KEY FORMULAS Lind, Marchal, Wathen, and Waite Basic Statistics for Business and Economics, 1st Canadian

n Edition

CHAPTER 3 Population mean, raw data X N Sample mean, raw data X X n Weighted mean Xw Geometric mean GM 2(X1)(X2)(X3) (Xn) Geometric mean rate of increase
n Value at end of period GM B Value at start of period 1 n

Sample standard deviation, grouped data f M [31] CHAPTER 4 [32] Special rule of addition P(A or B) P(A) P(B) [33] Complement rule P(A) 1 P(~ A) [34] General rule of addition P(A or B) P(A) P(B) P(A and B) [35] [36] Special rule of multiplication P(A and B) P(A)P(B) General rule of multiplication [37] P(A and B) P(A)P(B|A) Number of permutations (X )2 N
2

(f M)2 n n1

[317]

[42]

w1X1 w2X2 wnXn w1 w2 wn

[43]

[44]

Range Highest value Lowest value Mean deviation X X MD n Population variance

[45]

[46]

[38]

nP r

n! (n r)! n! r!(n r)!

[48]

Population standard deviation (X )2 B N [39]

Number of combinations
nCr

[49]

Sample variance (deviation) (X X )2 s2 n1 Sample variance (direct) X 2 s2 (X)2 n n1 [310]

CHAPTER 5 Mean of a probability distribution [xP(x)] Variance of a probability distribution [311] 2 [(x )2P(x)] Binomial distribution P(x) nCx px(1 p)n - x [312] Mean of a binomial distribution np s [54] [53] [52] [51]

Sample standard deviation (direct) X 2 s R (X)2 n n1

Coefficient of variation CV Coefficient of skewness 3(X median) sk s Location of percentile Lp (n 1) Sample mean grouped data fM X n [316] CHAPTER 6 Standard normal value P 100 [315] [314] X (100) [313]

Variance of a binomial distribution 2 np (1 p) Hypergeometric probability distribution P(x) (SCx)(N SCn x) NCn xe x! [56] [55]

Poisson probability distribution P(x) [57]

[61]

CHAPTER 7 Standard error of mean X z-value, and known z X / 1n X s/ 1n [72] 1n [71]

Two-sample test of proportions z p 1 p 2 pc(1 pc) pc(1 pc) D n1 n2 pc Pooled variance [73] s2 p
2 (n1 1) s2 1 (n2 1) s2 n1 n2 2

[103]

Pooled proportion X1 X2 n1 n2 [104]

z-value, population shape and unknown z CHAPTER 8 Confidence interval for , n > 30 s Xz 1n Confidence interval for , unknown s Xt 1n Confidence interval for proportion p(1 p) z p where p p B n Standard error of sample proportion p (1 p ) sp B n Confidence interval for population proportion p (1 p ) n [84] [82] [81]

[105]

Two-sample test of meanssmall samples t X1 X2 1 1 s2 b pa D n1 n2 [106]

Paired t test t CHAPTER 11 Test for equal variance F [85] Sum of squares, total SS total = X 2 [86] Sum of squares, treatments SST c [89] Sum of squares, error SSE SS total SST [810] Confidence interval for means 1 1 (X1 X2) t MSE a b B n1 n2 CHAPTER 12 [91] Coefficient of correlation r n(XY) (X)(Y)
1 [ n(X 2 ) (X)2 ] [ n(Y 2) (Y )2 ]

d sd / 1n

[107]

s2 1 s2 2 (X)2 n

[111]

[112]

z p

Sample size for estimating population mean zs 2 na b E Sample size for population proportion z np (1 p )a b E CHAPTER 9 z distribution as a test statistic X z / 1n z statistic, unknown X z s /1n Test of hypothesis, one proportion p p z p(1 p) D n One sample test of mean, small sample t CHAPTER 10 Test statistic for difference between two large sample means z X1 X2 s2 1
D n1
2

T2 (X)2 c d nc n

[113]

[114]

[115]

[122]

[92]

Correlation test of hypothesis t r 1n 2 21 r 2 [123]

[94]

Slope of a regression line b n(XY) (X)(Y) n(X 2) (X)2 Y X ba b n n [125]

X s/ 1n

Intercept of a regression line [95] a [126]

Standard error of estimate sy x = B Y 2 a(Y) b(XY) n2 [128]

s2 2 n2

[102]

 Confidence interval Y' t(sy x) R Prediction interval Y' t(sy x) R CHAPTER 13 Multiple regression equation Y' = a + b1X1 b2X2 + + bk Xk Multiple standard error sy 12 k = (Y Y')2 B n (k 1) SSR SS total [134] [133] 1 1 n (X X)2 (X)2 X 2 n [1210] 1 n (X X)2 (X)2 X 2 n [129]

Coefficient of multiple determination R2 = Global test of hypothesis F SSR / k SSE /(n (k 1)) bi 0 sbi [136] [135]

Testing for a particular regression coefficient t CHAPTER 14 Chi-square test statistic 2 = c Expected frequency fe = (Row total)(Column total) Grand total [142] (fo fe)2 d fe [141] [137]