Without RG With RG
16
2-8
Doble Training
10 kV equivalent values
17
18
2-9
Doble Training
2. Divided by 9.077mA=.21%
E 25% L-G L-G Tip-up occurs mostly in dry-type insulation specimens such as Dry Type Transformer, rotating machinery, and cables, but can occur in oil filled transformers when the insulation is contaminated.
20
2-10
Doble Training
21
2-11
Doble Training
Summary
Current
(mA) Capacitance (pF) A-C dielectric Loss (Watts) Percent Power Factor Power Factor Tip-Up
Power Factor
24
2-12
Doble Training
Guard
25
2-13
Doble Training
Test Circuits
GST means Grounded Specimen Test. At least part of the test current is measured through the ground lead; the rest is measured through the LV leads, if used and not guarded. UST means Ungrounded Specimen Test. The ground lead is not used for measurement. Only the selected LV leads are measured. No currents to ground can be measured.
27
UST Test Circuit: Currents to Ground are not measured; Ground is Guard! Guard
Guard Test Set Ground Lead: (Set automatically) Measured Not Measured
28
2-14
Doble Training
Guard Guard Guarded and Ungrounded cables not measured Guarded and Grounded cables not measured
29
m A
2-15
Doble Training
GST
GROUNDED SPECIMENT TEST
GND - RB Measure Red, Blue, & Ground GAR - RB Measure Only Ground GAR - R GAR - B
Measure Only Blue & Ground Measure Only Red & Ground
UST
UNGROUNDED SPECIMENT TEST
Controlling Measured Current On Ch Measurement Without being guarded, the LV winding influences the HV winding measurement to ground; get a mixed measurement.
LV
HV
CH CHL
m A
32
2-16
Doble Training
LV CHL
HV
CH
m A
33
m A
34
2-17
Doble Training
m A
35
The End
36
2-18