TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE. .................................................................................................................................... ii 1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background of the study ................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives of the topic ...................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 General objective ........................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.2 Specific objectives ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Questions related to topic.................................................................................................................. 2 CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Definition of key terms ..................................................................................................................... 3 Tourism ................................................................................................................................................... 3 Romance tourism .................................................................................................................................... 3 Sex tourism ............................................................................................................................................. 3 2.2 Gendered Power in sex and romance tourism. .................................................................................. 3 2.3 Impacts of Sex Tourism .................................................................................................................... 4 2.4 Motivations for engaging in romance tourism ............................................................................... 6 2.4.1 Poverty ........................................................................................................................................... 6 2.4.2 Love Affection and Marriage ......................................................................................................... 7 2.4.3 Racial or Skin Color and Romance Tourism ................................................................................. 7 2.4.4 Demand from Foreign Tourists ...................................................................................................... 8 2.4.5 The Non-Contractual Nature of Agreements ................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER THREE ..............................................................................................................................10 3.0 Summary and Conclusion ...............................................................................................................10 3.1 Summary .........................................................................................................................................10 3.2 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................10 REFFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................11

LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS

AIDS HIV STDs UNWTO USA

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Human Immunodeficiency Virus Sexually Transmitted Diseases United Nation World Tourism Organization United State of America

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CHAPTER ONE. 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Romance tourism or female sex tourism is an emerging area of interest amongst scholars which women go to other countries such as the Caribbean countries of Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Barbados; African nations such as Senegal; and Asia particularly Indonesia seeking sex from local males, typically in tourist resorts areas, in exchange the men will get cash, gifts, meals, or a possibility for better future to mention but a few. And some have no expectations but a good time. While it generates tremendous revenue to the sex tourism destinations, the industry has been condemned as the two main reasons trafficking of women and children exist. Despite this, little research has examined the motivation of sex tourists.Even though female sex tourism is less prominent than its male counterpart; it is still taboo and quite controversial. Largely because the males dont consider themselves prostitute and the women regard their actions as all in good fun. Sex tourism is a particularly important aspect of tourism, in general, since, as Oppermann (1998) suggests, sex and tourist travel around the world are frequently linked. Tourism, romance, love, and sexual relations have been inextricably linked since the earliest days of travel. For as long as people have been traveling they have been engaging in romantic and sexual encounters of various types (McKercher and Bauer 2003:3). Sex tourism types; domestic sex tourism is the travel that within the same country and international sex tourism which involve a travel across national borders, the sex tourism general is illegal activity. The research in to female sex tourists looked at a study by Frohlick Uteng and Cresswell (2008, p.129) and found that they were traveling for a holiday and that they viewed relationships or sexual encounters as a coincidental part of their holiday. In comparison with the research in to male sex tourists this is very different, the male sex tourists tend to be traveling with the main idea of meeting a sexual partner and this is the primary reason for themTraveling France (1997, p.108).

The main differences found between the male and female sex tourists was the places they visit and the places which their sexual encounters happen. The females travel to places which seem to have a romantic setting for example beaches and deserts and the males visit brothels and use prostitutes in Bangkok. This comparison would seem to be the reason why male sex tourists are viewed in such a negative way and also to add to this they are reluctant to talk about what they do therefore it seems even more illicit and secretive. The purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of the sex tourism phenomenon and, more specifically, motivation of tourists.

1.2 Objectives of the topic 1.2.1 General objective The main objective of this study is to examine the sex tourism phenomenon and, more specifically, motivation of tourists in sex tourism.

1.2.2 Specific objectives 1. Identify and explain power domination in sex and romance tourism. 2. Identifies various impacts of sex and romance tourism to the targeted destination and country. 3. To identifies and analyse driving forces or motivation on sex and romance tourism.

1.3 Questions related to topic 1. How is the power domination in sex and romance tourism? 2. What are the impacts of sex and romance tourism in destination? 3. What are factors that drives tourist in sex and romance tourism?

CHAPTER TWO 2.1 Definition of key terms Tourism - The activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside of their usual environment for not more than on consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes. (UNWTO, 2001) Romance tourism is a term that some scholars have used to highlight the romantic, emotional, and intimate connections cultivated between foreign tourists and local men and women in tourist destinations which are usually in developing countries (Pruitt, 1995). Sex tourism is referred to trips organized from within the tourism sector, or from outsi de this sector but using its structures and networks, with the primary purpose of effecting a commercial sexual relationship by the tourist with residents at the destination (WTO, 1995).

2.2 Power domination in sex and romance tourism. The feminist sociopolitical perspective provides great insights into the sex tourism exchange. Women are defined as less powerful in sexual relationships than men, whether they are selling or buying sex (Shrage 1994, Enloe 1989). Men are able to retain their dominance even when they sell sexual services to women because they are defined as having more sexual knowledge. This domination by men may suggest a possible reason why women are commonly referred to as prostitutes in the literature whereas men are not. Literature about sex tourism suggests, there are power differentials between men and women within the context of sexual relationships between travelers and locals. The most pertinent explanation of these factors of power comes from Wingood and DiClemente (2000:543) as they borrow from Connells 1987 work in suggesting that power is defined as having the capacity to influence the action of others, conceptualizing power in terms of power over others or having the ability to act or to change in a desired direction. This gendered power may best be understood in the context of sex tourism by looking at the difference between research about female sex tourism and male sex tourism. While the literature about male sex tourism suggests that male travelers have more power than female locals with whom they have sex, the female sex tourism literature is more varied, suggesting that while the women have more economic power, they are less powerful because they are women (Pruitt and LaFont 1995, Phillips 1999, Shrage 1994, Enloe 1989).

These disparities in power between men and women are particularly significant, as according to the sexual division of power, as the power inequality between men and women increases and favors men, women will be more likely to experience adverse health outcomes (Wingood and DiClemente 2000:543).

2.3 Impacts of Sex Tourism Sex tourism has far-reaching implications for host communities in much the same way as other forms of tourism. Much of the profits from tourism go to people besides those who are selling sex (Oppermann 1998). In order to go to male tourists hotel rooms, female prostitutes often have to give a share of their profits to the hotel managers. If they pick men up in bars, they have to give the owners of these clubs a share of the profits. The hotel and club managers and owners are the elite. The women who act as prostitutes are not (Fusco 1998, Cabezas 1999). Also, some tourist destinations become known internationally as places to buy sex. Sex is perceived as available, and exploitation of racialized, sexualized people in the host countries is strengthened (OConnell Davidson and Sanchez Taylor 1999). Other risks to international sex workers are health risks such as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), an increase in violence against women, and an increase in crime (Ragsdale and Tomiko Anders 1999). Sex tourism can be seen as both a risk and an opportunity to acquire resources. Because of the risks involved, many women prefer to attach themselves to pimps or other traders for safety and security reasons and in the end get less income. Alternatively, they may decide to go it alone and get high incomes but with this also comes a great risk. Most women in sex work face the risk of material loss because they may not be paid by their clients after offering sexual services (ref. The Marco case). Women are generally helpless against such exploitation and take them as part of their business. The other material risks is the money that they must give to the police in exchange for liberty to operate and especially since the work is mostly done at night. The women also risk losing their money to theft. Women can sometimes face attacks by dissatisfied customers. They may face physical attacks in the form of cruelty, violence and rape and in extreme cases even pay with their life, as did one woman in 1980.
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Monica Njeri was a 32-year-old mother of two and a prostitute in Mombassa with a bias towards male clients. She was brutally murdered by Frank Sundstrom a19 year old USA navy service man who wanted the kind of sex that Monica could not provide. When he was not satisfied with merely sleeping, he woke up and tried to steal back the money he had given to Monica plus her own money but she woke up and caught him in the act. In the ensuing struggle, he broke a beer bottle to make a weapon and repeatedly stabbed her until she died. (Migot-Adhola 1982:74) Health Problems, Women in prostitution also face health problems. They are exposed to sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS. It is worth nothing that as much as the women would like to use preventive measures such as condoms, not many tourists will accept this. The reasons that have been given by some tourists is that it interrupts the flow of sex and that carrying it may imply that one is promiscuous (Clift & Grabowski 1997). The other health danger with sex work is the susceptibility to anal or cervical cancers. Additionally, since many women are forced into sex work, some may only be able to work under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol. These can in turn lead to drug and alcohol addiction as well as mental depression. Due to its nature, sex tourism has been perceived largely as having a negative impact on society. However, there is another side to it. Sex tourism can generate income. Some women that have risked prostitution have been able to build better houses and have invested in urban plots and houses. This is largely because earnings from prostitution are often more than from other alternative employment opportunities open to women with low levels of education. Although some girls state that they would like to move from prostitution to other jobs, they are conscious of the income that they are likely to lose. Sex workers contribute to the national economy by boosting the profits of many transnational hotels and airlines, small street vendors who sell ornaments, hotel staff, taxi drivers, brothel owners, and many other intermediaries. The police, the state, as well as local and international enterprises are all aware that sex has a market value even though they proclaim that prostitution is immoral (Ryan and Hall 2001). Sex tourism can also contribute to cultural exchange. Many sex workers are forced to learn foreign languages; for without such skills they cannot perform their work well. There are also occasions when these temporary relationships have led to more permanent unions such as marriage, which in turn have removed the girls from everyday prostitution. The other positive
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impact is that health workers are encouraged to pay more attention to their health due to the nature of their work. These girls must go for checkups regularly and should any problem be detected it can be treated in time. Sex tourism facilitate to the development of other social services like roads, hospitals, education a few to mention, government itself earn money via tourism industry and sex tourism even though it is illegal and go against with traditional norms to some countries but indirectly contribute to the development of social services, in another way through the coming of tourists encourage the government to stress the development of other sectors and services to meet tourists needs.

2.4 Motivations for engaging in romance tourism Some of the motivations indicated by local males for engaging in sexual relationships with western female tourists in some previous works include economic and sexual subjugation of western female tourists as well as possibility to migrate to America or Europe (Herold et al, 2001) romantic love relationship (Pruitt and LaFont, 1995) and sexual excitement (de Albuquerque 1998). These entire factors also resonate in this study in addition to racial or skin color.

2.4.1 Poverty Poor economic condition is often acknowledged as one of the key factors for tourism development in third world countries (Herold et al, 2001; Mowforth, and Munt, 2003). It also makes third world countries to be dependent on affluent first world tourists to survive. Similarly, it has also been acknowledged as a powerful force for the development and thriving of sex related tourism activities in developing countries as well (Herol d et al.,2001;Taylor, 2006). Consequently, poverty was also admitted by some of the beach boys interviewed in Ghana to have been a motivating factor in their participation in Romance tourism. This fact was emphasized by the fact that 51.2% of the beach b oys, affirmed that their poverty status influence them to participate in sexual interactions with the female tourists. In acknowledging this fact, one of the beach boys frankly stated that: Poverty motivates black guys to hustle for the white ladies. This can be seen on thefaces of our guys, you will see that they are poor. Another beach boy also stress that Ican say from my experience that we black guys go to the white girls whenever we seethem because of
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poverty. The girls also know we are coming to them because we are poor. But the guys dont give a dam to the girls we just chill out with them and laterthe girls choose the guys they like (Odunlami S. 2009). Thus, it can be argued that poverty significantly motivates beach boys to engage in romance tourism with affluent female tourists and that it makes them to be vulnerable as well.

2.4.2 Love Affection and Marriage Besides money, some of the people also claimed that love affection motivates them into engaging in Romance Tourism with the female tourists. In addition, those who indicated love affection as one of the motivating factors for involvement in romance tourism. Some of the local people even expressed the desire to get married to white women. With respect to this, a local person who claimed he is passionate about his love for white ladies states; Its one of the greatest things, yeah. I really wish to have one (Hitchcock J.1998). Similarly, the ease with which both parties switch partners at an unimaginable rate also makes the claim for love as a genuine motivating factor in this relationship questionable. Moreover, both the white women and the boys sometimes sleep with more than one partner during the same period.

2.4.3 Racial or Skin Color and Romance Tourism The beach boys in Ghana are generally black native Ghanaians with a few from other neighboring countries such as Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Mali and Nigeria. The apparent differentiation in skin color due to racial difference between the beach boys and the female tourists contribute greatly to making the tourists highly attractive and admirable to the black males. This is evidence because many (58%) of the beach boys interviewed admitted that it influences their desire to engage in sexual relationships with the female tourists. This binary attraction can also be argued arose because the beach boys indeed considered the female tourists to be exotic. Thus, eroticization of the other powerfully stimulates the beach boys in romance tourism. Although, eroticization of the other is often associated with white female tourists in romance tourism. However, it is apparent that it also hugely influenced the beach boys as well. This was also stressed by one of the beach boys who agreed that many of the beach boys are attracted to whitecolor. Many beach boys want white ladies. Another beach boy also consented that differences in skin color motivate some beach boys to go for the white ladies
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becausethey are white something different from their own skin color. Therefore, it could be affirmed that just as female tourists eroticized the beach boys, they too eroticized the female tourists as well. (Ronald Weitzer. 2009)

2.4.4 Demand from Foreign Tourists Sex tourism is often viewed as a problem within the country in which it takes place. In other words, it is seen as a developing country issue or a womens issue, and not a problem that needs to be addressed within the countries that supply the sex tourists. An alternative view is that the problem stems from the constant demand from sex tourists. Despite government policies to prevent prostitution, the receiving countries are powerless to fight sex tourism in the face of a constant demand. In other words, the supply of women will stop as soon as demand stops. As PavenaHongsakula, a Minister in the Prime Ministers Office in 1999, wrote to The Bangkok Post, The Thai government does not and will not condone sex tourism. Although sex tours may bring in some foreign currencies, they are against all the moral principles we believe in. The sexual service business is an internal problem that we are trying to curb, but controlling the supply will not help much if the demand keeps pouring in.17 Th us, demand from foreign male tourists is the root cause of the problem, and it should be dealt with in the countries that supply sex tourists.

2.4.5 The Non-Contractual Nature of Agreements The low cost of sexual services in Thailand, combined with the manner in which the services are provided is extremely appealing for sex tourists. As Patricia Green (2001) describes: Sexual services are cheap, as are accommodation, food, drinks and travel. There is an abundant choice and diversity of settings, services and servers, all at very affordable prices. The traditional attitude of subservience of the Asian woman to the man guarantees compliance with his desires, not only sexually but in caring for and serving him. This flatters the male ego and reinforces his desire for Asian women. They may also serve as cheap or unpaid tour guides, interpreters and maids. Through the mirror Asian eyes, the aging, fat and balding westerner sees himself again as young, sexy and virile.

This is all a part of the fantasy in the land where the sex tourist advertisements say Come to Thailand where all your fantasi es will be made to come true. Without a doubt, prostitution is available in England or the United States, but many sex tourists prefer to travel to countries such as Thailand rather than deal with the impersonal nature in which sexual services are rendered in their home countries. In Britain, for example, sexual services are generally sold like any other commercial exchange a price is agreed upon for a specific task. As in the research paper on British sex tourists, [In Britain] The narrow and commercial nature of the exchange is more than evident to clients as well as prostitutes and a man would no more expect a prostitute to cuddle or stroke him or act as his companion after sex than he would expect a plumber to do so after fixing a leaking pipe. For men who do not want to see themselves as a sex tourist, the personal manner in which services are provided in Thailand is alluring (OConnell and Davidson . 1999).

CHAPTER THREE 3.0 Summary and Conclusion 3.1 Summary This paper has successfully identified the sex and romance tourism as Men make up the majority of sex tour customers. Primarily men from developed countries, specifically the nations like United States, Western Europe, and Japan can afford and choose to participate in erotic tours. While there is very limited data on foreign female customers, several studies have explored characteristics of the western male sex customer and female sex customers. The study also reveals several impacts and the factors which influences the sex and romance tourism that had been conducted in several parts of the world. Though these factors are clear and visible individual makes travelling and consuming this new product or service making it to be the fastest growing aspect of the business. The aim here is not to indicate the extent by which the segment contributed to the growth of the industry but the question is if we will allow this to happen, since it is conducted illegally will it allow any ethnic group to emerge, sell and advertise its unique cultural aspects, while those events occurs within the same ethnic group. Answer here is simply no then we are forced to look up on what best steps to follow in order to view this phenomena wisely since we demand revenue but also we are adhering to social norms and mostly we Africans.

3.2 Conclusion Tanzania sex tourism is illegal activity but it still there, there are female and child still work in sex tourism, so they get income through this activity but it is not Tanzanian tradition, and this led the destruction of Tanzania culture. Therefore, solution to those negative impacts of sex and romance tourism involves two ways of solving this sex tourism in Tanzania either to restrict the sex tourism in every corner of Tanzania country, or to legalize it, the advantage of restrict it will reduce child labor, transmission of HIV and AIDS, but if the sex tourism will be legally there are laws and regulation to follow and it will increase income generation in the country while maintain safety and health of the workers as development of a nation start from proper planning and thus we need to set proper planning in tourism activity in order to come up with sustainably development within the nation.

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REFFERENCES Cabezas (1999). Sex and Tourism in Cuba and the Dominican Republic Clift & Grabowski (1997). Sex tourism: paradigms of confusion Enloe and Shrage (1994).Feminist Perspectives on Sex Markets Frohlick U. and Cresswell (2008). Sexuality, Women and Tourism. Green, Patricia (2001). Thailand: Tourism and the Sex Industry, Hitchcock J. (1998). Tourism in Southeast Asia: Challenges and New Directions. Mckercher B. and Bauer T. (2012). Sex and Tourism: Journeys of Romance, Love, and Lust Migot- Adhola (1982). Sex trade and tourism in Kenya: Close encounters between the hosts and the hosted Wingood and DiClemente (2000). Working womens perceptions of power, genderbased violence and HIV-infection risks: OConnell Davidson and Sanchez Taylor (1999). Children In The Global Sex Trade Odunlami S. (2009). Romance Tourism in Africa. Pruitt and LaFont (1995). Sun, Sex, and Gold: Tourism and Sex Work in theCaribbean Ragsdale and Tomiko Anders (1999). The Muchachas of Orange Walk Town, Belize Ryan and Hall (2001). Destination image, romance and place experience an application of intimacy theory in tourism Ronald Weitzer (2009). Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry.
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