UP,

CONTENTS

FOREWORD iv ABBREVIATIONS iv INTRODUCTION v LESSONS 1 - 36 1 APPENDIX I: Spelling and Pronunciation 209 APPENDIX II: General Guide to Plural of Nouns and Formation of Verbal Nouns.... 218 APPENDIX III: The Spelling in this Book and Official Standard Irish 221 APPENDIX IV: Pronunciation of Alphabet 223 KEY TO TEXTS 224 KEY TO EXERCISES 246 IRISH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 259 ENGLISH-IRISH VOCABULARY 296 BIBLIOGRAPHY 304 GRAMMATICAL INDEX 306 TABLE OF SOUNDS (inside back cover)

FOREWORD

I wish to express my gratitude to Professor David Greene and Professor Brian Cuiv of the School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, for their support during the preparation of this book; to Professor Toms Concheanainn and Professor Toms de Bhaldraithe for their help, to Mr. Pl Breatnach; and particularly to Dr. Pdraig de Brun and Dr. Arndt Wigger for their constant aid and advice; to Miss Doreen Callan, Maire Ui Chinnseala, Mrs. Patricia Dunne and to Miss Cathleen Sheppard who were associated with the preparation of the typescript; to Mr. Pdraig Cearbhaill and to Brd Ni Chearbhaill without whose patience and help this book would never have been completed.

FOREWORD TO THIRD EDITION

I would like to express my thanks to my friend Dr. Arndt Wigger for his assistance in enhancing the typography and design of this third edition of Learning Irish. While these improvements along with some minor updating of the material have resulted in changes in the pagination, the text of the previous editionremainsessentially unaltered.

ABBREVIATIONS

adj. adv. alt. art. comp, conj. ctd. fut. gen. habit, incl. len. lit.

adjective adverb altemative(ly) article comparative conjunction continued future genitive habitual including lenition literally

n. neg. num. pi. prep. pron. rel. sing. superl. v. adj. vb. v. n. voc.

noun negative numeral plural preposition pronoun relative singular superlative verbal adjective verb verbal noun vocative

INTRODUCTION

THE IRISH LANGUAGE

Irish is one of the many languages spoken aross Europe and as far east as India, that trace their descent from Indo-European, a hypothetical ancestor-language thought to have been spoken more than 4,500 years ago. Irish belongs to the Celtic branch of the Indo-European family, as the diagram below shows. It and three other members of this branch - Scottish Gaelic, Welsh and Breton - are today alive as community languages. The form of Celtic that was to become Irish was brought to Ireland by the invading Gaels - about 300 B.C. according to some scholars. Later it spread to Scotland and the Isle of Man. Scottish Gaelic and Manx gradually separated from Irish (and, more slowly, from each other), and they can be thought of as distinct languages from the seventeenth century onwards. The term 'Gaelic* may be used to denote all three. It appears that the early Irish learned the art of writing at about the time of their conversion to Christianity, in the fifth century. After that, the language can be seen to go through four stages of continuous historical development, as far as its written form is concerned: Old Irish (approximately A.D. 600 - 900), Middle Irish (c. 900 - 1200), Early Modern Irish (c. 1200 1650), and Modern Irish. Throughout this development Irish borrowed words from other languages it came into contact with (pre-eminently from Latin, from Norse, from AngloNorman (a dialect of French), and from English. From the earliest times Irish has been cultivated for literature and learning. It in fact possesses one of the oldest literatures in Europe.
INDOEUROPEAN

GERMANIC CELTIC Icelandic Faroese Norwegian Swedish Danish etc. English Frisian Dutch German etc. Latin, etc. Portuguese

Sanskrit Hindi Urdu Bengali Punjabi Singhalese etc.

\
Irish ScottishGaelic Manx Welsh Breton Cornish Spanish Catalan French Italian Rumanian etc.

MODERN IRISH

In the 16th century Irish was the language of nearly everyone in Ireland. The educated and upper classes, moreover, were familiar with a standardised literary dialect, Classical Irish, used throughout the Gaelic world. This dialect was the special care of poets, who used it most notably for intricate verse in praise of the Gaelic and Norman-Gaelic aristocracy, their patrons. When, in the 17th century, that aristocracy was annihilated or dispersed and the Bardic schools suppressed, Classical Irish began to die out (though its spelling, with modifications, survived until the spelling reform of 1945). Popular dialects, which undoubtedly had always been present in Irish, as in any language, came to the fore. Though cultivated less and less by a literary class, Irish was still spoken throughout the countryside and to some extent in the towns, including Dublin. But the language of many of the new colonists was English; the language of government, of politics, of schooling, and of every sort of material advancement was also now English. Not surprisingly, Irish gradually retreated, in time ceasing to be the majority language and eventually becoming the almost exclusive property of some of the rural poor. Yet since the population was increasing enormously, there were probably more Irish-speakers than ever before on the eve of the Great Famine (1846-48), which, hitting the poorest hardest, changed the picture drastically. Ireland became, for the most part, a nation speaking what is called Hiberno-English, a dialect (or set of dialects) of English much influenced by Irish. The Irish language itself survived, as a community language, only in the isolated and shrinking rural districts we call the Gaeltacht. At the end of the 19th century a movement to restore Irish grew up and became popular. It eventually played an important part in the struggle for national independence, and thus, since the winning of formal political independence for most of the country in 1922, it has been official government policy, in name at least, to preserve the Gaeltacht and to make Irish the vernacular of the majority elsewhere. There has been little success in doing either. Looking at the Gaeltacht, we see that in 1925 its population was found (no doubt over-optimistically) to be 257,000, of whom 12,000 were monoglots; today its population is probably less than 30,000, of whom very few are monoglots. Looking at the rest of the country ('Galltacht') we see that Irish is spoken little and, moreover, is now declining disastrously in the schools (which were given, mistakenly, almost the whole responsibility for its restoration). In 1941, for example, 12% of primary schools used Irish as their teaching medium; in 1970 only 6% did. In 1937-8 some 28% of secondary pupils were in schools using Irish as their teaching medium; in 1972 only about 2.8% were. This is not to say that there has been no progress. A small minority throughout the country, particularly in the larger cities, speak Irish in their homes and try to live as full a cultural life as such a minority can. Furthermore, in the last few years the young people in the Gaeltacht have shown a will to determine their own fate. But the wish to see Irish restored, which reports and surveys have consistently shown to be that of a majority of the Irish people, remains a wish not acted upon. This much seems certain: the future of the language will be decided, one way or another before the end of this century.
THE IRISH IN THIS BOOK

Two hundred years ago a good speaker of Irish, travelling slowly from Kerry to Antrim (and on to the north of Scotland), could have spoken the language all the way and noticed only minute dialectal changes as he passed from place to place. One dialect shaded into another in the most gradual fashion. Today, however, the Irish-speaking areas are separated geographically by wide stretches of English-speaking territory, and their dialects would seem

fairly distinct to a man going from one Irish-speaking area to another. A good speaker of any dialect can, with a little practice, understand any other fully, but the old linguistic and communicative bridges between them have fallen, and they have tended to drift apart. We may hope that this drift has been stopped in recent years by broadcasting in Irish and by increased social contact between people from the various Gaeltachtai. In such circumstances, what sort of Irish should one teach to beginners ? A dialect must be used, for though there has been one Official Standard of Irish spelling since 1945, there is as yet no standard pronunciation1. No one dialect, however, has established itself as socially superior. A choice must be made. The Irish in this book with regard to pronunciation and grammar is based on that of Cois Fhairrge, Co. Galway, and the vocabulary is that which might be expected from a native speaker who has assimilated a modicum of newly-coined terms. The dialect of Cois Fhairrge has some decided advantages for the learner, since it is fairly central, geographically and linguistically, and since it has a relatively large number of native speakers. Furthermore, it has been more fully described linguistically than any other dialect 2 When faced with a large variety of forms within the dialect of Cois Fhairrge, it has sometimes been necessary to make a choice and those forms which seemed to be most common were chosen. No statistics of frequency were available.3 In the matter of spelling, the Official Standard has been generally adhered to, though for the sake of the learner there have been certain deliberate departures. These are explained in Appendix III. After completing the book the learner should be advanced enough to change over to fully Standard spellings without difficulty.
The vocabularies at the end of this book contain only words introduced in the preceding Lessons and Appendices. Extensive modern dictionaries are: Niall Dnaill (ed.): Foclir Gaeilge - Barla (Dublin 1977); Toms de Bhaldraithe (ed.): English - Irish Dictionary (Dublin 1959).

1 Proposals for such a standard have recently been made by D. Baoill: Lrchanint don Ghaeilge (Dublin, 1987).
2

The standard works are T. de Bhaldraithe: The Irish of Cois Fhairrge, Co. Galway (Dublin, 1944) and T. de Bhaldraithe: Gaeilge Chois Fhairrge, An Deilbhfocht (Dublin, 1953) and they have been extensively drawn upon in the preparation of this book. ^There are, however, certain statistics available concerning the frequency of words in Irish in general (BuntiSs Gaeilge, Ramhthuarascil, An Roinn Oideachais, Baile tha Cliath, 1966) and these have been useful in choosing vocabulary for this book.

LESSON

1. ALPHABET

Irish, like other European languages, uses an alphabet inherited from Latin. Two slightly differing forms of the letters are in use: ordinaiy Roman, and Gaelic, a medieval variation. Roman has become by far the commoner of the two, since it can be used more cheaply for printing. It will be used throughout this book.

A a t 1

c o e b c d e m n O P m n O P
X)

S tl i g h i r r r ii r S t u
V

Note that there are only eighteen fundamental letters. Six others (j, q, v, w, J C , and z) do, however, sometimes appear in loan words from other languages, foreign place-names, scientific and mathematical terms, etc. The letters are widely called by their English names (though, when they are, a is often called 'ah' as in Hiberno-English). Irish names for the letters, better representing their true sounds in the language, are given in Appendix IV, which may best be referred to after reading the rest of this lesson. The letters a, e, i, o, u are said to be vowels, all the others are said to be consonants. The vowels may be written 'short', as in the list above, or 'long': in this case a length-mark is used thus: A, ; , ; /, ; , ; , .
2. LEARNING TO PRONOUNCE IRISH

This book is based on the dialect of Cois Fhairrge, Co.Galway, and the best way of learning to pronounce the words in it is from a native speaker of the dialect. For many readers who will not be able to learn directly from a native speaker, the cassettes available in connection with this book should prove useful. Also the pronunciation of all words is given in the list at the beginning or during the course of each lesson. In doing so, use has been made of phonetic symbols. These symbols, to be further explained in this chapter, are listed in the first column of the fold-out table inside the back cover. Whenever they appear in the text, they are set off by parallel strokes: //,/ba:r/,/a:gs/. Readers who wish to connect spelling and sound in a more methodical manner may, from Lesson 2 onwards, consult Appendix I. The Irish words that appear in the rest of this lesson are merely illustrations of certain points of pronunciation. It is not necessary to be much concerned about their meaning or use.
3 . STRESS

In most dialects of Irish, including that taught here, the first syllable of simple words is stressed. Therefore, in a word of more than one syllable, the stress falls on the first syllable: bacach!ba:kx/ 'beggar', bisteach/ba:s't'x/ 'rain', rsir/ra:su:r'i:/ 'razors'. There are exceptions to this rule. The second syllable is stressed in a number of adverbs which are historically compounds (like English 'behind'), e.g. anseo /'n's'o/ 'here', anois /'n'is'/ 'now', aniar /'N'i:r/ 'from the west', amireach /'m :r'x/ 'tomorrow', as well as some few loanwords, e.g. tobactt'ba:k/ 'tobacco'.

The upright mark ' indicates that stress falls on the syllable following the mark. there are two stresses, a primary and a secondary, as in the place-name Conamara /,kuNfma:r/. The upright mark before the /ml shows that primary stress falls on the syllable that follows it; the lower upright mark before the /k/ shows that secondary stress falls on the syllable that follows it
Occasionally

When they appear in unstressed syllables, the vowels a, e, i, o as well as certain combinations (all of which are considered 'short' in spelling) are generally made obscure, or 'neutral*. (The same thing may happen, at least to a certain extent, in other languages too; the English word 'bullock' e.g. might be spelt 'bulluck' or 'bullack'). The neutral vowel-sound is represented by the symbol // in phonetic transcription. Observe the use of this symbol in unstressed syllables in the examples above.

4. 'BROAD' AND 'SLENDER' CONSONANTS

(i) Pronouncing 'broad' and 'slender' consonants Irish can be regarded as having two complete (or nearly complete) sets of consonant sounds. Whereas most European languages have for practical purposes only one sort of b, c, d,f etc., Irish has two sorts. Here are two pairs of examples: beo 'alive' hi 'be' b 'cow' bui 'yellow'

Ignoring the spelling of the words for the moment, let us consider their pronunciations. The first pair both have the vowel-sound /o:/ (for which see the fold-out table): b + /o:/, b + /o:/. The second pair both have the vowel-sound /i:/: b + /i:/, b + /i:/. Nothing in fact distinguishes the sound of beo from that of b, and that of bfrom that of bu, but the sort of b used. The sort in beo and bis traditionally called 'slender'; the sort in b and bu, is traditionally called 'broad'; more technically 'palatalised' and 'non-palatalised' are used. Both b's are roughly similar to an English one, but there are very important differences between them. Slender consonants are in general made by raising the front of the tongue towards the hard palate (the front part of the mouth, just behind the teeth-ridge), or, in the case of sounds made with the lips, by spreading these. These consonants may be said to have an /-quality; you could make a very weak /-sound (as in Tit') after them. Thus we might represent beo as /b'o:/, and bas /b'i:/. Broad consonants, on the other hand, are in general made with the back of the tongue raised towards the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth). They may be said to have a w-quality; again, you could make a very weak usound after them. We might represent b as /buo:/, and bui as /bui:/. The /-quality of a slender consonant is most clearly heard when the consonant comes directly before the vowel sounds /a:/, /o:/ or /u:/. The u-quality of a broad consonant is most clearly heard when the consonant comes directly before the vowel-sonds /i:/ or /i/. To show this we might write beo /b'o:/, b /b<u>o:/, b/b^i:/, bu/bui:/. To simplify the phonetic transcription, however, and to conform to standard methods, we do not, in practice, use the signs ' and u . Rather a slanted mark (') is written after the phonetic symbol for a slender consonant, and no mark at all after the symbol for a broad one. So we re-spell: beo b b bui as as as as /b'o:/ /bo J /bl j fbvJ instead of instead of instead of instead of /b'o:/ /b(u>o:/ /b^H:/ /b"i:/

(ii) Recognising 'broad' and 'slender' in spelling In phonetic transcription, as has been seen, we can show the difference between broad b, d,/, etc. and slender b, d,/, etc. by writing /b/, /d/, /f/, etc. for the broad sounds, and /b'/, /d'/, /f'/, etc. for the slender ones. In normal Irish spelling, however, you know whether a consonant, or group of consonants, is broad or slender only by looking at the neighbouring vowel-letter: if next to a, o, u ('back vowels'), it is 'broad'; if next to e, i ('front vowels'), it is 'slender'. Consider these examples: bd 'boat': b and d are both broad, /b :d/ fear 'man':/is slender, r is broad, /f':r/ maoin 'riches': m is broad, n is slender, /mi:n'/ mn 'smooth': m and n are both slender, /m'i:n'/ glin 'knee, generation': gl is broad, n is slender, /gLu:n'/ If a consonant, or group of consonants, is between vowels, then these flanking vowels must agree in showing that the consonant is either broad or slender. Therefore the word bacach /ba:kx/ 'beggar' has 'broad' (back) vowels on both sides of the c /k/, showing it to be broad. On the other hand, the word bisteach /ba:s't'x/ 'rain' has 'slender' (front) vowels on both sides of the group st /s't'/, showing that these two consonants are slender. This compulsory agreement of flanking vowels is, however, ignored in a handful of common words, e.g. anseo /n"s'o/ 'here'.

5. DROPPING OF THE VOWEL //

The neutral vowel (to which all unstressed short vowels are reduced) is not pronounced before or after any other vowel. Taking for example the words duine /din'/ 'person', balla /ba:L/ 'wall', ard / :rd/ 'high' and eile /el'/ 'another', and ignoring for the present the grammar involved, we can see how this rule applies: duine ard /din' :rd/ balla eile /bL el '/ duine eile /din'el'/ balla ard /ba:L a:nd/ a tall person another wall another person a tall wall

This rule is basic to the pronunciation of Irish. It also helps to explain the pronunciation of individual words as shown in Appendix 1.5.

6. PHONETIC EXERCISE his book or have them

The learner should listen to these examples on the cassettes published in connection with pronounced by a native speaker of the dialect.

(i) Broad and slender consonants (a) In initial position: Consonant b broad bui bhui b bh caoirigh chaoirigh cis chis dull dhil d dh faoi fl gaU ghall ngall gaoth lae l maoin mail mhall naoi puca phuca cro sui sil tui ts /bi:/ /wi-7 /bo:/ /wo:/ /ki:r/ /xi:r'/ /ku:s'/ /xu:s'/ /du:l'/ /yu:17 lda:l / a:/ /fi:/ /f :L/ /ga:L/ /ya:L/ Ixpih/ /gi:/ luri /L :/ /mi:n'/ /ma:L/ /wa:L/ /nS:/ /puk/ /fuk/ /kri ^ /si:/ /su:17 /'J /tu:s/ slender bi bh beo bheo cire chire ciumhais chiumhais diil dhiil de dhe fiche feall geall gheall ngeall g ligh leigh min meall mheall n piocadh phiocadh crch si siil ti tis IbrJ /wl:/ /b'o:/ /wo:/ /k'i:r'/ /x'i:r'/ /k'u:s'/ /x'u:s'/ /d'u:17 /y'u:17 /d'a:/ /y'a:/ /f'i:/ /f' :L/ /g'a:L/ /y'a:L/ /r)'a:L/ /gl:/ /L'e:/ /L' :/ /m'i:n'/ /m'a:L/ /w' :L/ /Nl:/ /p'uk/ /f'uk/ /k'r'i:/ /s'i:/ /s'u:l'/ /t'i:/ /t'u:s/

f g

I m

n P ri 5 t

(b) in non-initial position and differentiating between grammatical forms: Consonant b d g/gl /k/ P r s broad lb bd brag Nollag scp caora bs /Lu:b/ /ba:d/ /b'r'e:g/ /NoLk/ /sko:p/ /ki:r/ /ba:s/ slender lib bid brig Nollaig scip caoirigh bis /Lu:b'/ /ba:d'/ /b'r'e:g'/ /NoLk'/ /sko:p'/ /ki:r'/ /b :s'/

in absolute initial position is always pronounced broad (see table in Appendix I).

(c) Double and single / and n. As well as the double slender I and n illustrated in (a) above there is also a single slender I and n: Consonant I n double buille caill cinneadh Spinn /bL'/ /k :L'/ /k'iN'/ /spa:N'/ sinsle buile cm cine 'spin /bil'/ /k :l'/ /k'in'/ /sp :n'/

This distinction can be used to differentiate between grammatical forms (which will be explained in later lessons): Consonant I n double High nigh /L'e:/ /N'i/ single ligh nigh /l'e:/ /nil

(iii) Long and short vowels: Vowel e i 0 u short te min posta cur /t'e/ /m'in'/ /post/ /kur/ long t mn psta cr /t'e:/ /m'i:n'/ /po:st/ /ku:r/

There is no short /a/ in this dialect. The a which is written without a length mark is normally pronounced /a:/ or (in certain circumstances - see Appendix I) as /:/: cas /ka:s/ cs /k :s/ ceas /k':s/

EXERCISE

First, if at all possible, listen to the phrases given below. Then using the fold-out table inside the back cover study the pronunciation and learn them by rote. The words and grammar involved will recur and be explained in the ensuing lessons. Cnfh ? Cn it ? na a orm. Gabh mo leithscal! T go maith ! Ms do thoil . Go raibh maith 'ad. T filte romhat. Cn1 chaoi a bhfuil t ? Oche mhaith ! Mar sin ? Muise !
/k'e:N fa:/ /k'e:N :t'/

/U:N ta: oim/ /gom l'is'k'e:L/ /ta: g ma:/ /m : s'e: d hil'e:/ /g r ma: a:d/ /t : f :L't' ru:t/ /k'e xi: wil'tu:/ /i: w/ /mar s'in'.e:/ /mus'/

Why? Where? I am called na. Excuse me! Alright! Please ! Thank you! You are welcome. How are you ? Good night! Is that so ? Indeed!

1 Exceptionally the n in cn is not pronounced. Note also in fast speech neighbouring consonants may affect
o n e a n o t h e r . T h e final c o n s o n a n t o f a w o r d m a y b e i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e first c o n s o n a n t o f t h e

next, e.g. /k'e xi: wil'tu:/ where the /17 of bhfuil however, need not trouble the beginner.

is made broad in preparation for the t of tu. This,

VOCABULARY

bord cta cupn doras duine fear gasr lampa minteoir rud teach timpiste Brid Cit Mirtn eile ssta ann anois anseo ansin ansid ar bith ach ach a oiread agus, is freisin n t ml an bhfuil nach bhfuil go bhfuil tthar nfltear bhfuiltear deir me, mise t, tusa s, seisean si, sise muid, muide sibh, sibhse siad, siadsan

/baurd/ /ko:t/ /kup :N/ /dors/ /din'/ /f':r/ /ga:su:r/ /La:mp/ /mu:N't'o:r'/ /rud/ /t':x/ /t'i:m'p's't'/ /b'r'i:d'/ /k :t'/ /m :r't'i:n'/ /el'/ /s :st/ /a:N/ /n'is'/ /'n's'o/ /'n's'in'/ /'n's'u:d/ /(r') b'i/ /x/ /a:x er'd/ /ogs/, /a:gs/, /s/ /fros'n'/ /N :/ /ta:/ /N:l'/ /wil'/ /Nax wil'/ /g wil'/ /t :r/ /N'i:L'tr/ /wiL't'r/ /d'er'/ /m'e:/, /m'is'/ /tu:/, /tus/ /s'e:/, /s'es'N/ /s'i:/, /s'is'/ /mid'/, /mid'/ /s'ib'/, /s'ib's'/ /s'i:d/, /s'i:dsN/

pl. boird /baurd'/ a5ta /ko:ti:/ cupin /kup :n'/ doirse /dors'/ daoine /di:n'/ fir /f'ir'/ gasir /ga:su:r'/ lampa /Lmpi:/ minteoir /mu:N't'o:r'i:/ rud /rudi:/ tithe /t'i:/ timpist /t'i:m'p's't'i:/ (woman's name) (woman's name) (man's name)

table coat cup door person, people man, husband child lamp teacher thing house accident

other, another satisfied, willing, pleased there (see this lesson) now here there, then there (see this lesson) any ...(atall),no...([at all) but, however either and too, also, indeed (neither ...) nor is is not (see this lesson) (see this lesson) (see this lesson) one is, people are one is not, people are not (see this lesson) says I you he, it she we you (pl.) they

VOCABULARY NOTE: A second person singular pronoun, e.g. t, tusa, is used when addressing one person. A second person plural pronoun, e.g. sibh, sibhse, is used when addressing more than one person. The plural is not used to express politeness or formality.

GRAMMAR
1. NO INDEFINITE ARTICLE

Irish has no indefinite article. 'A man' is simply expressed by fear.

2. THE VERB TA

(i) Statement T Cit anseo. Tfear agus gasr anseo. T m anseo. (ii) Negation Nil Cit anseo. (iii) Questions An bhjuil Cit anseo ? Nach bhfuil si anseo ? (iv) Indirect speech Deir s go bhjuil Cit anseo. Deir s nach bhjuil Cit anseo. (v) Summary table: Td Nil Deirs An Nach go nach bhfuil Cdit m mise, etc. anseo. He says that Cit is here. He says that Cit is not here. Is Cit here ? Is she not here ? Cit is not here. Cit is here. There is a man and a child here. I am here.

(vi) Usage The verb td originally meant 'stands' but has come to mean 'is'. It is, however, as we shall see, not used to link two nouns or pronouns. When a sentence with the verb td does not contain an adjective, e.g. Td Cdit sdsta 'Cit is content', or an adverb (adverbial phrase) of place, e.g. Td Cdit anseo 'Cit is here', ann is
i n s e r t e d : T fear ann 'There is a m a n (there)' or ' A m a n exists'. In the c a s e o f a noun

describing an event, e.g. timpiste 'accident', an adverb of time is sufficient.

(vii) Autonomous form Tthar ssta anseo. People are content here.

This form expresses the idea 'one is* or 'people (in general) are'. It is autonomous, that is, it stands on its own, needing no specific subject. Tdthar Niltear Deirs An Nach go nach bhfuiltear sdsta anseo.

3. CONTRAST

In Irish, contrast is expressed by a special set of pronouns, rather than by stress. T mise anseo ach td sise ansin. I am here but she is there.

Contrast forms have also some marginal functions which are dealt with in later lessons.
4. MEANING OF ANSID

Ansid means 'there' and emphasises distance (i.e. not present or not previously mentioned), as opposed to ansin 'there' which simply points out where something is.

TEXT

I. 1. T Mirtn ansin. 2. T s ansin anois. 3. T Cit ansin freisin. 4. T si ansin freisin. 5. An bhfuil siad sdsta ? 6. Td seisean sdsta, ach nil sise sdsta. 7. Td m anseo. 8. Td muid anseo. 9. Td mise sdsta, ach an bhjuil tusa sdsta ? 10. Nil sibh anseo anois. 11. Nach bhfuil duine or bith sdsta ? 12. Niltear sdsta anseo anois. II. I. Td teach ansin. 2. An bhfuil duine or bith ann ? 3. Nil duine ar bith ann anois. 4. Deir siad nach bhfuil Cdit arm anois. 5. Ach an bhfuil Brid ann ? 6. Nil Brid ann ach a oiread. I. Td doras anseo. 8. T bord agus lampa ansin. 9. Td cupdin agus rudai eile ansin freisin. 10. Deir siad go bhfuil minteoir anseo anois. II. T muide sdsta, ach an bhfuil siadsan sdsta ?

TRANSLATE:

1. Mirtn and Brd are there1. 2. There is a house there. 3. Aren't there tables and other things ? 4. There aren't any doors at all here. 5. There are neither men nor children here. 6. Isn't there any lamp ? 7. There is no lamp at all. 8. There is neither a door nor a lamp here. 9.1 am satisfied now. 10. Are you satisfied ? 11. He says that they are here too. 12. We are satisfied, but are you (pi) satisfied ? 13. There are teachers and other people too 14. You are not content but I am content.. 15. One is content there.

The word 'there' is italised where the demonstrative ansin is required.

VOCABULARY

airgead am anam athair bd balla bthar cailn feilmara fuinneoig garra geata leabhar mac mapa muintir pipar peictir seomra tarbh uncail Bairbre Ciarrai Diarmaid Donncha Fionnasclainn Gaoth Sile Glinsce Mire Meireac Bia Pidn Peige Sasana Seinn Samaisn Tr an Fhia Tomisn feicim c bhfuil goleor ar chor ar bith

/:r'g'd/ /a:m/ /a:nm/ /: r7 /ba:d/ /ba:L/ /bo:r/ /ka:lT.n7 /fel'm'e:i/ /fiN o:g7 /ga:ri:/ /g':t/ /L'aur/ /ma:k/ /ma:p/ /mi:N't'r'/ /pa:p'e:r/ /p'ek't'u:r/ /s'u:mr/ /ta:ru:/ /u:gkr/ /br'b'r'/ /kl:ri-7 /dl:rmd'/ /duNx/ /f'iNskLN'/ /(gi: fsa:l'/ /g-l'i:n's-k'/ /ma:r'/ /m'er'ka:/ /,o: Vi:/ /pa:d'i:n'/ /p'eg'/ /sa:sN/ /s'a:n'i:n'/ /s'e:ms'i:n7 /,t'i:r' 'N'i'7 /tuma:s'i:n7 /f'ek'm7 /ka:l'/ /g L'o:r/ / xor b'i/

pl. amanna /mNi:/ anamnacha ahaireacha bid balla bithr /bo:r1:/ cailn feilmara fiiiruieoga garranta /grNtrf geata leabhartha mic /m'ik'/ mapa pipir peictiir seomra toirbh /ter'w'/ uncaileacha (woman's name) Kerry (man's name) (man's name) (place-name) (place-name) (place-name) (woman's name) America (surname) (man's name) (woman's name) England (man's name) (man's name) (place-name) (man's name)

money, silver time,pl. sometimes soul father boat wall road girl farmer window field, garden gate book son map near relations, inhabitants paper, newspaper picture room bull uncle

I see where is ? plenty of, enough (be/ore or after noun) at all

VOCABULARY NOTE: All plural forms of more than one syllable ending in -cha, -nna, nta, -ga are pronounced as though spelt -cha(, -nnai\ -nta, -gaU e.g. alhaireachai /:r'xi:/, amanna /a:mNi:/, fuinneoga /fiN'o:gi:/. A general guide to the formation of the plural is given in Appendix II.

GRAMMAR 1. LEN1TION

ctaChit muintir Chiarrai

Cit's coat the people of Kerry

When a proper noun (i.e. names of people or places, but not of languages) follows directly, in genitive relation, on another noun, its initial consonant changes, e.g. c cti. This table shows how the consonants affected by this change called 'lenition' are replaced by a related sound: c p g d b m f t Cdit Ckarai Pdicttn Peige Gaoth Sdile Glinsce Donncha Diarmaid Bairbre Brid Mdire Meireacd Fiormasclairm Tomdisin TiranFhia Sasana Samaisin Sedinin muintir Chit muintir Chiarrai muintir Phdidin muintir Pheige muintir Ghaoth Sdile muintir Ghlinsce muintir Dhonncha muintir Dhiarmaid muintir Bhairbre muintir Bhrid muintir Mhire muintir Mheireacd muintir Fhionnasclainn muintir Thomdisin muintir Thir an Fhia muintir Shasana muintir Shamaisin muintir Shedinin

Lenition is shown in spelling by writing an h. Study closely the fold-out table at the back of the book and be sure to understand the change in pronunciation. Cit Ciarra Pidi
l

c/YJ -ch /x/ c /k7 - ch /x/ pfyp /f/ etc.

s when followed by any consonant except I, n, r is not affected.

2. LENITION IN PERSONAL NAMES

Often in rural areas where Irish is spoken, a person whose 'official' name is for example Mirtn O Bia and whose father (or some other important relation) is Seinn, may be known as Mirtn Sheinn (Mirtn of Seinn, Seinn's Mirtn).

TEXTS

SEOMRAI *T seomra go leor anseo.9 *An bhfuil Donncha agus Cit agus Peige agus Bairbre anseo ?9 'T seomra Dhonncha ansin, seomra Chit ansin, seomra Pheige ansin agus seomra Bhairbre ansin.9 'Nach bhfuil Pidn agus Mire agus Diarmaid annfreisin ?9 'T seomra Phidn ansin agus t seomra Dhiarmaid artsin freisin. T seomra Mhire anseo.9 T cta Mhire anseo agus airgead Mhire freisin. Nil ledbhartha Shamaisn anseo.' MAPA *T mapa Thomxsn anseo.9 'C bhfuil Conamara agus Ciarra ? 9 T Conamara anseo agus Ciarra ansin.9 'Feicim Tr an Fhia agus Glinsce anseo agus Fionnasclainn ansin.9 'Nach bhfuil Gaoth Sile anseo ?9 Wl Gaoth Sile anseo. T Gaoth Sile ansin.9 *An bhfuil feilmara Chiarra ssta ?9 'T feilmara Chiarra ssta ach nil feilmara Chonamara ssta. Nil muinir Ghlinsce n muintir Fhionnasclairtn ssta ar chor ar bith.9 *Deir uncail Chit nach bhfuil muintir Ghaoth Sile ssta ach a oiread.9 TEACH MHIRTN T bthar Thr an Fhia ansin. T garra eile ansin. Anseo t balla agus geata agus ansin td teach Mhirtn.' 'T mac Mhirtn agus athair Bhrid ann anoisfreisin, ach t go leor seomraiann.' T go leor leabhartha agus peictiir agus pipir ann. Feicim mapa Shasana agus mapa Mheireacd ansin freisin.9

TRANSLATE:

1. There is a picture, a paper, a book and tables here. 2. Pidn's boat is there and there is a map here. 3. Neither the people of America nor the people of England are satisfied now. 4. Donncha's girl and Peige's husband are there. 5. The farmers of Kerry are not pleased and the farmers of Conamara are not content either. 6. Seinn's field is there and Seinn's bull is there too. Diarmaid's house is here. 7. Tomisn's people are pleased. 8. There are plenty of rooms here. Bairbre's uncle's room is also here. 9. Where is the Gaoth Sile road ? 10. There aren't any (news)papers here at all but there are other books.

VOCABULARY

it fern. bisteach fern bean fern. cabaire candil fern. ceann cearc/em. clirseach/em. coliste ireannach feadal fern. fuacht Gaeilge fern. Gaeltacht fern. moladh nisin pca pota sagart scala scian fern. scian phca /em. solas talamh tir/em. irinn /em. lainn aoibhinn beag bre cinnte deas dona iontach leisciuil maith mr olc rasnta a an ar

/a:t7 /ba:s't'x/ /b':N/ /kbr'/ /knd l'/ /k'a:N/ /k':rk/ /kL :rs'x/ /kuLa:s't'/ /e:r'Nx/ /f':di:17 /fu:xt/ /ge:l'g'/ /ge:Ltxt/ /moL/ /Na:s'u:N/ /po:k/ /pot/ /sgrt/ /sVeL:/
/SV:N/ / S V : N fo:k/ /SOLS/

pl. iteacha mn /mra:/ cabair ceanna /k':N/ cearca clirseacha colist ireanna

Gaeltachta molta nisiin /Na:s'u:n'/ pca pota sagair scalaithe sceana /s'k':N/ soilse /sail's'/ to/ta /ta:Lti^ treacha Ireland

/ta:L/ /t'i:r'/ /e:r'N'/ /a:LN'/

/:WN'/

place rain woman talkative person, natterer auction head, end, roof; one hen harp college Irish person whistling cold Irish (language) Irish-speaking area praise, suggestion nation pocket pot priest storyteller knife pocketknife, penknife light ground, land country, land

/b'og/ /b'r'a:/ /kl:N't'/ /d':s/ /duN/ A:Ntx/ /L'esVu-.l'/ /m/ /mo:r/ /olk/ /re:su:Nt/ // // /er'/

beautiful,lovely pleasant, delightful small, little fine certain(ly), sure(ly) nice bad,ill wonderful, extraordinary lazy good big bad, evil reasonabl(y), fair(ly) f vocative particle) the (see Lesson 5) on

ar aon chaoi1 arst b'fhidir (go/nach) bhoil

/er' !e: xi:/ /'r'i:s't7 /b'e:d'r'/ /wel'/

at any rate, anyway, anyhow again maybe, perhaps well (pause-word)

GRAMMAR
1. VOCATIVE PARTICLE

A Chit! An bhfuil t ansin, a Bhrid ?

Cit! Are you there, Brid ?

The vocative particle a //, which is not stressed, lenites a following noun.
2. GENDER

In Irish a noun is either masculine or feminine. In the vocabularies in each lesson feminine (/em.) will be marked; all other nouns are masculine. (i) General principles There is no absolute rule for determining gender. There are, however, some general principles: (a) Nouns describing males (of humans and, where the distinction is made, of animals), e.g. Mirtn, uncoil 'uncle', tarbh 'bull', and occupations originally associated with males, e.g. sagart 'priest', are all masculine. (b) Nouns describing females, e.g. Cit, bean 'woman', cearc 'hen', and names of countries and languages, e.g. irinn 'Ireland', Gaeilge 'Irish', are almost all feminine. (c) Otherwise, nouns ending in a broad consonant tend to be masculine, e.g. gasr 'child', and those ending in a slender consonant are feminine, e.g. muintir 'people'. (ii) Apart from those general principles: (a) Nouns with the following endings are consistently masculine: -n cupn cup -in cailin girl -r gasr child -n nisin nation -as doras door -ar prtar porter coliste -(i)sle college minteoir -irl-eoir teacher cabaire -aire natterer feilmara -ara farmer scalai -ai storyteller moladh -adh praising gaineamh -amh sand cta (with two syllables) -a coat (derived from noun) -ach ireannach Irishman (with one syllable) -cht fuacht cold
J

The final n of aon is not pronounced in this phrase.

Nouns with the following e n d i n g s -ig/-eoig -oil -ail (more than two syllables) -acht (mass nouns) -ach -seach
(b)

arc

consistently feminine:

fuinneoig candil feadafl Gaeltacht bisteach clirseach

window auction whistling Gaeltacht rain harp

3. ADJECTIVES

(i) Predicative use Nil Brd mr. T Cit agus Pidn ssta. Brd is not big. Cit and Pidn are content

About eight adjectives indicating subjective judgment (when not qualified by an adverb) take the unstressed particle go. If the adjective begins with a vowel, h is prefixed: T s go maith go bred go deas go dona go haoibhinn go hiontach go hdlainn go hole It is good/well fine nice bad pleasant wonderful beautiful wicked

(ii) Modifying and directly following nouns in the singular. T gasr mr ansin. Tfuirmeoig mhr ansin. T bean mhr bhre anseo. There is a big child there. There is a big window here. There is afine big woman there.

An adjective directly following and modifying a feminine noun is lenited*. Go is not required with adjectives of subjective judgment in this usage.

4. LENITION OF SLENDER L AND N

T Mire leisciil anseo.

/17

Lazy Mire is here.

Lenition of I or n is not shown in spelling but a distinction is made in pronunciation by some speakers of the dialect leisciil /L'/ Mire leisciil /17

In the same way, lenited /N'/ becomes /n'/. Study the table at the back of the book and see also phonetic exercise (c) in Lesson 1.

!ln certain expressions where a noun is used attributively (i.e. like an adjective) it is also lenited after a feminine noun, e.g. scian phca 'pocket knife*.

TEXTS

MAP A EILE 'A Chit, an bhfuil mapa ann ?9 'Td mapa ann cinnte.9 T go leor tireacha or an mapa. Td Meireacd ansin agus tir mhr eile anseo. 9 'Nil an solas go maith anseo. Nil fuinneoga ar bith ann.9 'Td lampa maith anseo. 9 'Anois, cd bhfuil irinn agus cd bhfuil Conamara ?9 'Td irirm anseo agus td Conamara ansin.' 'An bhfuil Conamara mr ?9 'Td s rasnta mr.9 'Cd bhfuil Ciarrai ? An bhfuil Gaeltacht ansin freisin ?9 'Td go leor Gaeilge ansin freisin.' 'An bhfuil coldiste ann ?9 'B9fhidir go bhfuil cecum ann. Nil m cinnte. Td dit dheas eile ansin agus td Gaeltacht bheag arm freisin.9 PEICTIIR Bhoil, td peictiir go leor anseo ar aon chaoi. Nach bhfuil siad go deas ? Td Cdit agus bean bhred eile ansin agus td mnd eile anseo. Td peictir deas eile anseo ach td bdisteach ann agus nil an solas go maith. Td sagart ansin agus bean Phdidin agus ireannach eile anseo. Td siad go hiontach ! Td cearm iontach eile anseo. Td rudai go leor ar an talamh ansin. Td teach Bhrid anseo agus td cearc mhr agus pota beag ann. Td cearm dlairm eile ansin agus td cldirseach mhr agus scian phca ansin. Td siad go hdlainn !

TRANSLATE:

1. There are lots of countries on the map. 2. Cit, where is England ? 3. There is a big window there and another nice window here. 4. It is nice now. It is beautiful. 5. There is a good man there and a good woman too. 6. There is good Irish here. There is no college at all. 7. Diarmaid, there is a big room there and there is also afine harp. 8. There is a fine big window here. 9. There are lots of countries and nations. 10. Maybe Pidn's wife and Brid's husband are here. 11. There is rain and cold. 12. There is a nice woman, and a priest, a big farmer and another tall Irish person here. 13. There is a big Gaeltacht here, in any case. 14. There is afine place here and perhaps there is another one there. 15. We are here again. It is wonderful.

VOCABULARY

abhainn /em. Barla bia bliain fern. cathaoir /em. cisteanach fern. cloch /em. clog cupla (with sing.) deoch /em. an fare fn Fraincis /em. gloin efem. limh /em. leaba fern. oiche /em. orlr plta plta beag plta mr ssar seomra codlata spnig fem. spnig bheag fem. spnig mhr fem. stail /em. sufleil /em. taobh tin efem. Lochn Beag a amhin an ard canna ciin compirteach faoi in aice le leis an ar ndigh mar sin fin

/auN'/ /b'e:iL/ /b'i:/ /b1'i:n'/ /kair'/ /k'is'tNx/ /kLox/ /kLOg/ /kupL/ /d'ox/ /e:N/ /fa:ri</ /fo:N/ /fr:i)'k's7 /gLin'/ /La:w'/ /L':b/ fvJ /aurLa:r/ /pLa:t/

pl. aibhneacha /aiw'N'xi:/ blianta /bT'i:Nt/ caihaoireacha cisteanacha clocha clogama deochanna anacha farcanna fnarma gloircha lmha /L :w/ leapacha ocheanta orlir plta

/s :sr/ ssair /s'u:mr koLt/ seomra codlaa /spu:No:g'/ spnga /st:l'/ /si:l'a:l'/ /ti:w/ /t'in'/ /Lox :N b'og/ // /'wa:n'/ /(N) / /a:rd/ /k'e:N/ /k'u:n'/ /ku:mpo:rt'x/ /fi'J /N :k' l'e/ /l'es'(N)/ /rNu:/ /ma:r s'in' he:n'/ staltracha /sta:Ltrxi:/ swlelacha taobhanna tintreacha /t'i:N't'r'xi:/ (place-name) his one, only the high, tall same quiet, calm comfortable under, about beside, near with the

river English (language) food year chair kitchen stone, stoneweight clock, bell a few drink bird fork telephone French (language) glass hand, handle bed night floor plate dinner plate side plate saucer bedroom spoon teaspoon tablespoon stallion ceiling side fire

of course all the same, even so, nevertheless

VOCABULARY NOTE: T an oche ann. (lit. 'There is the night'), It is night-time.

GRAMMAR 1. USE OF S AND S

Td Td Td Td

an pota ansin. Nil s mr. an chloch ansin. Nil smr. an stail ansin. Nil si mr. an cailin ansin. Nil si mr.

The pot is there. It is not big. The stone is there. It is not big. The stallion is there. It is not big. The girl is there. She is not big.

In general, a masculine noun is referred to by s and a feminine noun by si. In the case of a human, s or sis used according to sex, e.g. although cailin 'girl' is a masculine noun, si is used. S is used to describe a general condition or state, e.g. T s go bred 'It is fine*.
2. THE DEFINITE ARTICLE

Td an fear ansin. Nil an gasr anseo.

The man is there. The child is not here.

An /N/ is unstressed (the main stress is on the following noun), and the n is not pronounced when the article occurs betwen consonants, e.g. between nil and gasr: /N':1' ga:su:r/.
3. ECLIPSIS

Td an ar an gcloch.

There is a bird on the stone.

Following almost all prepositions used with the definite article, the initial consonant of a singular noun is changed: clock ar an gcloch.

The c in clock is retained in spelling but is not pronounced, so that gcloch is pronounced as though spelt gloch. The c is said to be 'eclipsed' and this type of change is called 'eclipsis'. This table shows how the consonants affected by eclipsis change to a related sound: cloch pota gasr bad fuinneoig fear aran gcloch faoin bpota leis an ngasr mr or an mbdd ar an bhfuinneoig mhr leis an bhfear Pronounced as: gloch bota ngasr /rj/ mad bhuinneoig bhear

Although t, d are not affected, e.g. ar an doras, leis an tine, in all other cases where eclipsis is the rule, d changes to nd (pronounced as though spelt n /N/ before a 'broad'

vowel,/N'/ before a 'slender* vowel) and t changes to dt (pronounced as though spelt d /d/ before a 'broad' vowel, /d'/ before a 'slender' vowel.
As can be seen from the table, the adjective is (as is normal, see Lesson 4) lenited following a feminine noun, e.g. ar an bhfuinneoig mhr 'on the big window'; a masculine noun remains unlenited, e.g. ar an ngasr mr 'on the big child'. The adjective is, however, lenited after a masculine proper noun, e.g.faoin Lochn Bheag 'about Lochn Beag'). A preposition ending in a vowel is written together with an, e.g. faoin bpota 'under the pot', showing the actual pronunciation (see App. 1.5). The n-sound in an is almost always pronounced broad before a 'broad' vowel, and slender before a 'slender' vowel: ar an abhainn /er'N auN'/, but ar an an /er'N' e:N/. In other circumstances, where eclipsis comes after words not written with afinal n, n- is prefixed to the following vowel (examples see Lessons 10 and 11).

TEXT

SEOMRA MHIRTN Td garrai agus abhairm bheag in aice leis an gcoldiste. Td bthar ann freisin ach td an bthar ciin. Td cloch mhr ar an taobh eile agus td an ar an gcloch. Td an coldiste rasnta mr agus td seomrai go leor ann. Td seomra Mhdirtin agus seomra Dhonncha ar an orldr carma. Td cisteanach ann freisin. Nil seomra Mhdirtin mr ach mar sin fin td s go deas. Td fuinneoig mhr dheas ann. Td boird agus cupla cathaoir ann. Td cathaoir in aice leis an bhfuinneoig agus td ceann eile in aice leis an dor as. Td bord beag in aice leis an tine. Ta anfn ar an mbord. Td suiledil bhred ard ann. Td pdipar ar an mballa. Td clog ar an mballa in aice leis an doras. Td mapa agus peictiir ar an doras. Ar ndigh, td leaba ann freisin. Nil si mr ach td si compirteach mar sin fin. Td peictir Mhdire ar an mballa in aice leis an leaba. Td an oiche ann anois agus td leabhartha agus pdipir Mhdirtin ar an mbord beag in aice leis an bhfn. Td an lampa ar an mbord. Td bia agus deoch anois ar an mbord mr. Td pldta mr agus pldta beag ann. Td scian agus fare in aice leis an bpldta. Td cupdn ann freisin agus td sdsar faoin gcupdn. Td spnig bheag ar an sdsar. Td gloine ar an mbord freisin. Td Mdirtin ansin. Td a Idimh ar an ngloine agus ar ndigh, td s sdsta. Td s bliain anseo anois. Td s sdsta leis an minteoir Barla ach nil s sdsta leis an minteoir Gaeilge. Mar sinfin, td s sdsta leis an gcoldiste.

TRANSLATE: 1. Brid's room is here. It is small but all the same it is nice. 2. There is a kitchen and it is big too. 3. The books are there on the floor. There are a lot on the table too. 4. Mire is on the phone. Where is the phone ? It is there near the door. 5. There is food on the plate. 6. There are a few chairs near the fire. 7. There are books and papers on the chair. 8. Mirtn's hand is on the glass. 9. Are you satisfied with the nation ? 10. There is a teaspoon on the saucer. 11. They are not satisfied with the teacher at all. 12. The nice place is on the map. 13. Is there French there ? 14. There is good French there.

VOCABULARY

brig/em. bus cabhantar carr 'chuile shrt crann culaith fem. deaide adach geansa gna line fem. maime/em. mthair/em. mrn1 neart sciorta seachtain/em. seaicad siopa srid/em. stoca treabhsar Baile tha Cliath cosil (leis an) daor saor tinn ag amireach anuraidh ariamh go minic inn mar sin muis(e) n bh n/an/nach/go raibh beidh n bheidh an/nach/go mbeidh

/bro:g'/ /bus/ /kauNtr/ /ka:r/ /xil' ho:rt/ /kra:N/ /koL/ /d':d/ /e:dx/ /g':n'si:/ /gu:N/ /L'e:n'/ /maim'/ /ma:r'/ /mo:ra:N/ /N':it/ /sVirt/ /s':xtn'/ /s':k'e:d/ /s'up/ /sra:d'/ /stok/ /t'r'ausr/ /,bTa: 'kTi:/ /kosu:17 /di:r/ /si:r/ /t'i:N'/ /cg7 /fma:r'x/ /'Nor/ /'r'i:w/ /g m'in'ik'/ /fN'e:/ /ma:rs'in7 /mus'(y /Nir/ /vtvJ /... ro/ /b'ei/ /N'i:w'ei/ /...m'ei/

pl. brga busanna cabhantair carranna /krN W croinnte /kri:N't'/ cultacha ada geansaocha gna linteacha /L'e:N'txi:/ mhaireacha sciorta seachtain seaicid siopa srideanna stoca treabhsair Dublin like (the) expensive, dear cheap sick, sore at tomorrow last year ever,never often yesterday so, like that indeed! now ! or was, had been (see this lesson) will be, will have been will not be (see this lesson)

shoe bus counter car, cart everything, every sort of tree suit (of clothes) dad, daddy cloth, clothes jumper,jersey dress shirt mam, mummy mother many, much many, lots of skirt week jacket shop street sock, stocking pair of trousers

x Mrn is used only in a negative statement, e.g. A77 mrn..^ or in a question, e.g. An bhfuil mrn ... ? Otherwise neart etc. are used.

bhiothadh /w'i:u:/ n/an/nach/go rabhadh /... rohu:/ beifear /b'eia:r/ n bheifear /w'eia:r/ an/nach/go mbeifear /...m'ei :r/

one was, people were (see this lesson) one will be, people will be one will not be, people will not be (see this lesson)

GRAMMAR 1. PAST TENSE OF VERB TA

(i) Statement Bhi Cit anseo inn. (ii) Negation Ni raibh Cit anseo inn. (iii) Questions An raibh Cdit anseo inn ? Nach raibh Cdit anseo inn ? (iv) Summary table Bhi Ni An Nach go nach raibh Cdit, m, mise, etc. anseo irm. Was Cit here yesterday ? Was Cit not here yesterday ? Cit was not here yesterday. Cit was here yesterday.

Deir s

(v) Autonomous form Bhiothadh sdsta anseo inn. Table: Bhiothadh Ni An Nach go nach rabhadh sdsta anseo inn. People were content here yesterday.

Deirs

(vi) Meaning of past tense Bhi Cdit anseo. Cit was here.

In the verb td there is no distinction between a preterite 'was' and a pluperfect 'had been*. A perfect meaning can be expressed by using the present, e.g. Td Cdit anseo seachtain anois 'Cit is / has been here a week now'.

2. FUTURE TENSE OF TA

(i) Statement Beidh Cit anseo amdireach. (ii) Negation Ni bheidh Cit anseo amireaeh. (iii) Questions An mbeidh Cdit anseo amdireach ? Will Cit be here tomorrow ? Nach mbeidh Cit anseo amdireach ? Will Cit not be here tomorrow ? (i v) Summary table: Beidh Ni An Nach go nach bheidh mbeidh emu me mise, etc. anseo amdireach. Cit will not be here tomorrow. Cit will be here tomorrow.

Deir s

(v) Autonomous forms Beifear ssta anseo amdireach. Ni An Nach Deir s nach Beifear bheifear mheifear ssta anseo amdireach. People will be satisfied here tomorrow.

(vi) Meaning of future tense Beidh Cit anseo seachtain amdireach. Cit will be / have been here a week tomorrow. In Irish no distinction is made between a future, e.g. 'will be' and a future perfect, e.g. 'will have been'.
3. LENITION AND ECLIPSIS AFTER MAIN VERBAL PARTICLES

(i) Lenition Ni always causes lenition: ni bheidh = ni + beidh Nil (a contracted form of nifhuil) = ni + jhuil Raibh does not change as r is not affected by lenition. (ii) Eclipsis An, nach; go, nach always cause eclipsis:
An mbeidh ... ? un ibeidh

An bhfuil... ? Nach mbeidh... ?

an + fuil nach + beidh

Nach bhjuil...? ...go mbeidh ... go bhfuil ... nach mbeidh ... nach bhfuil Raibh does not change

= = = = =

nach + fuil go + beidh ++ fail nach beidh nach + fuil

r is not affected by eclipsis.

4. INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT FORMS

Where there is a difference, the form used in a statement, e.g. bhi, is called the independent form and that after n, an, go, nach, e.g. raibh, the dependent form.

5. RESPONSES

There is no word corresponding to English 'yes' or 'no'. The appropriate form of the verb is repeated: Question or statement An bhfuil Cdit anseo ? Is Cit here ? Beidh muid anseo amdireach. We will be here tomorrow. Nach bhjuiltear sdsta anseo ? Are people not content here ? Response Td. Nil. Beidh. Ni bheidh. Tdthar. Niltear. Yes, she is. No, she is not. Yes, we will. No, we won't. Yes, they are. No, they are not.

In normal unstressed responses, unless the subject is included in the verb form, e.g. tdthar, there is no need to repeat it, e.g. An bhjuil Cdit anseo ? Td (not Td Cdit.)

6. INDIRECT QUESTIONS ('IF/WHETHER ... OR NOT')

Nil m cinnte an bhjuil Cdit anseo n nach bhfuil.

I am not certain whether Cit is here or not.

The indirect question in Irish is generally exactly the same as the indirect question, e.g. An bhfuil Cdit anseo no nach bhfuil ? 'Is Cit here (or (is she) not) ?'

7. EXPRESSING 'TO HAVE'

Td teach ag an mbean.

The woman has a house.

'Somebody has something' is expressed by saying (literally) 'There is something at somebody'.

TEXT

BAILE THA CLIATH Ni raibh Mdire bheag ariamh arm. T Baile tha Clialh mr, cinnte' a1 deir mdthair Mhdire, 7 neart srideanna agus nil mrn croinnte ann ar chor ar bithBh mdthair Mhire seachtain ann anuraidh, ach bhiMire tinn agus mar sin ni raibh si ann ariamh.
4

A Mhaime, an bhfuil mrn carranna agus busarma arm ?' a deir Mdire.

T, agus ar ndigh, t go leor siopai ann freisin.9 'An bhfuil siad go deas ?' T, cinnte. T siopa mor deas ann agus beidh muid ann amdireach.9 'An raibh tusa ansin ariamh, a Dheaide ?' a deir Mdire. 'Bhi, muis, bhi me ansin go minic. Nil s cosil leis an siopa anseo. * 'An bhfuil mrdn adai ann ?' 'Ar ndigh td 'chuile short ann. Td cabhantair go leor ann. B'fhidir go mbeidh ctaiagus seaicid ag cabhantar amhdin agus beidh treabhsair agus cultacha ag cecum eile.9 Wach bhfuil linteacha agus geansaiocha arm T cinnte. Td 9chuile short mar sin ann.9 T gna agus sciortai ann freisin9, a deir mdthair Mhdire. 'Bhi brga agus stocai ann anuraidh in aice leis an doras.'
l 9

Bhi\ a deir Mdirtin, at hair Mhdire, 'agus td me cinnte go raibh siad ddor.'

'Ni raibh, muis, ni raibh siaddaor ar chor ar bith. Bhi siad rasnta saor. Bhi brga saor ann ar aon chaoi. Nil m cinnte an mbeidh siad ann amdireach n nach mbeidh. Td Baile tha Cliath go hiontach.'

TRANSLATE:

1. Dublin will be wonderful tomorrow. 2.1 was a week there last year. 3. Were you (pi.) sick yesterday ? 4. Will you be here tomorrow ? We will be here certainly, at any rate. 5. He is not sure whether he will be here again or not. 6. The woman had a big house and there were lots of rooms. 7. Were there books and papers on the table ? - Yes, indeed. 8. Mire also has a nice coat and a wonderful dress. - Yes, she has indeed. 9. Were there many people ? Was one (were people) satisfied with the place ? 10. There will be lots and lots (go leor leor) of cars and buses on the road but there won't be many trees. 11. There were a few people at the gate again, so Cit was pleased. 12. Diarmaid has a nice shirt, hasn't he ? 13. There was a street on the other side but there weren't many people. 14. Peige's father and mother were fairly pleased with the picture. 15. There were shirts and pairs of trousers and lots of other clothes on the floor near the window.

U deir is used instead of deir al ter direct speech.

VOCABULARY

aimsir/em. an iomarca asal bainne beithioch1 b6l fem. caora fem. capall cat 2 cnoc cratr far feilm fem. francach geimhreadh inin/em. madadh mi fem. muic fem. peata rifuieach samhradh saol uisce

/:m's'r'/ /N' umrk/ /a:sif /ba:N'/ /b'eix/ /bo:/ /ki:r/ /ka:pi7 /kut/ /kruk/ /k'r'e:tu:r/ /f'e:r/ /f'el'm'/ /fra:r)kx/ /g'i:w'r'/ /in'i:n'/ /ma:d/ /m'i:/ /mik'/ /p':t/ /rif'i:n'x/ /saur/ /si:L/ /is'k'/

pl. asail /a:sl'/ heithgh /b'ei/ ba /ba:/ caoirigh /ki:r'/ caiple /ka:p'l'/ cait /kit'/ cnoic /krik'/ cratir feilmeacha francaigh /fra:r)k/ geimhrocha inneacha madra /ma:dri:/ monna muca /muk/ peaa rifineacha samhraocha saolta

weather, time too much, too many donkey milk cow, beast cow sheep horse cat hill poor thing, poor fellow grass farm rat winter daughter dog month Pig pet ruffian summer life water

bocht /boxt/ bradach /bra:dx/ 'chuile (with len.) /xil'/ dall /da:L/ fuar /fu:r/ glic /g'l'ik'/ /:S'L/ iseal /o:g/ g soibhir /sew'r'/ spisiil /sp'e:s'u:l' tbhachtach /t :wxtx/ /U:SL/ uasal c go/nach chomh maith cinel3 go direach /k'e: g.../ /x ma:/ /k'N :L/ /g d'i:r'x/

poor, miserable thieving, sly every blind cold cute, cunning low young rich interesting important noble, pertaining to gentry or upper class although as well kind of, sort of exactly, just, directly

^Pronounced

^B is normally used in the singular and beithigh in the plural as though spelt cut.

Pronounced as though spelt ciondl.

i gcna mar gheall ar shin

/ gu:Ni:/ /mar y'cr.L er'/ /o: xin'/

always, still because (of), concerning ago, since that

GRAMMAR

1. THE HABITUAL TENSES OF T

(i) Present habitual Bonn Cdit anseo. (i) Past habitual Bhodh Cit anseo.
2. THE CONDITIONAL OF T

Cit is normally here / is wont to be here,

Cit used to be here.

Bheadh Cdit anseo.

C. would be / would have been here.

3. SUMMARY TABLE OF VERB T

is tm tt ts ts td muid td sibh td siad tthar

was bhi m bht bhs bhi si bhi muid bhi sibh bhi siad bhiothadh

will be beidh m beidh t beidh s beidh si beidh muid beidh sibh beidh siad beifear

normallv is bim bionn tu bionn s bionn si bionn muid bionn sibh bionn siad bitear

used to be bhinn bhite bhiodh s bhiodh si bhiodh muid bhiodh sibh bhidis bht

would be bheinn bheifelbheithe bheadh s bheadh si bheadh muid bheadh sibh bheidis bheifi

The statement form in the past, habitual past and conditional is always lenited. A final ch-sound in verbal endings, except in autonomous forms, is replaced by a t /t / sound before a slender s, e.g. s, sise, sibh, Sen. Bhodh muid anseo. /w'i:x/ Bheadh s go deas. /w'et s'e:/ We used to be here. It would be nice.

4. COMBINED FORMS

bonn + m/mise combine as bhodh + m/mise bheadh + m/mise bhodh + t/tusa bheadh + tftusa bhudh + sad /stadsan bheadh + siad/siadsan

bimfse) bhnn(se) bheinnfse) bhte(sa) bheifedfsa) bhds(ean) bheids(ean)

/b'i:m'/
/W':N'/

/w'eN'/ /w'i:t' :/ /w'ea:/ /w'i:d'i:s'/ /w'ed'i:s'/

I (normally) am I used to be I would be you used to be you would be they used to be they would be

All verbs have combined forms in the above persons and tenses 1 . Contrast forms always add -se /s'/ (l.Sg.), -sa /s/ (2. Sg.) and -seem /s'N/ (3. PI.). The combined form is used in a response: An mbeife ansin ? - Bheinn. Would you be there ? - Yes. Bhdsean ssta. - Bhds. They used to be content. - Yes, they used to. The contrast forms, e.g. bhdsean, are never used in these responses.
5. ADJECTIVE MODIFYING NOUNS IN PLURAL

(i) After most nouns fuinneoga mra daoine glice big windows cunning people

An unstressed vowel // is added. This is spelt a after a broad consonant, e.g. mor, and e after a slender consonant, e.g. glic. (ii) After nouns with plurals spelt with a final consonant gasir bheaga francaigh mhra The adjective is also lenited.2
6. THE VOCATIVE PLURAL

little children big rats

A rifneachaI A chearca! A dhaoine uaisle ! A ghasir bheaga ! A riffneacha bradacha I

(You) ruffians ! Hens ! Ladies and gentlemen ! (lit. noble people) (You) little children ! You thieving ruffians !

The vocative particle a // always causes lenition (see Leeson 4). Adjectives follow the normal rules for the plural. There are a few nouns which have a special vocative plural form, e.g. cratr 'poor thing' , cratir 'poor things', a chratireachai ! '(you) poor things !'; fear 'man',fzr 'men', a fheara! '(you) men !'.

TEXT

FEILM MHUINTIR

MHIRTN

Td feilm rasnta mr ag muintir Mhdirtin. Nil siad soibhir c go bhfuil go leor feilmarai soibhir agus daoine uaisle anseo. Ar ndigh, nil siad bocht ach a oiread ! Td beithigh bhainne go leor ag Mdirtin agus neart caoirigh. Td cnoc beag in aice leis an bhfeilm agus bionn caoirigh Mhdirtin ansin. Bionn beithigh Mhdirtin ar an talamh maith go direach in
A further combined form is bhodar /w'i:dr/ which can be optionally used instead of bhi siad. ln certain set phrases a noun used attributively (i.e. similarly to an adjective) is lenited in the same way, e.g. beithigh bhainne 'milch cows'.
1

aice leis an teach. T an /ar go maith ansin. Ni bhionn muca ann anois c go mbiodh neart muca ann cupla bliain shin. T cearca ann chomh maith agus ar ndigh, t cat agus madadh ann freisin. Td an cat tdbhachtach mar gheall ar go bhfuil an iomarca francaigh mhra anseo. Td an cat cinedl dall anois ach td s glic go leor mar sin fin. Bionn cait dhall mar sin go minic. Td cait spisiil mar sin. Td gasir bheaga ag Mdirtin. Td peata ag fchuile dhuine. Td asal ag Sedinin, mac Mhdirtin, agus ar ndigh, bionn s bradach anois agus arist. Ni bhionn mrdn asail anseo anois ach cupla bliain 6 shin bhiodh go leor leor asail anseo. Bionn siad daor anois. Td peata ag Brid, inin Mhdirtin, freisin. Td capall beag ag Brid. Bhi Bairbre bheag anseo cupla mi anuraidh agus bhi si sdsta leis an saol anseo. Bionn gasir bheaga sdsta leis an saol anseo. Bhi bliain mhaith ag Mdirtin anuraidh. Bhi an aimsir go maith. Bhi an samhradh go hiontach, c nach raibh go leor uisce ann. ' Bionn an samhradh go deas anseo ach bionn an geimhreadh go dona. Bionn muintir Bhaile tha Cliath mar sin i gcnai! Bheifed sdsta anseo anois ach b 'fhidir go mbeadh an geimhreadh fuar, agus an mbeifed sdsta ansin ?' a deir Mdirtin leis an gcailin <5g. 'Bheinn,' a deir Bairbre Bheag. 'Nil me cinnte an mbeifed !' a deir Mdirtin. 'O muise, an cratr,' a deir Cdit, bean Mhdirtin, 'bheadh si sdsta cinnte. Bionn daoine ga sdsta i gcnai, nach mbionn, a Bhairbre Bheag ?'

TRANSLATE:

1. Mirtn had small children. 2. There are nice big windows here. 3. There are big trees and nice fields here now but there will be houses and colleges here. 4. There used to be lots of cows and horses here but now there aren't many at all. 5. They used to be satisfied with the farm, usen't they ? 6. The land usen't to be good here and there used to be too much water. 7. Would you be satisfied with the life on the farm ? Yes, certainly, I would. 8. The summer and the winter would be nice here. 9. There were many rich people here. 10.1 was there a few weeks last year and the weather was wonderful. 11. The woman has a son and a daughter. 12. Oh now, the poor thing ! It is cold here again. 13. There are sheep and horses on the hill. 14. Ladies and gentlemen, is everybody satisfied with the place ? 15.1 am sure that the book wouldn't be interesting anyway.

VOCABULARY

aois/em. coicis fem. cois fem. croi dearthir dnnar driofr/em. eochair/em. l ige/em. posta scal scoil/em. sil/em. trthnna uair /em. lla Ruair na cloisim sOirn tigim cantalach ceart dna fliuch marbh sean tuirseach uilig1 na ar amireach ar anuraidh arinn go hirithe go hiondil b bg bodh bds
1

/i:s7 /kaik'i:s'/ /kos'/ /kri:/ /d'r' :r'/ /d'i:N'e:r/ /d'r'aur/ /oxr'/ /ixxJ /o:g'/ /post/ /s'k'e:L/ /skel 7 /su:17 /, tra:'Nu:N/ /u:r'/
/U:L/

pl. cosa crol dearthracha dnnir driofuracha eochracha laethana /Le:Nti:/ posta scalta scoileanna sile trthnna uaireanta lla (man's name) (woman's name) I hear 1 think I understand

age, century fortnight leg, foot heart brother dinner sister key day youth, childhood job, post; post office story, news school eye evening time, hour, pl. sometimes apple

/ru:r'i:/
/U:N/

/klos'm'/ /s'i:l'm'/ /t'ig'm'/ /ka:NtLx/ /k':rt/ /d :N/ /f'l'ox/ /ma:ru:/ /s':N/ /tors'x/ /'l'ug/
/N/

bad-humoured, cranky right, correct bold wet dead old tired entire(ly), all, altogether thef pl j the day after tomorrow the year before last the day before yesterday especially usually be! be! (pl.) let... be let (pl.)... be

/a:ru: ma:r'x/ /a:ru: Noi/ /a:ru: N'e:/ /g ha:r'd'/ /g hu:Ndu:l'/ /b'i:/ /b'i:g'i:/ /b'i:x/ /b'i:d'i:s'/

Pronounced as though spelt uiliog.

n m mara

/N :/ /ma:/ /ma:r/

(with Imp., see this lesson) if if not, unless

VOCABULARY NOTES: 1. Trthnna can be used adverbially, e.g. Beidh sanseo trthnna 'He will be here in the evening'; Bhs anseo trhnna 'He was here in the evening'. 2. seo chugainn /s'o h u g N ' / and seo caite /s'o ka:t'/ are used in the expressions an bhliain (an mh(, an tseachtain ...) seo chugainn 'next year (month, week)'; an bhliain (an mhit an tseachrain ...) seo caite "last year (month, week)'.

GRAMMAR 1. IMPERATIVE OF VERB T

(i) Positive Bi anseo amireach ! Bigi anseo amireach ! Biodh Cdit anseo amdireach! Bidis anseo amdireach ! Be here tomorrow ! Be (pL) here tomorrow ! Have Cit here tomorrow ! Let Cit be here tomorrow ! Have them here tomorrow !

Biodh can also be used with s, sand muid; concerning pronunciation before slender s, see Lesson 7. (ii) Negative Nd bi anseo amdireach ! Don't be here tomorrow !

Nd is used to negate all forms of the imperative.

2 . 4 IF' CLAUSES

(i) Positive Md bhionn Mdirtin arm, bionn Cdit sdsta. If Mirtn is there, Cit is (normally) pleased.

Md4 if' lenites all verb forms (except t, e.g. mdtd...) (ii) Negative Mara bhfuil tusa sdsta, ni bheidh mise sdsta. If you are not satisfied, I will not be satisfied. Mara 'if... not, unless' causes eclipsis and is followed by the dependent form. (iii) Future Md bhionn Mdirtin arm, beidh Cdit sdsta. If Mirtn will be there, Cit will be pleased.
Mara mbeidh Mdirtin ann, ni bheidh If Mirtn will not be there, Cit will not be pleased.

Cdit sdsta.

After m, the future is expressed by using the habitual present, e.g. bionn. (iv) In responses Ach td m ssta! Bhoil, md td ! But I am satisfied ! Well, if that is so (that is alright).

Md/mara can be used in a response with the usual deletion of the subject pronoun (see Lesson 6) to express 4if that is (not) so, then that is alright*.
3. THE DEFINITE ARTICLE (SINGULAR)

(i) Before a feminine noun Td an chloch anseo. Td an fhuinneoig mhr ansin. The stone is here. The big window is there.

The article lenites a following feminine noun, except t, d which tend to resist lenition after nf e.g. an tine 4the fire', an deoch 4the drink', and s. Bhi an tseachtain go maith. Td an tsrdid bheag ansin. The week was good. The small street is there.

The article prefixes a t to a feminine noun beginning with s followed by a vowel or l, n, r. The s is then not pronounced. Any prefixed t takes its quality from the following vowel or consonant, e.g. slender in an tseachtain, broad in an tsrdid. The t is prefixed even when the article follows a preposition: ar an tsrdid faoin tsil on the street under the eye

(ii) Before a masculine noun beginning with a vowel Td an t-lla anseo. Td an t-an ansin. The apple is here. The bird is there.

The article prefixes a t to a masculine noun beginning with a vowel. (iii) Summary table Before masc. noun fem. noun fem. noun with initial consonant an an fear an + lenition an bhean (but an tine, an deoch) an t before sl, sn, sr, s + vowel an tseachtain with initial vowel an tan t-lla an an eochair

4. USAGES OF DEFINITE ARTICLE

(i) Nouns used in a general sense Td an ige go maith. Youth is good. Ni bhionn an tireannach leisciil. An Irishman is not (normally) lazy. The article is used when speaking in a general way.

(ii) Expressing a relationship between an entity and its parts T an teach go deas ach t an doras go dona. T m go maith ach td an chois tinn. The house is nice, but its door is bad. I am well but my foot is sore.

When there is no doubt about what or who the possessor is, the article can be used. This is usually the way of expressing possession where an inanimate noun is referred to, e.g. teach.

TEXTS

MUINTIR

RUAIR

Td teach deas compirteach ag Ruairi agus ag na ar an tsrdid mhr in aice leis an scoil. Td cupla gasr g anois ann agus td posta maith ag Ruairi. Bhiodh mdthair (Jna ann ach td si marbh anois. Bhi aois mhr ag an mbean agus ni raibh an croi go maith. Bionn dearthdir Ruairi, Pdidin, ann anois agus arist. Nil driofur ar bith ag Ruairi. DONNCHA Nifheicim Donncha go minic anois. Ar ndighf td s sean agus bionn s tuirseach go minic, go hdirithe trdthnna. Go hiondil, bionn s cinedl cantalach leis an ngasr anseo. *Bi ciin!' a deir s i gcnai n 'Nd bi ddna mar sin ! \ Cloisim go raibh an chois tinn arist an mhi seo caite agus bhi s coicis ar an leaba. Silim nach bhfuil an chois ceart shin. Md bhionn s go maith an tseachtain seo chugainn, beidh s anseo arist. AN SCOIL Td an scoil anseo. Td si mr go leor. Td neart minteiri anseo, c nach bhfuil mrdn gasir uilig ann. Td posta ag athair Phdidin anseo. Uaireanta, md bhionn an aimsir go dona, bionn an dinnar ag na gasir anseo. Inn agus ar inn bhi s fliuch agus bhi nagasir bheaga uilig tuirseach agus cantalach. Ar ndigh, md bhionn siad tuirseach, go hiondil bionn siad ddna freisin. Md bhionn an tseachtain uilig fliuch, deir na minteoiri go mbionn s go dona. Tigim an scal go maith.
TRANSLATE:

1. na's heart was never good. She is dead now, the poor thing. 2. There is one child and he is still fairly young. 3. If Pidn is here in the evening, usually he is bad-humoured, especially with the child. 4. Don't be (pl.) bold like that ! Be (pl.) quiet ! 5. Usually we are tired in the evening. 6. If Seinn was there, I am satisfied. 7.1 see that the key is there on the table but I'm not sure where the door is. 8. If the apple is there tomorrow, Cit will be pleased. 9. If the house isn't beside the school, Ruairi will be bad-humoured. 10. If you are here tomorrow, I'll be here too. 11. He was here one evening and he was sick. 12. If he is here in the evening everybody will be pleased.

VOCABULARY

bricfsta buicad caraid fem. dnlann/em. drama dream earrach farraige fem. fth fmhar gaineamh leabharlann fem. leitir/em. maidin/em. scthn sliabh sneachta spid/em. spirt/em. teach sta teas tr/em. Pdraig creidim fairsing glan nisinta te c, cn/c na seo sin sid d ar maidin beagnach fs go moch i mbliana maidir leis an mar (go/nach) th, thusa , eisean

/b'r'ik'fa:st/ /bik'e:d/ /ka:rd'/ /da:NLN/ /dra:m/ /d'r' :m/ /:rx/ /fa:rg'/ /fa:/ /fu:wr/ /ga:n'/ /L'aurLN/ /L'et'r'/ /ma:d'n'/ /sk :N/ /s'l'i:w/ /s'N':xt/ /sp :d'/ /spo:rt'/ /, t':x 'o:st/ /t':s/ /tra:/ /p :rk'/ /k'r'ed'm'/ /fa:rs'N'/ /gLN/ /Na:s'u:Nt/ /t'e/ /k'e:/ /s'o/ /s'in'/ /s'u:d/ /u:d/ /er' ma:d'n'/ /b'ogNx/ /fo:s/ /g mox/ / m'l'i:N/ /md'r'/ /ma:r/ /hu:/, /hus/ /e:/, /es'N/

pl.bric/sta buicid cairde /k :rd'/ dnlanna drama dreamanrta /d'r':mNi:/ farraig fthanna leabharlanna leitreacha maidineacha scdthin /ska:n'/ slibhte /sl'e:f't'/ spdideanna tithe ll'v.l sta trdnna (man's name) I believe plentiful clean, clear national warm, hot

breakfast bucket friend art gallery drama, play crowd, group spring sea reason, cause autumn sand library letter morning mirror mountain snow spade sport, fun public house, inn heat strand

who/what is (the) this (see this lesson) that (see this lesson) that (see this lesson) that (see this lesson) in the morning almost, nearly yet, still early (in the morning) this year as for the... as you he

(, ise iad, iadsan

/i:/, /is'/ /i:d/, /i:dsN/

she they

VOCABULARY NOTE: The pronouns m, , s may be pronounced short, i.e. /m'e/, /e/, /s'e/. GRAMMAR

1. PLURAL OF DEFINITE ARTICLE

T na heochracha anseo ar na boird. The keys are here on the tables. T na hanacha beaga ansin ar na clocha. The little birds are there on the stones. The form na, which is unstressed, is used with all plural nouns. It prefixes h to any noun beginning with a vowel.
2. DISJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS

(i) Usage Td Td Td Td t ansin. Feicim anois th. s ansin. Feicim anois . si ansin. Feicim anois i. siad ansin. Feicim anois iad. You are there. I see you now. He is there. I see him now. She is there. I see her now. They are there. I see them now.

When used disjunctively, that is, not as a subject directly following on a verb form, th, , , iad or thusa, eisean, ise, iadsan are used. M/mise, muid/muide, sibh/sibhse remain the same. (ii) Word order Cloisim anois th. I hear you now. Tigim thusa anois ach ni thigim iad sin. I understand you now, but I don't understand those fellows. When the ordinary form of a pronoun, e.g. th, is used an adverb or adverbial phrase, e.g. anois, precedes it.
3. USE OF FEW 'SELF'

(i) For emphasis (m fin) Td m fin sdsta anseo. Feicim fin an sagart anois. I myself am content here. I myself see the priest now.

Fin /he:n'/ is added to the pronoun, e.g. m/in, t /in, etc., or simply to the verb, where the pronoun is combined with it, e.g. feicim 'I s ee\ feicim fin 'I myself see'. (ii) For emphasis after a contrast form or after a noun (mise mfin)
An bhfuil tusa th fin vsta arisen ? A r e y o u yourself content here ?

Td an minteoir fin anseo anois.

The teacher himself is here now.

After a contrast form (iii) Reflexive use

o r after

a noun, mfin, th/in, /in, etc. are added,

Td sedthdn ansin agus feicim m fin.

4. COMPOUND SUBJECT OR OBJECT

There is a mirror there and 1 see myself.

Td m fin agus Ruair sdsta. Td t fin agus fin anseo. Td mise agus thusa agus ise anseo. Ni fheicim thusa nd iadsan.

Ruairi and I are content. You and he are here. She and you and I are here. I see neither you nor them.

Fin is added to the pronoun where there are two or more subjects or objects. The first person comes first, e.g. mfin agus Ruairi. As only the first part of a compound subject directly follows the verb, a disjunctive pronoun is used for the other(s), e.g. t fin agus fin. Contrast is expressed in the normal way by use of contrast pronouns, e.g. mise agus thusa agus ise.
5. THE ADJECTIVES SEO, SIN, D/SID

(i) Use with nouns Td an fear seo sdsta. Td an chloch mhr sin go deas. Nil na fir d sdsta. This man is satisfied. That big stone is nice. 'Those' men are not satisfied.

The definite article is used, e.g. an fear seo 'this man', before any common noun followed by the invariable adjectives seo, sin, or d. Names do not normally have the article, e.g. Mdirtin sin 'that Mirtn'. These adjectives correspond to the adverbs anseo, ansin, ansid. The form d (rather than siud) is most often used with a noun. (ii) With third person Td s seo go maith. Bhi si sin go deas. Ni hheidis sid sdsta. This (fellow/thing) is good. That (woman/thing (fem.)) was nice. 'They' would not be satisfied.

Seo, sin, sid can be used with the ordinary third person pronouns to refer to people or things. Contrast forms, e.g. seisean, are not used. The form sid (rather than d) is used with a pronoun or combined form.
TEXTS

LEITIR A Phddraig, a chara,1 Baile Atha Cliath, 2

Td Baile Atha Cliath go deas anois; nil fuacht ar bith ann c go bhfuil sneachtafs ar na slibhte. Bhi an fmhar agus an geimhreadh go hiontach anseo. Bhi dramainua beagnach 'chuile mhi agus peictir nua beagnach 'chuile sheachtain. Td an ddnlann agus an Leabharlann Ndisinta in aice leis an teach. Maidir leis na tithe sta, td siad sin fairsing anseo! Deir siad go mbeidh an t-ear rack agus an samhradh te anseo i mbliana. Ni
x

Cara /ka:r/, the Official Standard Irish form of caraid, is generally used at the beginning of a letter.

chreidim fin go mbeidh an teas go dona mar t an fharraige ar an taobh seo agus na slibhte ar an taobh eile. Ni bhionn Mirtin d anseo anois c nach dtigim cnfdth. An bhfuil an aimsir go maith ansid ? An bhfuil Brid agus Cdit agus an dream uilig ann i gcnai ? Ar ndigh, nifheicim ar chor ar bith anois iad, c go bhfeicim Bairbre anois is arist. - B fhidir go mbeifed-sa thfin anseo an bhliain seo chugainn ? Sedinin. AN FHARRAIGE Bhi na gasir uilig ag an bhfarraige inn. Bhi an aimsir go hdlainn. Bhi an fharraige go deas agus bhi an t-uisce te go leor. Bhi an trd rasnta, c go raibh go leor gasir eile ann. Bhi buicid agus spdideanna beaga ag na gasir. Bhi an trd glan agus bhi an gaineamh go deas. Bhi spdirt go leor ann. Bhi 'chuile dhuine sdsta leis an la. Beidh scoil ann arist amdireach agus beidh bricfdsta ag an dream uilig go moch ar maidin. Md bhionn an aimsir go maith, b 'fhidir go mbeadh la deas eile ag na gasir an tseachtain seo chugainn.
TRANSLATE:

1. The teacher was tired, but the farmer himself was there also. 2.1 understand it now. The door is there and the keys are on the table. 3. Are you there ? I see you now. 4. She says the whole crowd will be at the sea tomorrow, but I don't believe her at all. 5.1 understand you well, but I don't understand those (people) at all. 6. They say that the mountains are there but I myself don't see them at all. 7. There is a mirror here. I see myself now. 8. You and I will be satisfied with the autumn and with the spring here. 9. Were you yourself at the library yesterday ? You were ? That is good. Were you there early in the morning ? 10. 'They' (siiid) would be satisfied with the public houses here. 11. The weather was good this year although there was snow on all the mountains. 12. We were a fortnight here last year but you (pl.) weren't there at all.

VOCABULARY

aifreann baile mr banaltra/em. bal bias buidal cca carraig/em. carta card ? ceo cuid fem. dath D Domhnaigh dialann fem. dochtr dthain fem. focal gaoth fem. goile listn mla mir/em oilen ospidal sicra snthaid/em. strainsara tamall teach an phobail teanga/em. An Spidal Flaithearta airm 'spin dhom thinig aisteach deacair gar grnna ln nua sch

/:f'r'N/ /ba'l' mo:r/ /ba:NLtr/ /b'e:L/ /bLa:s/ /bid'e:L/ /ka:k/ /ka:rg'/ /k :rt/ /k'e:rd/ /k'o:/ /kid'/ /da:/ /, d'e(:) 'du:N/ /d'i:LN/ /doxtu:r/ /do:n'/ /fokL/ /gi:/ /gel'/ /Lo:s't'i:n'/ /ma:L/ /m'e:r'/ /il' :N/ /osp'd'e:L/ /s'u:kr/ /sNa:d'/ /str:n's'e:r/ /ta:mL/ /, t':x 'fobl'/ /t':r)g/ / sp'id'e:L/ /o:'fLa:rt/ /:r'i:m'/ /spa:n' m/ /ha:n'k'/ /:s't 'x/ /d':kr'/ /g'e:r/ /gra:N/
/LO:N/ /NU:/

Mass town nurse mouth, opening taste; good accent; anything1 buidil /bid'e:l'/ bottle cca cake, soda bread carraigreacha rock crta card what (is it) ? fog; anything1 part, share, deal dathanna colour Sunday dialanna diaiy dochtir doctor sufficiency; enough focla word gaothanna wind goileacha 'guts' stomach, appetite listn lodging mla bag maracha finger oilein /il'a:n'/ island ospidil /osp'd 'e:l 7 hospital sugar snthada /sN :di:/ needle, injection strainsara stranger, non-native tamallacha period, distance tithe pobail (Catholic) church teangacha tongue, language (place-name) (surname) I feel, hear show me ! came peculiar, strange, queer difficult, hard sharp, sour ugly, horrible full new satisfied (after meal), a enough

aifreannacha bailteacha mra banaltra bil /be:17

/sa:x/

^ln negative or conditional sentences, or in questions.

mo do a ar ur ar ais ar ball ar listn arir dh ibhfad mara n mide (go/nach)

/m/ /d/, /t/, /t'/ // // // /er' :s7 /er' b :L/ /er' Lo:s't'i:n'/ / 'r'e:r'/ /ya:/,/a:/ / wa:d/ /mar/ /N': mu:d'/

my your his, her, theirs our your (pi.) back (again) in a while, a while ago lodging, in lodgings last night if (see this lesson) a long time, far if ... not, unless (see this lesson) it is unlikely (that (.. .not))

VOCABULARY NOTES: 1. rud beag tinn 'somewhat sore, a little bit sore' 2. Card firt ? 'What is it ?' (c, card are normally followed by the stressed personal pronouns, e.g. tn fin, thfin, etc.) 3. mo dhthain bainne 'enough milk (for me)' 4. Ni raibh focal ag X 'X hadn't a word to say for himself.'

GRAMMAR

1. IF-CLAUSES TO EXPRESS A CONDITION

(i) Positive Dh mbeadh Mdirtin anseo, bheadh Cdit If Mirtn were here, Cit would be sdsta content. Dhd 'if (... were)' causes eclipsis and is followed by the conditional.1 The dependent form (see Lesson 6) is used where this distinction is made. (ii) Negative Mara mbeadh Mdirtin anseo, ni bheadh Cdit sdsta.

If Mirtn were not here, Cit would not be content.

Mara 'if (... were) not, unless (... were)' causes eclipsis and is followed by the conditional1. The dependent form is used where this distinction is made. Dhd or similarly mara may be variously translated as 'if... were', 'if ... had been', or as 'if... should be', 'if... should have been'. It expresses a condition or hypothesis.

iln a number of verbs where a distinction in pronunciation can be made between the conditional and a past subjunctive, older speakers may use a past subjunctive (see Lesson 36). The conditional is, however, the norm.

2. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

(i) Forms Before a consonant mo dhoras /m/ my door do dhoras /d/ your door a dhoras // his door 1 a doras // her door 1 ar ndoras // our door y ur ndoras // your door a ndoras // their door Before a vowel m'uncail ImJ t9 uncail /tP/ a uncail // a huncail /h/ ar n-uncail /N/ *ur n-uncail /N/ a n-uncail /N/ my uncle your uncle his uncle her uncle our uncle your uncle their uncle Contrast mo chtasa my coat do chtasa your coat a chta seisean2 his coat her coat a cta sise2 ar gcta muide our coat 'ur gcta sibhse your coat a gcta siadsan2 their coat

Note that -sa is suffixed, e.g. mo chtasa 'my coat'; seisean, sise etc. are written separately, e.g. a bhordseisean 'his table'. (ii) Pronunciation The possessive adjectives are invariable. They are all pronounced with a neutral vowel //. Mo 'my' and do 'your' are written m\t' showing the pronunciation (see Appendix 1.5) before a vowel; m\ t' are pronounced broad or slender according to the following vowel. The adjectives ar 'our' and *ur 'your ( pl.)\ which in Official Standard Irish are spelt dr and bhur, are in pronunciation reduced to //. (iii) Lenition / Eclipsis In all cases mo, do, a 'his/its' lenite; ar, 'ur, a 'their' cause eclipsis. (iv) Use with seo, sin, sid Bhi s ag a gheata sin. He was at that fellow's gate.

Seo 'this', sin 'that', sid 'that' can be used with a 'his', 'her', 'their' to mean 'this/that person's', 'these/those people's'. (v) Use with fin Td mo bhord fin anseo. 'Own' is expressed by fin. (vi) Use of cuid (a) General use Td mo chuid leabhartha anseo. Td do chuid bainne ansin. Td a chuid Gaeilge go maith. My books are here. Your milk is there. His Irish is good. My own table is here.

Cuid literally means 'a share, a portion'. It is normally used before a noun in the plural, e.g. mo chuid leabhartha 'my books'; a collective or mass noun, e.g. mo chuid bainne 'my milk'; or before an abstract noun, e.g. mo chuid Gaeilge 'my Irish'. It is, however, generally

^This may also mean 'its'. For use of article with inanimate nouns, see also Lesson 8.
2

This is an exception to the rule given in Lesson 9 that seisean, sise, siadsan are only used directly after verbs.

omitted where the noun in question 'inalienably' belongs to the possessor, e.g. mo chosa 'my legs'. (a) Use in contrast and with fin Td mo chuid leabharthasa anseo. T do chuid Gaeilge fin go maith. My books are here. Your own Irish is good.

The contrast endings -sa, seisean, etc. and fin 'own', are added to the noun, not to the word cuid. (a) Before a noun in genitive relation T cuid leabhartha Chdit anseo. Cit's books are here.

As well as after mo, do etc., cuid can optionally be used in similar circumstances, e.g. cuid leabhartha Chit 'Cit's books', cuid Gaeilge Chdit 'Cit's Irish', before a noun in genitive relation.

3. U SE OF CEANN/ CUID TO EXPRESS 'MINE', 'YOURS', ETC. T mo bhordsa anseo agus td do cheannsa ansin. Td do chuid leabharthasa anseo agus td mo chuidsa ansin. Td a chuid Gaeilge seisean go maith ach td do chuidsa go maith freisin. My table is here and yours is there. Your books are here and mine are there. His Irish is good, but yours is also good.

Ceann (lit. 'head' or 'end') can be used to mean 'one'. 'Mine, yours' etc. when referring to a singular noun is expressed as mo, do ... cheann 'my one, mine' etc., and when referring to plurals, collective, mass or abstract nouns, as mo, do ... chuidsa 'my share, mine'.

TEXTS

AG AN DOCHTR Bhi Mdirtin Beag ag an dochtr inn. Td ospidal nua anois in aice leis an mbaile mr agus td go leor dochtir ann. Td a sheomra fin ag 'chuile dhochtr. Bhi banaltra ag bord in aice leis an doras. 'Cd bhfuil do chdrta ?' a deir si. 'Td s anseo,' a deir Mdirtin Beag. 'Nil an Dochtr Flaithearta anseo go direach anois. Ni bhionn si anseo ag an am seo, ach beidh s anseo ar ball beag.1 Bhi an seomra go deas c go raibh dath grdnna ar na ballai. Bhi bord in aice leis an bhfuinneoig. Bhi a mhdla ar an mbord agus bhi sndthaid in aice leis an mala. Ansin thdinig an dochtr ar ais. Bhi an carta ag an dochtr mar bhi timpiste ag Mdirtin rupla mi n thin agus bhi a Idimh go dona.

'Feicim anseo * a deir an dorhtr, 'ga ratbh do Idimh fs rud beag tinn mi 6 shin. 'Spdin dhom do Uiimn. Spdin dhom do mhir thinn arist!' Bhi an Idimh ceart arist. 'Bhoil, anois ! Card fin an uair seo ?' 'Ni airim go maith. Nil mo ghoile go maith agus td bias aisteach ar mo bhal,' a deir Mdirtin Beag. 'An iomarca sicra !1 a deir an dochtr, 'no an iomarca cdcai b *fhidir ?' Ni raibh focal ag Mdirtin Beag mar uaireanta, bonn an dochtr sdch cantalach. 'Td buidal anseo,' a deir an dochtr, 'nl s ln ach beidh do dhthain ansin.' M raibh Mdirtin Beag i bhfad tinn.

DIALANN D Domhnaigh Td m anseo in aice leis an Spidal arist. Td an teach seo compirteach. Td cupla strainsara eile ar listin anseo. Td a gcuid Gaeilge go maith. Bhi m tamall anseo anuraidh freisin agus bhi m sdch sdsta leis an ait. Bhi aifreann ann go moch ar maidin agus bhi teach an phobail Idn. Mara mbeadh na strainsarai uilig anseo, ni mide go mbeadh s Idn ar chor ar bith. Bhi ceo ann arir agus maidin inniu, td bdisteach agus gaoth mhr ann. Dhd mbeadh aimsir bhred ann, silim go mbeinn sdsta go leor anseo. Feicim an fharraige agus na carraigreacha ach nifheicim na hoiledin ar chor ar bith.

TRANSLATE:

1. My mother and father were here last year. 2. Are your father and mother pleased with the new house ? 3. My books are here but yours aren't here at all. 4. Our Irish is good but y our s (pi.) is not good. 5. Your own milk is sour. 6. Hi s room is here. Her room is there. 7. She was at 'that' fellow's house again yesterday. 8. Mirtn's clothes are always nice. 9. Unless her English was good her uncle wouldn't be at all pleased. 10. His mouth is sore and there is an ugly taste on his tongue. 11. If his finger was right, the doctor at the hospital would be pleased enough. 12. It isn't likely that I'll be long lodging here. The weather is bad. There is rain and wind and I don't see the sea or the islands at all. 13. If there was a Mass early on Sunday, the church wouldn't be full at all. 14. The doctor isn't here but he'll be back in a little while," says the nurse. "There is fog and there was an accident on the road a while ago." His bag was on the table and there was a strange needle beside the bag. 15. The bottle isn't full but I have enough here. 16. This language isn't difficult but they say that yours is difficult enough.

VOCABULARY

aran bean antf fem. caife ceathru fem. cisen fata feoil/em. fiche fem. galn iasc im liosta oifige fem. orlach piste pingin/em. punt saoire fem. scilling/em. scith fem. scr slat fem. tae tilleadh toradh troigh/em. uafs ubh fem. fuair falamh pldaithe psta trom uafsach ar chla arfad cheana fin dhirre is ni ar nach
gur

/r :N/ with art.: an t-arn / tr :N/ /b':N t'i:/ /ka:f'/,/ka:fi:/ pl. /k':ru:/ ceathrna /k'is ' :N/ cisein /k'is' :n'/ /fa:t/ fatal /f'o:l'/ /f'i:/ fichid /f'i:d'/ /gm:N/ galin /ga:Lu:n'/ /i:sk/ /i:m'/ /L'ist/ liosta /efig'/ oifig /aurLx/ orla /pa:s't'/ pist /p'i:N'/ pingineacha /pi:N'xi:/ /puNt/ punta /si:r'/ /s'k'ii/N'/ scilleacha /s'k'i:/ sctheanna /sko:r/ scrtha /sko:r/ /sLa:t/ slata Ite-J taeanna /tlL'/ /tor/ tortha /tori:/ /tro/ troighthe /tre:/ /u:cts/ /u(w)/ uibheacha /iw'xi:/ (place-name) got empty crowded married heavy terrible behind, at the back altogether already, before in earnest, seriously is/are is/are not is/are?
ia/arc ... not ?

bread woman of the house coffee quarter, thigh basket potato meat twenty gallon fish butter list office inch child penny pound (lb.or) holiday shilling (= 5 p) rest twenty, score yard, rod tea more result, fruit, crop foot terror, great amount egg

An Cheathru Rua fem. /fu:r'/ /fa:L/ /pLo:di:/ /po:st/ /tru:m/ /u:a:sx/ /er' xu:L/ /er' fa:d/ /ha:N he:n'/ /ya:'r'i:r / /s/ /N'i:/ /r/ /Nx/ /gr/ /ma:s/

ms

that... is/are if... is/are

VOCABULARY NOTE: ar chla an 1i 'at the back of the house'

GRAMMAR
1. THE COPULA IS

(i) Usage T m anseo agus td m go maith. Is m Mirtn. Is thusa an dochtr. Is (sin mo bhean. Is fin an minteoir. I am here and I am well. I am Mirtn. You are the doctor. That woman is my wife. He himself is the teacher.

Is, traditionally called the copula, is used to link two nouns or pronouns. The appropriate disjunctive pronoun, e.g. m/mise/m fin, th/thusa/th fin 1 etc. is used. Is is never stressed and is pronounced with a broad s /s/, except before a pronoun spelt with an initial i or e. The actual pronunciation is sometimes shown by spelling is as 's, is as 'si, is iad as 'siad. (ii) Definite noun as subject Is an fear sin an sagart. Is Cit mo hhean. Is iad Brid agus Mdirtin na gasir. That man is the priest. Cit is my wife. Brid and Mirtn are the children.

In any copula sentence, where the topic (i.e. the first noun, in these examples) is a definite noun, e.g. an fear sin 'that man', Cdit, or Brid agus Mdirtin, it is preceded by the appropriate pronoun , i, iad. (iii) , i, iad as subject Is an dochtr . Is i an minteoir i Is iad na gasir iad. He is the doctor. She is the teacher. They are the children.

When the topic is /i/iad, it must be repeated, e.g. is an dochtr . (iv) Table of forms of the copula Is Ni(h-) Ar-' Nach gur nach Mds Mara m/mise t(h)!t(h)usa muidlmuide sibh/sihhse an dochtr na dochtiri

Deir s

Md 'if' is written together with is as mds.

1 2

T/tusa may also be used, though for other pronouns only the disjunctive forms are allowed. An //, although the Official Standard Irish form, is less common.

(v) Table of forms of copula before third person pronouns Ni Is Ab Nach gurb nach Mds Mara h/heisean, h/hise, hiad/hiadsan /eisean "v v Vise v iad/iadsan an dochtr

Deir s

^na - dochtir

Mas is pronounced with a final slender s /s'/ before third person pronouns. (vi) Responses Ar thusa an dochtr ? - Is m. Ab Cdit an minteoir ? - NhL Are you the doctor ? - Yes. Is Cit the teacher ? - No.

The pronoun, which takes the stress, is repeated with the copula. Note that if the ordinary form of a disjunctive pronoun is used in responses, contrast forms are not used, e.g. Ar thusa ...? Is m. (not Is mise) (vii) Omission of is (Is) mise an dochtr. (Is) sin an minteoir. I am the doctor. That woman is the teacher.

Is may be understood before mise, m/in, mise mfin; thusa, th/in, thusa th fin, etc. or (, iad) seo (sin, sid), but not before the ordinary forms m, th, , , muid, sibh, iad. 2. USES OF COPULA WITH ADJECTIVE Normally the verb td is used with the adjectives, e.g. td s glic 'he is cunning', td an leabhar spisiil 'the book is interesting'. The copula is, however, has a limited use with adjectives. (i) Certain adjectives Is ionann iad They are the same.

With a certain few adjectives the copula is normally used, e.g. Is ionann iad; is mar a chile iad 'they are the same'. (ii) Exclamatory use Nach maith ! Isn't he good ? Is deas ! It is nice ! Is deas do line ! Your shirt is nice ! The copula is optionally used with some very few adjectives describing a permanent quality and expressing emotional estimation in an exclamation. In responses the adjective is repeated, e.g. Is ionann iad. - Is ionann. 'They are the
come.'
1

'Yoo, thy arc.'

Ionann /a: N N / is pronounced as though spelt anann.

3. NUMBERS ONE TO TEN bad / bd amhin / aon bhd amhin one boat dhd bhd trbhd cheithre bhdd chig bhdd s bhdd seacht mbd ocht mbd naoi mbd deich mbd /y : w :d/ /t'r 'i: .../ /x'er' .../ /xu:g'.../ /s'e: .../ /s':xt m :d/ /oxt.../ /Ni: .../ /d'e.../ two boats three boats four boats five boats six boats seven boats eight boats nine boats ten boats

Bd amhin literally means 'only one boat*. For emphasis aon /e:N/, /e:N'/ (the n is slender before i or e) is used, e.g. aon bhdd amhin. These numbers do not stand alone. They are always followed by a noun. The numbers from aon 'one' to s 'six' cause lenition, e.g. s bhd 'six boats'. The numbers from seacht to deich cause eclipsis, e.g. seacht mbd 'seven boats', deich n-an 'ten birds'.1 The singular of a noun follows all these numbers. However, certain nouns, mostly denoting a measurement2, take the plural (or a special form used only in this case) after numbers higher than two. In this case initial consonants are unaffected and tri 'three', cheithre 'four', s 'six' prefix h to an initial vowel: tricinn trihuaire tr seachtaini tr b liana tr ceathrna trpingine tr scilleacha trhorla trtroighthe tr slata tr clocha trgalin trhuibhe trscir trjichid /k'i: N'/ /hu:r'/ /s':xtn'/ /b'l'i:N/ /k':ru:Ni:/ /p'i:N'/ /s'k'ii/axi:/ /haurli:/ /tre:/ /sLt/ /kLox/ /ga:Lu:n'/ /hiw'/ /sko:r'/ /f'i:d'/ three (ones) (with any noun) three times three weeks three years three quarters three pence three shillings three inches three feet three yards three stoneweight three gallons three eggs three scores three twenties

The forms clocha, slata are used only in the sense of 'stoneweight' or 'yards': tr(chloch, tri shlat mean 'three stones', 'three rods'. Chig lenites a few plural forms, e.g. chiiig bhliana 'five years', chigphingine 'five pence'.

^Aon 'one' optionally prefixes t to s, e.g. aon tsagart amhin 'one priest only'.
2

Probably due to the use of parts of the body as units of measurement, e.g. ceann, this usage of a plural form spreads so that the plural of cois 'leg' is used, e.g. tricosa 'three legs', and of teanga 'tongue, language', in the set expression na seacht dteangacha 'seven (= several) languages'.

TEXTS

ARSAOIRE Bhnn ar saoire ansin in aice leis an gCeathr Rua blianta shin, b'fheidir deich mbliana n mar sin. Ni raibh m psta an uair sin. I mbliana, bhi me fin agus mo bhean agus na pdisti cupla seachtain ann. 'C th fin ?' a deir bean an ti.
4

Mise Mdirtin,' a deir me fin.

'Muise, ar th ? Ar thusa Mdirtin ? '

4

Is m\ Agus ab sin do bhean ?'

7s . /s Cit mo bhean agus is iad Brid agus Mdirtin na gasir.'

4

Ab iad ? Nach deas iad ! *

Bhi go leor daoine thart agus ni raibh me cinnte an mbeadh an teach Ian n nach mbeadh. 4 An bhfuil mrdn strainsarai anseo i mbliana ?' a deir m/in. T, dhdirire ach c go bhfuil na seomrai seo uilig Idn td tilleadh ar chla an ti. Td dhd sheomra falamh ansin i gcdnai, ach nil m cinnte an mbeidis sdch mr.'
4

Spain dhom iad 1' a deir mfin.

Is ionann iad, dhdirire,' a deir bean an ti, 4ach td dhd fhuinneoig anseo agus trifhuinneoig ansin.' Bhi mo bhean sdsta leis na seomrai agus bhi muid tri seachtaini ar fad ann. Bhi an aimsir go maith agus bhi scith bhred ag 'chuile dhuine.

AN S10PA Td siopa nua in aice leis an oifige. C nach bhfuil an siopa ann ach cupla seachtain, bhi Cdit ansin seacht n-uaire cheanafin ! Bionn liosta ag Cdit beagnach i gcnai mar td an siopa mr agus bionn an t-uafds daoine ann. Bhi si ann an tseachtain seo caite agus c go raibh an dit pldaithe fuair si *chuile short ar a liosta. Fuair si ceathr punt tae, caife, tri bhuidal bainne, dhd phunt sicra, agus ardn. Bhi an tae daor, td s beagnach punt an punt anois. Bhi an t-iasc daor freisin ach fuair si feoil dheas. Fuair si go leor tor thai agus mdla beagfatai. Bionn mdlaimra cheithre clocha ann freisin ach td siad uafdsach trom agus nil carr ar bith ag Cdit. Bhi a cisedn beagnach Idn; ach an raibh *chuile shrt ann ? Ni raibh ! Bhi dhd rud eile ar an liosta. Fuair si im agus s huibhe ag cabhantar eile. Ansin, bhi 9chuile short ceart!

EXERCISES

A. Complete the following sentences with positive questions and responses, e.g. Ar th Seinn ? - Is m. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. th Seinn ? thusa an minteoir ? sin do hhean ? fin an dochtr ? an fear sin t'uncail ? Bairbre do bhean ? an minteoir ? do mhdthair ? na daoine uaisle iad ? th Donneha ?

B. Complete the following sentences with negative questions and responses, e.g. Nach Brid do bhean ? - Ni hi. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Brid do bhean ? na minteoir iad ? an fear mr sin t'athair ? sin do dhriojur ? thusa Cdit? thPddraig? do mhdthair i? fin an minteoir ?

C. Complete the following sentences with an appropriate form of the copula, e.g. Marab sin an minteoir, nil s anseo ar chor ar bith. 1- Marab sin an minteoir, nil s anseo ar chor ar bith. 2. Deir siad sin a huncail. 3 thusa Donncha, beidh Cdit sdsta. 4 thusa Cdit, ni bheidh s sdsta ar chor ar bith. 5. Deir siad thusa Cdit. 6 ionann iad. I.N. deas iad ?

TRANSLATE: 1. one coat 2. only one boat 3. eight weeks 4. seven apples 5. five years 6. three times 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

1. My books are here. Yours are there. 2. His card is here. Hers is there. 3. Our own house is nice. 4. 'That' fellow's gate is there. 5. The lady of the house got fish and meat and butter and bread. She also got six eggs and potatoes and vegetables. 6.1 was on holiday a while near Ceathr Rua three years ago. There was a tremendous amount of people there. The place was crowded.

VOCABULARY

bhar buachaill bun bunbhar bunscoil/em. caipin ceird fem. ceist fem. cigire clr clr dubh cluife cras difrocht fem. faitos fuil/em. mistres fem. menscoil/em. oideachas oiread1 ollscoil/em. peann pire pobal pobalscoil/em. rang soitheach srn fem. toil fem. truai fem. bris 1 bruith 1 coinnigh 2 cuir 1 dearg 1 glan 1 imir 2 leag 1 ligh 1 mol 1 nigh 1 oscail 2 pacil 1 pinteil 1 rthl salaigh 2
1

/a:wr/ /bu:xL'/ /buN / /buN :wr/ /buNskel'/ /ka:p'i:n'/ /k'aird'/ /k'es't'/ /k'ig'r'/ /kL :r/ /kL :rdu(w)/ /kLf'/ /ko:rs/ /d'if'r'i:xt/ /fa:t'i:s/ /fil'/ /mais't'r'as/ /m'a-Nskel'/ /ed'xs/ /er'd/ /oLskel'/ /p'a:N/ /p'e:r'/ /pobL / /pobLskel'/ /ra:r)g/ /se:x/, /saix/ /sru:N/ /til'/ /tru:i:/ /br'is'/ /bru/ /kiN'/ /kir'/ /d':rg/ /gLN/ /im'r'/ /L':g/ /L'e:/ /moL/ /N'i/ /oskl'/ /pa:k :l'/ /p'e:n't a:17 /ru/ /sa:L/

bhair buachaill bunanna bunbhair bunscoileanna caipn ceirdeanna ceisteanna cigir clracha clracha dubha cluif crais difrochta mistresa menscoileanna ollscoileanna peanna /p':N/ pir pobail pobalscoileanna ranganna soith /se:/,/sai/ srnanna

subject, material boy bottom, base basic subject primary school cap trade, skill question inspector board, lid, programme blackboard game, match system difference fear, timidity blood (school) mistress secondary school education amount university pen pair, two (things) public, community community school (school) class vessel, dish nose will, will power pity, sympathy

break,sack boil, cook keep, hold put, sow, bury redden, light (cigarette etc.) clean, clear play lay, place, knock down read praise, recommend wash open pack paint run dirty

After an no / is prefixed to oiread (masculine): an oiread canna 'as much'

Caitliceach casta coitianta dubh ireannach Ghidach Pratastnach anocht c mhad ea godeimhin idir i dtosach igceist inind timpeall('s) DLuain DMirt D Cadaoin Dardaoin DhAoine D Sathairn D Domhnaigh

/ka:tTk'x/

/ka:st/ /kit'i:Nt/ /du(w)/ /e:r'Nx/ /y'u:dx/ /pra:tstu:Nx/ /'NOxt/ /k'e: w'e:dJ /gd'iw'n'/ /ed'r'/ / dosx/ / g'es't'/ /N'e:N'd'i:/ /t'i:mpus)/ /d'e: Lu:n'/1 /d'e: ma:rt'/ /d'e: k'e:di:n'/ /d'e:rdi:n'/ /d'e: hi:n'/ /d'e: srN'/ /d'e: du:N/

Catholic complicated, involved common, ordinary black Irish Jewish Protestant tonight how much (see this lesson) indeed, actually between, as well... as in the beginning, in the front in question, relevant, considered together, accompanying around about, approximately Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

VOCABULARY NOTES: 1. BhiMrtn anseo DMirt 'Mirtn was here on Tuesday*; the names of the days are used adverbially: no preposition is required. 2. Maidin, rthnna, oiche can be used adverbially with inniu, inti, arir or with names of days, e.g. maidin inniu 'this morning', trthnna inn'yesterday evening', oiche De' Cadaoin 'Wednesday night'. 3. Td an Id inniu go deas 'today is nice'; Bhi an oiche D Sathairn ciiiin "Saturday night was quiet'; when not adverbial: (a) an Id is used with inniu, inn, amdireach, (b) an oiche is used with anocht, arir, amdireach, or with names of days. 4. Mds do thoil /ma:s' e: d hil' e:/ 'please' 5. cur ceist ar...' put a question to ..., ask'

GRAMMAR
1. THE COPULA (CTD.)

(i) Indefinite predicate Is dochtr m. Is minteoir i sin. I am a doctor. That woman there is a teacher.

When the predicate is an indefinite noun, e.g. dochtr 'a doctor', minteoir 'a teacher', it directly follows is.

D \s frequently pronounced with a short e.

Mirtn is a priest. Is sagart Mirtn. Is your wife a teacher ? Ar minteoir i do bhean ? He says that those people are doctors. Deir s gur dochtir iad na daoine sin. The rule that in any copula sentence where the subject is definite, e.g. Martn, do bhean, na daoine sin, it is preceded by the appropriate pronoun , or iad (see Lesson 11) holds good. (ii) Responses Ar dochtr m/mise ? thlthusa ? etc. Is ea. Nihea. Ab ea ? Nach ea ? Deirs gurbea. nach ea. /s':/ /N'i: 'h:/ /'b':/ /Nax ':/ /gur'b':/ /Nax ':/ Yes. No. Yes? No? He says yes. He says no.

In responses to sentences with an indefinite noun, ea (an old neuter third-person pronoun) is used. Is ea is often spelt 'sea, showing the stress and pronunciation. (iii) Emphatic word-order Is duine deas . Is deas an duine . He is a nice person. He is a nice person.

When in copula sentences containing an adjective, e.g. Is duine deas . 'He is a nice person', the adjective is emphasised, it precedes the noun and the article is used. This is the normal order in certain common expressions, e.g. Is mr an trua . Is maith an scal . Is bocht an rud . It is a great pity That is good news. It is a miserable affair.

In responses the adjective is repeated, e.g. Is deas an duine . 'He is a nice person.'- Is deas. 'Yes, he is.' Alternatively ea can be used, e.g. Is ea. 'Yes, he is.'

2. IMPERATIVE OF REGULAR VERB (i) Singular Glan an bord agus nigh na soithi ! Ligh an leabhar ach n bris an chathaoir ! Coinnigh an cta sin ach nd salaigh an caipin ! Oscail an doras agus imir cluife eile ! Clear the table and wash the dishes ! Read the book, but don't break the chair ! Keep that coat, but don't dirty the cap ! Open the door and play another game !

The second singular imperative, e.g. glan, bris is the root of the verb, that is, the form to which other endings are added. There are two basic types of regular verb; in the vocabularies, verbs are marked '1' or '2' according to whether they belong to the first or second type. The second singular of the first type has one syllable, e.g. glan, bris, nigh, ligh1 while that of the second type has two syllables, e.g. salaigh, coinnigh, oscail, imir. There are certain differences in the endings which are added to these two types.
'Exceptionally, verbs with roots ending in (e)dil (pacil, pinteil etc.) belong to type 1; also verbs spelt with one syllable but pronounced with a helping vowel, e.g. dearg 'redden' (see Appendix 1.2) belong to type 1.

(ii) Plural

Glanaig an bord agus ng na soithi! Clear the table and wash the dishes ! Lig an leabhar ach nd brisigian Read the book, but don't break the chair ! chathaoir ! Coinng an cta sin ach nd salag Keep that coat, but don't dirty the cap ! an caipin ! Osclag an doras agus imrgcluife eile ! Open the door and play another game ! Type 1 Type 2 adds-(a)ig /g'i:/ adds -(a)g /i:g'i:/ glan + aig bris + ig l(igh) + ig ni(gh) + ig glanaig brisig lig ng sal(aigh) + ag coinnfigh) + g osc(ai)l + ag im(i)r+g salag coinng osclag imrg

Final -igh is dropped after a long vowel. When the ending has an initial vowel the last After a short vowel a final -gh is dropped syllable is always lost: -(a)igh is dropped; and the syllable is lengthened, e.g. ni~(a)i- is dropped before a final l, n, r which ng. will then be broad or slender according to the preceding consonant, e.g. oscail oscl(broad), imir imr- (slender). The endings -aigf-ag are added to final broad consonants, e.g. glan-, sal-, oscl-. The endings -igl-g are added to final slender consonants, e.g. bris-, coinn-, imr-. All verbal endings are spelt with an initial 'broad' or 'slender' vowel according to whether the preceding consonant is spelt broad or slender.
NOTES: 1. pacil: paclaig peinteil: pintelaig Verbs with roots ending in -(e)il are regular and behave exactly like glan, bris, except that the final I is normally made broad before any ending which does not begin with t. 2. rith ITU/ :rithig( /ri:g'i:/ bruith /bru/ : bruithig /bri:g'i:/ In spelling, verbs with roots ending in -th are regular. In pronunciation, however, as th /h/ is dropped in this dialect (see App. 1.4), the syllable is lengthened just as in ntgt.

(iii) Negative Nd hoscail an doras seo! Don't open that door ! Nd prefixes h to any verb with an initial vowel. (iv) Contrast or emphasis (a) Ordinary form Glan ! Osclag! (b) Emphasis Glan fin ! Osclagfin ! Clean it yourself! Open it yourselves ! Clean it! Open (pl.)it!

(c) Contrast Glan thusa ! Osclag sibhse ! (d) Contrast + Emphasis Glan thusa thfin ! Osclag sibhse sibh fin ! You clean it yourself! You open it yourselves ! You clean it! You (pl.) open it!

3. USE OF DEFINITE ARTICLE WITH NUMBERS

an t-aon fhuinneoig amhin an dd fhuinneoig na tri fhuinneoig

the only (one) window the two windows the three windows

An t- is used before aon , irrespective of gender, e.g. an t-aon bhord amhin 'the only (one) table', an t-aon fhuinneoig amhin 'the only (one) window'. Dh 'two', which is the lenited form, is generally used, but after the article d, the unlenited form, is required, e.g. an d fhuinneoig 'the two windows'. Na is always used with numbers over two, e.g. na tri fhuinneoig 'the three windows', na cheithre shagart 'the four priests', and optionally before d, e.g. na d fhuinneoig 'the two windows'.

4. U SE OF ADJECTIVES AFTER NUMBERS

aon fhear mr amhin an dd fhuinneoig mhra na tri theach bheaga

only one big man the two big windows the three little houses

After aon the adjective is as normal, e.g. aon fhear mr amhin 'only one big man', aon bhean mhr amhin 'only one big woman' (see Lesson 4). After the numbers dhd 'two' to deich 'ten' the adjective is in the plural and is lenited, e.g. an da fhuinneoig mhra 'the two big windows', na tri theach bheaga 'the three little houses'.

5. USE OF CEANN WITH NUMBERS

Ceann 'one' (lit. 'head') can stand for any noun: An bhfuil mrn boird anseo ? Bord amhdin / Ceann amhdin. Dhd bhord / Dhd cheann / Pire. Cheithre bhord / Cheithre cinn. Are there many tables here ? One table / One. Two tables / Two. Four tables / Four.

Pire 'pair' is very often used in place of Dhd cheann.

TEXTS

AN BHUNSCOIL Is minteoir i Bairbre. Inniu D Luain agus td si cinedl tuirseach. Bionn na pdist ga i gcnai tuirseach agus ddna D Luain, go hdirithe md bhionn D Sathairn n D Domhnaigh fliuch. Td gasir cheithre bliana is chig bhliana ag Bairbre. Bhi timpiste beag ag Donncha agus td fuil ar a shrn. 'Glan do shrn anois, a Dhonncha, * a deir an mhdistreds. 'Is buachaill maith Donncha, nach ea ?' 'Is ea,' a deir an rang uilig. 'Glan thusa an cldr dubh anois, a Dhonncha!' Is mr an truai go bhfuil na gasir rud beag tuirseach mar beidh an cigire arm ar ball. 'Anois, leagaigi na leabhartha agus na peanna ar na boird,' a deir an mhdistreds. 'Glanaigi yur Idmha agus nd salaigi na boird nd na cathaoireacha mar beidh an cigire anseo ar ball. Osclaigina leabhartha agus ligi iad /' Ansin, thdinig an cigire. 'Cn Id an Id inniu ? * a deir an cigire leis an rang. Ni raibh focal ag an rang leis an bhfaitios. 'Cuir thusa th fin na ceisteanna ar na pdisti,' a deir an cigire leis an mdistreds. 'Inniu D Luain,' a deir Bairbre, 'amdireach... ?' 'Amdireach D Mdirt,' 'Agus ar amdireach ? * 'DCadaoin.' 'Agus ansin... ?' 'Dardaoin.' 'Agus ansina
9

a deir an rang uilig.

deir an cigire fin.

'D hAoinet a deir an rang ar fad. 'Is iontach an rang seo,' a deir an cigire. OIDEACHAS Td an cras ireannach mrdn1 cosil leis an gcras dit ar bith eile. I dtosach, td an bhunscoil ann, ansin td an mhednscoil ann, agus ansin t an ollscoil ann agus coldisti eile cosil leis an ollscoil. Go hiondil, bionn gasir timpeall s bliana ar an mbunscoil agus timpeall an oiread canna ar an mednscoil. Td cupla cinedl menscoil ann. Td an phobalscoil coitianta go leor anois. Is mednscoil i an phobalscoil, dhdirire, ach bionn ceirdeanna i gceist in indi leis na bundbhair choitianta eile. Uair amhdin, bhiodh scoileanna buachailli agus scoileanna cailini ann ach anois, go hionduil, bionn na buachailli agus na cailini in indi. Td scoileanna Caitliceacha agus scoileanna
^mrn 'much, many' is used adverbially to mean 'more or less'.

Pratastnacha ann. Go deimhin uaireanta bionn scoil Ghidach ann freisin. Deir daoine nach bhfuil mrdn difrochta idir na scoileanna seo agus gur mr an truai1 nach bhfuil ann ach an t-aon chineal amhdin. Deir daoine eile go bhfuil s ceart go bhfuil na tri chinedl ann agus go bhfuil an difriocht tdbhachtach. Td an scal seo casta go leor.

EXERCISES A. Complete the following sentences, e.g. A. Is dochtr m. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A. A. A. A. A. N dochtr m. B. minteoir i sin ? B. sagart Sedinin. B. minteoiri iad na daoine sin ?B. feilmara sin ? B.
? ? ? ?

B. Ab ea ?

B. Complete these sentences with the appropriate adjective among the following: deas, bocht, maith, mr. 1. 2. 3. 4. A. Is A. Is A. Is A. Nach an duine . B. Is deas. an scal go bhfuil an aimsir go bred arist. B .Is maith. an rud . B. Is ea. an truai nach bhfuil Cdit go maith ? B. Is mr.

C. Give the second singular imperative of: osclaigi, salaigi, nigi, pacdlaigi. D. Give the second plural imperative of: imir, bris, ligh, glan, pintedil.

TRANSLATE:

1. the one nice woman 2. the four nice books 3. the three big windows 4. the one big man 5. the two big houses 1.1 am not a nurse. I am a doctor. The hospital is there. Isn't it nice ? There is only one hospital here. 2. Are you a doctor too ? Yes. 3. Indeed, he says that all these people are either doctors or teachers. 4. Keep (pi.) the books but don't dirty (pi.) them with the pens ! 5. You clear the table. Then wash the dishes. Don't cook the meat again and don't open the door at all ! 6. "Clean your nose, please, and then clean the blackboard," says the schoolmistress. "Clean it yourself, and clean your own nose !" says the boy. 7. It is a great pity that Mirtn was bold on Wednesday and Thursday. He was bold on Monday last week. 8. There are boys and girls together at the class on Tuesday and Friday.

Thc in sentences of the sort is mr an truaie can be omitted when indirect speech follows.

VOCABULARY amhran /o:ra:N/ amhrin baile /ba:l'/ bailte /bL't'/ baruil fem. /ba:ru:l'/ barlacha bealach /b':Lx/ beala cs /ka:s/ csanna cathair/em. /ka:r'/ cathracha ceol /k'o:L/ ceolta comharsa fem. /ku:rs/ comharsanna craic/em. /kr:k'/ damhsa /daus/ damhsaocha deifir fem. /d'ef'r'/ deireadh /d'er'/ deireadh seachtaine /d'er' s':xtn'/ eitlen /et'L :N/ eitlein /et'Lcun'/ gnaithe /gra:/ gnaith/g ra:i:/ leora /l'ori:/ leoras /l'ori:s/ meaisn /'m':'s'i:n'/ meaisneanna Nollaig fem. /NoLk'/ Nollaigeacha obair fem. /obr'/ oibreacha /aib'r'xi:/ posa /p'i:s/ posa rsr /ra:su:r/ rsir seans /s':n's/ seansanna tada /ta:d/ uaigneas /u:g'n's/ uair an chloig/em. /u:r' xLeg'/ a bheas a bhonns at fanacht anaon barrdedrocheicuit fada forluath roseansorspeisialta uaigneach abhaile chomh luath is / w'eis/
/ W':NS/

song home, village notion, opinion way case city music neighbour fun,'gas' dance hurry, haste end weekend aeroplane business, affairs lorry machine Christmas work piece, period razor chance anything, nothing loneliness (clock) hour

/ ta:/ /fa:Nxt/ /N/, /:N'/ /e:N/ /ba:r/ /d' :/ /drox/ /'k'i:N't'/ /fa:d/ /fi:r/
/LU:/

(that) will be (that) normally is (see this lesson, (that) is (to) stay, wait, remain very, excellent, great any outstanding, extraordinary good bad some long real, true, genuine soon, early too, excessive, overold constant, continual special lonely home(ward) as soon as

/r/ /s':N/ /s'i:r/ /sp'es'i:il/ /u:g'n'x/ /'wa:l'/ /x Lu: s/

* In negatives or questions only.

cuir i gcs mar nuair1 sol m sa mbaile

/kir' gas/ /ma:r/ /Nu:r'/

/SOL (M)A-J

/sa ma:l'/

(take) for example as, like when before at home

VOCABULARY NOTES: 1. Nios /N'i:s/ means 'more', e.g. nios sdsta 'more pleased, happier'; also note niosfearr IN'i:s f'a:r/ 'better', nosmeasa /N'i:s m's/'worse'. 2. Td Cdit mr leis an bhfear sin.' Cit is friendly with that man.' 3. Aon 'any' is not as forceful as ar bith 'any at all', e.g. Nil aon leabhar anseo. 'There isn't any book here.'; Nil leabhar ar bith anseo. 'There isn't any book at all here.' Aon is confined to negative sentences or questions; ar bith can be used in a positive sentence of the sort: Bheadh duine ar bith sdsta anseo. 'Anyone would be content here.'

GRAMMAR
1. DIRECT RELATIVE CLAUSES

(i) Positive Feicim an fear at sdsta. a bhionns sdsta. a bheas sdsta. a bhi sdsta. a bhiodh sdsta. a bheadh sdsta. I see the man who is satisfied. (normally) is satisfied, will be satisfied, was satisfied, used to be satisfied, would be satisfied.

4 Who(m), that, which' are expressed by the unstressed direct relative particle a // which lenites all verb forms (except t, which has the special relative form at).

A broad s is added to the present habitual, e.g. a bhionns, and to the future, e.g. a bheas (from beidh; in spelling -idh is replaced by -(e)as) of all forms which are not combined (see Lesson 7). Combined forms do not add s, e.g. Td an fear a thigim go deas. The man whom I understand is nice.' (ii) Negative Feicim an fear nach bhfuil sdsta . Feicim an fear nach mbionn sdsta. I see the man who is not content. I see the man who is not (normally) content.

'Who(m), which, that ... not' is expressed by the negative direct relative particle nach which causes eclipsis and is followed by a dependent form of the verb, e.g. nach bhfuil, nach raibh. (iii) Double direct relative Feicim an fear a shilim a bheadh sdsta. I see the man that I think would be content.

VNr'/ often in fast speech.

In a direct relative clause verbs which are normally followed by go/nach, e.g. Silim go mbeadh an fear ssta 'I think that the man would be content', are followed by another relative, e.g. an fear a shilim a bheadh...' 'the man who I think would be ...' (iv) Usage Cn bhean a bhi anseo inn ? What woman (is it who) was here yesterday ? Bim sdsta chomh luath is a fheicim I am normally satisfied as soon as I see the an dochtr. doctor. Td Cdit go direach mar a bhi si inn. Cit is exactly as she was yesterday. Beidh sise anseo nuair a bheas tusa She will be here when you will be there. ansin. A direct relative is used after questions with c/card which contain the copula (cn is a contraction of c 'who/what is' and an 'the'), after conjunctions containing is, e.g. chomh luath is 'as soon as', mar 'like', and after certain other conjunctions, e.g. nuair 'when'. 2. PRONOUNS STANDING ALONE C atd ansin ? - Mise. C thusa ? Who is there ? - Me. Who are you ?

The ordinary disjunctive form, e.g. m, th, , can never stand alone. Contrast or emphatic forms are used, e.g. mise, thusa, eisean. 3. PREFIXED ADJECTIVES (i) Adjectives given primary stress Td drochbhdd agus seanchapall ag Mdirtin. Td an bad roshean agus td an capall ro-g. Td droch-sheanbhdd eile ansin. Mirtn has a bad boat and an old horse. The boat is too old and the horse is too young. There is another bad old boat there.

Ordinarily, the smaller number of adjectives which are prefixed are given the primary stress, e.g. in drochbhdd, droch- takes the primary and -bhd the secondary stress. As is the case with all compound words, any prefix causes lenition. (ii) Double stress Td Cdit an-mhr Td an-charr ag Cdit. Td an carr sin fiormhaith. Cit is very big. Cit has an excellent car. That car is really good.

In the case of the intensive prefixes an 'very \fior- 'really', barr- 'outstanding', de'good', the compound word gets a double stress, e.g. an-mhr: an and -mhr are stressed equally. Nil aon charr ag Mdirtin. Mirtn has no car.

Aon 'any' and the following noun get equal stress. (iii) Spelling Generally, the prefix is written together with the following word, e.g. drochbhdd, roshean. However, two vowels, two identical consonants or two prefixes are separated by a

hyphen, e.g. ro-og, droch-chapall, droch-sheanbhd. The prefixes an- and ded are written with a hyphen, and aon as a separate word. (iv) Adjectives ending in n Nach bhfuil aon teach ag an seanfhear sin ? Td seanteach ag an bhfear sin ach nil aon solas ann. Has that old man no house ? That man has an old house but there is no light there.

All adjectives ending in n which come before the noun behave like an 'the' (see Lessons 5 and 8) in that: (a) the n takes its quality from the vowel which follows it in spelling, e.g. n in seanfhear and aon fhear iS pronounced /N'/. (b) d, t resist lenition, e.g. seanteach, seandorasaon teach.

An s also resists lenition, e.g. aon solas, although a t is frequently inserted, e.g. aon tsolas /'e:N'tolSI.

4. FEMININE OF REFERENCE

Certain nouns, though masculine, are normally or frequently referred to by sili. (i) Modes of conveyance, machines, containers Td carr ag Mdirtin agus td si an-mhr. Mirtn has a car and she/it is very big. Other nouns are bd, bus, leorai, eitledn, meaisin, rsr, soitheach. (ii) Certain animals Td capall ansin agus td sfiormhr. Another example is francach 'rat'. (iii) Certain garments Td caipin Mhdirtin anseo ach td si robheag. Another example is geansai 'jersey'. (iv) Leabhar 'book' Nil an leabhar sin ag Cdit. An bhfuil si Cit has not got that book. Has Mirtn ag Mdirtin ? got it ? Leabhar is also exceptional in that, although it is masculine, a following adjective may be optionally lenited, e.g. leabhar mhr or leabhar mr 'a big book'. Mirtn's cap is here but it is too small. There is a horse there and it is really big.

\n a few words the d is not pronounced, e.g. seanduine /s':Nin / 'an old person'.

TEXT

AN DEIREADH SEACHTAINE Nuair a bhionns saoire ann D Luain, bionn an deireadh seachtaine an-fhada. Is dit uaigneach i an chathair ag am mar sin. Faoi Nollaig, cuir i gcds, bionn si fioruaigneach. Td go leor daoine anseo, go hdirithe seandaoine, a bhionns uaigneach ag an deireadh seachtaine. Bionn an t-uaigneas nios measa anseo nd mar a bhionns s faoin tir. Ni bhionn na comharsanna anseo mar a bheidis faoin tir. Ni bhionn an t-am ag daoine anseo. Bionn obair n gnaithi eicint ag 'chuile dhuine. Bionn siordheifir ann. Td baril ag go leor daoine go bhfuil an baile mr nios fearr ag daoine ga. Deir daoine go bhfuil damhsaiocha agus ceol agus 'chuile chinedl spirt anseo agus go bhfuil seans nios fearr ar obair. Mar sinfin, td go leor daoine ga nach mbionn sdsta fanacht anseo ar chor ar bith ag an deireadh seachtaine. Deir siad go mbionn an chraic nios fearr sa mbaile agus nach mbionn anseo ach drochdhamhsaiocha agus go mbionn 9chuile dit pldaithe. Ar ndigh, td go leor cailiniga atd mr leis na buachaillisa mbaile. Bionn busanna speisialta ann ag an deireadh seachtaine agus chomh luath is a bhionns deireadh leis an obair trdthnna D hAoine, bionn na daoine ga ar a mbealach abhaile. Uaireanta, bionn siad cheithre huaire an chloig ar an mbealach. Silim fin go bhfuil s sin rofhada, bheinn tuirseach sol md bheinn sa mbaile ar chor ar bith. Bheinn nios sdsta dhd mbeadh eitledn ann. Bheadh si sin nios fearr ! Mar sinfin, bionn ceol agus amhrdin ag na daoine ga ar an mbus agus c go mbionn si Idn, silim go mbionn siad sdch sdsta. Ar ndigh, bionn go leor daoine barrthuirseach maidin D Luain.

EXERCISES

A. Complete the following sentences positively, e.g. Feicim an bhean a bhi anseo inn. 1. Feicim an bhean anseo inn. 2. Ni thigim an duine ag an doras anois. 3. Is an minteoir an fear sdsta amdireach. 4. Is (an mhdistreds an bhean anseo fchuile D Mdirt. 5. Feicim an fear a shilim sdsta, dhd mbeadh Cdit anseo. B. Complete the following sentences negatively, e.g. Td sagart anseo anois nach bhjuil sdsta ar chor ar bith. 1. T sagart anseo anois sdsta ar chor ar bith. 2. Is an cinedl fear an dochtr, fear sdsta mrdn ar chor ar bith. 3. Feicim cailin anseo D Sathairn seo chugainn mar beidh si sa mbaile. 4. Cn bhean a bhi anseo uair an chloig shin ? An bhean anseo inn. 5. Nuair a bhean ann, bhiodh Pdidin nios sdsta.
TRANSLATE

1. Cit has the same bad old car, the car Brid had when she was here last year. 2. Who is there ? - Me, open the door ! 3. This place is exactly as it used to be when I used to be here a few years ago. 4. The bus is always early; as soon as you are at the shop, it is there. 5. My jumper is here but it is far too big. 6. All the neighbours were at the dance on Saturday. It was really good. There was music and songs. 7. People have the notion that the city is worse, especially around Christmas. I am sure that it is lonely at the weekend.

VOCABULARY

beirt fem. bosca caoi/em. coirce cuigear finne frinne/em. mile monarcha/em. seisear siol tuairim/em. aireachtil/em. airigh 2 bheith briseadh bruith clois 1 cloisteil fem. coinneil/em. creid 1 creisdiint/em. cur dan 1 danamh deargadh fs 1 fs feic 1 feiceil/em. glanadh goil imirt/em. leagan lamh nochn oscailt/em. pacil fem. pinteil/em. ps 1 psadh sal sl 1 sleachtil/em. siil 1 sil

/b'ert'/ /bosk/ /ki:/ /ker'k'/ /ku:g'r/ /fa:N'/ /f'i:r'N'/ /m'i:l'/ /muNrx/ /s'es'r/ /s'i:i7 /tu:r'm'/

caoonna finn mlte /m'i:L't'/ monarchain solta tuairimeacha

two people box way, means oats five people ring truth thousand factory six people seed opinion feeling, hearing feel, hear being breaking boiling, cooking hear hearing keeping, holding believe believing putting, sowing, burying do, make doing, making lighting, reddening grow growing see seeing cleaning, clearing going playing laying, knocking down putting (horizontally) reading washing opening packing painting marry, get married marrying, marriage dirtying think, be of the opinion thinking walk, travel walking, travelling

/:r'xta:l'/ v.n. of airigh /:r'/ /w'e/ b /b'r'is'/ bris /bru/ bruith /kLos'/ /kLos't' :l'/ clois /kiN'a:l'/ coinnigh /k'r'ed'/ /k'r'es't'u:N't'/ creid /kur/ cuir /d'i:N/ /d'i:N/ dan /d':rg/ dearg /f :s/ /fa:s/ fds /f'ek'/ /f'ek'a:l'/ feic /gLa:N/ glan /gel'/ /im'rt'/ imir /L':gN/ leag /L'e:w/ /N'i:xa:N/ /oskL't'/ /pa:k :l'/ /p'e:n't'a:17 /po:s/ /po:s/ /sa:Lu:/ /s'i:l'/ /s'i:l'xta:l'/ /s'u:17 /s'u:L/ ligh nigh oscail pacil pinteil ps salaigh sl siil

teacht tig 1 tiscin tfem. tiocht ar bun b'igean gan in ann tigh

/t:xt/ /t'ig 7 /t'is'k'N't'/ /t'i:xt/ /er' buN/ /b'e:g'N/ /gN/ / Na:N/ /t'i:/

tig = teacht

coming understand understanding

afoot, going on it was necessary without (see this lesson) able at...'s house

VOCABULARY NOTES: 1. diirtsiad /du:rt' s'i:d/ 'they said' 2. Sin an rud. 'that is the point' (lit. the thing) 3. cur arbun 'set up'

GRAMMAR
1. VERBAL NOUN

(i) Positive Nil an crann in ann fas. T m ssta sil. Td Cit ssta psadh. The tree cannot grow. I am content to walk. Cit is willing to marry.

The verbal noun or infinitive (it is more appropriate to look at it as a noun based on a verb) can (a) have the same form as the root, e.g. fs; (b) various endings added to the root, e.g. -(e)adh: psadh, briseadh; -t: imirt.1 There are three verbal nouns, e.g. goil 'to go', teacht/tiocht 'to come', bheith 'to be', which are preceded by an unstressed particle a // which lenites, e.g. t m ssta a thocht anois 'I am content to come now'. (ii) Negative T m ssta gan siL T Cit ssta gan a phsadh. I am content not to walk. Cit is willing not to marry him.

The word gan 'without', which is unstressed, is used before the verbal noun to form a negative. (iii) Direct object T m sdsta mile a shil. Td Cdit sdsta gan a phsadh. I am satisfied to walk a mile. Cit is willing not to marry him.

A direct object, e.g. mile, , precedes the verbal noun. There is a general rule in Irish that when the direct object comes before the verbal noun a // (+lenition) is used, e.g. a shil, a phsadh.

l The verbal noun of every new verb is given in the vocabularies of each lesson. The formation of the verbal however, is more fully dealt with in Appendix II.

(iv) Usage as ordinary noun T an sil go deas. Nil an fs go maith anseo. Bionn psaiocha go leor anseo. Walking is nice. The growth is not good here. There are plenty of marriages here.

Verbal nouns behave like ordinary nouns, are masculine or feminine and may have a plural form.

2. SEO, SIN, SID 'THIS HERE / THAT THERE IS'

(i) Statement Seo bord agus sin cathaoir. This here is a table and that there is a chair. Seo an bord agus sin i an chathaoir. This here is the table and that there is the chair. Seo i Cdit, sin Mdirtin agus sid iad This here is Cit, that there is Mirtn, and na daoine eile. those there are the other people. Seo, sin, sid, corresponding to anseo, ansin, ansid (see Lesson 2), are used before a noun to express 'this here/that there/'that' there (person, thing) is'. When a noun is definite, that is a noun with the article, the possessive adjective, or a proper noun, e.g. an bord, mo bhord, Cdit, , i or iad are required and they follow the usages of s, si, siad (see Lessons 5 and 13). Before , i or iad, seo is pronounced with a final /w/ as though spelt seobh. (ii) Negation Ni heo an bord This here is not the table.

Apart from the statement form, 'eo, "in, 'id are used. M prefixes a h. (iii) Questions Ab eo an bord ? Nach 'eo an bord ? (iv) Indirect speech Deir s gurb 'eo an bord. Deir s nach 'eo an bord. (v) 'If' clauses Mas 'eo an bord, td m sdsta. Marab 'eo an bord, nil m sdsta. (vi) Some particular expressions In certain expressions, e.g. sin mo bharil 'that is my opinion'; sin mo thuairim 'that is my way of thinking'; sin an chaoi 'that is the way (it is)', is used before a feminine noun. It can be thought of as referring to what has just been or is about to be said, rather than to the noun itself. If this here is the table, I am satisfied. If this here is not the table, I am not satisfied. He says that this here is the table. He says that this here is not the table. Is this (thing) here the table ? Is this (thing) here not the table ?

(v) Summary table Seo Ni Ab Nach gurb nach Mas Marab heo 'eo (sin, sid) (hin, hid) ('in, 'id) ( an) bord.

Deir s

The use of n, ab, nach, etc. before 'eo, 'in, 'id is the same as the special forms of is used before third person pronouns (see Lesson 11).

TEXT

AN SEAN AGUS ANNUA Fuair muid scoil nua anseo dhd bhliain 6 shin. I dtosach, bhi daoine sdsta an seanteach a leagan. Ansin cupla mi 6 shin, thinig beirt strainsarai thart agus dirt siad go mbeadh na daoine 6ga in annfdinni a dhanamh anseo agus go mbeidisfin in arm a thiocht agus monarcha bheag a chur ar bun, dhd mbeifi sdsta an tseanscoil a choinnedL Ansin, bhinamnd 6ga ag an tseanscoil 'chuile Id. B'igean na ballaia niochdn agus na doirse a phintedil agus an ait ar fad a ghlanadh. Dirt siad go mbeadh s go hiontach dhd mbeadh obair ag na daoine ga. 'Nuair nach mbionn obair ann,' a deir bean amhdin, lni bhionn an t-airgead ann. Ansin, ni bhionn na daoine sdsta fanacht anseo.' 'Nach 'in an rud,' a deir bean eile, 'nuair nach mbionn an t-airgead ann, ni bhionn psaiocha ar bith ann. Beidh 'chuile short niosfearr anois. ' Ach, ar ndigh, ni raibh 'chuile dhuine sdsta. Bhi m tigh Mhdirtin (an teach sta anseo) an oiche cheana agus bhi m in ann na seanfhir a chloistedil, c nach raibh m in ann iad uilig a fheicedil. Silim go raibh cigear n seisear thart ar an mbord. 'Deir siad go mbeidh obair anois ag na daoine ga,' a deir fear amhdin. ' muise!' a deir seanfhear eile, 4nil m in ann an dream g a thiscint ar chor ar bith. Nil siad sdsta an obair a dhanamh. Nach bhfuil an talamh fairsing thart anseo ? Td i bhfad an iomarca scoileanna ann agus nil siad sdsta a lamha a shal leis an talamh. Nil siad in ann siolta a chur na fatai nd coirce nd tada a fhds !1 Nuair a bhi muide 6g,' a deir seanfhear eile, 'bhi muid in ann an obair a dhanamh. Sin mo thuairimsa /' 'Sin i an fhirinne,' a deir na fir uilig.
4

EXERCISES

A. Complete these sentences with an appropriate verbal noun from the following: lamh, oscailt, goil, psadh, briseadh, tiscint, bheith,fs, creidiint, teacht. 1. T m in ann Gaeilge 2. Ml an crann in ann 3. An mbeifed sdsta an doras ? 4. Td s deacair an scal sin 5. Bhm sdsta gan an leabhar sin 6. Trdthnna D hAoine beidh muid in ann abhaile. 1. Td s go deas anseo. 8. Ni raibh doras ann agus b' igean an fhuinneoig 9. Bhs sdsta gan anseo inniu, mar bhi mo mhdthair tinn. 10. Td Cdit sdsta gan mar td Mdirtin roshean anois. B. Give positive responses to the following, e.g. Ab 'eo bord ? Is ea. 1.Ab 'eobord? 2. Nach 'eo i an chathaoir ? 3. Ab 'in iad na daoine a bhi anseo arir ? 4. Ab 'id an duine atd i gceist ? 5. Seo i do bhean 6. Sin an duine a bheas sdsta a dhanamh C. Give negative responses to the following: Ab'eofeilm ? 2. Ni hin i an fhirinne 3. Ab 'eo leabhar Mhdirtin ? 4. Ab 'in an chaoi ? 5. Sin teach eile 6. Ab 'eo coirce ?
TRANSLATE:

1. There are five or six people here who can understand French. 2. Those there are the three priests who were at the church last Sunday. 3. This here is the young crowd who are willing to do the work. They are able to sow seeds and grow potatoes and oats. 4. It was necessary to go to the old house again last year and to paint the doors and windows and to clean the whole place. 5. There was only one person willing to come. 6. Make (pi.)the boxes but don't make too many !

VOCABULARY

clscrobha comhlacht1 crsa dochar fn foighid fem. Gearminis fem. imn/em. maith/em. p/em. pionta rna Spinnis/em. buail 1 bualadh caint /em. ceannacht/em. ceannaigh 2 cirigh 2 ciri deirim doll dol fgl fgil/em. faigh 1 fil foghlaim 2 3 foghlaim fem. iarr 1 iarraidh imeacht imigh 2 11 1 pl pligh 1 saothraigh 2 saothr scrobh 1 scrobh tig 1 tigeil/em.

/kLo:s'k'r'i:wi:/ /ko:Lxt/ /ku:rs/ /doxr/ /f'i:N/ /faid'/ /g':rma:n's'/ /i:m'r'i:/ /ma:/ /p :i:/ /p'iNt/ /ru:Ni:/ /spaiN's'/

clscrobhaithe /.. .s'k'r'i:wi:/ typist comhlachta company, firm crsa course, pl. matters harm wine patience German language worry, anxiety good pay pionta pint rnaithe /ru:Ni:/ secretary Spanish language hit, beat, come briskly hitting, beating, etc. talk, idiom buying buy arrange, make (bed etc.) arranging etc. I say sell selling leave leaving get, find getting, finding learn,teach learning, teaching want, attempt, request wanting, etc.; blow going off, pl. events go off, depart drink drinking dealing, etc.; discussion deal/have to do with earn, achieve earning, achieving write writing take up, rear, build taking up, etc.

/bu:l'/2 /buL/2 v.n. of buail /ka:N't'/,/kaN't'/ /k':Nxt/ ceannaigh /k':N/ /ko:r'/ /ko:r'u:/ cirigh /d'er'm'/ /d'i:L/ /d'i:L/ dol /f :g/ /faga:l'/ fig /fa:/ /fa:17 faigh /fo:Lm'/ /fo:Lm'/ foghlaim /i:r/ /i:r/ iarr /im'xt/ imigh /im'/ /o:L/ /O:L/ 61 /pT'e:/ pligh /p'l'e:/ /si:r/ /si:ru:/ saothraigh /s'k'r i:w/ /s'k'r i:w/ scrobh /to:g'/ /to:g' :l'/ tig

'The pronunciation /ko:lxt/ rather than the expected /ku:lxt/ is due to this word being recently assimilated. In fast speech frequently pronounced Ibol'/, /boL/ 3 Foghlaim is slightly exceptional in that the second syllable is not contracted, e.g.fogh/airng'leam !
2

tosaigh 2 tos, tosa irithe annamh bog crua cramach dreach lch ridh chns (+ dir. rel.) gofill sin n

/tos/ /tosu:, tosi:/ /a:r'd'/ /N/ /bog/ /kru:/ /ku:rmx/ /d'i:r'x/ /L :x/ /re:/
/XU:NS/

tosaigh certain, special rare, seldom soft, easy hard careful straight, honest pleasant, courteous finished, ready, easy while for a while (yet) either that or ...

begin, start beginning, starting

/g fo:L'/ /s'in' Nu:/

GRAMMAR
1. THE PREPOSITION AG WITH VERBAL NOUN

(i) In progressive construction Td an crann ag fds. Td Cdit ag psadh. Bhi siad ag l ffon agus ag imirt cluifi. Bhi Mdirtin ag moladh Chdit. The tree is growing. Cit is getting married. They were drinking wine and playing games. Mirtn was praising Cit.

Ag /g'/ 'at' which is unstressed precedes all verbal nouns (excepting bheith) in 'progressive' constructions of the sort 'the tree is growing'.2 The g in ag is pronounced only before a vowel. It is usually broad before a, o, u, e.g. ag l /go:L/, and slender before e, i, e.g. ag imirt /g' im'rt'/. A definite noun preceded by the verbal noun is in a genitive relation and therefore (see Lesson 3) lenites names of people or places, e.g. ag moladh Chdit 'praising Cit', lit. 'at Cit's praising'. In some set phrases, a common noun is lenited, e.g. ag l hhainne 'drinking milk', ag imirt chdrtai 'playing cards', ag curfhatai 'sowing potatoes'. (ii) After certain verbs Feicim fear ag sil ar an tsrdid. I see a man walking on the street. Beidh Cdit ag teacht anseo ag Cit will be coming here to learn Irish. foghlaim Gaeilge. Td Mdirtin ag goil ag foghlaim Spdinnis. Mirtn is going to learn Spanish. Beidh s ag tosai ag foghlaim Spdinnis He will be starting to learn Spanish tomorrow. amdireach.

1 A PMNOUN sin mat' is used in certain set phrases where it refers back to something just mentioned. It may help to think of the obsolete English construction 'the tree is a'growing*.

Ag + verbal noun can be used after certain verbs of perception, e.g. feicim 41 see', cloisim 1 hear'; of motion, e.g. teacht 'coming', goil 'going'; and certain verbs marking the beginning or duration of an action, e.g. tosai 'beginning', goil 'going to', 'about to'.
4

2. USE OF A (+ LENITION) WITH VERBAL NOUN C at Cit a phsadh ? T si ag psadh fear g. Whom is Cit marrying ? She is marrying a young man.

The general rule that a + lenition is used before a verbal noun whose direct object precedes it (see Lesson 13) holds good, e.g. C (direct object)... aphsadh ?

3. VERBAL NOUN WITH PRONOUN OBJECT

(i) General usage do mo bhualadh do do bhualadh dhd bhualadh dhd bualadh dhdr mbualadh dho'ur mbualadh dhd mbualadh /g m/ /g d/ /ya:/ /ya:/ /ya:/ /ya:/ /ya:/ He is hitting me. you him/it her/it us you (pl.) them

When a pronoun object, e.g. m is required in a sentence of the sort T s ag bualadh 'He is hitting', do /g/ (a preposition meaning 'to' which is unstressed and pronounced as though spelt go) and the appropriate possessive adjective is used: T s do mo bhualadh He is hitting me. (lit. He is to my hitting.)

Do combines with a and ar to give dhd and dhdr. Dhd, dhdr and dho'ur are all pronounced as though spelt dhd. Contrast and emphasis are expressed in the normal way for possessive adjectives (see Lesson 10), e.g. t s do mo bhualadhsa 'he is hitting me', td muid dhd bhualadh seisean 'we are hitting him'.

(ii) Passive construction This construction can also be used in a passive way: Td an teach dhd1 thigedil. Td an balla dhd phintedil. Td an fhuinneoig dhd briseadh. The house is being built.(lit. .. .is to its building) The wall is being painted. The window is being broken.

When used in this reflexive or passive way dhd is written as in Official Standard Irish. In this dialect it may alternatively be pronounced as dhd or .

4. FORMATION OF ADVERBS Bionn Cdit cramach. Bionn Brid ag obair go cramach. Bionn Brid anseo go hannamh. Cit is (normally) careful. Brid works carefully. Brid is rarely here.

Many adjectives used adverbially are preceded by go, e.g. cramach 'careful', go cramach 'carefully'. Go prefixes h to vowels, e.g. go hannamh 'rarely'. Where there are two adjectives together, go may be dropped, e.g. (go) rasnta cramach 'reasonably carefully'

5. PERSONAL NUMBERS

1 person 2 persons 3 persons 4 persons 5 persons 6 persons 7 persons 8 persons 9 persons 10 persons

duine amhdin1 beirt triur2 ceathrar cigear seisear2 seachtar ochtar naonr deichnir

/din' w :n'/ /b'ert'/ /t'r'u:r/ /k':r/ /ku:g'r/ /s'es'r/ /s':xtr/ /oxtr/ /Ni:Nu:r/ /d'N'u:r/

These nouns, which are all masculine except beirt, e.g. an bheirt 'the two people', are used when counting people. Above ten, duine is used with ordinary numbers.3 With nouns denoting people, e.g. bean, sagart, minteoir, ordinary numbers can be used: dhd bhean, tri shagart, cheithre mhinteoir. Alternatively, personal numbers may be used followed by a plural form, e.g. beirt mhnd4, trir sagairt, ceathrar minteoiri, or less frequently by the singular in such phrases as e.g. beirt fhear.

TEXT

IMN Td Mdire psta ag Pddraig. Is duine deas Idch Pddraig agus bhi m sdsta nuair a bhi Mdire dhd phsadh. Td siad psta anois timpealVs seacht mi agus silim go bhfuil Mdire sdsta leis an saol. Ach deirim i gcnai go bhfuil an-fhoighid ag Mdire ! Bhiposta maith ag Mdire agus ag Pddraig. Bhi pdimhaith ag Mdire. Is clscriobhai i agus bionn si ag obair mar rnai. Bhi seisean ag obair ag comhlacht eicint ag diol is ag ceannacht seancharranna. Ansin la amhdiny thdinig s abhaile agus dirt s go raibh s ridh ag pl leis na carranna agus go raibh s ag goil ag tosai ag foghlaim ceird eicint eile. 'Ach card atd s a dhanamh anois,' a deirimse, 'n card atd s ag goil a fhoghlaim ?'
Aon duine amfidi/t /e:N iN'wa:n'/ 'one person only' is used for emphasis. Beirt n thrir 'two or three people', ciiigear no sheisear 'five or six people' sometimes have lenition after n. 3 Noie that dlirag /ya:r'e:g/ 'twelve persons' is sometimes also used. ~*Note that mnd is lenited following ihe feminine noun beirt (see Lesson 4).
2 1

'Nil m cinnte go fill. a at hair, card cud s ag goil a dhanamh,' a deir Mdire. 'Td s ag goil ag danamh citrsa eicint. Beidh sag tosai ag foghlaim Gearmdinis n Spdinnis. Deir s gur teanga mhr thdbhachtach i an Spdinnis.' 'Td s ceart go leor a bheith ag caint ar an oideachas,' a deirimse, 'ach an mbeidh pdiar bith ag Pddraig chns a bheas s ag foghlaim teangacha ?' 'Ni bheidh, ach cn dochar ? Nach bhfuil m fin ag saothr go maith ? Td muid g agus cn mhaith a bheith ag danamh imni ?' Ach bim ag danamh imni. Nil me cinnte an dtigim na crsa seo ar chor ar bith. Feicim Mdire ag goil ag obair 'chuile mhaidin agus ag tiocht abhaile ansin trdthnna ag niochdn soithi agus adai agus ag ciri leapacha. Bionn saol bog ag Pddraig ansin ag lamh agus ag scriobh. Feicim go minic ag imeacht ag imirt chdrtain ag 61 pionta. Ach bionn Mdire ag obair i gcnai. Nuair a bhimise g, dhd mbeadh posta agfear 6g, bheadh s ag iarraidh a choinnedl, sin n bheadh s ag obair go crua ag iarraidh ceann niosfearr a fhdil.

EXERCISES

A. Complete these sentences using an appropriate verbal noun from among the following: foghlaim, l,fds, briseadh. 1. Td an crann 2. Bhi Cdit fion arir. 3. Beidh muid ag tosai Fraincis amdireach. 4. Feicim na gasir jfUinneogai. B. Complete these sentences using an appropriate verbal noun from among the following: danamh, foghlaim, briseadh, tigedil, pacdil, iarraidh. 1 .Cardatdt ? 2. Seo an teach aid siad 3. Cd bhfuil an fhuinneoig a bhi na gasir 4. Cn teanga atd si ag tosai ? 5. Ab 'eo anmdlaatd s ag goil ? 6. Card atd sibh ?

C. Complete these sentences, e.g. Beidh si do mo phsadh. 1. Beidh si. (m) (psadh) 2. Td siad ( bualadh) 3. Bhi siad (muid) (pl) 4. Td an balla (tigedil) 5. Bionn an t-athair (sibh) (moladh) 6. Bhi an balla (pintedil)
TRANSLATE

1. Mire has great patience. She is a good typist and she is a wonderful secretary. Her father is always praising Mire. 2. He was associated with buying and selling cars and he was earning well. Now he is going to learn German and Spanish. The poor fellow has no pay at all, but what harm ? 3. What is the good of learning (lit. to be learning) another trade carefully ? While he is learning it I am worrying about these matters. 4. There are certain people who are willing to do exactly what (lit. the thing) I say. 5. Sell (pl.) that car and then buy another one !

LESSON 16
VOCABULARY

aer adhmad bainis/em. cead ciall fem. clai comhra comrda fios gealach fem. grian fem. nimad popa polaitocht fem. ruainne siinara spir fem. tobac toitn ts bain 1 baint/em. breathnaigh 2 breathn caith 1 caitheamh cas 1 casadh ir irigh 2 ithl ithe roinn 1 roinnt fem. sin 1 sineadh tit 1 titim fem. deireanach asca fnach ndrthach nireach suaimhneach cheana faoi cheann

/e:r/ /a:md/ /ba:n's'/ /k':d/ /k'i:L/ /kLai/ /ko:r :/ /kumr :di:/ /f'is/ /g':Lx/ /g'r'i:N/ /Nu:m'e:d/ /p'i:p/ /poLt'i:xt/ /ru:N'/ /s'u:n'e:r/ /sp'e:r'/ /t'ba:k/ /tet'i:n'/ /tu:s/ /ba:n'/ /ba:N't'/ /b'r':N/ /b'r':Nu:/ /ka:/ /ka:/ /ka:s/ /ka:s/ /air'i:/ /air'/ l\l /i:/ /ri:N'/ /ri:N't'/ /s'i:n'/ /s'i:n'/ /t'it'/ /t'it'm'/ /d'er'Nx/ /e:sk/ /f :Nx/ /N :du:rx/ /N :r'x/ /si:m'r'x/ /ha:N/ /fi: x' :N/

air, firmament, sky timber, wood pl. bainiseacha wedding feast permission, leave sense, cause claonna stone wall comhrit conversation comrdaithe /kumr :di:/ comrade, pal fiosanna knowledge, information moon sun nimadacha moment popa pipe politics little bit siinara carpenter, joiner sky tobacco toitn cigarette beginning, start v.n. of bain breathnaigh caith cas irigh ith roinn sin tit take, reap, dig, mine taking, reaping, etc. look (at: ar) looking, look use up, spend, wear, throw using, etc. turn, sing, play turning, etc. rising, becoming, etc. rise, get up, become eat eating divide dividing; division stretch, extend, pass stretching, etc. fall falling

late, last easy, speedy, supple pointless, aimless natural shameful, disgraceful peaceful, tranquil previously at the end of, after

VOCABULARY NOTES 1. Ag cur caoi ar 'putting shape on, tidying, fixing' 2. Nil a Jhios cn t-airgead...' One doesn t know what (how much) money

3. Ag baint fliatai 'digging potatoes' (a set phrase with lenition) 4. ag caitheamh (tobac, popa, toitin)' smoking (tobacco, pipe, cigarette)' 5. Td s ag irdeireannach 'It is getting late'; probably under the influence of English, fail is sometimes used with an adjective to mean' become': Td s ag fail deireanach. 6. Roinnt is also used as an adverb meaning 'somewhat'

GRAMMAR
1. PREPOSITIONAL PRONOUNS: AG

(i) Introduction Bhi an dochtr ag Cit inn. The doctor was at (i.e. visited) C. yesterday. Bhi an dochtr ag an mbean eile freisin. The doctor was at the other woman too. The doctor was at me yesterday. Bhi an dochtr agam inn. Ag like most prepositions combines with m, t etc. to give a set of 'prepositional pronouns': Ordinary form Contrast (corresp. to m) (corresp. to raise) agam /a:gm/ 'am /a:m/ 'at me' agat /a:gd/ 'ad /a:d/ 'at you' aige /eg'/ 'at him' aice /ek'/ 'at her' againn /a:gN'/ 'ainn /: N'/ 'at us' agaibh /a:gi:/ 'at you (pl.)' acu /a:kb/ 'at them' agamsa, 'amsa agatsat adsa aigesan aicese againne, 'ainne agaibhse acusan Emphasis (corresp. to mfin) agam f in, 'amfin agat fin, 'ad fin aige fin aicefin againn fin, 'ainnfin agaibhfin acufin Emphatic contrast (corresp. to mise mfin) agamsa m fin, 'amsa m fin agatsa thfin, 'adsa th fin aigesan fin aicese fin againne muid fin, 'ainne muidfin agaibhse sibhfin acusan iadfin

Second person plural pronouns pronounced with two syllables have a final long i, e.g. agaibh /gi:/; those pronounced with one syllable have a final slender b, e.g. sibh /s'ib'/. Third person plural prepositional pronouns are pronounced with a final broad b which is not shown in spelling, e.g. acu /a:kob/. The forms ag, aige, aice have an initial e sound and a slender consonant as though spelt oig, oige, oice.

The contrast forms (corresponding to mise, etc., see Lesson 2) are the same for almost all prepositions. The first and second singular add -sa to a broad consonant, e.g. agamsa,

agatsa; -se is added to a final slender consonant (an example will be seen later in Lesson 22). (ii) Usage Bhi an dochtr aige seo inn. The doctor was at this fellow yesterday.

Aige, aice, acu (the ordinary form of the third person prepositional pronouns) can be used with seo, sin, sid, e.g. aige seo 'at this fellow/thing', acu sid 'at those people/things'. The choice of aige or aice, as in the ease of all pronouns, follows the rules given for s/s(see Lessons 5 and 10). T carr agamfin agus ag Cdit. Cit and I have a ear.

forms (agam, agat, etc.) are not used.

(iii) Word order Bhi an dochtr inn agam.

As is usual where there is a compound subject or object (see Lesson 9), the ordinary

The doctor was at me yesterday.

After the verb t, when the ordinary form of a prepositional pronoun is used, an adverb or short adverbial phrase may precede it, e.g. inn agam, but agamsa inn, agam fin inn, etc. 2. MEANINGS OF AG (i) Basic meaning 'at' Td Cdit ag an ngeata. Cit is at the gate.

Idiomatically, ag expresses 'to have something' (see Lesson 6) or 'to have an ability, quality or knowledge': literally: Td Spdinnis agam. I have Spanish. I know Spanish. Td caint agam. I have talk. I can talk. Td ceol agam. I have music. I can make music. Td foighid agam. I have patience. I have patience. Td ciall agam. I have sense. I have sense. Td an ceart agam. I have the right. I am right / have the right. Td sil agam. I have an eye. I hope. Td a fhios agam. /t :s a:(g)m/ I have its knowledge. I know.
An bhfuil a fhios agat ? 'Do you know it ?'. - 7a a fhios. 'Yes, I do.' It is usual to repeat a fhios in a response. Nil a fhios c at ann /N'i:l's .../ 'People don't know who is there'; Td suit go mbeidh Cdit anseo amdireach 'People hope that Cit will be here tomorrow'; a certain few idioms can be used without any preposition to mean 'people do...', 'one does ...', corresponding to the autonomous form of the verb; see Lesson 2.

(ii) Some other meanings (a) 'to' (a person or place)1 Td Cdit ag goil ag an dochtr. Cit
is going

to the doctor.

*In this sense ag has supplanted an older chuig which survives elsewhere and is still often written.

(a) 4of' (a person), 'for' (a person or thing) T s go deas ag Cdit a ghoil ansin. It is nice of Cit to go there. Similarly go dona 'bad', ndireach 'shameful'. Td s asca ag Cdit a ghoil ansin. It is easy for Cit to go there.

Similarly ndrthach 'natural',fdnach 'pointless', go maith 'good'. (c) quantity (of persons or things) Td go leor acu anseo. Similarly roinnt 'some', neart 'lots of'. There are plenty of them here.

3. A USEOFSEO/SIN

WITH 9AMSA, 9AI)SA, ETC.

Td an teach sin 9amsa go deas. Td an doras seo 9ainne go dona. Td Mdirtin seo agaibhse tinn.

That house of mine is nice. That door of ours is bad. This Mirtn of yours is sick.

Seo/sin are often used with the contrast forms, e.g. 'amsa, 9adsa, to express possession Where there is a short form, it must be used, e.g. 9ainne, not 9againne. Seo 9ainne /s':N'/ and seo agaibhse /s':gi:s'/ are pronounced as though spelt seainne, seagaibhse. An emphatic form may also be used withfin, but without the contrast suffix -saJse: Td an teach seo 'ainnfin ansin 'Our own house is there.'

TEXTS

OIFIG NUA Td oifigi nua dhd dtoigedil ar an tsrdid in aice leis an teach seo 9ainne. Td comrddai ag Mdirtin seo 9ainne agus is siinara agus td s ag obair ann. Bhi an bheirt acu ag bainis in indi an Id cheana agus bhi siad ag caintfaoi na hoifigi. 'Td a fhios 9am go bhfuil posta maith 9adsa ansin, a Shedinin,9 a deir Mdirtin, 'ach dhdirire, an bhfuil ciall ar bith ag daoine atd ag leagan seantithe bred mar sin ? Nach raibh na seantithe sin sdch maith acu ?9 'Ar ndigh, td an ceart 9ad,9 a deir Sedinin. 'Bhi na doirse agus na fuinneogai go hiontach agus bhi an t-adhmad rasnta maith. Bhi na horldir ag titim ruainne beag, 9c go raibh cuid acu ceart go leor. Mar sinfin, is bocht an rud tithe mar sin a leagan. 'Nil a fhios
9

amsa, ach silim go mbeidis in ann caoi a chur ar na horldir ?9

'Bheidis, cinnte,9 a deir Sedinin, 'ach td s fdnach agat a bheith ag caint leis an dream d. Nil a fhios cn t-airgead atd ag na comhlachtai mora agus td siad ag iarraidh a chaitheamh.9 Ach bhiothadh ag cur ts anois leis an gceol agus leis an damhsa, c go raibh roinnt daoine fs ag ithe agus ag 61. 'Td duine eicint ag goil ag casadh amhrdnfaoi cheann cupla nimad,9 a deir bean Shedinin, 'agus td sil agam nach bhfuil sibhse ag goil a bheith ag

caint faoin bpolaitocht arist. Nil cead ar bith anois agaibh a bheith ag caint faoi na crsa sin anseo.' Bhi deireadh ansin leis an gcomhrdfaoi na hoifiginua. TRTHNNA Bhi Ruairi agus Pdidin ag obair ansin ag baint fhatai. Bhi s ag iri deireanach anois agus bhi an ghrian ag goil faoi. Bhi dathanna iontacha ar an spir agus bhi an t-aer fuar. Bhi Ruairi ag iri tuirseach agus bhi s ag iarraidh scith. 4Sin 'am mo phiopa agus an tobac sin ! Cd bhfuil mo scian phca ?' Ni raibh Pdidin rothuirseach ach bhi s sdsta scith a thigedil agus a ghoil abhaile ansin. Bhi seisean ag iarraidh a phiopa a dheargadh freisin. Bhi an bheirt acu ansin ag caitheamh tobac go suaimhneach in aice leis an gclai agus ag breathn ar an spir. Bhi an oiche ag titim. Bhi an bhliain beagnach thart agus an geimhreadh ag tiocht. Faoi cheann piosa, bheadh an ghealach ag iri.

EXERCISES In these sentences replace the elements in brackets with the appropriate pronoun form of ag, e.g. Td a fhios agam go bhfuil Cdit anseo. \.Td a fhios (ag)(m) go bhfuil Cdit anseo. 2. Bhiodh teach mr (ag) (Brid fin). 3. Td an ceart (ag) (an feilmara). 4. Nil ciall ar bith (ag) ( sin). 5. Beidh m ag goil (ag) (an dochtr) amdireach. 6. Bhi a fhios (ag) (th fin) 'chuile shrt. 1. Silim go bhfuil caint (ag) (Mdirtin beag) anois. 8. Td an ceart (ag) (sibhse) gan a ghoil ann. 9. Bheadh s asca (ag) (muide) a bheith ag caint. 10. Td go leor leor (peanna) anseo.

TRANSLATE:

1. It was nice of Ruairi to come the other evening. I had another pal here and he is a carpenter who is working on the street near this one of ours. 2. It is a great pity to knock down old houses like that and to build new offices. The wood was good. Although the floors were falling a little bit, I am almost certain that one could fix up everything like that. 3. It is pointless for you to talk to 'that' crowd. There is no knowing (lit. one doesn't know) what money these people have. Companies like that are willing to do anything. 4. There were some people at the wedding who were eating and drinking. Others were singing songs and dancing. 5.1 hope that you are right and that Cit will be coming tomorrow. 6. It was getting cold and the night was falling. The two of them are smoking pipes peacefully near the stonewall and taking a rest.

VOCABULARY

aifal /:f'e:L/ aimhreas /:w'r's/ aisteoir /:s't'o:r'/ amharc /a:frk/ amharclann/em. /aurkLN/ thas / :s/ bs /ba:s/ bil /b'e:l'i:/ billeoig/em. /b'L'o:g'/ brn /bru:N/ cli /k'l'u:/ cloigeann /kLeg'N/ coslacht /em. /kosu:i,xt/ cuairt fem. /ku:rt'/ cuma fem. /kum/ drogall /drogL/ adan /e:dN/ eolas /o: Ls/ fearg/em. /f':rg/ fasig/em. /f'i:so:g'/ fonn /fu:N/ gire /g :r'/ gruaigfem. /gru:g'/ gual /gu:L/ hata /ha:t/ iontas /i:Nts/ maide /ma:d'/ moill fem. /maiL'/ min fem. /mu:n'/ nire fem. /N :r'/ ocras /ukras/ slaghdn /sLaid :N/ stitse /st :t's'/ strainc/em. /str:r)'k'/ suochn /si:x :N/ tart /ta:rt/ tincara /tlrjlc'er/ fan 1 gir scrdaigh 2 scrd traigh 2 traocht/em. bn bu dearg /fN/ /g :r'i:/ /skru:d/ /skru:du:/ /to:r/ /to:ri:xt/ /ba:w/ /bi:/ /d':rg/

regret doubt, suspicion aisteoir actor sight amharclanna theatre joy bsanna death bilocha meal billeoga leaf sorrow fame cloigne /kijeg'n'/ head coslachta appearance visit shape, appearance reluctance adain /e:dn'/ face, impertinence knowledge, information anger fasga beard desire, inclination gir laugh(ter) hair coal hata hat wonder, amazement maid stick moilleanna delay turf, peat shame hunger slaghdin /sLaid :n'/ cold stits stage strainceanna grimace suochin /si:x :n'/ seat thirst tincara tinker stay, remain laugh(ing) examine, scrutinize examining, examination look / search for looking / searching for

v.n. of scrdaigh traigh white yellow, tanned red

donn dorcha glas gorm liath rua uaine n (go/nach)

/dauN/ /dorx/ /gLa:s/ /gorm/

/L':/

/ru:/ /wen'/
/NU:/

brown dark green (of plants), grey blue grey reddish brown green until (... not)

GRAMMAR 1. THE PREPOSITION AR

(i) Introduction Td bainne ar an mbord. Bhi cta ar chathaoir anseo inn. Bhi hata orm inn. There is milk on the table. There was a coat on a chair here yesterday. I had a hat on yesterday.

Ar /er'/ 'on' causes lenition to a directly following noun, e.g. ar chathaoir 'on a chair', except in certain adverbial phrases, e.g. ar fad 'all together', ar cuairt 'visiting', ar ball 'in awhile'. (ii) Prepositional pronouns Ordinary forms orm ort air uirthi orainn oraibh orthu on me on you on him/it on her/it onus on you (pl.) on them Pronunciation /orm/ /ort/ /er'/ /or/
/orN'/

/ori:/ /orb/

Both ar and air are pronounced with an e-sound and palatalized r, as though spelt oir. The contrast forms and general usage is the same as that of ag and most other prepositional pronouns, e.g. orm, ormsa, orm fin, ormsamfin (see Lesson 15).

(iii) Meanings of ar Basic meaning 'on': Td bainne ar an mbord. Idiomatically ar expresses: (a) to wear, have on: T hata agusfdinni orm. I am wearing a hat and rings. Similarly: cta 'a coat', and any other item of dress. There is milk on the table.

(b) to have a natural aspect, feature or appearance: T fasg, lmha fada agus cuma thuirseach ar an minteoir. The teacher has a beard, long arms and a tired appearance.

Similarly: adan deas 'a nice face', strainc 'a grimace', dath bui 'a yellow colouring', droch-choslacht 'a bad appearance'. Also td bdisteach, sneachta etc. air 4it looks like rain (snow etc.)'. (c) an emotional or physical state (incl. disease) or estimation: literal meaning: Card atd orm ? What is on me ? Td brn orm (go!nach) There is sorrow on me. Td dthas orm (go/nach) joy Td imni orm (gotnach) worry Td faitios orm (go!nach) fear Td ndire orm (go!nach) shame Td aifal orm (go/nach) regret Td iontas orm (go/nach) wonder Td aimhreas orm (go!nach) doubt Td ocras orm. hunger Td tart orm. thirst Tdfonn orm a desire Td drogall orm reluctance Td deifir orm. a hurry Td moill orm. a delay Td fearg orm. anger Td clid orm. fame Td slaghddn (etc.) orm. a cold What is the matter with me ? I am sorry (that... (not)) I am glad (that... (not)) I am worried (that... (not)) I am afraid (that... (not)) I am ashamed (that... (not)) 1 regret (that... (not)) I am amazed (that... (not)) I am doubtful / suspicious ... I am hungry. I am thirsty. I desire to ... I am reluctant to ... I am in a hurry. I am delayed. I am angry. I am famous. I have a cold.

Note that a certain few idioms can be used impersonally (corresponding to the autonomous form of the verb). Td faitios nach mbeidh Cdit ann. Td aimhreas go mbeidh s tinn. Nil a fhios c mhad atd ansin. (d) to have a name, a price: Mdirtin atd orm. Punt atd ar an leabhar seo. Mirtfn is my name. (It is) a pound that book costs. People are afraid that Cit won't be there. People suspect that he will be sick. People don't know how much there is there. There is a great deal there.

(The word order here will be explained in Lesson 34). - Somewhat similarly: Td Mdirtin sdsta a dhanamh ar phunt. 'Mirtn is willing to do it for a pound.' (e) to have to do something: Td orm bainne a 61. I have to drink milk.

(f) to have or do something to someone's disadvantage: Td s ag briseadh fuinneogai orm. Td airgead ag Cait orm. Bhi spoirt ag Cdit orm. He is breaking windows 'on me'. 1 owe Cit money. (' C. has money to my disadvantage') Cit had fun at my expense.

(g) (adverbially) to describe a state: T s ar cuairt anseo. Td si ar an gcoldiste. He is visiting here. She is attending the college.

(h) to strengthen the imperative of verbs expressing continued action: Fan ort! Foighid ort! Wait (will you)! Have patience !

A few verbs expressing continued action (and the quasi-imperatives of the sort in the second example above) use ort/oraibh to strengthen an imperative.

2. AG CUR AR 'CAUSING'

(i) Introduction Td ocras ar Chdit. Td s ag cur ocras ar Chdit. Cit is hungry. It is causing Cit to be hungry. 'It is putting hunger on C.'

Cur 'to put' can be used with most idioms containing the preposition ar to mean 'to cause to ...'

TEXT

ANAMHARCLANN Trdthnna D hAoine seo caite, bhi cuma thuirseach ar mo bhean Cdit. Bhifaitios uirthi go raibh slaghddn ag tiocht uirthi; ach mar sinfin, bhifonn uirthi a ghoil ag an amharclann. Bhi dthas orm fin mar bionn drogall orm fanacht sa mbaile ag an deireadh seachtaine. I dtosachy bhi muid ag breathn ar an bpdipar ag traiocht drama eicint a bheadh go maith. Ansin dirt Cdit go raibh fonn uirthi an drama nua Gaeilge *An Tincara Rua' a fheicedily c go raibh aimhreas orm nach mbeadh s go maith. Bhi s ag iri deireannach cheana fin. Bhideifir orainn mar bhifaitios orainn go mbeadh an amharclann Ian. Fuair muid suiochain, c nach raibh siad romhaith. Bhi aifal orainn nach raibh muid in aice leis an stditse mar td an t-amharc go dona ag an mbeirt againn. Ni raibh s i bhfad n go raibh an dit pldaithe. Ni raibh an drama fin romhaith, ach bhi na haisteoiri go hiontach, c nach bhfuil mrdn cli orthu ar chor ar bith. Mar sin fin, bhi an choslacht air go raibh go leor daoine sdsta. Bhi 'chuile dhuine ag gairi faoin tincara rua. Bhi gruaig rua air agus fasig mhr liath. Bhi hata bui ar a chloigeann agus treabhsar beag dearg air. Ni raibh brga ar bith air agus bhi maide mrfada aige. Bhi iontas orm nach raibh s fuar ag sil thart mar sin ! Nuair a bhi an drama thart, bhi ocras orainn agus chuaigh muid ar cuairt ag cairde. Bhi bili beag againn in indi.

EXERCISES A. Complete these sentences using an appropriate noun from among the following: drogall, tart, /onn, bron, fearg, faitos, deifir, thas, ocras, imni, e.g. Fuair m 'athair bds anuraidh. Bh bron mor orm. 1. Fuair m'athair bs anuraidh. Bhi_ mor orm. 2. Fuair m airgead inn. Bhi orm. 3. Td mdthair Chdit tinn. T uirthi a ghoil ag na peictiir. 4. Td an seomra seo dorcha. An bhfuil oraibh ? 5. Td go leor bia ann. An bhfuil ort ? 6. T na gasir ag briseadh fuinneogai orm. Td orm. 7. Beidh peictir maith anocht. Deir Mdirtin go bhfuil air a ghoil aige. 8. Beidh scrd acu agus td orthu. 9. Bhi an Id uafdsach te agus bhi orainn. 10. Td me ag iarraidh a ghoil abhaile anois mar td orm. B. Complete these sentences using an appropriate colour from among the following: dearg, ban, dubh, bui, liath, donn, glas, rua, gorm, uaine. \.Td an sneachta 2. Bhi an aimsir go hdlainn. Bhi an spir uilig 3. Td an mhdistreds sean agus td a cuid gruaige 4. Td an t-earrach ann arist. Td billeogai. ar na croinnte. 5. Td an fhuil 6. Td an fmhar ann. Td na billeogai dearg agus 7. Td an gual agus td an mhin 8. Bhiodh an cldr dubh i gcnaidubh . Anois bionn cuid acu 9. Bhi 'chuile dhuine ag gdirifaoin tincara. Bhi a chuid gruaige
TRANSLATE:

1. She was wearing a blue skirt and a yellow coat. 2. She was looking (ag breathn) well although she had a tired appearance. 3. He is looking at the paper looking for information about the new play, the one I think will be good. 4. The theatre was crowded. All the same, we got seats near the stage for a pound. The play was wonderful but the actors were bad even though they are famous. 5.1 had a pair of trousers and a shirt on. You had a skirt and jumper on. He was wearing a coat and cap as he had a cold. 6. We were hungry and thirsty and so we went visiting them. We felt like a good meal. 7. Look (pl.) everywhere ! Search (pl.) for the ring !

VOCABULARY

aithne/em. rasn baladh buiochas ceimic fem. cion cor deis fem. eolaiocht fem. fisic fem. Francach grain fem. lacht lachtir mac linn marc meabhair/em. meas raidi Risis/em. scolireacht fem. spraoi tir/em. torann dar Albain fem. Frainc fem. Ruis/em. Spinn fem. athraigh 2 athru codail 2' codladh goid 1 goid las 1 lasadh snmh 1 snmh paiteanta as a chile anios

/:n'/ / :rs :N/ /ba:L/ /bi:xs/ /k'em'k'/ /k'N/ /kor/ /d'es'/ /o: Li:xt/ /f'is'k'/ /fra:i]kx/ /gr :n'/ /L'e:xt/ /Le:xto:r'/ /,ma:k 'L'e:N'/ /ma:rk/ /m'aur'/ /m':s/ /ra:d'io:/ /ru:s's'/ /skoL :r'xt/ /spri:/ /to:r'/ /torN/ /u:dr/ /Lbn'/ /fr:r)'k'/ /ru:s'/ /sp :N7 /a:r/ /a:ru:/ /kodl'/ /koL/ /ged'/ /ged'/ /La:s/ /La:s/ /sNa-w/
/SNCLW/

rasin /a:rsa:n'/

coranna deiseanna Francaigh /fra:qk/ lachtanna lachtir mic linn marcanna

scolireachta

daracha Scotland France Russia Spain change changing, change sleep sleeping, sleep steal stealing light lighting swim swimming perfect, patient in a row, consecutively from below

knowing, recognition flat, apartment smell gratitude chemistry affection, fondness stir, movement, twist opportunity, means science physics Frenchman hatred, detestation lecture lecturer student mark, target intelligence, mind respect, esteem radio Russian (language) scholarship spree, playing pursuit noise cause, ground

/pa:t'Nt/ /a:s x'e:l'/ /'N'i:s/

1 Codi /koL/ before any ending

VOCABULARY NOTES 1. arfeadhpfosa /er' f': p'i:s/ 'for a while'

2. ag baintspirtas 'getting fun out of 3. go maith as 'well off 4. ag daiiamh spraoi 'playing' 5. The article is generally used with the names of countries, e.g. an Fhrainc, an Riiis, an Spdinn; but Sasana, Meireacd never have the article. Eirinn and Albain only take the article in the genitive (w hich is dealt with in Lessons 31 and 33).

GRAMMAR 1. INDIRECT RELATIVE CLAUSES

Feicim Feicim Feicim Feicim

an bord atd ansin. an bord a bhfuil an leabhar air. an bhean aid ansin. an bhean a bhfuil an teach aid.

I see the table which is there. I see the table which the book is on. I see the woman who is there. I see the woman who has the house.

Unstressed a //, which causes eclipsis and is followed by the dependent form of the verb (see Lesson 2), is used when the noun which the relative clause refers to is not the topic of the clause, e.g. an bord a bhfuil an leabhar air 'the table which the book is on'; where an leabhar 'the book' and not an bord 'the table' is the topic of the relative clause. In practice, this indirect relative is required: (i) if the clause contains a preposition: an bord a bhfuil an leabhar air (ii) if the clause is in genitive relation ('whose'): an fear a bhfuil a mhac anseo 'the man whose son is here'. (iii) if the clause refers to: (a) time: Sin an t-am a raibh Cdit anseo. That is the time that (at which) Cit was here. Similarly: an la 'the day', an tseachtain 'the week', an uair2 'the occasion', etc. (b) a reason: Sin an fdth a mbeidh Cdit anseo. That is (the reason) why Cit will be here. Similarly: following an t-dar 'the grounds for, the reason'. (c) the word dit 'place': Sin an dit a bhfuil Cdit. That is where (the place at which) Cit is. In the same way cn t-am 'at what time', cnfdth 'why', cn dit 'where', are followed by an indirect relative, e.g. Cn t-am a raibh t anseo ? 'What time were you here at ?'
1 An older construction an bord ar a bhfuil an leabhar 'the table on which the book is' is still often used in writing, and more rarely in speech.
2

An uair 'the occasion, the time' may take cither a direct or indirect clause: an uair a bhit anseo or an uair a raibh tii anseo 'the time you were here'.

2. DOUBLE INDIRECT RELATIVE

An bhfuil an leabhar ar an mbord a silim a bhfuil s air ?

Is the book on the table which I think it is on ?

In an indirect relative clause, verbs which are normally followed by go/nach, e.g. silim go bhfuil... 'I think ...', are followed by another indirect relative, e.g. an bord a silim a bhfuil s air 'the table which I think it is on'.
3. SOME IDIOMS COMBINING AG AND AR

Td Td Td Td Td Td Td Td Td

meas agam ar Chdit. buiochas agam ar Chdit. aithne agam ar Chdit. cion agam ar Chdit. ceist agam ar Chdit. an ghrdin agam ar Chdit. eolas agam ar an dit seo. an-tir agam ar an dit seo. seans agam ar phosta.

I have respect for Cit. I am grateful to Cit. I am acquainted with Cit; I know Cit. 1 am fond of Cit. I have a question for Cit. I detest Cit. I have a knowledge of (am familiar with) this place. I am very keen on this place. 1 have a chance of a job.

4. THE PREPOSITION AS

(i) Introduction Tig leabhar as bosca. Tig an leabhar as an mbosca. Take a book out of a box ! Take the book out of the box !

When used with the singular article as causes eclipsis to a following noun, e.g. as an mbosca 'out of the box'. (ii) Prepositional pronouns Ordinary form asam asat as aisti asainn asaibh astu out of out of out of out of out of out of out of me you him/it her us you (pl.) them Pronunciation /a:sm/ /sd/ /a:s/ /:s't'/ /a:sN'/ /a:si:/ /a:stob/

The contrast forms and general usage is the same as that of ag and most other prepositional pronouns, e.g. asam, asamsa, asamfin, asamsa mfin (see Lesson 16). Asat, asainn, asaibh have an alternative pronunciation /a:sdd/, /a:sdN'/, /a:sdi:/ resp.

(iii) Meaning of as Basic meaning 'out of' Tig leabhar anios as an mdla !
Take a book (up) out of the bag !

More idiomatically as is

used:

(a) to denote 'out of a material' T Cit ag danamh sciorta as an adach. Cit is making a skirt out of the cloth.

(b) to express 'out of', as a result of a state of mind: Bionn Cdit dhd dhanamh asfearg. Cit (normally) does it out of anger. Similarly: as taghd/taid/ 'in a fit of temper'. (c) to express 'from' (a town, county, country, island): Beidh Cdit ag teacht as Meireacd amdireach. Cit will be coming from America tomorrow.

Similarly: as Baile tha Cliath 'from Dublin', as an Spdinn 'from Spain', etc. (d) to express 'off, from, out of' (smell 1 , noise, movement): Td baladh as an madadh sin. That dog smells; there is a smell off that dog. Similarly: torann as 'noise from', cor as 'movement from'. (e) to express 'out, off' (of fire, machines, etc.): Td an tine as. Cas as an raidi! (0 with fin to mean 'alone' Td Mdirtin as fin anois. (g) in certain adverbial expressions: Td s as cuma. Similarly: as marc 'off target, wrong'. (h) with a chile to express 'consecutive', 'in a row', 'asunder', 'apart': Bhi Cdit anseo tri Id as a chile. Td an teach ag titim as a chile. (iv) Idiomatic use of a with copula: C as Cdit ?. Is as Gaillimh i. Where is Cit from ? She is from Galway. The copula (is, n, ar, nach, etc., see Lesson 11) is used with as to mean 'is from', 'comes from', e.g. Is as Baile tha Cliath 'He is from Dublin'.
5. QUESTIONS WITH PREPOSITIONS

The fire is out. Turn off the radio !

Mirtn is alone now.

It is out of shape.

Cit was here three days in a row. The house is falling apart.

C air a bhfuil an leabhar ? C aige a bhfuil an teach ?

On what is the book ? Who has the house ?

C is used with the third person singular masculine form of the preposition, e.g. air, aige, and is followed by an indirect relative clause.
1

Also ar in case of smell.

TEXT

MAC LINN Td Brid beagnach tri bliana ar an ollscoil anois. I dtosach, bhi si ag pl leis an gceimic. Bhi meas mr aice ar an minteoir eolaiocht a bhi aice ar an mednscoil agus bhi eolas maith aice ar an gceimic agus ar an bhfisic. Ag an am canna, bhi an-tir aice ar theangacha. Ansin juair si seans ar athr. Bhi deis aice Fraincis agus Risis a dhanamh. Ni raibh Fraincis nd Risis aice mar dbhair ar an mednscoil agus mar sin, bhi s an-deacair uirthi. Bhi si ag goil ag crsa speisialta aistifin ar feadh piosa agus ansin fuair si cead a ghoil ag na lachtanna a raibh mic linn eile ag goil acu. Bhi s fiordheacair an dd theanga a fhoghlaim in indi. Ni raibh s asca na lachtanna a thiscint. Ansin, l amhdin, dirt an lachtir go mbeadh uirthi a ghoil ag an bhFrainc agus s mhi as a chilet n b' fhidir bliain fin, a chaitheamh ag foghlaim Fraincis. Fuair Brid scoldireacht anuraidh agus bhi si in ann beagnach bliain a chaitheamh ar ollscoil Fhrancach. Ni raibh si i bhfad ag cur eolas ar an gcoldiste sin nd ni raibh s i bhfad go raibh aithne aice ar go leor mic linn eile. Bhiodh na Francaigh i gcnai ag cur ceisteanna uirthi: 'C as th ?' - 'Cn dit a bhfuil Gaillimh ?' - 'Cn fdth a bhfiiil t anseo ?' Ach bhi si sdch sdsta leis an dit ach amhdin go raibh an ghrdin aice ar an mbia ! Nuair a thdinig si abhaile bhi Fraincis phaiteanta aice. I mbliana bionn timpeall* s deich lacht ag Brid 'chuile sheachtain. Uaireanta bionn si antuirseach. Ni bhionn fonn uirthi rud ar bith a dhanamh ach a ghoil abhaile agus an tine a lasadh agus an raidi a chasadh air. Uaireanta eile, deir si go mbionn s nios fearr an raidi a chasadh as agus a ghoil a' chodladh tamall. C go bhfuil muintir Bhrid go maith as agus go bhfuil teach mr acu in aice leis an bhfarraige, td drasdn aice fin. Td an t-drasdn in aice leis an ollscoil. Deir si nach mbionn si in ann lamh sa mbaile. Bionn na gasitir ga ag danamh torann agus ag goid leabhartha uirthi. Mar sinfin, td cion aice orthu. Bionn si ar cuairt acu ag an deireadh seachtaine. Bionn fonn uirthi a bheith ag danamh spraoi leis na gasuir agus a bheith ag baint spirt astu. Bionn siad uilig ag goil ag sndmh in indi. Nach iontach an saol a bhionns ag mic linn !

EXERCISES

Make one sentence of the following, e.g. Td crann ansin. Td billeogai glasa air: Td crann ansin a bhfuil billeogai glasa air. 1. Td crann ansin. Td billeogai bui air. 2. Feicim an bhean. Bhi cta gorm uirthi. 3. Td an fear anseo. Td a mhac tinn. 4. Sin an Id. Bhi Cdit anseo. 5. Sin an fdth. Beidh me sdsta. 6. Sin an uair. Ni raibh t sdsta. 1. Sin an buachaill. Silim go mbeidh an leabhar aige.
TRANSLATE

1. She was fond of the science teacher but she was very keen on languages. 2. The lecturers and the lectures were very bad. As for the exams, they were terrible ! 3. I was

alone. Were you alone too ? It is hard to get to know people at the university. 4.1 know Mirtn, but I don't know where he is now. 5. Where are those people from ? I am not sure whether they are from France or Spain. 6.1 got a letter from America on two consecutive days. 7. There wasn't any noise from them for a while. 8. Turn (pl.) off the radio ! Light (pl.) the fire and change your clothes ! There are people coming visiting us. I don't know why they are coming now. 9. On what is the book ? On the table. 10. Take the book up out of the bag !

VOCABULARY

aill fem. ainm cad cibh fem. csta curach fem. domhan fad fem} halla leac fem. leath leathchad leithead ni sipal staighre teilifs fem. cas 1 castil fem. gabh iascach loigh2 1 loighe mair 1 maireachtil fem. tarlaigh 2 tarlu beo blasta briste domhain
(Tor

/a: L7 /:n'm'/ /k'e:d/ /k'e:w'/ /ko:st/ /korx/ /dauN/ /fa:d/ /ha:L/ /L':k/ /L':/ A/'x'e:d/ /L'e:d/ /N'i:/ /s'e:p'e:L / /stair'/ /t'el'f'i:s7 /ka:s/ /ka:st :l'/ /go/ /i:skx/
/LO/

alltracha / :Ltrxi:/ ainmneacha cadha /k'e:t/ cibheanna csta curacha halla leacracha leathacha

sipil /s'e:p'e:l'/ staighr

cliff name hundred(weight) pier, quay coast curragh (canvas boat) world length hall slab, large flat stone half fifty width thing (in set phrases) chapel (sets of) stairs television

/Lai/ /ma:r'/ /ma:r'xta:l'/ /tccrL/ /tcurLu:/ /b'o:/ /bLa:st/ /b'r'is't'/ /daun'/ /f'i:r/ /frust/ /m'i:ha:st/ /p'e:n't :L't'/ /s'k'upi:/ /ta:Ni:/ /t'ir'm'/ /t'u(w)/

meet meeting go ! come ! fishing lie down, land lying down, inclination, landing live, survive living happen happening alive, quick tasty broken deep true easy, simple dissatisfied painted quick thin, shallow dry thick, dense

furasta mshsta pinteilte scioptha tana tirim tiubh

Although fad is feminine, a following a d j e c t i v e n o t icniied, e.g .Jadmr *a great length*. WhenfoigA /Lo/ is followed by an ending pronounced with an initial vowel, e.g. -(<?>W/ig'i:/, it combines with the ending to give /ai/, e.g. toighigf /Lai g 'i:/' lie (pi.) down !'.
2

a chile1 ach amhin amach is amach ar igin ar fhad ar leithead chomh go leith n

/ x'e:l'/ /a:x'wa:n'/ /'ma:x s 'ma:x/ /er' e:g'n'/ /er' :d/ /er' L'e:d/ /x/ /g3 L'e/
/N 'f

one another except completely, extremely just in length in width as (see this lesson) and a half than

VOCABULARY NOTES: 1. ag goil isteach ag an oiledn 'going to the island', lit. into, (similarly 'out of') 2. m tfin 'even if it is';fin may be used, mainly in an if-clause or negative sentence, to mean 'even'. 3. tugaimfaoi deara 'I notice' 4. (a) mh' anam (go/nach) 'indeed'

GRAMMAR
1. COMPARATIVE DEGREES OF ADJECTIVE

(i) Comparative Td an seomra seo nios dorcha. Is dorcha an seomra seo. This room is darker. This room is darker.

A comparison is expressed: (a) by nios (lit. 'a thing which is'; ni 'a thing' written together with is, the relative form of the copula, 'which is') before a form of the adjective, e.g. dorcha 'dark', nios dorcha 'darker'. (b) by the copula is (see 'Lesson 11) before the adjective, e.g. Is dorcha 'is darker'. (ii) Superlative Td an seomra is dorcha anseo. Sin i an deoch is blasta. The darkest room is here. (lit. The room which is darkest is here) That is the tastiest drink.

To form a superlative, is (relative form of the copula) is used before the adjective. (iii) Form of adjective The form of the adjective (or adverb) used in the comparative and in the superlative is always the same. Two-syllable adjectives which end in a vowel, e.g. dorcha, blasta, and all verbal adjectives, e.g. briste 'broken', pinteilte 'painted', do not change.

*When used with prepositions ending in a vowel, n /N/ may optionally be inserted: le a chile or lena chile 'with each other'. Normally when n is not inserted, the actual pronunciation is shown by omitting the a: le cheile, cfiile (see Appendix 1.5).

One-syllable adjectives pronounced with a final vowel add -(o)cha /x/:1 beo but bred crua rua luath liath ridh live, quick yellow fine hard reddish brown early grey ready, easy nios/is nios/is nios/is nios/is nios/is nios/is nios/is nios/is beocha buiocha bredcha cruacha ruacha luathcha liathcha racha

In two or three adjectives the syllable is lengthened: tiubh dubh te thick black hot nios/is ticha also tibhe/t'iw'/ nios/is dcha duibhe /diw'/ nios/is teocha /t'o:x/

Other regular types will be dealt with in later lessons. (iv) Adjectives with irregular comparative form maith dona mr beag dlainn grdnna fada tanai minic tirim furasta good (nios/is) fearr bad measa big mo small l beautiful dille ugly grdinne long foide thin tanaiocha often minici dry trioma easy fusa /f' :r/ /m':s/ /mu:/ /Lu:/ / :L'/ /gra:N'/ /fed'/ /ta:Ni:x/ /m'in'k'i:/ /t'r'um/ /fus/ better, best worse, worst bigger, biggest smaller, smallest more/most beautiful uglier, ugliest longer, longest thinner, thinnest more/most often drier, driest easier, easiest

All these forms are pronounced regularly in accordance with the table in Appendix I (with the exception offurasta /frust/ in which the first syllable is dropped. The forms nios dona, nios beige, nios furasta are also used, though probably less frequently than the forms given above.

2, USE OF CHOMH WITH ADJECT! VES

(i) With le Td Cdit chomh mor le Mdirtin. Cit is as big as Mirtn.

Chomh... le is used before a noun to express 'as ... as', e.g. chomh mr le 'as big as'. (ii) With is followed by a direct relative Nil Cdit chomh sdsta is a bhi Mdirtin. Cit is not as pleased as Mirtn was.

'This (O)cha /x/ (or alternative form -chte /xt'/) is a feature of this dialect and is not written in Official Standard Irish.

Chomh ... is followed by a direct relative (see Lesson 13) is used before a verb to express 'as ... as', e.g. chomh sdsta is a bhi 'as pleased as ... was*. This is can be taken to be the shortened form of agus, which may also occur in this construction. (iii) With sin Nil s chomh maith sin. He is not all that good. Bhi Mdirtin chomh sdsta sin go mbeidh Mirtn was so pleased that Cit will Cdit sdsta freisin. also be pleased. Chomh ... sin (go/nach) is used to express 'all that...', 'so that...', e.g. chomh maith sin 'all that good', chomh sdsta sin 'so pleased that...'. (iv) With canna Td Mdirtin chomh beag canna. Mirtn is just as small. Chomh ... canna is used to express 'just as ...', e.g. chomh beag canrta 'just as small'. (v) As exclamation Chomh ard le Cdit! How tall Cit is !

Chomh ... le can be used to express 'how ... !' (vi) In questions C chomh ard le Cdit ? How tall is Cit ? Cchomh ... can be used to express 'how ... is ?'

3. ADVERBS OF DIRECTION AND POSITION

(i) Introduction and table Td Cdit ag goil suas. Td Cdit thuas. Td Cdit ag teacht anuas. Cit is going up(wards). Cit is up (above). Cit is coming down (from above).

The use of these adverbs depends on the position of the speaker. Suas 'up, upwards' implies motion or direction away from the speaker, thuas 'up, above', a position above, while anuas 'down from above' indicates movement or direction downwards from above the speaker. Here is a table of these adverbs: Motion or direction to Td Cdit ag goil... suas /su:s/ up, upwards sios /s'i:s/ down, downwards soir /ser'/ east, eastwards Stationary TCit... thuas /hu:s/ up, above thios /hi:s/ down, below thoir/her'/ in the east Motion or direction from Td Cdit ag teacht
anuas /'NU:S/

down from above

anios /'N':S/

up from below anoir /'Ner'/ from the east

siar /s'i:r/ west, westwards back, backwards sail /sa:L /

anonn /D'NU:N/

thiar /hi:r/ in the west back (there) thall/h :L/ over there, across there istigh /'s't'i/ in, within amuigh /'mu/ out, without

aniar /'N'i:r/ from the west from back (there) anall / ' N C UL/ i bhjus /'wus/ from over there, over here from across there

over, across isteach /'s't':x/ in, inwards amach /'ma:x/ out, outwards

(ii) The adverbs o thuaidh and o dheas O thuaidh lo: hu:/ 'northwards, in the north, from the north', and dheas southwards, in the south, from the south' normally have only one form, e.g. Td Cdit ag goil 6 thuaidh; Td Cdit 6 thuaidh; Td Cdit ag tiocht 6 thuaidh. However, when they function as adjectives in set phrases, aduaidh /'du:/ and aneas /Vs/ are used: siar/thiar/aniar siar/thiar/aniar soir/thoir/anoir soir/thoir/anoir aduaidh aneas aduaidh aneas 'northwestward, in the northwest, from the northwest' 'southwestward' etc. 'northeastward' etc. 'southeastward' etc.

Also: an ghaoth aduaidh 'the north wind', an ghaoth aneas 'the south wind'. (iii) Usage (a) Td Cdit ag goil sios an hthar. Cit is going down the road. Td Cdit ag goil soir an bthar. Cit is going eastwards on the road. In local directions soir, etc. 'east ...', siar, etc. 'west ...', sios9 etc. 'down ...' (geographically north) and suas, etc. 'up ...' (geographically south) are used where English loosely employs 'up' or 'down'. (b) an fear istigh na fir thall an fear isteach the man inside the men over there the man who is just coming/going in

In this type of phrase the relative of the verb t, as well as the notion of movement ('going/coming'), can be understood, e.g. an fear (atd) istigh 'the man (who is) inside', an fear (atd ag goil/teacht) isteach 'the man (who is coming/going) in'. (c) Td Cdit ag goil siar amach. Td Cdit thiar amach. Cit is going away off to the west. Cit is away in the west.

Amach/amuigh can be combined with siar/thiar to indicate greater distance.

(d)
Beidh m aniar amdireach. I will be (coming) from the west tomorrow.
can be under-

When an adverb implying motion or direction is used, a verb of motion stood.

(e) an taobh istigh the inside an taobh o thuaidh the northside Taobh /ti:w/'side'can be used with stationary forms of these adverbs. When so used the final /w/ is not pronounced. (0 T s in ann Cdit a bhualadh amach. Td s ag glanadh suas. He can completely beat (= surpass) Cit. He is cleaning up.

Amach and suas can be used with certain verbs to express the completion of an action.

4. NUMBERS ABOVE 10

'x boats' 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 40 50 60 80 100 200 300 1000 2000 1,000,000 aon bhdd dag dhd bhdd dag tri bhdd dag cheithre bhdd dag chig bhdd dag s bhdd dag seacht mbdd dag ocht mbdd dag naoi mbdd dag fiche bdd dhd fhichead bdd leathchad bdd tri fichid bdd cheithre fichid bdd cad bdd dhd chad bdd trichadbdd mile bdd dhd mhile bdd millin bdd

'x coats' aon chta dhag dhd chta dhag tri chta dhag cheithre chta dhag chig chta dhag s chta dhag seacht gcta dhag ocht gcta dhag naoi gcta dhag fiche cta dhd fhichead cta leathchad cta tri fichid cta cheithre fichid cta cad cta dhd chad cta trichadcta mile cta dh mhile cta millin cta

'x years' aon bhliain dag dhd bhliain dag tri bliana dag cheithre bliana dag chig bhliana dag s bliana dag seacht mbliana dag ocht mbliana dag naoi mbliana dag fiche bliain dhd fhichead bliain leathchad bliain tri fichid bliain cheithre fichid bliain cad bliain dhd chad bliain tri chad bliain mile bliain dhd mhile bliain millin bliain

The numbers from eleven to nineteen are similar to those from one to nine (see Lesson 11). They are, for the most part, formed by adding dag /d'e:g/. The lenited form dhag /y'e:g/ is used (i) from eleven to nineteen after a final vowel, e.g. dhd chta dhag '12 coats', s dhuine dhag '16 people'; (ii) after scir 'scores', e.g.tri scir dhag ' 13 scores'. After fiche /f'i:/ '20', dhdfhichead /ya: i:d/ '40', tri fichid /t'r'i: f'i:d'/ '60', cheithre fichid /x'er' f'i:d'/ '80', and following cad /k'e:d/ '100', mile /m'i:l'/ '1000' and millin /m'iL'u:N/ 'million' the singular is always used, e.g. mile bdd 'a thousand boats', millin bliain 'a million years'.

NOTES: 1. Scr /sko:r/ 'a score' often replaces fiche 'twenty', e.g. dh scr '40', triscir '60'. Scr may be followed by a plural, e.g. scr bliain or scr blianta '20 years'. The word doisinne 'a dozen' is followed by the plural, e.g. doisinne uibheacha 'a dozen eggs'. 2. Punta /puNt/ is generally used in place of punt /puNt/ 'a pound' in numbers between eleven and nineteen, e.g. seachl bpunt 'seven pounds', seacht bpunta dhag 'seventeen pounds'. 3. Na cadtha, na milte are normally followed by the plural, e.g. na cadtha leabhartha 'hundreds of books', na milte mnd 'thousands of women'. However, in the case of certain nouns, the singular is used, e.g. na cadtha fear 'hundreds of men'. The latter may be regarded as set phrases (see also Lesson 15.5 Note 3).

TEXTS

AN tO ILEN Is oilen beag seo. Td timpeaWs s mhle farraige idir agus an csta. Td an t-oiledn fin timpeaWs tri mhile ar leithead agus mile ar fhad. Td an talamh go dona amach is amach. Td nios m carraigreacha agus leacracha ann nd rud ar bith eile. Ar ndigh, deir daoine gurb an dit is dille ar an domhan . Td s go hiontach an fharraige agus na halltracha a fheicedil. Bionn an fharraige an-domhain agus an-ghorm. Nil nios m nd dhd chad n dhd chad go leith duine ann. Ach cn chaoi a bhfuil na daoine in ann maireachtdil ann ? 'Ar igin' a deir go leor daoine agus td s sin fior. Mar sin fin, bionn siad in ann na clocha a bhriseadh agus garranta beaga a dhanamh. B 'igean claiocha a dhanamh leis na clocha briste. Td beithigh agus caoire agus cearca acu. Bitear ag obair leis na caiple agus leis na hasail atd acu. Bitear ag cur fhatai agus- ag fas torthai. Bhiodh na daoine go hiontach ag obair in indi agus bhidis in ann saol a bhaint as an oiledn. Ar ndigh, bhidis i gcnai in ann maireachtdil ar an iasct c nach mbionn an oiread canna daoine 6ga ag iascach anois is a bhiodh. Td bdd beag dirithe acu. 'Curach9 an t-ainm atd uirthi. Td an churach coitianta thart ar Chonamara agus ar an gcsta thiar uilig. Ach bhiodh an saol i bhfad nios cruacha leathchad n fiche bliain fin 6 shin. Td s i bhfad nios fusa orthu anois. Bionn bdd ag tiocht acu go minic ach amhdin nuair a bhionns farraigi mora ann. Is an rud is measa nach mbionn an bdd in ann a ghoil isteach ag an gcibh mar nach bhfuil si sdch fada. Bionn eitledn ag loighe ann anois cupla uair 9chuile sheachtain. Ach card a bhionns na daoine a dhanamh nuair nach mbionn siad ag obair ? Bionn na fir ag goil ag an teach sta. Bionn na fir agus na mnd in indi ag an sipal D Domhnaigh. Td halla in aice leis an scoil. Uaire ant a, bionn an dream 6g thiar ansin ag damhsa no ag imirt chrtai, n go direach ag castdil ar a chile. Ach nach bhfuil athrinti mora ar an saol anois ? Td, cinnte. Bionn an dream 6g ag goil ar an mednscoil taobh amuigh. Tugaim faoi deara go mbionn na gasir ag breathn ar pheictiir as Meireacd ar an teilifis. Nil an oiread sin daoine ga ag psadh agus ag fanacht ann. Card atd ag goil ag tarl anois ? Nil an saol chomh crua is a bhiodh s ach an bhfuil s ag athr rosciobtha ? An mbeidh na daoine ga ag iri mishdsta ? Sin i an cheist.

COMHR Bhi cupla bean ag sil soir ag an bposta in indi. Bhi siad ag caint mar seo:
4

Is bred an lV 'Muise, md tdfin, bhi an Id inn nios bredcha !' 'B'fhidir go raibh.' 'Thdinig an samhradh an-luath i mbliana.' 4 Thdinig 4 T s nos techa agus nios trioma nd a bhi s anuraidh.' 'Mh'anam go bhfuil.'
4

T s sch te ar aon chaoi. *

Bonn muid ag siorchaint ar an aimsir anseo!

EXERCISES

A. Rewrite these sentences as comparatives using is, e.g.: Is dorcha an seomra seo nd an ceann eile. Then write them as superlatives using sin ..., e.g. Sin an seomra is dorcha. 1 .Td an seomra seo nios dorcha nd an ceann eile. 2. Td an t-adhmad seo nios ticha nd an cinedl eile. 3. Beidh an ubh seo nios cruacha nd do cheannsa. 4. Td an leabhar seo nios fusa. 5. Beidh an peictir eile nios measa. 6. Td an aimsir nios fearr. 1. Td an bthar eile nios foide. 8. Td an teach seo nios lit. B. Complete the following : 1. Td Cdit ag goil amach. Anois beidh si . 2. Td siag goil sios an staighre. Beidh si arist ar ball. 3. Bhi Brid thuas an staighre. Anois td siag teacht an staighre. 4. Td Mdirtin thiar. Beidh s amdireach. 5. Bhi an bdd ag goil soir. Anois td si . 6. Td muid ag goil suas ann. Td na daoine eile ann cheana fin. 7. Td an teach go deas ar an taobh amuigh ach td s go dona ar an taobh 8. Gabh isteach agus cuir ceist ar an bhfear . C. Write in words: 1. 600 duine 2. 18 bdd 3. 13 punt 4.14 orlach 5.16pingin 6. 15 seomra 7. 13 cupdn 8. 12 pldta 9. 40 bliain 10.20 pingin 11.10 uair 12. 15 cathaoir 13. 14 crann 14.13 pingin 15. 80 mile 16. 19 cupdn 17. 800 teach 18. 11 bord 19. 15 bliain 20. 3000 bliain. TRANSLATE: 1. Life is not that hard now. I am sure that it is not as hard as it used to be. 2.1 notice that the winter used to be harder years ago and it was drier too. 3. Brid is smaller than Cit. Bairbre is just as small. 4. How small that woman is ! 5. Poor Mirtn will have to go away to the west. He is so dissatisfied that Brid will have to go too.

VOCABULARY

aird/em. bua cogadh comhrialtas droim ad lucht mistir nuaocht fem. pirt rialtas sile sruth toghachn tuirs efem. vta

vta Fianna Fil /,f'i:N T :17 (name of political party) Fine Gael /.f'in''ge: L/ (name of political party) Mchel /m'i :L/ (man's name) Pirt an Lucht Oibre /p :rt'i: N Loxt aib'r'/ (name of political party) /i:Nt/ /i:Ntu:/ /kid'/ /kid'u:/ /ki:m'r'/, /ki:w'r'/ /ki:m'r'u:/, /ki:w'r'u:/ /e:s't'/ /e:s't'xt/ Ivq'J /sa:ri:xt/ /s':s/ /s':s/ /su:l'/ /to:rt'/ /ku:Ntra:L't'/ /gri:u:I7 /'m'i:,wu:N't'/ /mu:N't'/ /spa:Lpi:/ /g ga:r'd'/ /s gi:/ /ha-.rscLl'/

/ :rd'/ /bu:/ /kog/ /ku:ri:Lts/ /dri:m'/ /e:d/ /LOXt/ /mcus't'r'/ /Nu:i:xt/ /p :rt'i:/ /ri:Lts/ /sa:l'/ fsru/ /tauxa:N/ /turs'/ /wo:t/

cogaocha dramanna /dra:mN:/ mdistr /mas't'r'i:/ pirtithe /pccrt'i:/ sruthanna toghachdin /taux :n'/

heed, notice victory war coalition government back jealousy people (connected with) (school) master news (political) party government brine, sea water current, flow election tiredness, fatigue vote

aontaigh 2 aontu cuidigh (le) 2 cuidi cuimhnigh (ar) 2 cuimhni ist (le) 1 isteacht r sraocht seas 1 seasamh sil (le) tabhairt/em. contrilte gnaoiil mmhinte minte spalptha go gaird sa gcaoi go/nach1 thar sile

agree, unite agreeing, uniting help, giving aid (to) helping recollect, remember, think (about) recollecting etc. listen (to), keep quiet, not to interfere listening etc. saying disputing, arguing stand standing expecting, looking forward (to) giving wrong decent, generous rude polite parched shortly so that... (not), in order that ...(not) overseas, abroad

1 Optionally also sa gcaoi is go/nach. There is a general tendency for is to be used after subordinating conjunctions.

VOCABULARY NOTES: 1. le seachtain (annas) 'for a week (now)' 2. ag baint as duine 'teasing, egging on someone' 3. Is deacair ard... 'It is difficult to say. 4. ag tabhairt aird ar rud 'heeding' 5. lucht oifige 'office people'

GRAMMAR

1. RELATIVE OF COPULA

(i) Direct relative (a) Positive Sin an rud is fidir a dhanamh. That is the thing that can be done. is fidir...

The positive direct relative is the same as the statement form, e.g 'that/whocan ...' (b) Negative Sin an rud nachfidir a dhanamh.

That is the thing that cannot be done. nach

The negative direct relative is expressed by using nach 'that... not', e.g fidir... 'that/who cannot (ii) Indirect relative (a) Positive Sin an fear ar maith leis an bord.

That is the man who likes the table.

The positive indirect relative is expressed by using ar 'that, who', e.g ar maith le... 'that likes ...',... ar leis...'that owns ...'. (b) Negative Sin an fear nach maith leis an bord. That is the man who does not like the table.

The negative indirect relative is expressed by using nach 'that... not', e.g nach maith le ... 'that does not like ...'.

2. FUTURE OF COPULA Isfi airgead mr amach anseo . Is deacair fanacht anseo amdireach. It will be worth big money sometime in the future.

It will be hard to stay here tomorrow, These forms of the copula (is, ar, nach, etc.) can be used with a future meaning.

3. THE PREPOSITION LE (i) Introduction T Cdit anseo leis an mbosca. T m ag scrobh le peann mr. Nil Cdit sdsta le hna. Cit is here with the box. I am writing with a big pen. Cit is not satisfied with na.

Le 'with' prefixes a h (which is not normally pronounced) to a directly following noun which begins with a vowel, e.g. le hna /l'u:N/ 'with na'. Before the singular article le takes the form leis (see Lesson 5). (ii) Prepositional pronouns Ordinary form liom with me with you leat with him/it leis li with her linn with us libh with you (pl.) leo with them Pronunciation /Turn/ /l':t/ /l'es'/ /l'e:/
/ T IN'/

/l'ib'/ /l'o:b/

The preposition le and all its forms are pronounced with an initial lenited II17. (Prepositions tend to be permanently lenited.) The contrast forms and general usage are the same as that of ag and most other prepositional pronouns, e.g. liom, liomsa, liomsa m fin (see Lesson 16). Note, however, that leis has the contrast form leisean, i.e. -sean rather than -son is added.

(iii) Basic meaning 'with' The basic meaning of le is accompaniment or instrumentality. Td Cdit anseo le Mdirtin. Td Mdirtin ag obair le spdid. More idiomatically le expresses: (a) 'with the motion of Td an bdd ag imeacht le sruth. Similarly: leis an ngaoth 'with the wind' (b) 'at the same time as' Bhi Cdit anseo leis an la. Similarly: leis an oiche 'at nightfall' (c) 'with', 'as a result of' Td Cdit tinn leis an tuirse. Cit is sick with the tiredness. Similarly: tinn le himni/le hl 'sick with worry / drink', spalptha leis an tart 'parched with the thirst'. Cit was here at daybreak. (lit.'with the day') The boat is going with the current. Cit is here with Mirtn. Mirtn is working with a spade.

(d) 'away', 'continuing' Id Cdit ag obair li. Similarly: any verbal noun. (iv) Secondary meaning: 'to' (a) 'to', 'for the purpose' Td Cdit anseo le balla a phintedil. Td Cdit anseo le a phinteail. (b) 'to', 'due to be' Td balla ansin le pintedil.

Cit is working away / working on / continuing to work.

Cit is here to paint a wall. Cit is here to paint it.

There is a wall there to paint.

In this usage le normally prefixes n W V to an initial vowel, e.g. Td neart le n-ithe agus le n-l. 'There is plenty to eat and to drink.' More idiomatically it expresses: (a) 'to', 'towards' Bhi Cdit go deas le Mdirtin. Tdfearg ar Chdit le Mdirtin. Tdfoighid ag Cdit le Mdirtin. Cit was nice to Mirtn. Cit is angry with Mirtn. Cit has patience with Mirtfn.

Similarly: go dona 'bad', minte 'polite', lach 'pleasant', gnaoiil 'decent, generous', grdnna 'horrible'; Td deifir ('hurry') ar Chdit le ...\Td loighe ('an inclination')/ sil ('is expecting')/ad('jealousy') ag Cdit le .... (b) 'to', 'against' Td droim Chdit leis an mballa. Cit's back is to the wall. Similarly: leis an doras 'to the door', leis an gclai 'to the ditch / stonewall'. (c) duration Td Cdit anseo le seachtain. Cit is here a week. Similarly: m 'month', bliain 'year', cupla Id 'a few days'.

4.1DIOMATIC USES OF COPULA AND LE (i) To express 'it seems' Is maith le Cdit bainne. Ni miste liom . Milk seems good to Cit. / C. likes milk. I don't mind it.

The copula is used with le in certain idiomatic expressions and has the general meaning of 'it seems'. Further examples are: Is cuma /kum/ le Cdit. Ni fearr /f'ccr/ le Cdit. It seems all the same to Cit. It does not seem better to Cit. Cit doesn't prefer.

Ar/ab1 ionadh

Did it seem amazing to Cit ? Was Cit amazed ? Does it not seem worthwhile to Cit ? /Vchfi /f'u:/ le Cit ? Deir s gur/gurb1 digh /do:/ le Cit. He says that it seems likely to Cit. .. .that Cit supposes He says that Cit doesn't remember. Deir s nach cuimhne le Cit. If Citcan. Msfidir /f'e:d'r'/ le Cit... Mara/marab J miste /m'is't'/ le Cit..If Cit doesn't mind.
/:N/

le Cit ?

/s cuma le ... 4it seems all the same to..'is generally only used positively, e.g. is cuma le..., ar cuma le..., gur cuma le... To a limited extend is ... le can be used with other adjectives, e.g. is deacair liom a chreistiuint41 find it hard to believe'. These are generally adjectives implying a relative estimation, e.g. ridh, 4easy', ard 4high', seal 4low'.
Some of these idioms can be used impersonally (with no prepositional pronoun): Isfearr a bheith sdsta 'it is better to be satisfied'. Similarly: is cuma faoi 'it seems all the same about it', 'it doesn't matter about it'; is digh go mbeidh tiianseo 'it is probable that you will be here', 'you will probably be here'; is fidir Gaeilge a Jhoghlaim 'it is possible to learn Irish'. Note also: is deacair a rd 'it is difficult to say'.

(ii) To express ownership Is le Cdit an teach seo. Cit owns this house. Ar leatsa an leabhar sin n c leis ? Do you own this book or who owns it ? Ni liom. Nil a fhios agam c leis i. No. I don't know who owns it. The copula is used with le to express ownership. In responses the ordinary form of the prepositional pronoun (liom, leat, etc.) is repeated with the copula.
5. U SE OF IN RESPONSES

Is digh go mbeidh Cdit ag teacht. Responses: Is digh go mbeidh. Is digh .

Cit will probably be coming. Yes, she probably will. Yes, probably so.

B 'fhidir go mbeadh Mdirtin ann. Responses:

Perhaps Mirtn would be there. B 'fhidir go mbeadh. Yes, perhaps he would. B'fhidir. Yes, perhaps so.

E can be used in responses to stand for indirect speech.

6. U S E OF DIRECTIONAL ADVERBS WITH LE

Siar leat! Anuas libh ! Sios an bthar liom I

Back you go! Down (from up there) you (pl.) come ! I went on down the road.

Adverbs expressing direction (see Lesson 19) can be used with the preposition le and the verb is understood. When used as a plural imperative the verbal ending -aigi (see Lesson 12) is sometimes added, e.g. amach(aigi) libh 'out you (pl.) go !'.

*Ab, gurb, marab before vowels, see Lesson 11.

TEXT

LEITIR A Phdraigy a chara, Is digh liom go bhfuil a fhios agat go mbeidh toghachdn eile againn faoi cheann cupla seachtain. Le seachtain anuas, n/idir gan aird a thabhairt ar chrsa polaitocht. Md bhionn t ag isteacht leis an raidi n ag breathn ar phdipar n ar an teilifis bionn 'chuile dhuine ag caint faoin toghachdn. Ni fidir linn cuimhni ar thada eile ! Bionn muid uilig ag sdraiocht faoin bpolaitiocht sa gcaoi go bhfuil s cosil le cogadh anseo ! Is mr an truai go bhjuil t thar sdile mar nil a fhios cn spirt atd muid a bhaint as. Td Fine Gael agus Pdirti an Lucht Oibre ag seasamh le chile arist an uair seo. Deir Una gurb an comhrialtas a bhi againn le cheithre bliana anuas an rialtas is fearr a bhi ariamh againn. Bionn Tomds ag aont le hna ach bionn Cdit agus Brid ag rd go bhfuil Fianna Fail nios fearr nd an dd phdirti eile. Bionn Ruairi ag baint astu uilig. Deir seisean gur cuma leis faoin bpolaitiocht agus nachflu leis vta a chaitheamh ar chor ar bith. Deir Deaide gur cuma leisean freisin faoin bpolaitiocht chns ata a dhthain le n-ithe agus le n61 ag 'chuile dhuine. Is deacair a rd c aige a mbeidh an bua. Bionn na pdipir ag rd gur digh go mbeidh an bua ag an gcomhrialtas. Mar sin fin, is cuimhne liom go raibh siad contrdilte an uair dheireannach. Td an teach le pintedil arist an samhradh seo agus td go leor le danamh. Td Maime ag obair li ag glanadh agus ag pintedil. Bimfin agus Ruairi ag cuidi li. Bionn Cdit ag cuidi linn freisin (anois agus arist!) Is digh go bhfuil teas mr thall ansid anois. Deir siad go mbionn an Spainn an-te ag an am seo. Ar ndigh, is maith leatsa an teas. Is fearr liomsa an fuacht nd an teas ! Beidh muid ag suil le leitir eile go gairid, Michedl.

EXERCISES

A. Use a relative clause to make one sentence of the following, e.g. Sin i an fhuinneoig nach fidir a oscailt. 1. Sin i an fhuinneoig. Nifidir i a oscailt. 2. Sin an doras. Is fidir a oscailt. 3. Td gloine nua anseo. Nifidir i a bhriseadh. 4. An bhfuil aithne agat ar an gcailin ? Is maith li ceol. 5. Feicim an mdistir thall. Ni maith leis gasir bheaga. 6. Cd bhfuil an bhean sin ? Is maith li a bheith ag foghlaim teangacha. B. Complete these sentences (replacing the elements in brackets) by using the appropriate prepositional pronoun, e.g. Ni cuimhne leisean an focal sin. 1. Ni cuimhne (le) (seisean) an focal sin. 2. Is cuma (le Ruairi) faoin bpolaitiocht. 3. Bhi Michedl mimhinte (leis na daoine sin).

4. Siar(le) (muid) ansin ag an bposta. 5. Nach cuimhne (le) (thusa) an Id sin ? 6. Arfearr (le) (sibh)fanacht anseo ? 7. Ndigh (le) (me) go mbeidh an aimsir go maith amdireach. 8. Bhi muid ag iarraidh an doras a bhriseadh (leis an spdid). 9. Bhifearg orm (leis an bhfear eile). 10. Ni maith (le) (Cdit) an teas.
TRANSLATE:

1. For a month now everybody is thinking about the election and talking about politics. I don't like any party. I am not going to cast a vote. 2. We are listening to the radio and looking at the news on the television almost every day. It is hard to say who will win (lit. who will have the victory). 3. All the walls and doors and windows are to be cleaned and painted again this year. 4.1 don't remember the night you were here. 5. We don't like the heat. We prefer the cold. 6. Ruairi was horrible to Mchel. He is jealous of him. 7. Mirtfn's back was to the gate and he was smoking a cigarette. 8. Where are you from ?

VOCABULARY

amadn /a:md :N/ Bealtaine/em. /b'Ltn'/ blth /bLa:/ braon /bri:N/ Cisc/em. /k :s-k'/ citeal /k'itl/ clampar /kLa:mpr/ fuadar /fir.dr/ gabiste /gub :s't'/ mairg/em. /ma:r'g'/ mid1 /me:d'/ posa arin /p'i:s r :n'/ pg fem. /po:g/ Samhain fem. /saun'/ scuab/em. /sku:b/ /S'O:L/ seol siopadireacht/em. /s'updo:r'xt/ smacht /sma:xt/ bearr 1 bearradh caill 1 cailleadh din 1 dnadh diseacht disigh 2 gearr 1 gearradh ligl ligean mothaigh 2 motham moth pgl pgadh riteach ritigh 2 rith 1 rith scuab 1 scuabadh stcil 1 stcil fem. su suigh 1 /b' :r/ /b' :r/ /ka:L'/ /k :L'/ /du:n'/ /du:N/ /du:s'xt/ /du:s'/ /g'a:r/ /g'a:r/ /L'ig'/ /L'ig'N/ /mu:/ /mu:i:m'/ /mu:/ /po:g/ /po:g/ /re:t 'x/ /re:t'/ /ru/ /ru/ /sku:b/ /sku:b/ /sto:ka:l'/ /sto:k :l'/ /si:/ /su/

amadin /a:md :n'/ fool May blthanna bloom braonacha drop Easter citealacha kettle commotion, quarrel flurry cabbage trouble, sorrow, regret amount, size, volume posaarin bit of bread kiss Hallowtide scuabanna broom seolta sail shopping control shave, trim shaving lose, miss losing shut, close shutting waking, awakening wake, awaken cut cutting let letting feel I feel feeling, perception kiss kissing preparing, clearing up, solving prepare, etc. run running sweep (away) sweeping prepare, get ready preparing sitting sit

'An adjective is lenited following mid e.g. midmhr 'a great volume'.

tarraing 2 tarraingt/em. gruama sln am faoi lthair tharis

/ta:rN'/ /ta:rN't'/ /gru:m/

/SLQ:N/

draw, pull drawing, pulling gloomy sound, safe, whole and entire astray, wasted at present after

/'mu:/ /fi: L :r'/ /he:s'/

VOCABULARY NOTES: 1. Cuir sios an citeal 'put on (lit. down) the kettle' 2. agfgil sln ag duine 'taking leave of a person' (sldn agat / is said by the leaver, sldn leal/ by the person remaining). 3. caithfidh m 'I will have to, I must' 4. Tarraing agat... 'get a hold of...'

GRAMMAR

1. FUTURE TENSE OF REGULAR VERB

(i) Form used with noun or pronoun (corresponding to beidh) Glanfaidh Cdit an bord agus nifidh Cit si will clear the table and she will wash na soithi. the dishes. Lifidh Cdit an leabhar ach ni Cit will read the book but she will not break bhrisfidh si an chathaoir. the chair. Coinneoidh s an cta agus salidh He will keep the coat and he will s. dirty it. Osclidh tusa an geata agus imreoidh You will open the gate and we will muide cluifi. play games. Type 1 (root with one syllable) adds-ffaj/dh // glan + faidh bris + fidh li(gh) + fidh ni(gh) + fidh glanfaidh brisfidh lifidh nifidh Type 2 (root with two syllables) adds-idh,-eoidh /o:/ sal(aigh) + idh coinrt(igh) + eoidh osc(ai)l + idh im(i)r + eoidh salidh coinneoidh osclidh imreoidh

A final gh is dropped and a short syllable is lengthened; see Lesson 12.

The last syllable is always lost before an ending with an initial vowel; see Lesson 12.

All verbal endings are spelt with a 'broad' vowel, e.g. -faidhj-idh after a broad consonant, e.g. glan-, sal-, oscl-), and with a 'slender' vowel, e.g. -fidh/-eoidh after a slender consonant, e.g. bris-, coinn-, imr- ( s e e L e s s o n 12).

(ii)

Autonomous form Type 1 adds -fie)ar /ar/ glan + far bris + fear li(gh) + fear ni(gh) + fear

(corresponding

to beifear) Type 2 adds ~fart~eofar sal(aigh) + far coinn(igh) + eofar osc(ai)l + far im( i)r + eofar

/air/ salfar coinneofar osclfar imreofar

glanfar brisfear lifear nfear

Although in pronunciation the ending is /a:r/ in all cases, type 1 and type 2 are spelt differently. The pronunciation /(o:)fr/ is, however, usually heard in neighbouring and other dialects. (iii) Pronunciation of verbs with roots ending in b, d, g, bh, mh A root-final b (scuab) is pronounced as p (scuabfaidh, scuabfar) d (go id) t (goidfidh, goidfear) g(pg) c(pgfaidht pgfar) bh (scriobh) f (scrobhfaidh, scrobhfar) mh (sndmh) ffsndmhfaidh, snmhfar) before any verbal ending spelt with an initial f (iv) Direct relative Type 1 Future Future relative ('that will...') Type 2 Future Future relative ('that will...') a shals a choinneos a oscls a imreos

glanfaidh a ghlanfas salidh a bhrisfeas coinneoidh brisfidh a lifeas osclidh lifidh a nifeas imreoidh nifidh In type 1 verbs, ~(a)idh is dropped and-(e)as is added to any uncombined form; in type 2 verbs, -idh is dropped and -s is added to any uncombined form.

2. THE PREPOSITION FAOI

(i) Introduction T an potafaoin mbord. T an leabhar faoi bhosca. Td an chathaoir fum.

The pot is under the table. The book is under a box. The chair is under me.

Faoi 'under' causes lenition to a directly following noun, e.g. faoi chathaoir 'under a chair'. (ii) Prepositional pronouns Ordinary form fum Jut faoi fuithi fuinn fuibh futhu under me under you under him/it under her under us under you (pl.) under them Pronunciation /fu:m/ /fu:t/ /fi:/ /fu:/ /fu:N'/ /fu:b'/ /fu:b/

The contrast forms and general usage are the same as those of ag and most other prepositional pronouns, e.g.fm,fumsa,fmfin,jumsa m fin; see Lesson 16. (iii) Meanings of faoi Td leabhar faoin gcathaoir. Idiomatically faoi is used: (a) to express intent Td Jum Cdit a phsadh. (b) (with.bualadh) to express impact Bionn na carranna ag bualadh faoi bhallai. (c) to express motion (in certain phrases) Td sil faoi. Td fuadar faoi. Td fas faoi. lit. There is motion under him. There is a flurry under him. There is growth under him. He is going fast. He is in a hurry. It is growing. I intend to marry Cit. There is a book under the chair.

The cars (as a rule) (are) hit(ting) against walls.

(d) in some common adverbial phrases faoi smacht faoi bhldth faoi lantseol faoi bhealach (iv) secondary meaning 'around, about'

under control in bloom, flourishing under full sail, in full swing under way

In some particular usages, faoi has taken over the function of an older preposition um meaning 'around, about, concerning'. Td m ag caint faoin mbean sin. Similarly: Td imn/dthas/brn/aifal it', and in the adverbial phrases: faoi faoi faoi faoi Nollaig Chaise Bhealtaine Shamhain around Christmas around Easter around May around Hallowtide I am talking about that woman. orm faoi 'I am worried/glad/sorry/regretful about faoi seo faoi Idthair faoi dheireadh faoin tir by now at present at last in the country

3. THE PREPOSITION GO I GO DT

Td Cdit ag goil go dti an dit channa. Beidh Cdit anseo go dti an la sin. Td Mdirtin ag goil go Sasana.

Cit is going to the same place. Cit will be here until that day. Mirtn is going to England.

Go dt/g'd'i:/ 'to, as far as, up to' is used with definite nouns, e.g. go dti an dit 'to the place', go dtiDardaoin 'until Thursday', go dti Mdirtin 'to Mirtn'. However, go (which prefixes h to a following vowel) is used with place-names without the article, e.g. go Sasana 'to England', go Meireacd 'to America', go hirinn 'to Ireland', go hAlbain 'to Scotland', and in certain adverbial phrases, e.g. go maidin 'until morning', Idn go bal 'full to the (lit. mouth) brim'.
Go is generally omitted before certain placc-namcs beginning with a c o n s o n a n t , Cliath 'going to Dublin', ag goil Gaillimh 'going to G a l w a y ' .
e.g.

ag goil Baile Atha

4. PREPOSITIONS NOT COMDININO WITH PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Gan /gN/.'without', go dti /g'd'i:/ 'to', seachas /s':xs/ 'besides, except for' do not combine with following personal pronouns, e.g. gan m, gan mise, gan mise m fin 'without me'. Generally these prepositions cause no change to a noun following directly, e.g. gan brga 'without shoes', seachas Cdit 'besides Cit'. Used following these prepositions, the article follows its normal rules, e.g. gan an bhean 'without the woman', go dti an fhuinneoig 'to the window', seachas an bord 'besides the table'.
Gan 'without' normally lenites a directly following abstract noun which docs not begin with d, 1, s, f e.g. gan mhoill 'without delay', gan mhaith 'without good, no good', gan mhairg 'without regret', gan mhothit 'without feeling, unconscious', ganphsadh 'unmarried'. Gan sometimes prefixes a t to a following s, e.g. dall gan tsiiil 'blind without an eye'.

TEXT

MAIDIN DE LUAIN Bionn s go hiontach ag an deireadh seachtaine. Is fidir codladh amach ar maidin. Ach amdireach D Luain agus beidh ar 'chuile dhuine ir go moch arist. ireoidh Pddraig i dtosach. Osclidh s an doras agus ligfidh s amach an madadh. Cuirfidh s sios an citeal. Danfaidh s braon tae agus gearrfaidh s cupla piosa ardin agus cuirfidh s im orthu. istfidh s leis an nuaiocht ar an raidi chns a bheas s ag ithe a bhriefdsta. Nuair a bheas an nuaiocht thart, nifidh s fin agus bearrfaidh s fin agus cuirfidh s air a chuid adai. Ansin, nuair a chloisfeas Cdit Pddraig ag imeacht, ireoidh si fin agus diseoidh si na gasir. Riteoidh si an briefdsta chns a bheas na gasir ag iri. Ni maith leis na gasir iri maidin D Luain. Ni ireoidh siad go dti go mbeidh an briefdsta ridh agus beidh fuadar futhu ag traiocht a gcuid adai agus ag stcdil le a ghoil ar scoil. Beidh rud eicint am ar dhuine eicint. Ansin tosidh an clampar: 'Cd bhfuil mo chuid brga ?' 'Caillfidh an t-amaddn sin rud eicint i gcnai!' 'ist do bhal thusa !' 'Tarraing 'ad do chuid stocai ar aon chaoi! Cn dit a raibh siad 'ad arir?' 'Nifidir liom sil go dti an bus gan brga.' 'Breathnaigh ansin faoin gcathaoir iad I' ' an t-amaddn !' Ansin, tar is briefdsta, pgfaidh na gasir Cdit agus fdgfaidh siad sldn aice. 'Caithfidh sibh deifir a dhanamh n caillfidh sibh an bus !' a deir Cdit i gcnai. 'Caithfidh muid rith !' a deir na gasir. Dinfidh Cdit an doras. Suifidh si sios agus lfaidh si cupdn caife. 'Bionn an geimhreadh chomh dorcha agus chomh gruama sin,' a deir Cdit li fin i gcnai\ 'chomh deas is a bheas s amach anseo faoi Bhealtaine nuair a bheas na croinntefaoi bhldth arist. B'fhidir i mbliana go mbeadh muid in ann a ghoil ar saoire go hAlbain ...' Ach td adai le niochdn agus caithfear 1 an teach ar fad a ghlanadh agus a scuabadh. Td an tsiopadireacht le danamh. Bionn an mid sin le danamh maidin D Luain !
I'One must sweep and clean the entire house'; sometimes the autonomous form is more naturally translated by the English passive construction: 'The entire house must be swept and cleaned.'

EXERCISES

A. In the following sentences replace the imperative with the future tense, e.g. Imreoidh t cluife eile amdireach. 1. Imir cluife eile amdireach. 2. Oscail an doras seo agus din an doras eile. 3. Breathnaigh ar an leabhar sin agus ligh an ceann seo. 4. Coinnigh an mala. Pacdil ar ball . 5. Athraigh do chuid adaiagus glan an teach. 6. Nigh na soithi; ansin fag ar an mbord iad. B. In the following sentences replace the future tense, e.g. Nifidh s soithi. 'He will wash dishes', by the progressive future, e.g. Beidh s ag niochdn soithi. He will be washing dishes'. 1. Glanfaidh s agus scuabfaidh s na seomrai uilig. 2. Lifidh siad leabhartha agus foghlaimeoidh siad teangacha. 3. istfidh muid leis an raidi agus cuideoidh muid libh ag an am canna. 4. Nuair a dhanfas m cupdn tae breathnidh m ar an bpdipar. 5. Nuair a chireos si na leapacha beidh si sdsta. C. Complete these sentences using the appropriate prepositional pronoun, e.g. T fumsa teach a thigedil anseo. 1. Td (faoi) (mise) teach a thigedil anseo. 2. Faoi dheireadh, fuair muid na brga (faoin mbord). 3. Td fas anois (faoi na torthai) uilig seachas an gabdiste. 4. Td (faoi) (muide) fanacht anseo go dti Dardaoin. 5. Mh *anam go raibh siad ag caint faoi 'chuile dhuine seachas (faoi) (sibhse). 6. Caith (faoi) (th) ar an gcathaoir sin ! 1. Bhi m ag caint le Mdirtin (faoi Chdit); beidh si ag imeacht go Sasana amdireach.
TRANSLATE:

1. I will get up early tomorrow. I will wake the children and prepare the breakfast. I am afraid that they will miss the bus again tomorrow. 2. Pdraig was here at Eastertime and she will be here shortly. 3. Let out that water ! I will wash myself and shave myself now. Then I will put on my clothes. 4. Mirtn intended to go to Dublin yesterday. I suppose he will be there now. I will be staying until Sunday. 5.1 must go now without delay but put on the kettle and we will drink a drop of tea first. 6. Everybody was satisfied besides you.

VOCABULARY

bean rialta fem. binse bolg broinn/em. cogar compirt fem. Dia droichead duchas fl fascadh lacha/em. loch fem. oibr paidir fem. pirc fem. pinsinara rath scaitheamh scamall sruthn torn fem. aithneachtil fem. aithnigh 2 bac 1 bacadh beir 1 breith braith 1 brath cogarnafl fem. fad 1 fadachtil/em. fiafra fafraigh 2 fliuch 1 fliuchadh gnthachtil fem. gnthaigh 2 labhair 2 labhairt lean 1 leanacht samhlaigh 2 samhl scairt 1 scairteadh silid fem.

/b':Nri:U/ /b'i:n's'/ /boLg/ /bri: N'/ /kogr/ /ku:mpo:rt'/ /d'i:/ /dre:d/, /draid/ /du:xs/ /fa:L/ /fa:sk/ /La:x/
/LOX/

/aib'r'i:/ /pa:d'r'/ /pa:r'k'/ /p'in's'n'e:r/ /ra:/ /ska:/ /skmL/ /sr :N/ /tu:m/ /:n'xtal'/ /:n'/ /ba:k/ /ba:k/ /b'er'/ /b'r'e/ /bra:/ /bra:/ /kogrNi:l'/ /f'e:d/ /f'e:dxta:17 /f'i:ri:/ /f'i:r/ /f'l'ox/ /fl'ox/ /gru:xt :17 /gru:/ /Laur'/ /Laurt'/ /L':N/ /L':Nxt/ /sauL/ /sauLu:/ /ska:rt'/ /ska:rt'/ /s'u:Lo:d'/

nun bench belly breast, womb whisper comfort God droichid bridge background, quality fdlta fence, hedge shelter, shade duck lachain lochanna lake oibrithe /aib'r'i:/ worker paidreacha /p :d'r'xi:/ prayer pdirceanna park, large field pinsinara pensioner prosperity scait /ska:t'i:/ period, pl. sometimes scamaill cloud sruthin stream tomacha /tumxi:/ bush recognising recognise hinder, bother hindering bear, give birth; catch (ar) bearing, etc. depend depending whispering can, is able being able enquiring, asking enquire, ask wet wetting winning, gaining win, gain speak speaking continue, follow continuing imagine imagining shine shining taking a walk

pl. mn rialta bins

taithneachtilfem. taithnigh 2 tastaigh 2 tastil/em. cl corr-1 deas rialta sinte

/t:N'xta:l'/ /t:N'/ /ta:st/ /ta:st :l'/ /k'l'i:/ /kaur/ /d':s/ /rr.Lt/ /s'i:N't'/

pleasing please need needing left occasional, odd right regular stretched

VOCABULARY NOTES: 1. ag breathrm uaim 'looking (idly) around me' 3. ag danamh bolg-le-grin 'sunbathing' 5. T s ag tastdil uaim 'I need it' 6. Thaithneodhsliom 'It would please me, I would like ...' 7. Nil a fhios agam beo 'I don't know for the life of me (at all)' 8. ar thaobh na limhe deise/cli 'right/left' 9. Go ngnthaDia dhuit ! (lit. 'may God gain for you') 'Goodbye!' This is a reply to Id maith 'good day', trdthnona maith 'good evening', ofche mhaith 'good night* 2. ag ligean mo scith 'resting, relaxing' 4. ar mo chompirt 'at my ease'

GRAMMAR
1. CONDITIONAL OF REGULAR VERB

(i) Form used with noun or pronoun (corresponding to bheadh) Ghlan/adh Cdit an bord agus nfeadh si Cit would clear the table and she would wash na soithi. the dishes. Lifeadh Cdit an leabhar agus ni Cit would read the book but she would not bhrisfeadh si an chathaoir. break the chair. Choinneodh s an cta agus shaldh He would keep the coat and he would s. dirty it. D 'oscldh sibhse an geata ach ni You (pl.) would open the gate but we wouldn't imreodh muide cluife. play games. Type 1 Type 2 (root with one syllable) (root with two syllables) glan + fadh ghlanfadh sal(aigh) + dh shaldh bris + feadh bhrisfeadh coinnfigh) + eodh choinneodh li(gh) + feadh lifeadh osc(ai)l + dh d'oscldh ni(gh) + feadh nifeadh im(i)r + eodh d'imreodh fliuch + fadh d'fhliuchfadh The verb is lenited and adds The verb is lenited and adds -odh, -fie)adh /x/. A final gh is dropped -eodh /o:x/. The last syllable is and a short syllable is lengthened; always lost before an ending with see Lesson 12. an initial vowel; see Lesson 12. All verbal endings are spelt with a 'broad' vowel, e.g. -fadh,
l

-dh, after a

broad

Corr is a prefixed adjective, e.g. corrdfuiine /Tcaur, yin'/ 'the <.*id person'.

consonant, e.g. glan-. sol-f oscl-t and with a 'slender' vowel, e.g. -fidh, s l e n d e r consonant, e.g. bris-, coinn-, imr-; see Lesson 12.

-eodh, after a

The basic form is always lenited, e.g. ghlanfadh s 'he would clean' 1 ; where a verb has 9 an initial vowel or/, d is prefixed, e.g. d'oscldh s 'he would open', d fhliuchfadh s 'he would wet'. The d9 is normally pronounced broad or slender according to the following vowel. Concerning the pronunciation of endings with a final -dh, see Lesson 7. (ii) Combined forms (corresponding to bheinn, bhei/e, bheids) (a) First person singular Typel adds -f[a)inn /N'/ ghlanfainn I would clean bhrisfinn I would break lifinn I would read nfinn I would wash 9 d fhliuchfainn I would wet (b) Second person singular Type 1 adds-ffej / :/ ghlanfd you would clean bhrisfed you would break lifed you would read nifed you would wash d9fhliuchfd you would wet NOTE:
Although in pronunciation the ending is /u:/ in all cases, type I and type 2 are spelt differently.

Type 2 adds -oinn, -eoinn /O:N'/ shalirm I would dirty choinneoinn I would keep d'osclinn I would open d9imreoinn I would play

Type 2 adds -ofd,-eofd shalfd choinneofd d9 osclfd d9imreofd

/ :/ you would dirty you would keep you would open you would play

(c) Third person plural Type 1 adds -fia)ids /d'i:s'/ ghlanfaids they would clean they would break bhrisfids they would read lifids they would wash nds d9fhliuchfaids they would wet

Type 2 adds -oids,-eoids shalids choinneoids d9osclids d'imreoids

/o:d'i:s'/ they would dirty they would keep they would open they would play

(iii) Autonomous form (corresponding to bheifi) Type 1 adds -f[a)il i:/ ghlanfai bhrisfi lif nifi d9Jhliuchfa( one would clean one would break one would read one would wash one would wet Type 2 adds -fay-eofa shalfa choinneofai d'osclfa d'imreofai i\\! one would dirty one would keep one would open one would play

*For the lenition of l, n, see Lesson 1, phonetic exercise 1 (c).

NOTE: Although in pronunciation the endings are usually /i:/ in all cases, type 1 and type 2 are spelt differently. (A less common pronunciation of type 2 endings is, in fact, /o:f'i:/.)

(iv) Pronunciation of verbs with roots ending in bt d, g, bh, mh A root-final b (scuab) is pronounced as p (scuabfadh) d(goid) t (goidfeadh) g (pg) c (pgfadh) bh (scrfobh) f(scrtobhfadh) mh (sndmh) f( sndmhfadh) before any verbal ending spelt with an initial/.
2. THE PREPOSITION

(i) Introduction Td leitir anseo Mhdirtn. Td bainne ansin n mb. There is a letter here from Mirtn. There is milk there from the cow.

The preposition 'from' lenites a directly following noun, e.g. 6 Mhdirtin 'from Mirtn'. When used with the singular article it causes eclipsis to a following noun, e.g. on mb 'from the cow' 1 . (ii) Prepositional Pronouns Ordinary form uaim uait uaidh uaithi uainn uaibh uahu from me from you from him/it from her/it from us from you (pl.) from them Pronunciaton /wem'/ /wet'/ /wai/ /wo:/ /weN'/ /web'/ /wo:b'/

The contrast forms and general usage are the same as those of ag and most other prepositional pronouns, e.g. uaim, uaimse, uaim fin, uaimse mfin; see Lesson 16. -

(iii) Meanings of 6 Basic meaning 'from, since': Td Cdit ar an mbealach ar ais n bposta. Cit is on the way back from the post office. Td Cdit anseo n Nollaig. Cit is/has been here since Christmas. More idiomatically 6 is used: (a) to express desire Nil uaidh ach spirt.
'Sometimes 6 may be r e p l a c e d
by

He only wants fun.

w/i, e.g. uaidh Mhdirtin 'from Mirtn'.

(b) as a conjunction, to express 'from the time, since' Nil Cdit go maith bhi si tinn. Cit is not well since she was sick. (c) in some common adverbial phrases dhchas Td 'from nature' 6 bhroinn Td 'from (the) womb' rath Td 'from prospering' 6 shin Td 'since that' 6 mhaidin Td 'since morning' Fraincis dhchas ag Cdit, Cit has French as a mother tongue. marc 6 bhroinn ar Chdit na fatai 6 rath. Cdit anseo 6 shin. Cdit anseo 6 mhaidin. Cit has a mark from birth. The potatoes are ruined. Cit is here since. Cit is here since morning.

3. USE OF A + LENITION BEFORE CERTAIN VERBAL NOUNS

a fhdil amach Bhi Cdit ag iarraidh a dhanamh amach Cit was trying a shamhl a fhiafrai a thiscint

to find out to make out to imagine to ask to understand

c a bhi ann arir. who was there last night.

The particle a //, which causes lenition, is used before verbs when they are followed by a sentence, or subordinate clause, which is syntactically complete in itself, e.g. c a bhi ann arir? 'Who was there last night ?'; go bhfuil Brid tinn 'that Brid is sick'.

TEXTS AN PH1RC Nil a fhios c chomh deas leis an bpdirc atd anseo. Is aoibhinn liom a bheith ag silid anseo, go hdirithe nuair atd na croinnte agus na tomacha faoi bhldth. Scaitir is fearr liom go direach sui ar bhinse agus breathn uaim. Bionn 'chuile short duine anseo, idir sean agus 6g. D 'fheicfed gasir ag gdiri agus ag danamh spraoi n pinsinarai ag cogarnail agus ag comhrd lena chile; d'fheicfed mnd rialta ag rd a gcuid paidreacha n oibrithe ga sinte ar an bhfar ag ligean scith agus ag danamh bolg-le-grin. Td loch bheag agus sruthdn ann agus td droichead beag thar an sruthdn. Td fdlta deasa ar thaobh na Idimhe deise agus td binse deas compirteach ar thaobh na laimhe cli. Seo an dit is fearr liom. Dhd mbeadh gaoth ann, bheadh fascadh anseo agat. Aithnim corrdhuine thall is i bhfus ach is fearr liom gan labhairt le duine ar bith. Seo anois daoine ag caitheamh seanphiosai ardin ag na lachain ! Is mr an spirt a bheith ag breathn ar na lachain ag breith ar an ardn.

Nach mr an truai go mbionn an aimsir ag siorathr ! D'fhadfadh an ghrian a bheith ag scairteadh mar seo anois ar maidin agus gan scamall ar bith le feicedil, ach ni bheadh a fhios agat card a tharldh trdthnna. D 'fhadfadh s a bheith ag bdisteach n b 'fhidir ag cur shneachta ! Dhd bhfadfai brath ar an aimsir anseo c a bhacfadh le a ghoil ar saoire thar sdile ? Ni thastdh dit ar bith eile uainn. Ni bheadh uainn ach sui anseo ar ar gcompirt. Ni bheadh dit ar bith ar an domhan a thaithneodh nios fearr liom nd an phdirc seo.

COMHR FAOIN bPOSTA 'Nil a fhios 'am beo cn it a bhfuil an posta. Beidh muid in ann ceist a chur ar an bhfear seo at ag tocht anios an bthar.' 'An bhfuil a fhios 'ad c bhfuil an posta ?1 'Td a fhios. Gabh sios an bthar seo agus cas ar thaobh na laimhe deise. Lean ort soir an bthar sin agus feicfidh t an posta ar thaobh na laimhe cli.' 'Cn dath atd air ?' 'Td s ban agus td doras uaine air.'
4

An bhfuil a fhios 'ad cn t-am a mbeidh an posta ag imeacht ?' t a fhdil amach n mbean ansin cn t-am a mbeidh s ag imeacht.'

'Nil a fhios; fadfaidh

4 1

Go raibh maith agat /' La maith anois agat!'

'Go ngnotha Dia dhuit!'

EXERCISES

A. Rewrite the following sentences in the conditional: 1. Ni phsfaidh s Cdit an bhliain seo chugainn. 2. Osclidh siad an doras. 3. Ni bhacfaidh t leis an leabhar sin go fill. 4. Fadfaidh mfanacht anseo ar feadh cupla seachtain. 5 Caillfidh s an bus, mara ndanfaidh s deifir. 6. Ni scuabfaidh si nd ni nifidh si adai go deo arist. 1. An osclfar na doirse ? 8. Labhridh m leis arist amdireach. 9. Suifidh siad sios. 10. Fliuchfaidh t an tae. 11. Brisfear an t-adhmad. 12. Salfar an cta. B. Complete these sentences using the appropriate prepositional pronoun, e.g. An mbeidh na leabhartha seo ag tastdil uainn arist ? 1. An mbeidh na leabhartha seo ag tastdil (o) (muid) arist ? 2. Nil (n bhfear) seo ach spirt thdinig s abhaile. 3. Mh 'anam go bhfuair t leitir (n mbean rialta) inn. 4. An dtaithnionn s libh suiar an mbinse mar sin ag breathn () (sibh) ? 5. Bhi m ag iarraidh a dhanamh amach an dtastdh an carr () (i). 6. Tastaionn deoch () (mise); an dtastaionn ceann (o) (thusa) ? 1. Tfonn orm a fhdil amach ()() cn teanga atd dhchas ag an strainsara sin.

TRANSLATE:

1. Mirtn is here since morning. 2.1 need to ask where the house is. 3. You might (would) see almost every sort of person here; nuns and pensioners, and students and workers, and priests and children. 4. If the weather were warm, I would like (i.e. it would please me) to relax and to sunbathe. 5. All he wanted was to find out where the post office was and what time would the post be going at. 6. The sun might be shining and tomorrow it could be raining or snowing. You wouldn't know what would happen. 7.1 got a letter from you last week and one from them yesterday. 8.1 must eat an apple every day since I was sick.

VOCABULARY

bistara casr cir fem. ceirnn croch/em. cnamh dusta geall iascaire miosr poll rsa sbh salachar scri seilp fem. siinaracht fem. slainte/em. sps stl tirne tiarna Muire Peadar ceap 1 ceapadh clamhsn cleacht 1 cleachtadh crochnaigh 2 crochn geall 1 gealladh gortaigh 2 gort magadh meas1 1 meas seachain 2 seachaint (ta)spin2 1 (ta)spint2/em.
l

/bu:s't'e:r/ /ka:su:r/ /k'e:r'/ /k'erN'i:n'/ /k'r'i :x/ /ku:N/ /dust/ /g' :if /i:skr'/ /m'isu:r/ /pauiV /r :s/ /s :w/ /sa:Lxr/ /s'k'r'u:/ /s'elp'/ /s'u:n'e:rxt/ /sLa:N't'/ /sp :s/ /sto:L/ /t :rN'/ /t'i:rN/ /mir'/ /p':dr/ /k':p/ /k':p/ /kLauscuN/ /k'l':xt/ /k'l':xt/ /k'r'i:xN/ /k'r'i:xNu:/ /g'a:if /g'a:L/ /gort/ /gortu:/ /ma:g/ /m':s/ /m':s/ /s':xn'/ /s':xN't'/ /(t')spa:n'/ /(t')spa:N't'/

buistarai casir ceirnn

geallta iascair poill /paiL'/ rsta/r :sti:/ sbhanna scrianna seilpeanna

stlta tairn tiarna (The Virgin) Mary (man's name)

butcher hammer wax record, disc finish help dust bet fisherman (tape) measure hole race saw dirt screw shelf carpentry, joinery health space, period, respite stool nail lord

think thinking grumbling, complaining be accustomed to, practice practicing, experience finish finishing promise promising hurt, injure hurting mocking, joking think, reckon, estimate thinking avoid avoiding show showing

Meas tu ? 'do you think ?' (as well as the regular measatm tii) is very common. ^The first syllable is very frequently dropped..

tomhais 1 tomhais danta feilinach hbair

/tesV

/tes'/ /d'i:Nt/ /f'el'u:Nx/ /ho:br'/

measure measuring, measurement made, done suitable, appropriate almost (see this lesson)

VOCABULARY NOTES: 1. tabhair /to:r'/ 'give !' (Also pronounced with a short /o/ in tabhair dhom /toram/ 'give me !' 2. Dia dhuit / (or Dia dhaoibh !) are used to greet a person (or people). 3. Cn chaoi a bhfuil tit ? /k'e: xi: wil' tu:/ 'How are you ?' 4. A dhearthdir ! 'Brother !' A dhriofiir ! 'Sister !' A mhac ! 'Son !' are used as general forms of address. 5. Slainte / 'Your health !'

GRAMMAR
1. HABITUAL PRESENT OF REGULAR VERB

(i) Form used with noun or pronoun (corresponding to bionn) Glanann Cdit an bord agus nionn si Cit clears the table and she washes na soithi the dishes. Lann Cdit an leabhar ach nibhriseann si Cit reads the book but she does not an chathaoir. break the chair. Coinnionn s an cta agus salaionn s . He keeps the coat and he dirties it. You open the gate and we play games. Osclaionn tusa an geata agus imrionn muide cluifi. Type 1 (root with one syllable) adds -(e)ann,-onn /N/ glan + ann glanann bris + eann briseann l( igh) + eann lann ni(gh) + onn nionn After a long vowel gh is dropped; after a short vowel gh is dropped and the syllable is lengthened; see Lesson 12. After , the ending is spelt -onn, cf. bi + onn: bionn. Type 2 (root with two syllables) adds -(a)ionn /:N/ sal(aigh) + aionn coinnfigh) + ionn osc(ai)l+ aionn im( i)r + ionn salaionn coinnionn osclaionn imrionn

The last syllable is always lost before an ending with an initial vowel; see Lesson 12.

All verbal endings are spelt with an initial 'broad' vowel, e.g. -ann, -aionn, after a broad consonant, e.g. glan-, sal-, oscl-, and with an initial 'slender' vowel, e.g. -eann, -ionn, after a slender consonant, e.g. bris-, coinn-, imr-; see Lesson 12.

(ii) Combined form (corresponding to bim) First person singular Type 1 adds -(a)im /m'/ glanaim brisim lim rum I clean, clear I break I read I wash Type 2 adds -(a)im /i:m'/ salam coinnm osclam imrm I dirty I keep I open I play

(iii) Autonomous form (corresponding to btear) Type 1 adds -t(e)ar /tr/, /t'r/ glantar bristear litear ntear one cleans, clears one breaks one reads one washes Type 2 adds -(a)tear /i: t'r/ salatear coinntear osclatear imrtear one dirties one keeps one opens one plays

Before an ending with an initial consonant a short syllable can optionally remain short, e.g. nitear . (iv) Direct relative

The last syllable is always lost before an ending with an initial vowel; see Lesson 12.

S is added to any non-combined form (see Lesson 13): a ghlananns 'that cleans', a shalaionns 'that dirties', etc.
2. THE PREPOSITION DO

(i) Introduction Td muid ag tabhairt airgead do Chdit. T muid ag tabhairt airgead don bhean eile. We are giving money to Cit. We are giving money to the other woman.

Do /g/ causes lenition to a directly following noun, e.g. do Chdit 'to Cit'. Before a vowel it is written d\ e.g. d'na 'to na'. When used with the singular article it is written as don /gN/ and a following noun is lenited, e.g. don bhean 'to the woman'.
As normal after a preposition, the singular article prefixes t to feminine nouns beginning with s and followed by a vowel or I, r, n, e.g. dort tsiiil 'to the eye'; see Lesson 8. After don, t may be optionally prefixed to similar masculine nouns, e.g. don tsagart 'to the priest'.

(ii) Prepositional pronouns Ordinary form dhom dhuit dhd dhi dhinn dhaoibh dhibh to me to you to him/it to her/it to us to you (pi.) to them Pronunciaton /yum/ /yit'/ /yo:/ /y'i/, /yi:/ /yu:N'/ /yi:b'/ /yo:b'/

The contrast forms and general usage are the same as those of ag and most other prepositional pronouns, e.g. dhom, dhomsa, dhom fin, dhomsa m fin; see Lesson 16. Often the initial dh is dropped in pronunciation, e.g. *om /um/, fuit /it7, ' /o:/, and less frequently it is unlenitcd, e.g. dom /dum/, duit /dit'/, d /do:/. We have already seen in Lesson 15 how do is used with mo, do, etc. (do tno, do do, dhd, dho'ur).

(iii) Meaning of do Basic meaning 'to' or 'for' Td m ag tabhairt leabhar do Chdit. I am giving a book to Cit. Td m ag scriobh leitir do Chdit. I am writing a letter for Cit. Do is used in a giving or dative sense; ag (see Lesson 16) is in most cases used of 'direction to' or 'movement to', e.g. Td m ag scriobh leitir ag Cdit 'I am writing a letter to Cit.' Exceptionally do expresses motion with certain place-names which are used with the article, e.g. don Lochdn Bheag 'to Lochn Beag'. More idiomatically do is used in: (a) Thar is do: Thar is do na daoine imeacht, ghlan Cdit After the people had gone, Cit cleared an bord. the table. (b) Hbair do: Hbair do Chdit titim. Cit almost fell.

In both these idioms the subject, e.g. na daoine, Cdit, follows do and a verbal noun is used.

3.1DIOMATIC USES OF DO WITH THE COPULA

Is fid dhuit imeacht. Nigd dhuit fanacht.

It is worth it for you to go off. It is not necessary for you to stay.

The copula (see Lesson 11) is used with do in certain idiomatic expressions. Further examples are: Is bred Ni gd Ar leor Nach furasta Deir s gur fearr Deir s nach ceart Mds fior Mara cuma /b'r' / /ga:/ /L'o:r/ /frust/ /f' :r/ /k':rt/ /f'i:r/ /kum/ do Chdit... It is fine forCit It isn't necessary Is it enough Isn't it easy He says that it is better He says that it isn't right If it is true If it is not all the same /f'l'ctr/ do Chdit

There are some idioms which are only used in a negative, e.g. nfoldir imeacht 'Cit must go off.

Some of these idioms can be used impersonally (with no prepositional pronoun), e.g. ni gd imeacht 'it is not necessaiy to go off', isfi a theacht 'it is worth coming', is leor sin 'that is enough', isfior sin 'it is true'.

TEXTS

SIINARACHT Ni thaithnonn s le Peadar a bheith ag obair sa mbaile. Bionn s tuirseach trthnna agus bionn fonn air a scith a ligean. Taithnionn s leis leabhar a lamh n isteacht le ceol. Is fearr leis an obair a sheachaintf ms fidir leis. Bionn a bhean i gcnai ag magadh faoi. Deir si go mbionn sise ag obair i bhfad nios cruacha n eisean. Scaiti, tosaionn si ag ckimhsdn. Nach aoibhinn dhuitse atd in ann sui ansin ag isteacht le ceirnini ! Breathnaigh an mid a chaithfeas mise a dhanamh. Ritim na biliocha agus nim na soithi agus glanaim an chisteanach. Coirm na leapacha agus coinnim an teach ar fad glan. Ni bhionn tusa ag tabhairt cnamh ar bith dhom ! Caithfidh t seilpeanna a dhanamh do do chuid leabhartha uilig !' Ach tabhair spas dhom, td me tuirseach anocht,' a deir Peadar, 4ach geallaim dhuit go ndanfaidh me amdireach iad.' Is siinara maith Peadar. Td cleachtadh aige ar an tsiinaracht. Md thosaionn s ar an obair, ni bhionn s i bhfad dhd crihn. 'Cd bhfuil an casr agus an sdbh ? 'a deir s lena bhean. 4Ta siad ansin ar an stl.'
4 4 4 4

An bhfuil tdirni agus scrianna ann freisin ? Tabhair dhom iad !'

An bhfuil do dhthain ansin ?9 Is leor sin. Ni gd an oiread sin. 'Spain dhom an t-adhmad anois ! 9

Ni raibh na cldracha feilinach don bhalla. Bhi siad rofhada. B 'igean dh iad a ghearradh leis an sdbh. Fuair s miosr le iad a thomhais. Bhi siad ceart an uair seo. Bhi s deacair poill a dhanamh do na scrianna. Hbair do a mhe'ir a ghort leis an gcasr. Mar sin fin, n raibh9s i bhfad no go raibh an obair danta. Bhi a bhean sdsta, c go raibh dusta agus salachar chuile dit. B9igean dhi an t-orldr a scuabadh agus an seomra a ghlanadh arist.

AN TEACH STA (CMHR)

4

Dia dhuit, a Mhdirtin !9 Dia is Muire dhuit! Cn chaoi a bhfuil t ?9 T me rasnta,' a deir Sedinin, 4cn chaoi a bhfuil t fin ?

4 4

'Td m go maith, a dhearthdir. Card a lfas t ?9 'lfaidh m pionta mar sin.9 Fuair siad pionta an duine. 44Slainte !' a deir Sedinin. 4Beidh me ag goil Gaillimh amdireach,' a deir Mdirtin. Ta me ag goil ag na rdstai. Meas t c a ghnths an rdsa mr ?9 'Blth an lascaire, sin no An Tiarna.'

'B'fhidir
Bhistaru.*

,' a deir Mdirtin,

'ach silim1 gur fearr an t-airgead a chur ar Scian an

'Muise, nfi dhuit geall a chur ar an seanchapall sin !' a deir Sedinin ag gdiri. 'Feicfidh muid,' a deir Mdirtin.
EXERCISES

A. In the following sentences replace anois by 'chuile Id and replace the verbal noun constructions by the habitual present of the corresponding verbs, e.g. Scairteann an ghrian 9 chuile Id. X.Tdan ghrian ag scairteadh anois. 2. Td s ag cleachtadh a chuid Gaeilge anois. 3 .Tam ag niochdn soithi agus ag cirid leapacha anois. 4. Td si ag breathn go maith anois. 5. Td siad ag oscailt fuinneogai agus ag dnadh doirse anois. 6. Td me ag lamh leabhartha ach nil me dhd said anois. 7. Td me ag seachaint Bhaile tha Cliath anois. B. Complete these sentences using the appropriate prepositional pronoun, e.g. Hbair dhinn titim ar an mbealach abhaile. 1. Hbair (do) (muid) titim ar an mbealach abhaile. 2. Nifi (do) (mise) a ghoil ann anois. 3. An scriobhfd leitir eile (don fhear) sin ? 4. Nigd (do) (sibh) airgead a thabhairt do Chdit. 5. Bhi muid ag iarraidh an seomra a 'spdint (do Chdit). 6. Sin an rud is ceart (do) (thusa) a dhanamh. 1. Mh 'anam nach mbionn s ag tabhairt cnamh (dona daoine iad) fin. 8. Is fior (do) (th). Nil an tairne feiliunach (don bhalla).
TRANSLATE:

1.1 like being (i.e. it pleases me to be) here. I need to read and listen to records. I can avoid people from Dublin. 2. If you start writing a letter, it is not difficult to finish it. 3. Show me the saw and the hammer ! Where are the nails and the screws ? Are they suitable for this hole ? 4. If you are going to the big race, put a bet on The Butcher's Knife' (Scian an Bhistara). 5. After the public house shut, he came home. 6. He almost fell on the road. The road was very wet. 7. It is easy for you to (be) joke(ing) about him.

1 Silim 'I (am) think(ing), I am (wont to be) of the opinion' like other 'stative' verbs (e.g. breathnaim, measaim, cloisim, feicim, tigim, airim, mothaim) can be either habitual or progressive. Ceapaim' I think' can be also used progressively: 7a me ag ceapadh.

VOCABULARY

dh brilln/em. buille ceacht ceathr uaire fem. ciumhais fem. ginn fem. gliogar leathuair/em. peiliur pluid fem. plump scoil chna fem. seafid/em. suipar ceangail 2 ceangal guidh 1 guidhe iompaigh 2 iomp lim 1 limt fem. much 1 mchadh min 1 mnadh scanraigh1 2 scanr socraigh 2 socr stop 1 stopadh bran pointeilte a chlog a chodladh ina dhiaidh sin ceachtar (de)

Iq-J /bra:L'i:n'/ /bL'/ /k':xt/ /k':ru: u:r'/ /k'u:s'/ /g'i:N'/ /g'l'igr/ /L':u:r'/ /p'el'u:r/ /pLid'/ /pLump/ /,skel"xu:Ni:/ /s':fo:d'/ /sip'e:r/

brilln buill ceachtanna ciumhaiseanna geanntracha /g' :Ntrxi:/ peiliracha pluideanna plumpal scoileanna cna seafideacha suipir

luck sheet blow, stroke lesson a quarter of an hour blanket wedge crock, sth. unstable half hour pillow, cushion double blanket bang, thunder boarding school nonsense supper, evening meal

/k':qgl'/ /k':qgl 7 /giw'/ /giw'/ /u:mp/ /u:mpu:/ /L'e:m'/ /L'e:m't'/ /mu:x/ /mu:x/ /mu:n'/ /mu:N/ /sk :Ntr/ /ska:Ntru:/ pl. scanraiocha /sokr/ /sokru:/ pl. socraiocha /stop/ /stop/ /b'r'e: N/ /pi:N't'a:L't'/ / xLog/
/ XOL/

tie, bind tying pray praying turn turning jump jumping extinguish, quench extinguishing teach teaching take fright, frighten taking fright, frightening settle, arrange settling, settlement stop stopping rotten (smelling) punctual, precise, punctilious ... o' clock asleep after that either/any (of)

/ N s'in'/ /k':xtr/

VOCABULARY NOTES:
1. danamh ar 'making for'
4

2. taobh amuigh de 'outside of, apart from, besides'

howing

3. a leithide de ...(is a ...) such ... as ...' 4. dha dtaspdint fin ' showing off ( lit'

ihcmsel ves')

iThe sound /t / (and in certain cases /d /) is frequently (though optionally) inserted between n and r.

GRAMMAR

1. HABITUAL PAST OF REGULAR VERB

(i) Form used with noun or pronoun (corresponding to bhiodh) Cit used to clean the table and she used Ghlanadh Cdit an bord agus niodh si to wash the dishes. na soithi. Ladh Cdit an leabhar agus ni bhriseadh si Cit used to read the book and she used an chathaoir. not to break the chair. Choinniodh s an cta agus shalaiodh s . He used to keep the coat and he used to dirty it. You (pl.) used to open the gate but we D'osclaiodh sibhse an geata ach ni used not to play games. imriodh muide cluifi. Type 1 (root with one syllable) is lenited and adds -(e)adh /x/ glan + adh ghlanadh bris + eadh bhriseadh l(igh) + adh ladh ni(gh) + odh niodh fliuch + adh d'fhliuchadh After a long vowel gh is dropped; after a short vowel gh is dropped and the syllable is lengthened; see Lesson 12. After i, the ending is spelt - odh, cf. bhiodh. Type 2 (root with two syllables) is lenited and adds -(a)iodh /i:x/ sal(aigh) + aiodh shalaiodh coinn(igh) + iodh choinniodh osc(ai)l + aiodh d'osclaiodh im(i)r + iodh d'imriodh The last syllable is always lost before an ending with an initial vowel; see Lesson 12.

The basic form is always lenited, e.g. ghlanadh s 'he used to clean' 1 ; where a verb has an initial vowel or f d' is prefixed, e.g. d'osclaiodh s 'he used to open', d'fhliuchadh s 'he used to wet'. The d' is normally pronounced broad (/df) or slender (/d'/) according to the following vowel.
Concerning the pronunciation of final dh, see Lesson 7.

All verbal endings are spelt with an initial 'broad' vowel, e.g. -adh, -aiodh, after a broad consonant, e.g. glan, fliuch, sal-, oscl-, and with an initial 'slender' vowel, e.g. -eadh, -iodh, after a slender consonant, e.g. bris, coinn, imr-; see Lesson 12. (ii) Combined forms (corresponding to bhinn, bhited, bhidis) (a) First person singular Type 1 adds -(a)inn/N'/ ghlanainn I used to clean bhrisinn I used to break linn I used to read ninn I used to wash d'fhliuchainn I used to wet
1

Type 2 adds -(a)inn /:N7 shalainn choinninn d'osclainn d' imr inn I used to dirty I used to keep I used to open I used to play

For the lenition of l, n, see Lesson 1, phonetic exercise 1 (c).

(b) Second person singular Type 1 adds -t(e)d /t :/, /t'a*7 ghlant bhristed lite nte cTfhliucht you used to clean you used to break you used to read you used to wash you used to wet Type 2 adds -(a)ted ivX'aj shalated choinnted d'osclate d'imrited you used to dirty you used to keep you used to open you used to play

(c) Third person plural Type 1 adds -(a)ids /d'i:s'/ ghlanaidis bhrisids lids nds d'Jhliuchaidis they used to clean they used to break they used to read they used to wash they used to wet Type 2 adds -(a)ds /i:d'i:s7 shalads choinnds d'osclads d'imrds they used to dirty they used to keep they used to open they used to play

(iii) Autonomous form Type 1 adds -t(a)/ti:/,/t'i:/ ghlanta bhrist lit nit d'fhliuchta one used to clean one used to break one used to read one used to wash one used to wet Type 2 adds -(a)t/i:t'i:/ shalat choinnt d'osclati d'imrt one used to dirty one used to keep one used to open one used to play

Before an ending pronounced with an initial consonant a short syllable can remain, e.g. niti.

2. THE PREPOSITION DE

(i) Introduction Bain an caipin de Mhdirtin. Tig do chois den chathaoir. Take the cap off Mirtn I Lift your leg off the chair !

De /g/ 1 causes lenition to a directly following noun, e.g. de Chdit 'off Cit'. Before a vowel it is written d\ e.g. d'na 'off Una'. When used with the definite article it is written as den /gN/ and a following noun is lenited, e.g. den chathaoir 'off the chair'. As normal after a preposition, the singular article prefixes t to feminine nouns beginning with s and followed by a vowel or l, r, n, e.g. den tsrdid 'off the street'; see Lesson 8. After den (or don, see Lesson 23) t may be optionally prefixed to similar masculine nouns, e.g. den tsagart 'off the priest'.
1

Pronounced as though spelt go. (In pronunciation, before nouns, de is exactly like do.)

(ii) Prepositional pronouns Ordinary form dhiom dhiot dhe dhi dhinn dhbh dhiobh off off off off off off off me you him/it her/it us you (pl.) them Pronunciaton /y' i:m/ /y' i:t/ /y' e/ /y' i/ /y'i:N'/ /y i:b'/ /y' i:b/

The contrast forms and general usage are the same as those of ag and most other prepositional pronouns, e.g. dhiom, dhomsa, dhom fin, dhomsa mfin; see Lesson 16. Similarly to do (see Lesson 23) the initial dh is often dropped in pronunciation, e.g. 'font /i:m/, ot /i:t'/, and less frequently it is unlenited, e.g. dom /d'i:m/, dot /d'i:t/. On account of its general similarity with the preposition do, the third person pronouns may often be replaced by those of do, e.g. dho for dhe. Do is used with mo, do, etc. in a similar way to do, e.g. de mo 'off my', de do 'off your', dhd 'off his, her, its, their', dhdr /ya:/ 'off our', dhe 'ur /ya:/ 'off your (/V.)'.

(iii) Basic meaning of de 'off Td an cta ag titim den chathaoir. Bain dhiot do chta. (iv) Secondary meaning of de 'of Td cuid de na daoine sdsta. Some of the people are content. The coat is falling off the chair. Take off your coat!

After certain words used partitively de corresponds to 'of', e.g. cuid1 den bhalla 'a part of the wall', piosa de Id 'a portion (bit) of a day', go leor de na rudai 'a lot of the things', ceachtar den bheirt 'either of the two people', nios m den am 'more of the time'. Somewhat similarly: buille de mhaide 'a blow of a stick', peictir de dhuine 'a picture of a person', a leithide de dhuine 'his type of a person, such a person'.
Ag is usually used instead of de to refer to the plural, e.g. go leor dhe 'a lot of it', but go leor acu 'a lot of them'; see Lesson 16.

(b) Nil ann ach amaddn de dhuine. He is a fool-like person. (lit.2 a fool of a person).

Similarly: ginn d'fhear 'a wedge of a man, i.e. a stocky, well-built man', gliogar de chathaoir 'a crock of a chair, i.e. a rickety, unstable chair'. (c) Nil s d'am agam caint li I have not (the amount of) time (required) to talk to her.

De is used with certain abstract nouns to express 'the required amount of, the necessary, by way of'. Similarly: d'fhoighid 'the necessary patience', de spas 'the necessary period of time', d'ddh 'the necessary luck'.
1 2

In this usage cuid /kid'/ often takes the form cuide /kid'/. This type of sentence is common in English as spoken in Ireland.

(d)
T me tuirseach den chaint. I am tired of the talk. De corresponds to 'of' after certain adjectives. Similarly: bran de 'fed up', cinnte de 'certain of', Idn de1 'full of. Td siad ag danamh amaddn de Mhdirtin. They are making a fool of Mirtn. De corresponds to 'of' after certain verbs. Similarly: Sileann siad a domhan de Mhdirtin 'they think the world of Mirtn' (0 He was going to marry suddenly. (lit. 'of a jump'). De is used in some adverbial phrases to express a sudden movement or sound. Similarly: dephlump 'with a bang', d'iarraidh amhdin 'in one go'. Bhi s ag goil ag psadh de lim.

3. COUNTING: INDEPENDENT NUMBERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

a haon ado a tri a ceathair a cig as a seacht ahocht a naoi a deich

/hi:N/ /do:/ /t'r'i:/ /k':r'/ /ku:g'/ /s'e:/ /s':xt/ /hoxt/ /Ni:/ /d'e/

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

a haon dag a do dhag a tridag a ceathair dag a cig dag a s dag a seacht dag a hocht dag a naoi dag

/hi:N'e:g/ /do:y'e:g/ /t'r'i: d'e:g/ /k':r d'e:g/ /ku:g' d'e:g/ /s'e: d'e:g/ /s':x d'e:g/ /hox d'e:g/ /Ni: d'e:g/

These numbers are written with a // (which prefixes h to vowels), although a is not normally pronounced, except between two consonants. Usage: (a) For counting, e.g. a haon, a d, a tri... 'one, two, three ...', or where numbers are used abstractly, e.g. a d agus a d, sin a ceathair 'two and two are four', or in a telephone number.
Dh Iyo:/ is used in expressions of the sort leabhar n dh'a book or two', bord n dh'a table or two'.

(b) With de /g/, often reduced to // (which causes lenition, see above) to express an approximate number, e.g. a s n a seacht de sheachtaini 'six or seven (of) weeks'. (c) After a noun, e.g. cuid a haon 'part 1', seomra a d 'room 2'. (d) After a noun to express a time, e.g. bus a hocht 'the eight o'clock bus', Aifreann a deich 'ten o'clock Mass'. (e) With the article an replacing a to express the time of day, e.g. td s an d (a chlog) Ha: s'e: N do:/ 'it is two (o'clock)', td s an haon dag /ta: s'e: N 'hi:'N'e:g/ 'it is eleven (o'clock)'.
Although the article is used h is prefixed to a vowel, e.g. td san haon 'it is one'. In this case dag, in haon dag 'eleven', is also stressed: /'hi:'N'e:g/.

Idn le is also used.

TEXT

ANSCOILCHNA Bhi me cig no s de bhlianta ar scoil chna. Scait, nuair a irm ar maidin, cuimhnim arist ar an scoil d. Bhuailti an clog agus lastai na soilse ag deich nimad don seacht 9chuile mhaidin. / dtosach, scanraiodh an clog th. Ar ndigh, n bhiodh fonn ar bith ort iri. Bhiodh na brillini agus na ciumhaiseanna chomh compirteach sin agus bhiodh an saol taobh amuigh den leaba chomh fuar sin ! Dh bhfadf go direach do pheilir a shocr agus iomp thart agus titim a chodladh arist ! Ach b'igean dinn iri. B'igean duit do chuid adai a chur ort is do chuid brga a cheangal agus danamh ar an sipal. Bhiodh an briefdsta againn ag an hocht a chlog. Thar is briefdsta, bhiodh orainn ceathr uaire a chaitheamh ag sil thart amuigh faoin aer agus ansin choir iodh muid na leapacha. D'fhoghlaimiodh muid ceachtanna ansin go dti go dtosaiodh na ranganna ag fiche nimad thar is an naoi. Bhiodh na ranganna ar bun uaidh sin go dti leathuair thar is an d dhag, taobh amuigh de cheathr uaire nuair a bhiodh cead againn ar gcuid leitreacha a lamh. Bhiodh an dinnar againn ag an haon. A leithide d'ocras is a bhiodh orainn ! Ach ni raibh cead agat rith. B'igean dhuit sil go deas minte. Dhd rithfed, bheadh minteoir pointedilte eicint ag an doras a stopfadh th. Chuirfeadh s ar ais th agus chaithfed sil arist go deas ridh. Mhintiarist muid idir an do agus an ceathair. D9 imriodh muid cluifi idir an ceathair agus an cig. Ansin d'ladh muid cupdn toe agus d'itheadh muidpiosa ardin, sol md thosaiodh muid ag danamh ar gcuid ceachtanna. Bhiodh an suipar againn ag leathuair thar is an seacht. Ina dhiaidh sin, bhiodh beagnach uair an chloig againn dhinn fin. A leithide de spirt is a bhiodh againn ag caint agus ag sdraiocht! Bhiodh cead ag rang a s tobac a chaitheamh. Thaithniodh s go mr leo sin a bheith ag deargadh a gcuid piopai agus a bheith dhd \spaint fin ! Ag ceathr don naoi bhiodh orainn a ghoil ag guidhe arist. Ansin, nuair a bhiodh na paidreacha thart, bhiodh cead againn a ghoil a chodladh. Bhinnse chomh tuirseach sin nach mbiodh fonn ar bith orm mo chuid adaia bhaint dhiom ar chor ar bith. D'fhadfainn go direach sineadh siar ar an leaba agus titim a chodladh ! Mhchtai na soilse ag leathuair thar is an deich.
EXERCISES

A. In the following sentences, replace the progressive construction, e.g. Bhinn ag l bainne 9 chuile Id, with the past habitual of the verb, e.g. D 'lainn bainne 'chuile Id. 1. Bhiodh muid ag caitheamh piosa den la ag foghlaim Gaeilge. 2. Bhiodh cuid de na daoine ag lamh leabhartha, ach bhiodh cuid acu nach mbiodh ag lamh rud ar bith. 3. Ni bhiodh ceachtar acu ag breathnu ar an teilifis. 4. Bhiodh an t-amaddn d de dhuine ag iri de lim 9chuile nimad ag caint agus ag sdraiocht. 5. An mbited ag l tae n bainne ? 6. Bhinnse ag ceangal mo chuid brgafin cuid mhaith den am. 1. C a bhiodh ag niochdn na soithU n an mbiti dhd niochdn ar chor ar bith ? 8. Mh 'anam go mbidis ag imirt cluifi9chuile la !

B. Complete these sentences using the appropriate prepositional pronoun, e.g. Bhi an caipin ag titim dhiom. 1. Bhi an caipin ag titim (de) (m). 2. Bhiodh na gasir ag magadh Jt agus ag danamh amaddn (de) (th). 3. Bionn s ag baint airgead(de) (muide). 4. Tig do chois (den chathaoir) ! 5. Bainigi(de) (sibh) na ctai! 6. Nd bain an t-adach (den bhord) ! 7. Td an scoil ifin rasnta ach d'ireofd tuirseach (dena muinteoiri) sin. 8. Td m bran (den tseafid) seo. C. Write in words the following times, e.g. 8.40: Td s fiche nimad don naoi. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 3.30 8.45 7.20 1.00 5.40
6.

1.
8.

9. 10.

3.05 12.15 9.20 10.00 11.30

TRANSLATE:

1. I used not to feel like raising my head off the pillow. 2. The sheets and blankets are falling off the bed. 3. The teacher wanted to give the boy a good blow of a stick. 4. We hadn't the (required) time to jump down off the wall before the teacher came. 5.1 am tired of everything ! 6. Have you a picture of her ? 7. Take off your coat, put on your jacket and tie your shoes. 8. Put off the big light and light the lamp. 9.1 used always take fright when the car used to stop at the lights. 10. Mirtn used to teach children here too. 11. He used to be very punctilious. Everyone was fed up with him. 12. One (lit. a person) of his sons was at school here too.

VOCABULARY

acra cainteoir cathaoirleach cil cos coiste contuirt/em. costas cruinni cuislimara cumann dearmad druncaera glac fem. intinn fem. leas paraiste sibhara inara coisin 2 coisint/em. cruinnel/em. cruinnigh 2 glac 1 glacadh innis1 2 inseacht foci ioc lion 1 lionadh sbhil 1 sbhilt fem. togh 1 togha tin 1 tint fem. sid/em. contirteach costasach

/a:kr/ /ka:N't'o:r'/ /kairL 'x/ /k'e:l'i:/ /k'i:s/ /kos't'/ /ku:Ntu:rt7 /kosts/ /kriN'u:/ /kisT'm'e:r/ /kumN/ /d':rmd/ /drur)ke:r/ Iguackl /i:N't'N'/ /L':s/ /pura:s't'/ /sa:w'e:r/ /u:n'e:r/

acra cainteoir cathaoirligh cilocha cosanna coist contirteacha costais cruinmocha /kriN'i:xi:/ cuislimara dearmadacha druncaera

pardist sdibhara inara

acre talker, speaker chairman dance rent committee danger cost, expense meeting customer society mistake drinker handful, grasp mind, intention benefit, use parish sawyer owner

/kos'n'/ cost, protect /kos'N't'/ costing, protecting /kriN'a:lf pl. cruinnedlacha gathering, collecting /kriN'/ gather, collect /gLa:k/ take, seize, accept /gLa:k/ taking /in's'/ tell, relate /i:n's'xt/ telling /i:kf pay (an for) /i:k/ paying /L':N/ fill /L':N/ filling /sa:wa:l'/ save /sa:w :L't'/ saving /tau/ choose, elect /tau/ choosing /tu:n'/ urge, put pressure on /tu:N't'/ urging /u:sa:d'/ using, usage /ku:Ntu:rt'x/ /kostsx/ dangerous costly, expensive it is most probable (that)2 it is most unlikely (that)2

'chuile sheans (go/nach) /xil' hae:ns/ drochsheans (go/nach) /'drox, h:ns/

1 Pronounced as though spelt inis. 2lit 'every chance (that), a bad chance (that)'

ar shon ilr in aghaidh le haghaidh os1 cionn os1 comhair treasna

/er'huN/ /L :r/ /Nai/ /l'ai/ /a:s k'i:N/ /a:s ku:r'/ /t'r':sN/

(with gen.) (with gen.) (with gen.) (with gen.) (with gen.) (with gen.) (with gen.)

for the sake of, on behalf of in the middle of against for (the purpose of) above opposite across

VOCABULARY NOTES: 1. caint ar 'talking of' 2. glacadh le 'accepting, assuming' 3. leas a bhaint as rud (lit. 'to get benefit out of), 'to use' 4. irle 'succeed' 5. Td s ar intinn ag X 'X intends' 6. ar cios 'on hire, rented'

GRAMMAR

l.THE GENITIVE (i) Masculine nouns (a) T an bistara anseo. Td mac an bhistara anseo. T an t-iascaire anseo. Td mac an iascaire anseo.

The butcher is here. The butcher's son is here. The fisherman is here. The fisherman's son is here.

When the article is used with a masculine noun in the genitive, the initial consonant of that noun is lenited, e.g. an bistara 'the butcher', an bhistara 'of the butcher'. Initial t and d resist lenition, e.g. mac an tincara 'the tinker's son', mac an druncaera 'the drunkard's son'. Initial vowels are unaffected, e.g. mac an iascaire 'the fisherman's son', as opposed to the nominative an t-iascaire 'the fisherman'; see Lesson 8. (b) Masculine nouns beginning with s T an siinara anseo. T mac an tsiinara anseo. The carpenter is here. The carpenter's son is here.

A t is prefixed to a masculine noun beginning with s followed by a vowel, l, n, or r. It takes its quality from the following vowel or consonant, e.g. slender in ... an tsiinara / t'u:N'e:r/ '... of the carpenter', broad in ... an tsibhara / ta:w'e:r/ of the sawyer'. (ii) Feminine nouns (a) T an Ghaeltacht anseo. Td muintir na Gaeltacht anseo.
' P r o n o u n c e d as t h o u g h

The Gaeltacht is here. The people of the Gaeltacht are here.

spell as.

Before a feminine noun the genitive of the article takes the form na, which is unstressed and causes no change to a consonant.
Muintir na Gaeltacht could also be translated as 'the Gaeltacht people'. Similarly: fear an bhainne 'the man of the milk, the man (associated) with the milk, the milkman'.

(b) Feminine nouns beginning with a vowel T an oifige anseo. The office is here. T doras na hoifige anseo. The door of the office is here. Na prefixes h to a feminine noun with an initial vowel. (iii) Plural nouns T na tithe anseo. The houses are here. T inarai na dtithe anseo. The owners of the houses are here. Td na hiascairi anseo. The fishermen are here. Td bdd na n-iascairi anseo. The fishermen's boat is here. In the genitive plural na causes eclipsis, e.g na dtithe '... of the houses', na n-iascairi 'of the fishermen'. (iv) Summary table Before: masculine nouns

feminine nouns plural nouns

an initial consonant an + lenition mac an bhistara an t (before s) mac an tsiinara na muintir na Gaeltacht na + eclipsis inara na dtithe

an initial vowel an mac an iascaire na h doras na hoifige na nbdid na n-iascairi

(v) No special genitive form Except for the effects of the article (lenition, eclipsis, or prefixed h), the form of the noun in the above examples is substantially the same in the genitive. This is so in the case of: (a) the large majority of nouns with a final //, e.g. siinara, oifige; (b) two-syllable nouns ending in -acht,1 e.g. Gaeltacht; (c) nouns ending in -n, e.g. cailn, caipin; (d) nouns ending in -(a)it e.g. scala; (e) personal numbers trir to deichnir (see Lesson 15); (0 several other nouns ending in a consonant.
2. TWO NOUNS IN GENITIVE RELATION TREATED AS A PROPER NOUN

Td teach an bhistara anseo.

The house of the butcher is here.

Although this sentence can be translated as 'the house of the butcher', in Irish there is only one article: teach an bhistara. Teach an bhistara is felt to be a proper noun exactly like Cdit, Brid, etc. and behaves accordingly: Cdit sin (see Lesson 9) teach an bhistara sin 'that butcher's house' geata Chdit (see Lesson 3) geata theach an bhistara 'the gate of the butcher's house'
1

These are in Official Standard Irish written with a final a //, e.g. Raidi na Gaeltachla.

3. MAIN USAGES OF GENITIVE

(i) Genitive after verbal noun T Td Ta Td s ag moladh Mhdirtin. si ag psadh mhac an bhistara. si ag moladh an bhistara. si ag glanadh na hoifige. He is praising Mirtn. She is marrying the butcher's son. She is praising the butcher. She is cleaning the office.

A verbal noun is in genitive relation with a following noun. Proper nouns are lenited, e.g. ag psadh mhac an bhistara 'marrying the butcher's son' (see Lesson 15), and definite nouns are in the genitive, e.g. ag moladh an bhistara 'praising the butcher'. (ii) Genitive after certain prepositions Td Cdit anseo ar shon Mhdirtin. Cit is here on behalf of Mirtn. Td fuinneoig os cionn bhord an There is a window above the butcher's bhistara. table. Td Mdirtin anseo ar shon na n-iascairi. Mirtn is here on behalf of the fishermen. Td seomra eile os cionn na hoifige. There is another room above the office. After certain prepositions (originally containing nouns) nouns are in a genitive relation and therefore proper nouns are lenited, e.g. os cionn bhord an bhistara 'above the butcher's table', and definite nouns are in the genitive, e.g. ar shon an tsdibhara 'on behalf of the sawyer'. Possessive pronouns (mo, do, a etc.) are used with these prepositions to express pronominal objects: Td Cdit anseo ar mo shon 'Cit is here on my behalf'; Td seomra eile os do chionn 'There is another room above you'.

4. NUMBERS ABOVE TWENTY

boats 20 21 22 23 30 31 32 33 40 41 42 43 51 60 61 62 63 fiche bdd bdd is fiche dhd bhdd fhichead tri bhdd fhichead etc. deich mbdd fhichead aon bhdd dag is fiche dhd bhdd dag is fiche tri bhdd dag is fiche etc. dhd fhichead bdd bdd is da fhichead dhd bhdd is da fhichead tri bhdd is da fhichead etc. aon bhdd dag is dd fhichead etc. tri fichid bdd bdd is trifichid dhd bhdd is trifichid tri bhdd is trifichid
etc.

years fiche bliain bliain is fiche dhd bhliain fhichead tri bliana fichead etc. deich mbliana fichead aon bhliain dag is fiche dhd bhliain dag is fiche tri bliana dag is fiche etc. dhd fhichead bliain bliain is dd fhichead dhd bhliain is dd fhichead tri bliana is dd fhichead etc. aon bhliain dag is dd fhichead etc. trifichid bliain bliain is tri fichid dhd bhliain is trifichid tri bliana is trifichid etc.

70 71 80 81 82 83 90 91 100 101 102

deich mbliana is trifichid deich mbd is tri fichid aon bhliain dag is trifichid aon bhdd dag is trifichid etc. etc. cheithre fichid bliain cheithre fichid bdd bliain is cheithre fichid bdd is cheithre fichid dhd bhliain is cheithre fichid dhd bhdd is cheithre fichid tri bliana is cheithre fichid tri bhdd is cheithre fichid etc. etc. deich mbdd is cheithre fichid deich mbliana is cheithre fichid aon bhdd dag is cheithre fichid aon bhliain dag is cheithre fichid etc. etc. cadbdd cad bliain cad is bdd cad is bliain cad is dhd bhdd cad is dhd bhliain etc. etc.

The use of numbers between twenty and a hundred can be seen in the above table. Directly following a noun, fichead is lenited, e.g. tri bdd fhichead '23 boats', cheithre cinn fhichead '24 (ones)', except where a plural, or special form ending in a vowel (see Lesson 11) is used, e.g. tri bliana fichead '23 years'.
Fiche '20' is pronounced /f'i:/, but after is, e.g. bdd is fiche '21 boats' it is pronounced with a short vowel: try. Scr may optionally replace fiche, e.g. dhd scr is aon cheann dag '51'. An older system based on tens has a certain currency:fiche, triocha, daichead, caoga, seasca, seacht6, ocht, ncha '20... 90'. It has been reintroduced through the school system.

TEXT

ANCRU1NNI Td mnd an bhaile seo ag iarraidh halla a chur ar bun, dit a d'fhadfadh muintir an bhaile a sdid le haghaidh dramai n ciliocha. Td Cumann na bhFeilmarai agus Cumann an Phardiste ag caint ar a leithide le chig bhliana fichead ach ni raibh toradh ar bith ar an gcaint uilig. Le gairid, thdinig bean an tsiopa agus bean an bhistara le chile leis an scal a phl. Anois td siad ag tint ar mhnd an bhaile rud eicint a dhanamh faoin scal. Bhi cruinni acu an oiche cheana. Ni raibh an seomra i bhfad ag lionadh. Ag an hocht a chlog, bhi tri dhuine dhag is fiche ann. B*igean dhinn cathaoirleach a thogha. Bhi cuid de na mnd ag moladh bhean an bhistara, ach ni raibh 9chuile dhuine9 sdsta glacadh li. Bhi an mhdistreds ag moladh bhean an phosta. Faoi dheireadh, bhi chuile dhuine sdsta glacadh le bean an tsiopa mar chathaoirleach. Ansin, bhi muid in ann tosaiag pl chrsai an halla. Bhi daoine dirithe ag iarraidh leas a bhaint as an tseanscoil mar halla. Dirt siad go mbeadh s rochostasach halla nua a thigedil. Choisneodh an talamh fin an iomarca. B9igean don mhdistreds a inseacht dhibh go bhfuil an tseanscoil contirteach agus go mbionn clocha ag titim de na ballai. Ni bheadh an tseanscoil feilinach ar chor ar bith. Bhi an cruinni seo mar a bhionns cruinniu ar bith eile. Bhi go leor leor daoine ag iarraidh caint. 'Seans go bhfadfai teach a thigedil ar cios ?9 a deir cainteoir amhdint 'd'fhadfai costas a shdbhdilt mar sin.9 'Ach cn dit a bhfadfadh muid teach a fhdil ?9 a deir cainteoir eile, 'silim gur dearmad teach a thoigedil ar cios agus gur fearr halla nua a thigedil.9

'Ach cn dit a bhfadfadh muid an talamh a cheannacht ?9 a deir bean eile. 'C mhad a d'iocfaianois ar acra ? Drochsheans go mbeadh an t-airgead againn.' Chuile sheans nach mbeadh duine ar bith sdsta an talamh a dhiol linny9 a deir duine eicint eile. Ansin dirt bean an tsiopa go mbeadh sifin agus a fear sdsta an garrai atd os comhair an tsiopa nua a dhiol. An mbeadh ychuile dhuine sdsta leis sin ? Ni bheadh. Bhi bean an phosta ina aghaidh. Bhi si ag danamh amach go raibh bean an tsiopa ag iarraidh tilleadh cuislimarai a tharraingt ar a siopa fin. Dirt sise go mbeadh an garrai atd os comhair na dtithe nua nios fearr. Ni raibh an cruinni thart go dti an haondag. Ni raibh ag iri linn tada a shocr. Faoi dheireadh, b 'igean dhinn coiste a thogha leis an scal a scrd. Tdfaitios orm go mbeidh muid fin nios measa nd Cumann na bhFeilmarai n Cumann an Pharaiste.
4

EXERCISES

A. Complete these sentences, using the appropriate form of the words in brackets. (a) 1. Bhi Mdirtin ag doras (an oifige). 2. Td scian (an bistara) ansin ar an mbord. 3. An bhfuil muintir (an Ghaeltacht) sdsta ? 4. Bh(muid ag caint le bean (an tincara) ina dhiaidh sin. 5. Td bdid(na hiascairi) ansin ag an gcibh. 6. Nil lucht (na tithe) nua sdsta faoin halla. (b) 1. Beidh Cdit ag psadh (an bistara). 2. Td Bridag glanadh (an oifige). 3. Bionn na i gcnaiag moladh (Sedinin). 4. Bhi muid ag moladh (muintir na Gaeltacht). (c) 1. Tdfear eile atd os cionn (an bistara) seo. 2. Td seomra os comhair (an seomra) seo. 3. Leag do mhdla ansin in aghaidh (an balla). 4. Bhi an bord i lar (an oifige). 5. Bionn na bdid ag goil treasna (an fharraige). 6. T an halla nua dhd thigedil os comhair (na tithe) nua. 7. Beidh muintir Chiarraiag imirt in aghaidh (muintir Chonamara). B. Complete the following using the appropriate possessive pronoun. 1 .Td an mdistir eile os cionn (mf.' 2. Bhi an bhean eile os comhair (muid) 3. Td oifige eile os cionn (na hoifige) seo. 4. Bionn Brid i gcnaios comhair (Mhdirtin). 5. Td siad ag tigedil teach le haghaidh (th). 6. C atd anois os cionn (thusa) ?

C. Write out fully in words: 1.63 bd 2. 51 leaba 3. 21 bliain 4. 90lla 5. 70 punt 6. 20 bd 1. 35 seomra 8. 71 an 9. 80 duine
TRANSLATE:

10.40 peann 11.27 punt 12.88 crann 13.30 cathaoir 14.46 duine 15. 99 ceann 16.46 pingin 17.102 bd 18. 60 bliain

1. It is most unlikely that the proprietress (i.e. woman) of the shop will agree with the postmistress. 2. They are building the new hall opposite the new houses. 3. Land is very expensive now. How much would you pay for an acre ? 4. The committee will accept the butcher's wife as chairman. There will be no election. 5. Everything costs too much now. 6.1 intend to hire a car. 7. The office door is opposite the post office.

VOCABULARY

arm barr coirnal cinne cirtn foireann fem. gaisce fem. galaoireach fem. garda gr gunna iochtar meisce fem. peileadir pointe praiseach fem. saighdir scr tille tuarastal uachtar bailigh 2 baili caoin 1 caoineadh cna cnaigh 2 do digh 1 mill 1 milleadh rabl rabadh scril 1 scril fem. troid/em. bodhar geal lag reamhar ar meisce i ndiaidh thri thine

/a:rm/ /ba:r/ /kaurN'e: \J /ku:N'/ /ku:rt'i:n'/ /fer'N/ /ga:s'g'/ /ga: li:r 'x/ /g :rd/
/gTQ'J

airm /:r'm'/ coirnil cinn cirtn

garda gunna peileadir point saighdiir scranna till uachtair

/guN/ /i:xtr/ /m'is'k'/ /p'el'do:r'/ /pi:N't'/ /pr:s'x/ /said'u:r/ /sko:r/ /tu: :i// /tu:rstL/ /u:xtr/

army, weapon top corner internal corner, nook curtain crew, team, staff, set feat, boast soap guard, policeman love gun bottom part drunkenness footballer point, point of time mess soldier score (in game) towel salary upper part, cream

/ba:l'/ /ba:l'u:/ /ki:n'/ /ki:n'/ /ku:Ni:/ /ku:N/ /do:/ /do:/ /m'i:L'/ /m'i:L'/ /re:b/ /re:b/ /sko:r :l'/ /sko:ra:l'/ /tred'/ pl. troideanna /baur/ /g':i J /La:g/ /raur/ /er' m'is'k'/ / N'i:/ /hri: hin'/

collect, pass collecting cry, lament crying residing reside burning burn destroy, ruin destroying tear, smash, act violently tearing, upheaval score scoring fighting, fight deaf bright, white week fat, thick drunk, intoxicated after, following (lit. through fire), on fire

VOCABULARY NOTES: 1. ag aeanamh gaisce 'boasting' 2. mar bfiarr ar an gclampar ' to make matters worse, to top everything' 3.fios a chur ar' to send for' 4 .marachsin 'only for that' 5. Bhailigh 'chuile dhuine leis. 'everybody cleared off 6. D'irigh tnaniar. (lit. 'I rose from (lying) backwards'), 'I sat up'

GRAMMAR 1. PAST TENSE OF REGULAR VERB

(i) Form used with noun or pronoun (corresponding to bhi) Ghlan Cdit an bord agus nigh si na Cit cleaned the table and she washed soithi the dishes. Ligh Cdit an leabhar agus bhris si Cit read the book and she an chathaoir. broke the chair. Choinnigh siadsan an cta agus shalaigh They kept the coat and he dirtied it. seisean . D'oscail tusa an geata agus d'imir muide You opened the gate and we played cluifi. games. Type 1 (root with one syllable) is lenited ghlan cleaned bhris1 broke ligh read 1 nigh washed 9 d fhliuch wet Type 2 (root with two syllables) is lenited shalaigh choinnigh d'oscail d'imir

dirtied kept opened played

Where the verb has an initial vowel or/, d' is prefixed, e.g. d'oscail s 'he opened', dffhliuch s 'he wet'. The df is normally pronounced broad (Id!) or slender (/d'/) according to the following vowel. (ii) Optional combined forms (corresponding to bhiodar) Type 2 Type 1 adds -(a)iodar /i:dr/ adds-(a)dr, -odar /dr/ shalaiodar ghlanadar they cleaned choinniodar bhriseadar they broke d'osclaiodar ladar they read d'imriodar niodar they washed d'fhliuchadar they wet

they dirtied they kept they opened they played

The last syllable is always lost After a long vowel gh is dropped; before an ending with an initial vowel; after a short vowel gh is dropped and the syllable is lengthened; see Lesson 12. see Lesson 12. After , the ending is spelt - odar, cf. bhiodar, see Lesson 7.
For the lenition of l, n, see Lesson 1, phonetic exercise 1 (c).

(iii) Autonomous form (corresponding to bhiothadh) Type 1 adds -(e)adh /u:/ glanadh briseadh ladh niodh fliuchadh one cleaned one broke one read one washed one wet Type 2 adds -(a)odh /i:w/ salaiodh coinniodh hosclaiodh himriodh one dirtied one kept one opened one played

After , the ending is spelt -odh. The past tense autonomous form is never lenited (even after particles) and no d' is prefixed. Where the verb has an initial vowel, h is prefixed (even after particles). (iv) Use of particles A regular verb in the past uses nior /N'i:r/ (in place of ni), ar /r/ (in place of an), nar / /Na:r/ (in place of nach), gur /gr/ (in place of go), marar /ma:rr/ (in place of mara), and ar /r/ (in place of the indirect relative particle a). All of these particles cause lenition as shown in this table: Ghlan D'oscail Nior Ar Nar gur nar Marar Md ar a Cdit an geata. ghlan oscail ghlan d'oscail ghlan oscail ghlan d'oscail

Deir s

Sin i an scian

Cdit an geata li. an geata.

As pointed out in (iii) above the autonomous form is not lenited after particles, e.g. nior glanadh, ar glanadh ?, and h is prefixed to a vowel irrespective of particles, e.g. hosclaiodh, nior hosclaiodh, ar hosclaiodh ?

(v) Meaning of past tense Ligh s an leabhar. Ligh s an leabhar an l sin. He (had) read the book. He (had) read the book that day.

Generally in Irish no distinction is made between a preterite, e.g. 'he read', a perfect, e.g. 'he has read', and a pluperfect, e.g. 'he had read'. (The verb td is slightly exceptional, see Lesson 6).

Ndr /Na:r/, which is the Official Standard Irish form, is also used, though, it would seem, less frequently.

2. THE PREPOSITION /

(i) Introduction T na leabhartha i mbosca. T na leabhartha sa mbosca. The books are in a box. The books are in the box.

The preposition i// causes eclipsis to a directly following noun, e.g. i mbosca.'in a box'. Before a vowel it is written in, e.g. in irinn 'in Ireland'. When used with the article it combines with it and is sa /s/ before a consonant, and san /SN/ before a vowel. Sa causes eclipsis to a following noun, e.g. sa mbosca 4 in the box'. Sna /SN/, causing no change, is used in the plural. (ii) Prepositional pronouns Ordinary form ionam ionat ann inti ionainn ionaibh iontu in me in you in him/it in her/it in us in you (pl.) in them Pronunciaton /uNm/ /uNd/ /a:N/ /i:N't'/
/UNN'/
/UN:/

/uNtb/

The contrast forms and general usage are the same as those of ag and most other prepositional pronouns, e.g. ionam, ionamsa, ionam fin, ionamsa mfin; see Lesson 16.

3. MEANING OF/

(i) Basic meaning 4 in' T uisce sa bpota. More idiomatically i is used: (ii) to express 4 to' (an indefinite place) T Cit ag goil in it eicint. Cit is going somewhere. There is water in the pot.

Somewhat similarly: ag goil sna sagairt "going to (join) the priests, to become a priest'. (iii) to express possession of a quality or power T slainte sa ngrian. Nil maith ar bith sa leabhar seo. (iv) in some common adverbial phrases: in ann in am i bhfad igcnai /N a: N/ /N :m/ / wa:dJ /gu:Ni:/ able, capable of in time far, a long way always The sun has a healthgiving quality. ('There is health in the sun.'). This book is no good. ('There is no good in this book.')

i bhfalach i gceist i ngr inind in aonturas in irde in uachtar in ochtar i dteannta

/ wa:lx/ / g'es't'/ / rjraf /Ne:N'd'i:/ /N e: Ntors/ /N a:rd'/ /N u:xtr/ /N ' i: xtr/ / d' a :Nt/

in hiding, hidden in question, under consideration in love together, suddenly on purpose (high) up on top at the bottom in a fix/dilemma

(v) with possessive pronouns (mo, do, etc.) to express a state The room is in a mess. (lit. 'in its mess') T an seomra ina phraiseach. Cit is a teacher now. (lit. 'in her teacher') Td Cit ina minteoir anois. It is summer; summer has arrived. T s ina shamhradh. (lit. 'in its summer') This idiom, at least to a certain extent, emphasised the state of having become something; 'I am a teacher' can be expressed by Is minteoir m (see Lesson 11) or by 7a m i mo mhuinteoir. On the other hand, 'I am an Irishman' is normally Is ireannach m, as this is felt as a permanent state. T s ina mhinteoir mhaith 'he is a good teacher'; in this construction after the third person singular masculine an adjective may be lenited after a masculine noun. (vi) an alternative way of expressing this idiom Minteoir at ionam. I am a teacher. (lit. 'it is a teacher that is in me' 1 )

In this construction in (causing no change) may be used with personal names, e.g. Minteoir at in Brid 'Brid is a teacher'. Also ansin is used, e.g. Siinara atd ansin 'that fellow is a carpenter', rather than ann sin. (vii) with possessive pronouns, instead of ag before a certain few verbal nouns to describe a state: Td m i mo chodladh. I am sleeping/asleep, (lit. 'in my sleep')

Similarly: i mo dhiseacht 'awake', i mo sheasamh 'standing', i mo loighe 'lying', i mo shui 'sitting up, out of bed', i mo chna 'living, standing idle', i mo rith 'running'.

TEXT

CLAMPAR Bhi cluife againn inn. Bhi muid ag imirt in aghaidh an choldiste nua. Ghnthaigh muid an cluife agus scrdil m fin dhd phointe. Thdinig go leor den fhoireann ar ais anseo ag an drasdn i ndiaidh an chluife. Bhi dream mic linn as an gcoldiste nua in indi linn. Bhian-chraic againn. Bhi cuid de na daoine ina sui sa gcinne ag casadh amhrdin. Bhi tilleadh acu ag damhsa i Idr an tseomra. Bhi dream mic linn ina seasamh ar an taohh eile den tseomra ag sdraiocht faoin gcluife. Bhi duine
'This word-order is further dealt with in Lesson 34.

acu ar meisce agus thosaigh s ag danamh gaisce. Dirt s gur imir s fin nios fearr n duine ar bith eile. Dirt duine eicint eile leis nar imir s go maith ariamh agus nach raibh maith ar bith ann mar pheileadir. Thosaigh siad ag troid. Mar bharr ar an gclampar, nar chuir duine de na comharsannai fios ar na gardail (Bhi s ina chodladh n gur dhisigh an tor ann i.) Ansin nuair a bhi an bheirt acu ag rabadh leo, dhigh duine eicint poll sa gcirtin le toitin. Hbair dh an teach ar fad a chur thri thine. D'irigh linn an troid a stopadh go direach in am, nuair a d'airigh muid carr na ngardaiag tiocht thart ar an gcoirnal. Marach sin, bheadh muid i dteannta. D faithin na gardai cuid de na daoine agus scriobh siad sios ainmneacha na ndaoine uilig. Nuair a d'imigh na gardai, bhailigh 'chuile dhuine leis abhaile. Bhi s ina l gheal nuair a dhisigh m. Is digh liom go raibh s thart ar an deich a chlog. Ni raibh me i bhfad i mo dhuiseacht nuair a chuimhnigh me ar an oiche arir. D 'irigh me aniar sa leaba agus bhreathnaigh me thart ormfin. Bhi an seomra ina phraiseach. Bheadh fonn ar dhuine a ghoil ag caoineadh. Milleadh *chuile shrt sa rabadh. Nuair a d'irigh me, chuir me orm mo chuid adai. Nior nigh me m fin nd nior bhearr me me fin mar nior irigh liom tdille nd galaoireach nd rasr a fhdil sa bpraiseach. Dfoscail me an fhuinneoig agus thosaigh me ag glanadh an tseomra.

EXERCISES

A. Turn the following statements into questions, e.g. Ar shalaigh t do line arist ? 1. Shalaigh t do line arist. 2. Nigh t arist ansin i. 3. Nior ligh t an leabhar sin ariamh. 4. D'oscail t an fhuinneoig. 5. Nior bhris t an chathaoir. 6. D'imir t go maith ach td tit ag iri roreamhar. 1. D 'fhoghlaim tu do chuid Gaeilge thall i Meireacd. 8. Tigeadh in Eirinn th. 9. hOsclaiodh an geata arist. 10. Nior glacadh le bean an tsiopa mar chathaoirleach mar td si rud beag bodhar. B. Prefix deir siad to the above sentences and make the necessary adjustments, e.g. Deir siad gur shalaigh t do line arist. C. Complete the following sentences, using the appropriate pronominal pronoun, e.g. Minteoir maith a bhi inti; bhi tuarastal maith aice. 1. Minteoir maith a bhi (in Brid); bhi tuarastal maith aice. 2. Peileadiri maith atd (i) (muide); gnthaionn muid 'chuile chluife. 3. Mac linn iontach a bhi (i) (tusa); ligh t 'chuile leabhar ar an gcrsa. 4. Drochlachtir a bhi (i) () sin; bhiodh s ag tiocht deireanach ag na lachtanna in aonturas. 5. Siinarai a bhi (i) (iad); bhipdi mhr acu ag danamh cathaoireacha i mBaile Atha Cliath. 6. Dochtr atd (i) (me); td me ag obair sna hospidil i nGaillimh. 1. Saighdiiri san arm atd (i) (sibh); td 'ur gcuid gunnai i bhfalach. 8. Tincara atd (in Sedinin); ar ndigh, bionn an fear lag in iochtar i gcnai. 9. Banaltra atd (in)(i) sid; deir siad go bhfuil si i ngrd le dochtr san ospidal.

1. The doctor is in love with a nurse who resides in the hospital. 2.1 am a student. I am living in this flat now for six years. 3. I hid (lit. put in hiding) the bottles on purpose. 4. Some of the people were sitting in the corners playing cards. More of them were standing in the middle of the room boasting about the match. 5. Somebody burned a hole in the curtain. To top everything, a neighbour was awake and he sent for the guards. 6.1 was up at six yesterday morning. I was so tired that I couldn't find my towel or the soap. 7. When the soldiers and the guards go away, we will clear off home. 8. The child was ruined (lit. one ruined the child).

VOCABULARY

achar alias aonach beagn hum fem. caiptin ceantar cliabh comhldar corp cr cirtfem. cram dl dlodir donacht/em. faisean geard gob luach misneach nead/em. prtar scoilt fem. seanfhocal str amhdachtil fem. amhdaigh 2 ardaigh 2 ard comhair 1 comhaireamh corra corraigh 2 feil 1 feiliint lobh 1 lobhadh oibrigh 2 oibr scar 1 scaradh scoilt 1 scoilteadh beag bdeach cliste

/a:xr/ /a:Ls/ /i:Nx/ /b'og :N/ /b'i:N'/ /ka:p't'i:n'/ /k':Ntr/ /k1'i:w/ /ku:Lo:dr/ /korp/ /kro:/ /ku:rt'/ /ku:rm/ /dT'i:/ /d'l'i:do:r'/ /duNxt/ /fa:s'N/ /g' :rd/ /gob/ /Lu:x/ /m'is'n'x/ /N':d/ /po:rtr/ /skeL't'/ /'s':NokL/ /sto:r/ /audxta:l'/ /aud/ / :rd/ / :rdu:/ /ku:r'/ /ku:r'/ /kori:/ /kor/ /f'el'/ /f'el'u:N't'/ /Lau/, /LOW/ /Lau/, /LOW/ /aib'r'/ /aib'r'u:/ /ska:r/ /ska:r/ /skeL't'/ /skeL't'/ /b'og b'i:d'x/ /kVis't'/

distance, period sweat aonta /i:Nti:/ fair a little beanna /b':N/ gable wall caiptn captain ceantracha /k':Ntrxi:/ district, area clibh /kl'e:w'/ pannier basket comhldair family, company coirp /ker'p'/ corpse crit outhouse cirteanna court care, responsibility dlonna law dlodir lawyer badness, illness fashion, habit geardanna yard beak, spout, prow value, price courage neadracha /N' :drxi:/ nest stout, porter scoilteanna split, crack seanfhocla proverb stir storey admitting admit raise, rise raising count counting stirring stir, move suit, be appropriate (do: for) suiting rot rotting work (up), use working (up) separate, part, spread out separating crack, split cracking tiny little clever

congarach lidir (ar)1 feadh de bharr de rir

/kuqgrx/ /La:d'r'/ /(er') f':/ /g wa:r/ /g r'e.r'/

adjacent (do: to) strong during, for the duration of on account of, as a result of according to

VOCABULARY NOTES:
1. aimsir an chogaidh amach 'from wartime onwards' 2. gan mrn achair 'before long, in a short time' 3. d'fhadf a rd (go!nach) 'you could say ..., to be sure

GRAMMAR

1. VERBAL ADJECTIVE OF REGULAR VERB

(i) Formation T an bord glanta agus t na soithi The table is cleared and the dishes.are nite. washed. Td an leabhar lite agus t an The book is read and the chair is broken. chathaoir briste. Beidh an cta coinnithe go maith agus The coat will be kept well and it will not ni bheidh s salaithe. be dirtied. Bhi an geata osclaithe agus an cluife The gate was opened and the game imrithe. played. Type 1 (root with one syllable) adds -taJ-te /t/, /t'/ glanta cleaned briste broken lite read nite washed A final gh is dropped; see Lesson 12. Type 2 (root with two syllables) adds -(a)ithe f'vJ salaithe coinnithe osclaithe imrithe

dirtied kept opened played

Verbs with roots in l, n, r may alternatively add -te /t'/: oscailte, imirte. In this case the second syllable of the root is not dropped as the ending does not have an initial vowel; see Lesson 12.

Type 1 adds -thaJthe /i:/ scuabtha ceaptha fgtha goite, goidthe scriobhtha snmhtha
l

to roots ending in b, p, t, d, g, c, bh, mh swept thought left stolen written (now spelt scriofa) (now spelt sndfa) swum

Ar is often dropped.

All verbal endings are spelt with a 'broad' vowel, e.g. -ta, -aithe, after a broad consonant, e.g. glan, sal-, oscl-, and with a 'slender' vowel, e.g. -te, -ithe, after a slender consonant, e.g. bris, coirui-9 imr-; see Lesson 12.
Some type 1 verbs with roots ending in r, e.g. bearr 'shave', gearr 'cut', scar 'separate', comhair 'count', add -lha, -the //,e.g. bearrtha 'shaved',gearrtha 'cut', scartha 'separated', comhairthe 'counted'.

(ii) Pronunciation of verbs with roots ending in b, d, g, bh, b scuab is pronounced p d goid t 8 fig c bh scriobh f mh sndmh f (iii) Meaning of verbal adjective

mh scuabtha goite, goidthe fdgtha scriobhtha/scriofa sndmhtha/sndfa

The verbal adjective describes a state resulting from an action. Td an bord briste. Td an bord briste thall ansin.
2. THE PREFIXES SO-, DO-, IN-

The table is (in the state of having been) broken. The broken table is over there.

Usually, it can be used attributively like any other adjective:

Td an ghloine sobhriste. Td an obair sin dodhanta. Nil s sin inite.

The glass is easily breakable. That work is impossible to do. That is not edible.

The prefixes so- 'easily possible', do- 'impossible' and in- 'possible' are prefixed to a form of the verb which is the same as the verbal adjective, e.g. briste, danta, ite. So is pronounced /su/ before a broad consonant or vowel, and /si/ before a slender consonant. Similarly, do is pronounced /du/ or /di/. In is pronounced /N/. So- and do- are given primary stress while the verbal form takes the secondary stress, e.g. sobhriste /'si.w'r'is't'/ 'breakable', so-lta /'su,o:Lt/ 'easily drinkable', dobhriste /'di.w'r'is't'/ 'unbreakable', dothigthe /'du,ho:k'i:/' impossible to raise'. In is not stressed, e.g. inite /Nit'/ 'edible'.

3. GENITIVE WITH SLENDER CONSONANT

bdd Peadar doras /o/ an airgead aonach cogadh clog /o/ poll /au/

boat Peadar door bird money fair war clock hole

caiptin an bhdid cta Pheadair Idimh an doiris Id nead an in1 mala an airgid2 Id an aonaigh aimsir an chogaidh3 adan an chloig Id bal an phoill /ai/

the captain of the boat Peadar's coat the door handle the bird's nest the money bag the fair day the time of war the face of the clock the mouth of the hole

*By spelling convention a is written i before a slender consonant. ^By spelling convention ea is replaced by i before a slender consonant. 3 From the point of view of pronunciation, nouns ending in ~(e)adh have no special form in the genitive, e.g. cogadh /kog/: aimsir an chogaidh /... xog/. From the point of view of spelling, however, they belong here.

poll /au/ cnoc /u/ arm /a:/ iasc /i:/

hole hill army fish

bal an phoill /ai/ barr an chnoic III lucht an airm /:/ mlaanisc /e:/

the mouth of the hole the top of the hill the people of the army the fish bag

In pronunciation all these forms are in accordance with the rules in Appendix I. Where the vowel changes, this is shown in the table above. The majority of masculine nouns ending in a broad consonant are made slender in the genitive singular, e.g. bad - an bhid /bccd/ - /w :d'/ 'boat - of the boat'. 1 In a few words, e.g. doras, arm, the medial consonant is also made slender, e.g. doras - an doiris /dors/ /der's'/ 'door - of the door', arm - an airm /a:rm/ - /:r'm'/ 'army - of the army'. When the final consonant is made slender, ia /i:/ becomes i /e:/, e.g. iasc - isc /i:sk/ - /e:s'k'/ 'fish - of the fish'. A final (e)ach /x/ becomes -(a)igh //, aonach - aonaigh /i:Nx/ - /:N/ 'fair-of the fair'.

4. GENERAL SUMMARY OFTHE USE OF GENITIVE2

(i) Usage with definite noun Definite noun

i.e. a noun following the article, or a possessive pronoun; or a proper noun

noun verbal noun genitive preposition

ainm... (ag) moladh... ar shon ...

...nahoifige ... mo bhdid ... Chdit, Pheadair ... theach an bhistara

After a noun, verbal noun or genitive preposition, (a) a definite noun, e.g. an bhistara, mo bhdd, Peadar, Cdit, in the genitive, (b) all proper nouns, e.g. Peadar, Gaillimh, teach an bhistara, are lenited.3 (ii) Usage with indefinite noun noun verbal noun genitive preposition ainm ... (ag) moladh ar shon ... Indefinite noun ... gasr

Generally after a noun, verbal noun or genitive preposition, the nominative is used with an indefinite noun (one which neither comes after an, na; mo, do etc. nor is a proper noun). However, a genitive is used in certain set expressions: (a) after a noun 4 , e.g. adach boird 'tablecloth', deochphrtair3 'a drink of stout'; (b) after a verbal noun, e.g. ag curallais 'sweating', agfdil bhais3 'dying'; (c) after a preposition taking the genitive, e.g. ar feadh tamaill 'for a while'.

1 We have already seen examples of this genitive formation after D in D Domhnaigh {Domhnach /du:N3x/), D I Main (ljian /ULN/), D Sathairn (Satharn /sa:rN/). Less frequently D can be dropped and the article used with the days of the week, e.g. ar an Domhnach 'on Sunday(s)'; or in certain phrases without the article, e.g. 6 Dhardaoin go Domhnach 'from Thujsday to Sunday'. 2

In certain cases, the use of the genitive is optional, particularly among younger speakers of the dialect. However, it is felt that the rules given here are a reasonable compromise. -^Concerning the lenition see Lessons 9 and 15. "^Particularly where the second noun is used as an adjective ('attributively') and the two nouns felt as one lexical unit.

(iii) Usage following chun or partitive words

(a) Td s ag goil chun feabhais.

He is improving (lit. going towards excellence).

Chun /UN/ is generally followed by a genitive, e.g. nom. feabhas, gen. feabhais. Other examples are: chun bis 'to death', chun deiridh 'backwards', chun bealaigh 'away'. (b) Td neart airgid anseo. There is plenty of money here.

Partitive nouns such as neart 'plenty of' (in statements), mrdn 'much of' (in questions or negatives), go leor 'lots of', beagdn 'little of', roinnt 'some', leath 'half', ceathr 'quarter', cuid 'share/portion of etc., are normally followed by a genitive.
5. USE OF ADJECTIVE WITH GENITIVE OF MASCULINE NOUNS

barr an gheata bhui muintir an bhaile mhir ainm an leabhair bhdin

the top of the yellow gate the people of the town the name of the white book

An adjective following a masculine noun in the genitive is lenited and in the case of adjectives having one syllable in spelling (and not ending in ll, nn, rr, m), the final consonant is made slender, e.g. mr 'big', ... an bhaile mhir 'of the town'. Adjectives ending in -(e)ach /x/ change to -(a)igh //, e.g. obair an duine bhradaigh 'the work of the dishonest person'. The following forms are somewhat exceptional: uasal 'noble', mac an duine uasail 'the gentleman's son'; beag 'little', mac Shamais Bhig 'Samas Beag's son'.

TEXT

PEADAR AGUS A THEACH Td teach Pheadair i lar an bhaile mhir. Nil ann ach 'teach beag bideach9 mar a deir s fin. Td dhd str ann. Td seomra amhdin agus cisteanach bheag thios an staighre. Td dhd sheomra codlata thuas an staighre. Td geard ar chla an ti. Td cr beag sa ngeard le haghaidh an ghuail. Nior choisin an teach mrdn airgid. Bhi s i gceantar a raibh na tithe ligthe chun donacht ann. aimsir an chogaidh amach, bhi muintir an bhaile mhir ag fdgdil ceantracha mar seo ar shon na dtithe nua, atd tamall amach n mbaile mr. Ansin, gan mrdn achair, ni raibh mrdn comhldaracha fanta ann. De rir mar a bhi na seandaoine ag fail bhdis, bhi an ceantar uilig ag goil chun donacht. Ach le bliain n dh anuas, td s go mr sa bhfaisean ag daoine 6ga tithe mar sin a cheannacht. Nior thig Peadar n go raibh s ceannaithe c chomh dona is a bhi an teach. Bhi an t-orlar thuas an staighre lofa. Go deimhin, bhi an staighre fin ag tosaiag lobhadh. Bhi ceann de na ballai sa gcisteanach scoilte1. Silim fin go raibh scoilt i mbinn an ti. Bhi 'chuile dhuine ag rd leis gur dear mad seanteach a cheannacht. 'Ceannaigh seanrud agus bi gan aon rud9 a bhi daoine a rd. Bionn seanfhocla mar sin i gcnaiag daoine cliste i gcds mar sin. D9amhdaigh Peadar go raibh droch-chaoi ar an teach. Ach ni raibh neart anois air ach tosaiag obair. Ni bhionn obair ar bith dodhanta md choinnionn t do mhisneach.

Exceptionally scoilte is normally pronounced /skel't'i:/. The pronunciation of the verbal adjective with a final /:/ is optional, though rare, in case of verbs of type 1 whose roots end in t.

D 'fhadf a r nar chaill Peadar a mhisneach. D 'fheicfe ansin 'chuile oche den tseachtain ag obair agus ag cur allais. Siinara iontach at ann agus t s bred laidir. Td s go maith ag oibri an chasir n ag pl leis an sdbh. Ni raibh s i bhfad n go raibh adhmad nua curtha in dit an tseanadhmaid agus an staighre agus na doirse uilig pintedilte. Gan mrn achair, bhi caoi curtha ar na ballai uilig. Is dliodir Peadar agus is maith leis cnai i Idr an bhaile mhir. Td an teach congarach do na cirteanna agus feileann s sin dh. Ar ndigh, td luach an tiag ard de rir mar atd daoine ga ag ceannacht agus ag socr suas seantithe eile sa gceantar. Is fi slam airgid amach anseo . 4Ach ni h an t-airgead a chomhaireanns,' a deir Peadar, 'td m sdsta anseo agus nil s ar intinn agam corrai as seo ar shon an airgid.'

EXERCISES

A. Complete the following, e.g. Td m ag glanadh an tseomra. Beidh s glanta gan mrdn achair. X.Tdm ag glanadh an tseomra. Beidh s gan mrdn achair. 2. Td m ag pintedil an doiris. Beidh s gan mrdn achair. 3. Bhs ag athr a sheaicid. Anois td an seaicad 4. Bhi siad ag niochdn a gcuid adai. Td siad anois. 5. Oscail an fhuinneoig. Nuair a bhas an fhuinneoig , ni bheidh an seomra rothe. 6. Td s ag dnadh an phoill. Td s beagnach cheana fin. I. Bhi leitir agat le cur chun bealaigh. An bhfuil si chun bealaighfs ? 8. Bhi siad ag caint ar theach nua a cheannacht. Anois, faoi dheireadh td s 9. Bhiodh na seandaoine ag ligean tithe chun donacht. Anois td siad uilig chun donacht. 10. Bhi sibh ag d na seanphdipir. An bhfuil siad uilig ? II. Bhi an t-orlar le scuabadh, ach td s faoi dheireadh. 12. Nil an obair dodhanta. Md choinnionn t do mhisneach, beidh si anocht. B. In the following, write out the nominative singular of the nouns which are in the genitive, e.g. casr. 1. ag oibri an chasir, ainm an ghasir, mala an dochtir, gunna an tsaighdiir 2. i Idr an orldir, ag gearradh an chldir, doras an chairr 3. deoch phrtair, teach Pheadair, ar bharr an chabhantair, treasna an bhthair, pca mo threabhsair 4. ag baint an fhir, ag lamh an phdipir, ag ithe mo shuipir 5. i mbal an doiris, in dit an tsolais, de bharr an turais 6. leaba mo bhdisy cta Thomdis I. barr mo bhil, geata an tsipil, deireadh an scil, gob an in 8. ar feadh tamaill, cloigeann an chapaill, in dit an tuarastaiU teach an phobail 9. ag casadh an cheoil, cois an stil 10. tilleadh ardin, la an amaddin, muintir an oiledin, treasna an tsruthdin II. mdla an airgid, treasna an droichid 12. ag socr an chloig, ag leagan amach an choirp 13. suil an chaitf barr an chnoic 14. i Idr an aonaigK chun bealaigh, teanga an tSasanaigh 15. aimsir an chogaidh, ar feadh an tsamhraidh, i lar an gheimhridh, chun deiridh 16. mdla an iscf bal an chlibh 17. cois an bhoird, mo chuid neairt, teach an tsagairt, os comhair an tsaoil

TRANSLATE:

1. Toms admitted that the bottom of the door was rotten and that the wall was cracked. He didn't know it until the house was bought. 2. He kept his courage and the house was washed and cleaned and painted before long. 3. According as the families were leaving the district and the old people were dying, the whole district was going to the bad. 4. They say that it is courage which counts. If you keep your courage, no work will be impossible. 5. The priest's car was across the road from me at the chapel gate. 6. Don't stir ! Stay where you are ! I won't be staying long.

VOCABULARY

baintreach/em. bairille ball breac cluasnach colceathar cnra1 fem. contae diabhal dil/em. fainic fem. feall glas grasta greann greim iasacht fem. leanbh2 muinel mullach roilig3/em. rpa sac sochraide fem. stcach str trramh trioblid fem. tumla uaigh fem.

/b N't'r'x/ /br'L'/ /b :L/ /b'r':k/ /kLu:sa:Nx/ /,koL'k':r/ /ku:Ntr/ /ku: Nde:/ /d'auiJ
/du:17

baintreacha bairill

col ceathracha cnraocha contaecha diabhala fainiceacha glasanna greamanna iasachta muineil /min' :l'/ mulla roiligeacha rpa sochraid stca strtha /sto:r/ torraocha trioblid tumdlaithe /tum :Li:/ uaigheanna
Co. Mayo

/fa:n'k'/ /f'a:L/ /gLa:s/ /gra:st/ /g'r'a:N/ /g'r'i:m'/ /i:sxt/ /L':N(w)/ /min'a:L/ /muLx/ /riL'k'/ /ro:p/ /sa:k/ /soxrd'/ /sto:kx/ /sto:r/ /to:r/ /t'r'ibLo:d'/ /tum :Li:/ /u:/

widow barrel part, spot, member fish fat-head cousin coffin county devil desire warning treachery, shame lock grace(s), mercy fun grip, bite, stitch loan young child neck top, summit graveyard rope sack funeral youth store, treasure wake trouble, illness driver grave

Contae Mhaigh Eo /kuNde: ,fi:'o:/ Sen /s' :N/ Samas /s'e:ms/ Toms /tuma:s/ bigh 1 b brionglid/em. croch 1 crochadh fuagair 2 fuagairt /em. glasil 1 glasil fem.
1 3

(man's name) (man's name) (man's name) drown drowning dreaming lift, hang lifting call out, announce calling out lock locking

/baj /ba:/ /b'r'i:qLo:d'i:/ /krox/ /krox/ /fu:gr'/ /fu:grt'/ /gLa:s :l'/ /gLa:sal'/

See note to vocabulary of Lesson 24.

^Piste is normally used. Leanbh has only a limited use.

Pronounced as though spelt rillig.

iompair 2 iompar maraigh 2 mar scaoil 1 scaoileadh tumil 1 tumilt/em. cam cng cthal mr millteach sleamhain teann tobann ar fud ar iasacht i dtaobh

/u:mpr7 /u:mpr/ /ma:r/ /ma:ru:/ /ski:l'/ /ski:l'/ /tuma:l'/ /tum :L't'/ /ka:m/ /ku:r)g/ /ku:L/ /mo:r m1:L't 'x/ /sTaun'/ /t' :N/ /tobN/ /er'fud/ (withgen.) /er' i :sxt/ (with gen.) /di:w/ (withgen.)

carry carrying kill killing loosen, free loosening drive driving crooked, bent narrow shy huge slippery, smooth taut, firm sudden around about, among on loan concerning, about

VOCABULARY NOTES: 1. san oche D Mirt 'on Tuesday night' 2. ag tabhairt faoi deara 'noticing'

3. Grdsta 6 Dhia ar a anam / a hanam ! (lit. 'grace from God on his/her soul'), 'God rest him/her' (said when speaking of the dead). 4. Fainic (thfin) / 'Beware !', 'Watch out!' (can also be followed by indirect relative: fainic a dtitfed I 'Beware lest you fall !' 5. teacht as. (lit. 'come out of), survive, recover' 6. le cnamh D (lit. 'with the help of God'), 'please God' (D is the irregular genitive of Dia). 1. Ni maith liom do thrioblid (lit. 'I don't like your trouble'), 'I am sorry for your trouble' (said when sympathising with persons recently bereaved).

GRAMMAR 1. S i x IRREGULAR VERBS Imperative Singular Verbal Noun Habitual Tenses Future/ Conditional Past Tense Verbal Adiective

'hear' 'eat' 'give* 'give birth' 'say' 'come'

clois /kLosV ith !M tabhair /to:r'/ beir MM'.L abair /a:br'/ teara /t':r/

cloisteil /kLos't'a:l'/ ithe /i:/ tabhairt /to:rt'/ breith r

..../RA;/

cloisith-

cloisOS-

teacht /t':xt/

/i:s/ tugtabhar. /tug/ t /t'u:r/ beirbar/b'e:r/ deirdar.Jd'erV ...... teagtioc/t'ae!g/ /t'uk/

cloiste /kLos't'/ d'ith ite /d'i/ /it'/ thug tugtha /bug/ /tuki:/ rug beirthe ...../b.'er/ ...Mg!. dirt rite /rg;t'/ /du:rt7. ihinig teagiha /ha:n'k'/ /t':ki:/
/XU:L/

chuala

"Also/d'i-.r/.

The above table contains six of the ten (excluding the verb t) irregular verbs. Generally, irregular verbs are lenited or eclipsed just like any verb and take the same endings as Type 1 regular verbs, e.g. an dteagann t ? 'do you come ?', n thiocfaidh m 'I won't come', nar thdinig siad ? 'did they not come ?', n(thiocfairm 'I would not come '. The verb abair'say' is somewhat exceptional: (i) When lenition would normally be expected, the initial d is omitted, e.g. n 'arfainn /N'i: e:rN'/ 'I wouldn't say', ar 'irt s /r u:rt'/ 'did he say ?'. (ii) Initial d is not lenited after a in a direct relative, e.g. sin an fear a darfas 'that is the man who will say it', or after m in the past tenses, e.g. md dirt s 'if he said'. (iii) There is an alternative direct relative form (a deir 'says') with a present or past meaning, e.g. cadeir t 'what are you saying?', td m sdsta, a deir s 'I am content, says he'.
Somewhat less frequently ni, nach, go, mara may be used in the past tense (similarly to the verb td) instead of nior, ar, gur, marar; e.g. ar thdinig s ? / an dtdinig s ? 'did he come?'.

2. THE PREPOSITION 1DIR

(i) Introduction Td spas idir an bord agus an balla. There is a space between the table and the wall.

Idir ^/ed'r'/ causes no change to a following noun, alone or with the article. The article affects the noun as normal, e.g. an bord 'the table', idir an bord... 'between the table ...'; an bhean 'the woman', idir an bhean... 'between the woman ...'; see Lesson 8. (ii) Prepositional pronouns Ordinary form idir m... idir th... idir /... eadrainn eadraibh eadarthu Pronunciation between me ... between you ... between him/her/it... between us /trN'/ between you (pl.) /a:tri:/ between them /a:trb/

Idir does not combine with the singular personal pronouns, e.g. idir me, idir mise, idir m fin, idir mise mfin. The contrast forms and general usage of plural forms are the same as those of ag and most other prepositional pronouns, e.g. eadrainn, eadrainne, eadrainn fin, eadrainne muidfin; see Lesson 16.

(iii) Meaning of idir (a) Basic meaning 'between' Beidh Cdit anseo idir an d agus an tri. Cit will be here between two and three. (b) Secondary meaning 'both' Bhi idir sean agus 6g ann. Td idir balla agus ceann briste. There were both old (people) and young (people) there. Both wall(s) and roof are broken.

No article is required after idir 'both' and the singular can be used in a general sense. Also idir 'both' may lenite following nouns (though not usually those with initial t or s),

Idir is pronounced as though spelt eidir.

e.g. idir jhear agus bhean 'both men and women', idir bheithigh agus chaoirigh 'both cows and sheep', idir mhagadh is dhdirire 'half in mocking (lit. both joking and serious)'.

3. GENITIVE WITH SLENDER CONSONANT AND IRREGULAR VOWEL CHANGE

The genitive form of some dozen or so masculine nouns is formed by making the final consonant slender and by changing in spelling: (i) ea to i leanbh l:l child ceann lad head caipin an linbh mullach mo chinn III l\:l the child's cap the top of my head

Similar to leanbh are: fear 'man', cta an fhir 'the man's coat', breac 'fish', ag mar an bhric 'catching (lit. killing) the fish'. Similar to ceann is greann 'humour', dar grinn 'a source of humour'. Note also feall la:l, buillefeill /ai/ 'a treacherous blow', in which ea changes to ei. (ii) a to o glas /a:/ crann lad ball la:l lock tree place pollanghlois Id barr an chroinn l\:l ildrboill /ai/ the key (lit. lock) hole the top of the tree right in the middle (lit. in the middle of the place)

Similar to glas are: tarbh 'bull', cloigeann an toirbh 'the bull's head', 'sac 'sack', bal an tsoic'the mouth of the sack'. The following nouns are entirely irregular: muinedl 'neck', greim cl muinil 'a grip of (the) back of (the) neck', Michedl: cta Mhichil 'Mchel's coat'; mac son', bean mo mhic 'my son's wife'.

4. THE VOCATIVE SINGULAR

A Pheadair ! A Chdit Mhr ! A Thomdis Mhir ! A shaighdiir ! A dheabhail bhradaigh !

Peadar ! Cit Mhr ! Toms Mr ! Soldier ! You sly devil!

After the vocative particle a hi, which is not stressed, all nouns and adjectives are lenited (see Lesson 4). In the case of masculine nouns, the noun and adjective change exactly as in the genitive singular1 (see Lesson 27), with the following exceptions: (i) Nouns ending in -(e)dnach A chluasdnai! You fat-head !

Nouns ending in -(ejanach, (and stcach 'young man', madadh 'dog') have -a/i:/ in place of the final syllable.
l

Afac, leanbh, Michedl have two forms: a mhac, a mhic; a leana, a linbh; a Mhichedil, a Mhichil.

A stor / A bhal mr! A chloigeann pota!

Oh darling ! (lit. treasure) You big-mouth! You pothead ! !

When inanimate nouns are used as terms of endearment or abuse, the final consonant is not made slender and a following adjective is not lenited.
5. THE DIMINUTIVE SUFFIX

bdd fuinneoig cr geata gob /o/ siopa /u/ hata /a:/ teach coileach

bdidin fuinneoigin crin geaitin goibin Id sipin III haitin /:/ teachain coileachain

a little boat a little window a little shed a little gate a little beak a little shop a little hat a little house a little cock

The suffix -in is used to express smallness, e.g. bd4a boat', bidin 4a little boat'. It may also be used to express endearment, or in a pejorative sense. The suffix -in may be added to all nouns. A final unstressed vowel // is dropped; see Appendix I, 5(i). Final broad consonants (except ch, e.g. teach: teachain) become sjender. The gender of a noun remains the same when the basic meaning of the noun is unaltered. The pronunciation of all these forms is regular and in accordance with the tables in Appendix I. Examples of how the vowel changes are shown in the above table.
NOTES: 1. doras, doirisin 'a little door'; in a few words the medial consonant is also made slender (see Lesson 27). 2. coileach, coileachain, coilin; two-syllable words with the ending /ox/ can optionally drop it before the -in. In this case a broad medial consonant is made slender. 3. cliabh, cliaibhn, clibhn\ fear, feairin, firin; glas, glaisin, gloisin; ia may optionally become (see Lesson 27) and similarly where there is an irregular vowel change (see 3. above) the change may optionally take place.

TEXT

ANTIMPISTE Maraiodh Tomds Mr san oiche D Mirt. Thar la1 s chomh tobann sin. Ni raibh sil ag duine ar bith leis. (C go gcaithfidh m a r go raibh brionglidi aisteacha 'am i dtaobh an bhis san oiche D Luain.) Fear mr millteach a bhi in Tomds. Duine cuthal a bhi ann; an fear bocht - grsta Dhia ar a anam.
1 Although tarlaigh is a type 2 verb, might expect lharlaigh).

more historical spelling tharla is preserved in the past tense (where wc

Bhs ar saoire tMos i gContae Mhaigh Eo nuair a tharla an timpiste. Bhan-dil aige san iaseuch agus bhi s ag goil ag caitheamh coics ag iascach ar fud Chontae Mhaigh Eo in ind le Sean. Is col ceathar dh Sen. Trdthnna D Mdirt, bh s ag iarraidh a ghoil ar cuairt ag bean a mhic i nGaoth Sdile. (Bhi leanbh aici le gairid.) Bthar cam cng a bhi ann. Bhi s sleamhain freisin mar gheall ar go raibh s ag bdisteach. Bhi leorai mr trom i Idr an bhthair a raibh bairilli ceanglaithe le rpai uirthi. Ni raibh na rpai uilig sdch teann. Go tobann, thug Sednfaoi deara go raibh ceann acu scaoilte sa gcaoi nach raibh greim ceart aige ar cheann de na bairilli. Thosaigh s agfuagairt ar thumdlai an leorai. Fainic ! Fainic ! Bhi s romhall. Thit an bairille anuas i mullach an chairr. D'imigh si 6 smacht. Crochadh den bhthar i agus buaileadh faoin gclai i. Caitheadh Tomds M6r amach i mullach a chinn. Eadrainn fin, is mr an feall nach raibh an doras glasdilte. Thdinig tumdlai an leorai sldn as. Nior gortaiodh ar chor ar bith . Tugadh Tomds M6r agus Sedn ag Ospidal an Chontae. Bhi muinedl Thomdis Mhir briste agus fuair s bds uair an chloig ina dhiaidh sin. Bhi cosa Shedin briste ach tiocfaidh seisean as, le cunamh D. Tugadh corp Thomdis Mhir abhaile anseo mar rugadh agus tigeadh sa bpardiste seo . Bhi an trramh ann san oiche D Mdirt agus bhi an tsochraide ann maidin Dardaoin. Cuireadh thar is Aifreann a d dhag. Bhi sochraide mhr ann. Bhi idir sean agus 6g ann. Bhi isteach is amach le cad carr taobh amuigh den roilig. Bhi na daoine anonn is anall ag caint leis an mbaintreach. 'Ni maith liom do thriobldid,' a deir siad (sin a deireanns 9chuile dhuine anseo). *Td a fhios agam , a str,' a dirt an bhaintreach. 'Muise, an creatr, d'imigh s go tobann,9 a bhi na daoine a rd. D'iompair na fir an chnra go dti an uaigh. Ansin dirt an sagart na paidreacha. Cuireadh Tomds Mr san uaigh ar cuireadh a athair inti fiche bliain shin nuair a bddh1 .
EXERCISES

A. Complete these sentences using the appropriate irregular verb.

1. Cloiseann an bhean d an iomarca scalta. si inn go raibh Mdirtin ag 61 arist. 2. Ithim "chuile short. Is cuma card a thabharfas t dhom, m . 3. Thdinig Francach 9inn Sasanach amdireach go leor strainsarai anseo chuile bhliain. 4. C J& leis an mbean sin ? Deireann Samas i gcnai gur bean an-bhred i. 5. Eadrainn fin, abair liom c dirt t leis ansin ? Nar t rud ar bith leis ? Nach mbeadh s nios fearr rud eicint a ? 9 6. Beireann an bh ag an am seo chuile bhliain si arir. 7. Cn dit ar tigeadh th ? Ar agus tigeadh anseo th ? 8. ar ais anseo arist amdireach agus beidh m in ann airgead a thabhairt dhuit. 9. An sileann t go dtiocfaidh s ? Ni . 10. Tear a arist gan mrdn achair. Nd biodh s i bhfad n go t ar ais arist. 11. Beir thusa ar mo mhdla arfeadh nimad agus fadfaidh tusa ar mo mhaide.

Although the ending of the autonomous form in the past tense is ~(e)adh for type 1 verbs (see Lesson 20), when the root ends in a the second a is omitted in spelling, e.g. bddh rather than bdadh (see Appendix I).

12. Rugs1 ar an bhfear a ghoid an t-airgead. Is mr anfeall nach fidir bhfear eile. B. Write out the nominative singular of the bracketed nouns in the following sentences. 1. T nead ag an an i mbarr (an chroinn). 2. Ni raibh bal (an tsoic) sch mr. 3. Thit m ar chl (mo chinn). 4. Bhi cta (an linbh) bdn. 5. Croch suas cta (an fhir). 6. T bean (mo mhic) tinn. C. Add the diminutive suffix -in to the following words. 1.cota 5. leabhar 2. teach 6. saighdir 3. maide 7. brg 4. deoch 8. doras

ar an

TRANSLATE:

1. I was dreaming again last night about death. I was sweating with (the) fear. 2. Watch out! There is a rope loose. It has no grip on the barrel. Watch out lest it might fall ! 3.1 was calling out to the driver of the lorry. 4. Although the barrel fell suddenly down on top of the car, nobody was hurt. 5. Toms Mr's wife was born and raised in this parish. She was buried in the same grave. There was a big funeral. 6. Sen is very fond of the cars. He is a dangerous driver. Is the car door locked ?

Dreith ar means 'to take, catch hold of. In this sense of 'catch' rugs replaces rugadh.

VOCABULARY

babhal bagn beainc/em. bille blaosc/em. bonn cill/em. cluaisfem. cldach ccaireacht/em. coill fem. coinneal fem. corc ere/em. cuireadh cis fem. cuntas jug leathanach leictreachas meall mean lae oinnin peain pros robar salann saspan slinn fem. sluasaid/em. suim fem. taepait taithneamh tarma tin fem. bog 1 bogadh br bruigh 1 glaoch gluigh 1 iarnil 1 iamil/em. mease 1 meascadh rst 1

/bauif /ba:gu:N/ /b':r)'k7 /b'L'/ /bLi:sk/ /bu:N/ /k'i:L'/ /kLu:s'/ /kLu:dx/ /ko:kr'xt/ /kaiL'/ /kiN'L/ /kork/ /k'r'e:/ /kir'/ /ku:s'/ /ku:Nts/ /cfeug/ /L':Nx/ /L'ek't'r'xs/ /m' :if /m' :N Le:/
/N'U:N/

/p':n'/ /pros/, /pres/ /robr/ /sa:LN/ /s :spN/

/ST':N'/

/sLu:sd'/ /si:m'/ /te:pa:t/ /t:N'/ /t'e:rm/ /tu:n'/ /bog/ /bog^/ /bru:/ /bru:/ /gLi:x/ /gLu/ /i:rNa:l'/ /i:rN :l'/ /m':sk/ /m':sk/ /ro:st/

bowl bacon beainceanna bank (money) bill bill blaoscanna skull, eggshell boirm /bi:N'/ coin bonncha /buNu:xi:/ sole churchyard cluasa ear clda cover cooking coillte wood, forest coinnle /ki:N'L'/ candle coirc /ker'k7 cork, plug earth cuirocha invitation ciseanna cause, case cuntais account juganna jug leathana page electricity mealltracha lump, mess midday oinniin /iN'u:n'/ onion peaineanna pan prosanna press, cupboard robair dishcloth salt sspain /sa:spn'/ saucepan sleanracha /s'l'a:Ntrxi:/ roof slate sluaiste /sLu:s't'/ shovel interest, amount taepaiteacha teapot enjoyment, pleasure tarma term tineanna bottom, rump babhalanna soften, move softening pressing, etc. press, bruise, push, mash calling call iron ironing mix mixing fry, roast

rstadh rsta v.adj. triomaigh 2 trom buoch cothrom dlis gann gearr leathan lom milis salach ar aghaidh i gcaitheamh i mease in aice timpeall

/ro:st/ /ro:sti:/ /t'r'um/ /t'r'umu:/ /bi:x/ /korm/ /d'i:l's'/ /ga:N/ /g'a:r/ /L':N/ /Lu:m/ /m'il's'/ /sa: ix/ /er' ai/ / ga:/ /m':sk/ /N :k'/ /t'i:mpi7 (with gen.) (with gen.) (with gen.) (with gen.) (with gen.)

frying fried diy drying grateful (de: to) level, equal faithful, dear scarce short broad, wide bare sweet dirty in front of, forward during among beside around

VOCABULARY NOTES: 1. obair ti 'housework' 2. Buiochas le Dia i 'thanks (be) to God!' 3. Is gearr go/nach ... 'it will be only a short time until... (not...) 4. ag cur glaoch ar 'calling up, telephoning' 5. ar bogadh 'steeping' 6. Crna Cille (title of well-known novel by Mirtn Cadhain)

GRAMMAR

1. FOUR MORE IRREGULAR VERBS

As is the case with all irregular verbs, those below take the endings of Type 1 regular verbs. As can be seen from the table, three of these verbs employ different roots for the 'dependent' forms (as is the case with the verb t). Exceptionally, in the spelling of the future and conditional of /aigh, the /of the ending is omitted, t.g.gheobhaidh /y'au/ 'will get', nibhfaigheadh /N': waix/ 'would not get'. Similarly to the verb t, in the past tense these verbs use the particles ni, an, go, nach, mara, and are lenited or eclipsed in the regular way. However the following points must be noted: (i) the forms bhfaighidh and bhjuair are used after all particles, e.g. nibhfaighidh s 'he will not get', nach bhfuair s 'didn't he get ?' (ii) the form gheobh is permanently lenited; (iii) the form fuair has no prefixed d\ e.g. fuair s 'he got' (ci.fliuch: d'fhliuch s 'he wet').

Imperative Singular

Verbal Noun

Habitual Tenses

Future / Conditional

Past Tense

Verbal Adiective

'do'

dan /d'i:N/

danamh /d'i:N/

dan-

dan-

rifirie /riN/ n dhearna /Y'a:m/ an ndearna go nach . /N'crrN/

etc.

danta /d'i: Nt/

'see'

feic
/f'ek'/

feiceil
/f'ek'o:17

feic-

feicni

chonaic1
/xan'k'/

feicthe
/f'ek'i:/

fhaca
/a:k/

'go'

gabh /go/

goil /gel'/

t/t'ai/

gabh/go:/

an bhfaca go /wa:k/ nach , etc. chuaigh2 goite /xu:/ /get'/ ni dheacliaigh /y':x/ an ndeachaigh go nach . /N ':x/
etc.

'get'

faigh
IQ-J

fail
/f :17

faigh/f :/

gheobh-3
/y'au/

fuair2
/fu:r'/

faighte
/f :t'/

ni an go nach
etc. .

ni an 4 bhfaigh- go /wai/ nach

etc. .

bhfuair
/wu:r'/

The particular pronunciation of t- as /t'ai/, e.g. tann s /t aiN s'e:/ 'he goes', of faigh as /fa:/, e.g. fhaigheann sIfa:N s'e/ 'he gets', and of chonaic as /xan k7 should be carefully noted.

2. GENITIVE WITH SLENDER CONSONANT AND -E

blaosc seachtain brig fuinneoig

eggshell week shoe window

ln na blaoisce deireadh na seachtaine bonn mo bhrdige ditnadh na fuinneoige

the full of the eggshell the end of the week the sole of my shoe closing the window

1 Pronounced as though spelt chainic. ^In fast speech and followed by a subject, chuaigh may be pronounced as /xo/ and fuair as /for'/. ^Alternative pronunciation /y'of/. ^Alternative pronunciation /wi:/.

the pig's head the taste of the egg the light of the sun the people of Galway those associated with the wedding The genitive singular of the majority of feminine nouns 2 (if they have a special genitive case, see Lesson 25) is formed by making the final consonant slender and by adding e //, e.g. blaos&eggshell', na blaoisce 'of the eggshell'. When the final consonant is already slender, it simply takes e //, e.g. seachtain 'week', na seachtaine 'of the week'. Before a slender consonant ia becomes , e.g. grian 'sun', na grine of the sun'. muic ubh /u/ grian /i:/ Gaillimh // bainis Pig egg sun Galway wedding cloigeann na muice I'll bias na huibhe /e:/ solas na grine muintir na Gaillimhe1 /w'/ lucht na bainse In a few words the middle syllable is dropped, e.g. bainis wedding', na bainse 'of the wedding'; sluasaid 'shovel', Idn na sluaiste 'the full of the shovel (i.e. shovelful)'. All these forms are pronounced in accordance with the tables in Appendix I. Where there is a vowel change or consonant addition this is shown in the table above.
Some of these nouns had originally a final broad consonant in the nominative, e.g. brg for brig. This older form is in use in other dialects (and in some few cases cither optionally or in set phrases in this dialect) and is the Official Standard Irish form.

(ii) Further examples with regular vowel changes im coill aill Ii:/ butter /ai/ wood la:/ cliff punt ime Idr na coille barr na haille I'll Id /:/ a pound of butter the middle of the wood the top of the cliff

Similar to im are: suim 'interest', an iomarca suime 'too much interest'; slinn 'slate', ceann slinne 'a roof of slate'; binn 'gable', barr na binne 'the top of the gable''; cill 'churchyard', cr na cille 'the clay of the churchyard'. Similar to coill are: moill 'delay', ag danamh moille 'delaying'; soill 'fat', an iomarca soille 'too much fat'. In some few words the middle syllable is dropped with resulting regular vowel changes: obair lol work coinneal IM candle mo chuid oibre /ai/ solas na coinnle li:l my work the light of the candle

All these forms are pronounced in accordance with the tables in Appendix I.

3. SOME ADJECTIVES WITH SPECIAL COMPARATIVE FORMS

(i) Formation ban glic bog lol gorm lol tobann fairsing bodhar white (nios/is) bdine cunning glice soft boige blue goirme sudden tobainne plentiful fairsinge deaf, dumb bodhaire whiter more cunning softer bluer more sudden more plentiful deafer, dumber

Id Id

'mountain'.

^The article is used with Gaillimh only in the g e n i t i v e . A 1 1 the n o u n s w h i c h torm their genitive in this way are feminine except im 'butter', taobh 'side' and sliabh

sleamhain
lidir

dlis cothrom

slippery strong faithful level

sleamhaine Ididire dilse coithrime

more slippery stronger more faithful leveller

The comparative of adjectives whose basic form is pronounced with a final consonant (except those ending in -ch or -il, which are dealt with later), is made by making the final consonant slender and adding -e //, e.g. bdrt 'white', nios bine 'whiter'. When the final consonant is already slender, it simply takes -e //, e.g. glic 'cunning', nios glice 'more cunning'. In a few adjectives the middle syllable is dropped, e.g. dilis 'faithful', nios dilse 'more faithful'; uasal 'noble', nios uaisle 'nobler'; /'seal 'low', nios isle 'lower'. In cothrom 'level' the medial r also becomes slender: nios coithrime 'leveller'. All these forms are pronounced in accordance with the tables in Appendix I. Where there is a vowel change or consonant addition this is shown in the table above. (ii) Further examples with regular vowel changes tinn cam trom Ii:I /a:/ /u:/ sick crooked heavy nios tinne nios caime nios troime III /a:/ /i/ sicker more crooked heavier

Similar to trom is lom 'bare', nios loime 'barer'; cng 'narrow', nios cuinge 'narrower'. In some few adjectives the middle syllable is dropped with resulting regular vowel changes: domhain /au/ soibhir Id milis l\l deep rich sweet nios doimhne /ai/ deeper nios soibhre /ai/ richer nios milse /i:/ sweeter

Similar to domhain is reamhar 'fat', nios reimhre 'fatter'. All these forms are pronounced in accordance with the tables in Appendix I. Exceptionally, the vowel does not change in donn /dauN/ 'brown', nios doinne /dauN'/ 'browner', and teann/t' :N/ 'firm', nios teinne /t'a:N'/ 'firmer'.

TEXT

OBAIR T Bhi la saoire inn agus buiochas le Dia, ni raibh scoil ar bith againn. Is digh go mbionn 'chuile mhinteoir tuirseach mar sin ag deireadh an tarma. Is gearr go mbeidh an Nollaig ann agus tigfldh m an saol nios boige ansin. Bhi s ar intinn agam iri go moch mar bhi neart oibre le danamh agam sa teach. Nior dhisigh m n gur airigh m fear an phosta ag an doras. D'irigh m agus chuaigh m sios an staighre le breathn ar na leitreacha. Ni raibh cuma rospisiil ar na leitreacha. Ni raibh ann ach bille an leictreachais agus cuntas on mbeainc.

Bhmeall soithi salacha sa gcisteanach le nochn. Ghlan me an bord agus leag me babhal an tsicra agus jug an bhainne ar ais sa bpros. Ansin, thosaigh me ag niochdn adai. Nigh me na tdll uilig agus robair na soithi. Ansin, nigh me an dd bhrdillin agus cldach an pheiliir. Chuir m adai eile ar bogadh. Bhi go leor grine ann thart ar mhedn lae agus d'irigh liom iad a chrochadh amuigh sa ngeard ar chla an ti. Ni raibh siad i bhfad ag triom. Nior bhac me le iad a iarndil mar bhim rothuirseach. Ansin, chuir me glaoch ar Mhichedl agus thug me cuireadh dh le haghaidh a shuipir. Bhi s buioch dhiom mar dirt s nach raibh fonn ccaireacht ar bith air fin. Dhdirire, nil suim ar bith sa gccaireacht aige, mds fidir leis i a sheachaint. Lig me mo scith ansin ar feadh uair an chloig n dh. D'ist m le ceirnini. Ligh m an pdipar agus ligh me cupla leathanach as 'Cr na Cille.9 Ag an seacht a chlog, thosaigh me ag riteach an tsuipir. Ghlan me na fatal agus chuir me sios iad. Nuair a bhi siad bruite, bhrigh me iad. Ghearr m oinnin. Ansin chuir me an t-oinnin agus ruainne beag ime agus salann ar na fatai bruite agus mheasc me sa sdspan iad. Bhruith me bagn agus gabdiste i bpota mr leathan. Bionn bias nios fearr orthu mar sin ach caithfidh t an clar a choinneal ar an bpota no beidh an baladh ar fud na hdite. Ag ceathr don hocht, leag me an bord in aice na fuinneoige. Bhain me leas as an adach boird nua a cheannaigh m i gcathair na Gaillimhe le gairid agus las me coinneal ar an mbord. Thdinig Michedl ar bhuille an hocht, go direach nuair a bhi an suipar ridh, agus tharraing s an corc as an mbuidal fion dhom. Td seisean i bhfad nios Ididire nd mise ! Bhain muid an-taithneamh as an mbili le chile. Is aoibhinn liom a bheith ag ithe agus ag ol agus ag comhrd mar sin le solas na coinnle. Beidh bili eile againn le chile ag deireadh na seachtaine seo chugainn.

EXERCISES

A Rewrite these sentences (a) in the negative and (b) as positive questions. 1. Rinne siad poll nios doimhne i lar na pdirce. 2. Tann muintir na tire ansin ar feadh seachtaine. 3. Chuaigh lucht na bainse ar fud na hdite. 4. Gheobhaidh t feoil nios Ididire treasna na srdide. 5. Gabhfaidh muintir na Gaillimhe ann le haghaidh na hoiche. 6. Fuair seisean bean nios soibhre. 7 Chonaic m bithri nios caime agus nios cuinge i lar na tire. 8. Faigheann tu daoine mar sin i mease do mhuintire fin. B. Write out the nominative singular of the nouns which are in the genitive, e.g. caint. 1. an iomarca cainte 2. ag pl na ceiste 3. mo chuid gruaige 4. ar fud na hdite 5. i lar na tire 6. teach na scoile 1. ar feadh seachtaine 8. poll mo chluaise 9. bun na spire 15. geata na roilige 16. ag foghlaim na ceirde 17. ar shon na cise 18. de bharr na haoise 19. ag craitheadh mo laimhe 20. maracha mo choise 21. babhal an ime 22. de bharr na haimsire 23. ag danamh moille

10. ag ceangal na brige 11. timpeall nu pairce 12. i gcaitheamh na hoiche 13. treasna na sride 14. i mease a mhuintire

24. go leor suime 25. ag foghlaim na Fraincise 26. barr na fuinneoige 27. doras na leabhar lainne.

C. Complete these sentences using the genitive of an appropriate noun among the following: coill, ciall, it, srid, muic, aill, grian, sliabh. 1. Chonaic m neart croinnte ga ag fs i Idr na 2. T an /eilmara ag dol na leis an mbistara. 3. /?inne s teachain beag ceann slinne ar thaobh an 4. Cheannaigh muid taepait agus peain agus soithi eile sa siopa a bhi treasna na
uainn.

5. Nil 6. Ta 7. N 8. T

mrn agat ag imeacht gan cta nuair atd an aimsir chomh fuar seo. solas- na go maith ag rud ar bith atd ag fas. biag rstadh uibheacha anseo, beidh baladh agat arfud na . an t-an ar bharr na ag breathn anuas ar an bhfarraige.

D. Write out the comparative forms of: 1. gorm 2. bodhar 3. reamhar 4. cothrom 5. milis
TRANSLATE:

6. soibhir 1. trom 8. teann 9. iseal

1.1 didn't go downstairs to get the letters. I knew that I would only get bills or an account from the bank. 2.1 gave an invitation to three or four last night. 3. The milk jug and the sugar bowl are on the table. Where is the teapot and the cups and saucers ? 4.1 will put on (sios) the potatoes. If you feel like cooking, cut up the cabbage and the onion. Mix them on the pan. 5.1 like fried eggs and bacon. 6. Pass me the butter, please ! 7.1 never before in my life saw more crooked or narrower roads than the ones I saw in the centre of the country. 8. There is only a drop of milk in (ar) the bottom of the bottle. I will go to the shop and buy another bottle. 9. The sugar and the tea are scarce. 10.1 wash my own shirts and I hang them in the yard. They dry very quickly.

VOCABULARY

/ba:st/ bsta bsta /b'el't'/ beilt/em. beilteanna /kud :s/ cads /k :l'/ cil/em. carabhata /,ka:r'wa:t/ carabhata cnaipe /kr:p'/ cnaip An tAontas Eorpach / ti:Nts o:rpx/ cta mr /ko:t mo:r/ ctamra craiceann /kr:k'N/ craicne /kr:k'n'/ craiceann caorach /krk'N ki:rx/ cuach fem. /ku:x/ cuacha glin/em. /gLu:n'/ gline gualainn fem. /gu:LN'/ guaill/gu:L'i:/ leathar /L':r/ Leatharacha margadh /ma:rag/ marga /m'ito:g'/ miotig fem. miotga /OL/ olafem. /OLN/ olannfem. pinsean /p'ins'N/ pinsineacha /rust/ rusta rusta /ru:t'i:n'/ ritn ritn /sa:17 sil/em. slta /s :Lt/ sceach/em. /s'k':x/ sceacha /s'ek'/ seic seiceanna /s'updo:r'/ siopadir siopadir /SLU:/ slua sluciite speal fem. /sp':L/ spealta /tu:/ tuath/em. uachta fem. /u:xt/

waist belt cotton fame, renown (long) scarf button The European Union great coat skin sheepskin cuckoo knee shoulder leather market glove oil wool pension wrist, cuff ankle heel bush cheque shopkeeper crowd, hoard scythe country(side) will, legacy

fuaigh 1 fuil fem. lb 1 lbadh traoiil l traoiil /em. amplch caol ciallmhar adrom fadbhreathnaoch failloch fin gar garbh mail

/fu:/ /fu: :l'/

/Lu:b/
/Lu:b/ /tri:a:17 /tri: :l'/ /a:mplu:x/ /ki:if

sew sewing bend bending try trying; trial, experiment greedy slender sensible light farseeing, long term . neglectful wild near to) rough, harsh, coarse slow, late

/k'i:Lwr/
/e:drm/

/'fa:dw'r':N:x/ /fLT:x/
/f'i:a:n'/ /ga:r/ /ga:ru:/ /mcuiV

mn seaftiideach searbh seasmhach ar thoib caideo 'chaon go deo i lthair i lthair na huaire i mbun le hais le teann

/m'i:n7

/s':fo:d'x/ /s':ru:/ /s':su:x/ /er' heb'/ /ka:d'o:/ /xe: N/(+len.) /g d'o:/ / L :r'/ (with gen.) / L :r N hu:r'/ / muN/ (with gen.) /1 ':s'/ (with gen.) /l'e t'a:N/ (with gen.)

Fine, smooth nonsensical sour, bitter lasting on the point of, about to how long is it since ? each, both (for) ever present, in the presence of at present in charge of beside (mar: how) out of, from sheer ...

VOCABULARY NOTES: 1. 7a baint agam le 'I am connected with' 2. le fada an Id 'for many a day' 3. ag datiamh iontas 'wondering' 4. is iontach go deo an margadh (lit. it is a wonderful for ever bargain), 'it is really a wonderful bargain' 5. ar aon dath (lit. on one colour), 'the same colour' 6. ag tabhairt Sean ar X 'calling X Sen 7. Bail Dhia ort! (lit. a blessing from God to you), 'God bless you !' (usually said alter passing a complimcnt).

GRAMMAR 1. USEOF.4G 'BY, AS A RESULT OF'

T Td Td Td

an fear tinn ag an ngrian. an bord scoilte ag an ngrian. an bord scoilte ag Mdirtin. an bord briste agam

Td an teach dhd thigedil agam.

The man is sick as a result of the sun. The table is split as a result of the sun. The table is split as a result of M.'s action. The table is broken as a result of my action. (= I have the table broken.) The house is being built as a result of my action. (= I am in the process of building the house.)

Ag can be used with adjectives to express the idea 'as a result of someone's action, or of some active force'. It can also be used with a passive construction of the sort td an teach dhd thigedil 'the house is being built' (see Lesson 15) to indicate the agent.
2. GENITIVE WITH SLENDER CONSONANT AND -E (CTD.)

(i) Formation and examples cloch sceach cuach tuaith uaigh /kLox/ /s'k':x/ /ku:X / /tu:/ /u:/ stone bush cuckoo country grave ceathr cloiche /kLo:i:/ bldth na sceiche /s'k'e:i:/ /ku:i:/ ubh na cuaiche muintir na tuaithe /tu:i:/ dnadh na huaighe/u:i:/ a quarter stone the blossom of the bush the cuckoo's egg the country people closing the grave

cisteanach /...x/ baintreach /...x/

kitchen widow

bord na cisteana /...i:/ mac nabaintri /i:/

the kitchen table the widow's son

All these forms are pronounced regularly according to the table in Appendix I. In nouns of more than one syllable, a final -(e)ach /x/ is replaced by -(a) /i:/, e.g. cisteanach 'kitchen', bord na cisteanai 'the kitchen table'. (ii) Slender consonant with -e // and irregular vowel change The genitive of some few feminine nouns is formed by making the final consonant slender, by adding -e // and by changing the spelling from: (a) ea to i cearc (b) ea to e fearg /:/ anger le teann feirge Id out of sheer anger Similar io fearg are: nead 'nest', ubh neide 'nest egg'; leac 'flat stone, slab',/aoi bhun na leice 'underneath the slab'; speal 'scythe', cois na speile 'the scythe handle'. (c) a to o slat claim bending the rod pregnant (lit. carrying family) Similar to slat is: glac 'a fist(ful)', as cl mo ghloice (lit. out of the back of myfist), 'out of my hand'. Note also the noun scian 'knife', cois na seine 'the knife handle', which is irregular. All these forms are pronounced regularly according to the table in Appendix I. /a:/ /a:/ rod family lbadh na sloite Id ag iompar cloinne HI /:/ hen ubh na circe /i/ the hen's egg

3. USE OF ADJECTIVE WITH GENITIVE OF FEMININE NOUNS

Often when an adjective follows a feminine noun the use of the genitive is avoided or ignored: barr an fhuinneoig mhr the top of the big window In certain set phrases (and normally in writing) the noun and adjective are in the genitive. The form of the adjective is similar to the comparative: oiche na gaoithe mire le haghaidh na coise tinne ar thaobh na limhe deise the night of the big wind (lit. for the sore leg), for a rainy day, for an emergency on theright-handside

4. MORE ADJECTIVES WITH SPECIAL COMPARATIVE FORM

(i) Formation and examples moch Imoxl early (nios/is) moiche fliuch /f'l'ox/ wet fliLhe huoch /bi:x/ grateful buche

Imov.l /fT'ehi:/ /bi:i:/

earlier

wetter more grateful

aiseach /..-W faUoch /...i:x/ seasmhach /...u:x/

peculiar neglectful lasting

/ i:/ aisti l...i:l faill seasmha /...u:i:/

more peculiar more neglectful more lasting

All these forms are pronounced regularly according to the table in Appendix I. In adjectives of more than one syllable, final -(ejach, -(a)ioch /(i:)x/ is replaced by ~(a)ili:ly e.g. aisteach 'peculiar', nios aisti 'more peculiar'. Salach 'dirty' and amplch 'greedy' are somewhat irregular: nios soilche /s'el'i:/, nios ampla/a:mpLi:/. (ii) Special comparative forms with irregular vowel change The comparative forms of a limited number of adjectives is formed by making the final consonant slender, by adding -e /n/, and by changing the spelling from: (a) ea to / sean /:/ gearr la'J

old short

nios sine /i/ nios girre l\l

older shorter

Similar to sean is geal 'bright', nios gile 'brighter', (b) ea to ei deas /:/ nice leathan /:/ broad nios deise Id nios leithne Ii/

nicer broader Similar to deas are: ceart 'right', nios ceirte 'lighter'; dearg 'red', nios deirge 'redder'; searbh 'sour', nios seirbhe 'sourer'. (c) a to o lag /a:/ glan /a:/ mall /Q'J gann lamJ nios loige Id nios gloine HI niosmoille Id nios goinne HI

weak clean slow scarce

weaker cleaner slower scarcer

Similar to lag are: gar 'near', nios goire 'nearer'; glas 'green', nios gloise 'greener'; garbh 'rough', nios goirbhe 'rougher'; dall 'blind', niosdoille 'blinder'.

TEXTS

ANSEIC Td 'chuile shrt i bhfad nios daoire anois le hais mar a bhiodh s roinnt blianta 6 shin sol md chuaigh muid isteach san Aontas Eorpach. Ar ndighf td baint ag luach na hola leis an scal seo freisin. Td s deacair ar dhaoine psta a bhfuil cram orthu no ar dhaoine nios sine atd ag broth ar an bpinsean. Fuair uncail Pheige bds s mhi 6 shin. D'fhag s suim airgid le huachta. Fuair sifin seic n dliodir an la cheana. Ni raibh si nios buiche de dhuine ar bith ariamh nd a bhi si dhd huncail bocht! Ni raibh airgead le caitheamh aid le fada an Id. Bhifonn uirthi roinnt adai a cheannacht. D 'irigh si inn nios moiche nd a irionns si go hiondil. Bhi si ina seasamh taobh amuigh den tsiopa sol ma hosclaiodh . Dhd mbeadh si ann mrdn nios moille bheadh na siopai pldaithe. Td na sluaite de mhuintir na tuaithe ar saoire i bhfus anseo i lathair na huaire.

Bh s chomh deacair sin uirthi a hintinn a dhanamh suas. Bhi siag danamh iontas card a cheanndh si. is fearr li gnai caddis. Bionn siad nios adroime agus go hiondil bionn siad nios gile. Ach td an fmhar ann anois agus ta na gnai samhraidh ag iri nios goinne. Bionn na ceanna is deise diolta acu faoi seo. Bhi gna amhdin a thaithnigh go mr le Peige. Nior thdinig an gna seo anuas ach go dti na gline sa gcaoi go raibh s ruainne beag nios girre nd na gnai a bhi sa bhfaisean i mbliana. Bhi bdsta deas cng air, bhi an t-iochtar nios leithne agus bhi muinedl ard air. Thraoidil si an gna uirthi ach bhi s robheag. Bhi s rochng thart ar na guailli. Ansin chuaigh si treasna na srdide ag siopa mr a bhfuil cdil mhr air. Bhi si ag ceapadh go mbeadh s nios fadbhreathnai agus nios ciallmhaire adai geimhridh a cheannacht. Td na siopadiriag stcdil cheana fin le haghaidh an gheimhridh agus ar aon chaoi, is gearr go mbeidh an aimsir ag iri nios goirbhe. Bhi ctai craiceann caorach an-saor acu agus ctai mora a rinneadh as olann. 'Td na cuislimarai fidin ag na ctai craiceann caorach i mbliana,' a dirt cailin an tsiopa li, 'is iontach go deo an margadh iad !' Cheannaigh Peige cta a raibh beilt dheas air agus cnaipi beaga fuaite 9chaon taobh air. Ina dhiaidh sin, cheannaigh si brga donna a raibh bonnchai leathair agus salta arda orthu. Bhi si go direach ar thoib imeacht as an siopa nuair a chonaic si pire miotgai dlainn agus carabhata a bhi ar aon dath leis an gcta. Sin an rud is measa i dtaobh adai: md cheannaionn t ball amhdin is deacair gan ceann eile a cheannacht! COMHR 'Dia dhuit!9 'Dia is Muire dhuit!9 'C as th fin mara miste leat me a bheith ag fiafrai dhiot ?9 'Is as an bhFrainc m.9 'Cn t-ainm atd ort 'Pierre. Cn t-ainm atd ortfin ?9 'Sen Flaithearta. Sedinin Thomdis a thugtar orm. Caide thdinig t anseo ?9 'Ta me anseo le cupla seachtain. Td me' ag foghlaim Gaeilge. 'Meas t an bhfuil an Ghaeilge deacair ?9 'Nil si chomh deacair sin.9 'Muise, td togha na Gaeilge 9adf bail o Dhia ort! Cd bhfuil t agfanacht ?9 'Sa teach sin ar thaobh na laimhe deise.9 'Td a fhios agam; tigh Mhdirtin Mhir. Cn chaoi a dtaithnionn an dit seo leat ?9 'Taithnionn s go maith liom ach nil an aimsir romhaithfaoi lathair. 'Bhoil, Id maith anois agat! 'Go ngnthai Dia dhuit!9
9 9 9

EXERCISES

A. Write out the nominative of the nouns which are in the genitive, e.g. bdisteach. 1. Bhi scamaill bhisti go leor ann ar maidin ach chroch an Id ina dhiaidh sin. 2. Td cois na seine briste ag an ngasr sin. 3. Cheannaigh muid ceathr cloiche inn. 4. Bionn iascairiag caint go minic ar ghob na curai. 5. Thosaigh Mdirtin ag bualadh builli air le teannfeirge. 6. Bhi an trir acu thiar sa roilig ag danamh na huaighe. 7. Tugtar 'muintir na tuaithe' freisin ar mhuintir na tire. 8. Cheannaigh muid bord cisteanainua anuraidh agus anois td s scoilte ag an ngrian. 9. Nior thug muidpldta ar bith d ach d'ith spiosa ardin as cl a ghloice. 10. Bhitiag caint i gcnai sna seanscalta faoi mhac na baintri. W.Td daoine ann a deireanns nach bhfuil ubh ar bith chomh blasta le ubh na circe. 12. Deir na seandaoine go mbriseann an aimsir le ceathr gealai. B. In these sentences use the appropriate possessive adjective to replace the nouns which folllow the prepositions, e.g. os a chionn. 1.Tdan eochair os cionn an doiris. 2. C atd i mbun na scoile ? 3. Bhi s ag caint i dtaobh na dtithe sin. 4. Ni bhfuair s tada de bharr a chuid oibre. 5. Ni tada Pddraig le hais Mhdirtin. 6. Td an rusta go direach os cionn na Idimhe. 1. Bhi muid cupla seachtain i mease na ndaoine d. 8. Td Cdit fidin i ndiaidh Phddraig. C. Complete the following sentences using the appropriate possesive adjective. 1. Td fear eile (os cionn) (m) 2. Td go leor daoine (in aghaidh) (muid) 3. Chuaigh m sios an bthar (i ndiaidh) (thusa). 4. Bhi an fear eile go direach (os comhair) (m) amach. 5. Beidh Cdit ag caint ar shon Bhrid. D. Use nios with the following pairs of adjectives changing them where necessary. 1. salach, glan l.fliuch, tirim 3. moch, deireanach 4. sean, 6g 5. gearr, fada 6. geal, dorcha 7. leathan, caol 8. ceart, contrdilte
TRANSLATE:

9. lag, Ididir 10. mall, scioptha 11. gann, fair sing 12. garbh, min 13. mr, beag 14. ard, iseal 15. ciallmhar, seafideach 16. milis, searbh

1. I got up yesterday earlier than usual. I thought that if I waited the shops would be crowded. 2. Often cotton is brighter than wool but cotton gets dirtier more quickly. Wool is usually more lasting. 3.1 tried on the suit. The jacket was too narrow around the shoulders. The trousers was shorter than the one I had on. It only came down to my ankles. 4. It would be more correct to keep your money 'for a rainy day'. 5. I never saw a more peculiar kitchen table ! It is cleaner than ours but the sun has it split. 6. We call that man Mirtn. 7. Who is in charge of the place ?

VOCABULARY

agallamh alt anachain fem. rachas bruach buatais fem. ceamara comhdhil fem. creideamh cumha drimire eaglais fem. easpag gadai innealtir iriseoir iriseoireacht fem. ministara spaclir pl. trainn fem. tracht tuairisc fem. rainn fem. Cois Fhairrge Liam craith 1 craitheadh creath 1 creathadh eitigh 2 eiteachtil/em. faiseanta ar sil go ceann thrna chile

/gL/ IxUl /Nxn'/ / :rxs/ /bru:x/ /bu:ts'/ /k':mr/ /ko:Ya:l'/ /k'r'ed'/ /ku:/ /d'r'e:m'r'/ / :gLs'/ /:spk/ /ga:di:/ /N'Lto:r'/ /ir's'o:r'/ /ir's'o:r'xt/ /m'in's't'e:r/ /sp'e:km:r'i:/ /to:rN'/ /tra:xt/ /tu:r's'k'/ /a:rN'/ /kos' a:rg'/ /L'i:m/ /kra:/ /kra:/ /k'r'/ /k'r':/ /et'/ /et'xta:l'/ /fa:s'Nt/

interview article misfortune insurance bruachanna bank,edge buatais boot ceamara camera comhclhileanna conference creidocha /k'r'ed'i:xi:/ religion, belief sentimental feeling drimir ladder church (institution) easpaig bishop gadaithe /ga:di:/ thief innealtiri engineer iriseoir journalist journalism ministara clergyman, Minister spectacles, glasses trainneacha boundary, limit trade, traffic; mention tuairisceacha account, report altanna rainneacha Aran islands (place-name) (man's name)

shake (something) shaking shake, tremble shaking, trembling refuse refusing fashionable on, in progress for (a space of time) upset, messed about

/ers'u:L/ /g k' :N/ (with gen J /hri:N x'e:l'/

VOCABULARY NOTES: 1. ag cur sios ar rud 'describing' 2. aid ceaplha 'who is supposed to' 3. ag craitheadh limh le 'shaking hands with'

4. ag cur agallamh ar 'interviewing' 5. gan trcht ar 'without mentioning, not to mention' 6. ag fiafraide dhuine 'asking a person'

GRAMMAR

1. PAST/CONDITIONAL OF COPULA

Ba chuma le Cdit faoin mbainne.

Cit didn't/wouldn't mind about the milk.

The copula has only a present (is, n, ar, etc., see Lesson 11) and a past or conditional. The forms of the past and conditional are the same. Ba Niba An Nach Deir s go nach Dhd Mara Mdba m/mise t(h)/t(h)usa etc. 'eo/'in/'id mba mhaith leis chuma leis etc. an dochtr

It will be noticed that the verbal particlcs ni, an, go etc. used with Ixi are those used before the conditional of any verb, aber 1.3). Ba, however, is not lenited. The Official Standard Irish forms are: nior ar ndr gur /N'i:r/ (+lenition) /rI /Na:r/ /gr/ rather than tuba an mba nach mba go mba

Although these forms do occur in the dialect, they are, with the exception of nearprobably less frequent than those in the table above. Ba generally causes lenition, e.g. ba chuma le... 'it would be all the same for ...'. A following d, t, g, or s, however, is very often not lenited, e.g. ba dochtr 'he was a doctor'. There is a strong tendency for a dh /y / to be pronounced before /eisean, i/ise, iad/iadsan, ea, and before 'eo, 'in, 'iiid, e.g. ba sin an dochtr /by 'e: .../ 'that was the doctor'. Dfui mba is used in the conditional, e.g. dhd mba clunr dhuit... 'if you should ...', but md ba is used in the past, e.g. md ba chuma leat... 'if it was all the same to you ...'.

1 Afar /Na:r/ rather than ndr /Na:r/ in this dialect.

2. RELATIVE OF PAST/CONDITIONAL OF COPULA

(i) Direct relative (a) Positive Sin an rud ba cheart a dhanamh. That is the thing which should be done / should have been done.

The positive direct relative is the same as the statement form, e.g. ... ba cheart ... '... that should ...'. (b) Negative Sin an rud nach mba cheart a dhanamh. That is the thing which should not be done / should not have been done.

The negative direct relative is expressed in the same way as in the conditional of the regular verb (see Lesson 12) by using nach 'that not* which causes eclipsis, e.g.... nach mba cheart...'... that should not...'.
Alternatively nar /Na:r/ which lenites may be used, e.g nar cheart...'... that should not...'.

(ii) Indirect relative" (a) Positive Sin an fear a mba mhaith leis an bord.

That is the man who would like the table.

The positive indirect relative is expressed in the same way as in the conditional of the regular verb by using a 'that not' which causes eclipsis, e.g. ... a mba mhaith leis... '... who(masc.) would like
Alternatively ar hx! which lenites may be used, e.g ar mhaith leis... '... who would like ...'.

(b) Negative Sin an fear nach mba mhaith leis an bord. That is the man who would not like the table.

The negative indirect relative is expressed in the same way as in the conditional of the regular verb by using nach 'that not' which causes eclipsis, e.g nach mba mhaith leis ... '... who would not like...'.
Alternatively nar /Na:r/ which lenites may be used, e.g.... nar mhaith leis...'... who would not like ...'.

3. PAST/CONDITIONAL OF COPULA WITH FFARR ETC.

(i) Forms B' /b'/ Norbh /N'i:rw'/ Arbh /rw'/ Narbh /Na:rw'/ gurbh /grw'/ narbh /Na:rw'/ Dhdmb' /yu:m7 Mara mb * /ma: rm'/ fhearr fhidir fhi fholdir fhor fhurasta igetm le Cdit, do Chdit

Deir s

do Chdit

(ii) Relative
(a) Direct positive

Sin an rud a b 'fhearr le Cdit. (b) Direct negative Sin an rud narbh fhearr le Cdit. (c) Indirect positive

That is the thing that Cit would prefer.

That is the thing that Cit would not prefer.

Sin an fear arbh fhearr leis imeacht. That is the man who would prefer to go off. (d) Indirect negative Sin an fear narbh fhearr leis imeacht. That is the man who would not prefer to go off. The examples (a) - (d) show the past conditional forms of the copula when used in idioms of the sort is fi liom 'it seems worthwhile to me' (see Lesson 20), or is fi dhom 'it is worthwhile for me' (see Lesson 23), before a word beginning with /, or before igean. Although very frequent, these forms are optional in this dialect.

2. GENITIVE WITH BROAD CONSONANT

abhainn athair /:/

river father

bruach na habhann teach mfathar /a:/

the bank of the river my father's house

There are a limited number of nouns (all feminine except athair) which form the genitive by making the final consonant broad, e.g. abhainn 'river', bruach na habhann 'of the river'. Similar to abhainn are: trainn 'border', clana trann 'boundary wall'; rainn 'Aran', muintir Arann 'the people of Aran'; artachain 'misfortune', in aghaidh na hanachan 'against misfortune'; Albain 'Scotland', muintir na hAlban 7 'the people of Scotland'; Nollaig 'Christmas', aimsir na /Vollag'Christmastime'; mdthair 'mother', teach mo mhdthar 'my mother's house'. All these forms are pronounced according to the tables in Appendix I. Where the vowel changes it is shown above.

TEXTS

IRISEOIREACHT Iriseoir atd in Liam. Td s ag pl leis an iriseoireacht 6 d'fhdg s an scoil. Td baint aige leis an bpdipir canna anois le a s n a seacht de bhlianta. Td suim mhr aige i gcrsa polaitocht. Scrobhann s cupla alt 'chuile sheachtain faoin bpolaitocht. Td suim aige freisin sa spirt agus scaiti, md bhionn cluife mr eicint ar sil, scriobhann s tuairisc air. Uaireanta sa samhradh, nuair a bhionns cuid de na hiriseoiri eile ar saoire, bionn ar Liam tuairisceacha eile a scriobh. Ar anuraidh, cuir i gcdsr cuireadh ceist air an mba mhiste leis cur sios ar chrsai faisean. B'igean dh a dhanamh mar ni raibh s ag iarraidh an

*The article is used with Albain (and irinn) in the genitive only.

fear a bhi os a chionn a eiteachtil. Scriobh s alt faoin gcinedl buataisi agus spacliri a bheadh faiseanta sa bhfmhar ! Ansin, anuraidh, bhi an fear atd ceaptha pl le crsai creidimh tinn. hlarradh ar Liam tuairisc a thabhairt ar chomhdhdil a bhi ar bun ag lucht na heaglaise. Dirt s nach raibh mran eolais aige faoi na crsai sin ach dradh leis go mba chuma faoi sin. B 'igean do Liam cupla Id a chaitheamh ag craitheadh Idimh le ministarai agus ag cur agallaimh ar easbaig. Ach d'irigh leis cupla alt a scriobh. Deir tear gurbh fhi iad a lamh. AN GADA Is innealltir Tomds. Chaith s cupla seachtain le gairid ag obair thiar i gCois Fhairrge. Tdthar ag tigedil monarcha ann. Thaithnigh an cupla seachtain go mr leis agus bhi cumha air nuair a bhi s ag fdgdil. Bhi s ag rd le muintir na hdite gurbh fhearr leis cnaii gCois Fhairrge nd i mBaile tha Cliath. Nuair a thdinig s abhaile, scanraigh s nuair a chonaic s an teach. Briseadh isteach ann nuair a bhi s thiar. Goideadh teilifis agus ceamara gan trdcht ar a chuid ceirnini uilig. Bhi an teach ina phraiseach. Bhi go leor dhd chuid leabhartha caite ar fud an tseomra ag an ngadai. Bhi Tomds uafdsach thrina chile. Chuir s fios ar na gardai ar an bpointe. Bhi s ag creathadh nuair a thdinig siad. Bhreathnaigh na gardai ar an teach ach ba deacair a dhanamh amach cn chaoi ar thdinig an gadai isteach. D'fhiafraigh gar da de Thomas an raibh an doras glasdilte. Dirt Tomds go raibh. Rinne siad amach go mb 'fhidir gur bhain an gadai leas as drimire agus gur thdinig s isteach thuas an staighre. Ni bhfuair Tomds aon cheo ar ais ach td sil aige go bhfaighidh s airgead o lucht an drachais. B'fhidir nach bhfaigheadh s an t-airgead go ceann cupla mi.

EXERCISES

A. Give positive responses to the following sentences, e.g. Ba chuma ... 1. An mba chuma leat dhd mbeadh an aimsir go dona ? 2. An mba mhaith leat cupdn tae ? 3. An mba deacair muintir rann a thiscint ? 4. Arbh igean dhuit teach do mhdthar a dhiol ? 5. Meas t arbh fhi a ghoil ann ? 6. Arbh fhearr leat cupdn bainne ? 7 Dhd mba'in an dochtr, an mba chir dhom caint leis ? 8. An mba *in an ministara ? B. Rewrite the following positive sentences (a) as negative ones, e.g. Niorbh igean ..., (b) with deir s prefixed, e.g. Deir s gurbh igean ... 1. B'igean dhom seasamh ar bhruach na habhann. 2. B\fhearr le muintir na hAlban an ola a dhiol. 3. B'fhi an leabhar sin a lamh. 4. Ba deacair an fear sin a thiscint. 5. Ba choir dhuit leitir a scriobh. 6. B 'fhurasta dhuitse a bheith as. caint.

C. Rewrite the following in the conditional, e.g. Ba mhaith liom ... 1. Is maith liom suiar hhruach na habhann. 2. Is cuma liom faoi. 3. Nfi dhuit . 4. Sin an rud is ceart dhuit a dhanamh. 5. Sin an leabhar nach g dhuit a lcunh. 6. Is fearr liom sndmh. 7. Is furasta dhuitse a bheith ag gir. 8. Ar fearr leat teach t 'athar n teach do mhdthar ? 9. Is fi a ghoil ann. 10. Sin an ministara ar fearr liom caint leis. 11. Ms 'in an dochtr, nil m ssta caint li. 12. Seo an fear nach maith leis an bord.
TRANSLATE:

I. I spent the week shaking hands with ministers and talking to bishops. 2. He is a good journalist. He wrote a few Fine articles concerning the big match last week. 3. He was telling the local people that he would prefer to live in Cois Fhairrge. 4. He hadn't got his glasses on so he shook hands with his sister instead of the bishop. 5. All his records were stolen, not to mention his books. 6. Would it be all the same to you if I smoked a cigarette ? 7.1 am sure it would be worthwhile for you to hear the people of Aran talking. 8. Would it be difficult to understand them ? 9. Was that the doctor over there ? I should talk to him. 10. I got an invitation to visit her father's house. I did not want to refuse her. II. You couldn't describe the house. 12. I was supposed to go back last week but I was sick.

VOCABULARY

bdir bainron1 fem. cim/em. cnimh/em. comhairle fem. cuan cuan mara filte fem. gleann leaid leann maitheas fem. muir fem. pian/em. pluimara r sioc tillir traein fem. Colm candil 1 candil fem. crom 1 cromadh cuartaigh 2 cuart fill 1 filleadh gilll gilleadh tairg 1 tairiscint/em. baril cir gach meabhrach socair

/ba:do:r'/ /b :Ntr'i:N/ /k'e:m'/ /kra:w'/ /ku:rL'/ /ku:N/ /ku:N ma:r/ /fa:L't'/ /g'l'ctN/ /l'rd/ /L' :N/ /ma:s/ /mir'/ /p'i:N/ /pLim'e:r/

bdir bainronacha cimeanna cnmha /kra:w/ comhairleacha cuana cuanta mara gleannta leaids

/&./

pianta pluimarai rit tilliir traentacha (man's name)

/s'uk/ /tccL'u:r/ /tre:n'/ /koLm/ /ka:Nd :l'/ /ka:Nd :l'/ /krum/ /krum/ /ku:rt>/ /ku:rtu:/ /f'i: L'/ /f'i:L'/,/f'iL'/ /g'e: L'/ /g'e:L'/ /t:r'g'/ /t:r's'k'N't'/ /ba:ru:l'/ /ko:r'/ /ga:x/ /m'aurx/ /sokr'/

boatman queen step, stile, degree bone advice bay sea urchin welcome valley lad ale goodness, prosperity sea pain plumber king frost tailor train

auction auctioning stoop, bend stooping look for, search looking for return (ar. to), fold returning yield, submit, give in yielding offer (do: to, ar: for) offering drole, comical, peculiar fair, generous every intelligent quiet, settled, stable
2. as an tnbaile 'from home'

VOCABULARY NOTES: 1. ag baint amach '(finally) taking, reaching, achieving' 3. ag cuimhniii air fin 4. nios socra ann fin 'more at case with oneself

'considering one's position, thinking it over'

5. 7a s chomh maith dhuit... 'you would be as well..., you might as well 6. ag tairiscinl ar 'bidding for'
^See note to Vocabulary of Lesson 24.

GRAMMAR

1. THE PREPOSITION R01MH

(i) Introduction Beidh Cdit anseo roimh Mhdirtin. Cit will be here before Mirtn. Beidh Cdit anseo roimh an gCadaoin. Cit will be here before Wednesday. Roimh /riw'/ causes lenition to a directly following noun, e.g. roimh Mhdirtin 'before Mirtn'. When used with the singular article it causes eclipsis to a following noun, e.g. roimh an gCadaoin 'before Wednesday'. (ii) Prepositional pronouns Ordinary form romham romhat roimhe roimpi romhainn romhaibh rompu before before before before before before before me you him/it her/it us you (pl.) them Pronunciation /ru:m/ /ru:t/ /riw'/ /ri:m'p'/ /ru:N'/ /ru:b'/ /ru:mpb/

The contrast forms and general usage are the same as that of ag and most other prepositional pronouns, e.g. romham, romhamsa, romham fin, romhamsa mfin; see Lesson 16. Rompu /ru:mpb/ 'before them' has an alternative form romhab /ru:b/ which is not normally written.

(iii) Meaning of roimh The basic meaning is 'before, ahead of, in front of'. Bhi Mdirtin anseo roimh na daoine eile. Biag breathn romhat! More idiomatically roimh is used: (a) to express 'on the arrival of' Bhi Cdit romham ag an traein Cit was at the train on my arrival. Cit was at the train to meet me. Mirtn was here before the other people, Look ahead of you !

(b) with/ilte 'welcome (iox)\ faitios 'afraid (of)' Td fdilte agam romhat. Td faitios agam roimh Chdit.1 I have a welcome for you. I am afraid of Cit.

Although td faitios orm is 4I am afraid' (see Lesson 17), the preposition ag is now generally used in conncction with roimh.

2. THE PREPOSITION THR

(i) Introduction T Cit ag breathn thrifhuinneoig eile. T Mdirtin ag breathn thrid an bhfuinneoig seo. Cit is looking through another window. Mirtn is looting through this window.

Thr/hri:/1 'through' causes lenition to a directly following noun, e.g. thri fhuinneoig 'through a window'. When used with the singular article it takes the form thrid and a following noun is eclipsed, e.g. thrid an bhfuinneoig. (ii) Prepositional pronouns Ordinary form thrim thrit thrid thrithi thrinn thribh thriothu through me through you through him/it through her/it through us through you (pl.) through them Pronunciation /hri:m'/ /hri:t7 /hri:d'/ /hri:/ /hri:N'/ /hri:b'/ /hri:b/

The contrast forms and general usage are the same as that of ag and most other prepositional pronouns, e.g. thrim, thrimsa, thrm fin, thrimsa m fin; see Lesson 16. Note, however, that the contrast form for the third person singular masculine is thrisan 'through him'.

(iii) Meaning of thri The basic meaning is 'before, ahead of, in front of'. Feicim thrid an adach sin. I see through that cloth.

More idiomatically, thris used in the expressions thri thine 'on fire', thrid is thrid 'all things considered, generally speaking, on the whole', thrina chile 'in a mess'; thrigach scal 'finally, in the end, the upshot of the matter is that...'.
3. GENITIVE WITH BROAD CONSONANT AND -A

canddil feadail altir

auctioning whistling altar

fear na canddla do chuidfeadaiola os comhair na haltra

the auctioning man your whistling in front of the altar

Nouns ending in il/-(a)il and non-agent nouns ending in -irl-eoir form their genitive by making the final consonant broad and by adding -a //, e.g. candil 'auctioning', na canddla 'of the auctioning'.
Agent nouns ending in -oirf-eoir frequently have no special genitive form, e.g. hat a an bhdir 'the boatman's hat'. In Official Standard Irish (and more rarely in this dialect) they are treated like altir, e.g. hata an bhadora, teach an mhuinteora, etc.

A limited number of nouns have similar genitive forms: bliain bainrion buachaill year queen boy ts na bliana the beginning of the year ainm na bainriona the queen's name airgead an bhuachnlla the boy's money

*Note that thris pronounced with a broad r hi.

dearthdir main maitheas leathshil sail loch tdillir Samhain1 Cisc1 feoil

brother turf good(ness) one eye heel lake tailor Hallowtide Easter meat

teach mo dhearthdra my brother's house baint mhna cutting turf mordn maitheasa much good ag dnadh na leathshla shutting an eye barr na sdla the top of the heel bruach locha a bank of a lake bean an tdillira the tailor's wife IdSamhna All Saints' Day aimsir na Cdsca Eastertime bias na feola the taste of meat

There are also the following nouns in which the vowel changes regularly according to the tables in Appendix I: gleann / :/ am la:l valley time muintir an ghleanna /:/ the people of the valley go leor ama /a:/ plenty of time

Similar to gleann is leann la:/ 'ale', teach leanna /:/ 'alehouse'.

4. GENITIVE WITH BROAD CONSONANT, -A AND IRREGULAR VOWEL CHANGE

The genitive of some few nouns is formed by making the final consonant broad, by adding -a // and by changing the spelling from: (i) oi to a droim /i:/ (ii) oi to o troid Id (iii) ui to o fuil lil fight blood fonn troda lol agcurfola lol a desire to fight bleeding

back

lr an drama

/a:/

the middle of the back

Somewhat similar to fuil is muir 'sea' which occurs in set phrases, e.g. ar an muir rnhr 'on the great sea', cuan mara 'sea urchin'. (iv) io to ea sioc (v) ei to ea greim li:l bite de bharr an ghreama /:/ on account of the bite /u/ frost agcursheaca tail frosting

5. SPECIAL COMPARATIVE FORM WITH BROAD CONSONANT AND A-

spisiil socair deacair cir

interesting steady difficult fair

nios spisila nios socra nios deacra nios cra

more interesting steadier more difficult fairer

*The final a is sometimes dropped, e.g. aimsir na Cdsc', Dotnhnach Case' 'Easter Sunday', aonach na
Samhn' 'Hallowtide Fair'.

All adjectives ending in -il, and the adjectives socair, deacair and coir form their comparative by making the final consonant broad and by adding -a //.
6. COMPARATIVE DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES WITH PAST TENSES OR CONDITIONAL

Bhi(odh) I an seomra seo ni ba dorcha. Bheadh | an seomra ba dorcha anseo.

This room was/used to be/would be darker. The darkest room was/used to be/would be here.

When a sentence is in a past tense or in the conditional, ni ba /N'i: b/ frequently replaces nios in a comparison, and ba replaces is in a superlative. (Ba is the relative past/conditional of the copula; see Lesson 31.) Nios is in fact made up of ni 'thing' and the present relative of the copula.

TEXT

COMHAIRLE T Colm s bliana dag ag obair i mBaile tha Cliath. D 'fhg s Cois Fhairrge nuair a bhi s ocht mbliana dag d'aois. Buachaill an-mheabhrach a bhi ann. Chaith s cheithre bliana ar an ollscoil agus ansin nuair a bhain s a chim amach fuair s posta mar mhinteoir. I dtosach bhi s ag roinnt rasn lena dhearthdir, Pddraig, agus le leaid eile as an mbaile. Bhi an leaid eile ag obair mar phluimara. Fear baril a bhi ansin agus bhiodh an-chraic ag an trir acu le chile. Ach ansin phs an dearthdir agus cheannaigh s teach. (Psadh an leaid eile tri mhiroimhe sin.) Bhi Colm fgtha asfin. Chaith s bliain mar sin. I gcaitheamh na bliana sin thosaigh Colm ag cuimhni air fin. Cn deifir a bheadh air ag psadh ? Nach raibh a dhthain ama aige ? Mar sin fin, bhi s ag danamh iontas an mbeadh s ni ba socra ann fin dhd gceanndh s teach. Ach, ar bhealach, dhd mbeadh cram mar sin ort, nach mbeadh an saol i bhfad ni ba deacra ? Dhd mbeadh duine eicint romhat nuair a thiocf abhaile do chuid oibre, bheadh crsai ni b \fhearr. Bhi Colm uaigneach. Chuaigh sfin agus Pddraig abhaile ar saoire faoi Chdisc anuraidh. Bhi an mhin le baint thart ar aimsir na Cdsca. Ld amhdin, bhi an dd dhearthdir ag cuidi leis an athair nuair a bhi s ag baint na mna. Thar is tamaill, dirt Colm go raibh pian i gcndimh a dhrama 6 a bheith ag cromadh anuas agus gur thastaigh scith uaidh. Thig Pddraig scith freisin agus shuigh an bheirt acu ar bhruach locha agus thosaigh siad ag caint. 'Bheadh s chomh maith dhuit teach a cheannacht,' a deir Pddraig, 'nil t ach ag cur do chuid airgid am ag ioc cios mar sin.9 'Cn dochar ?9 a deir Colm, 'td an saol fada !9
9 Ach ghill Colm dhd dhearthdir. Nuair a d fhill an bheirt acu ar Bhaile tha Cliath thosaigh Colm ag cuart teach. Ld amhdin, 9spdineadh teach dh agus chomh luath is a shiil s isteach thrid an doras thig s go mba 9in 9 an teach a bhi uaidh. Bhi s go direach cosil le teach a dhearthdra. Canddladh agus d irigh le Colm a cheannacht. Bhi go leor daoine ag tairiscint ar an teach agus dhd bharr sin, choisin s go leor. Ach thrid is thrid, bhi Colm sdsta go maith leis.

D9airigh muid le gairid go bhfuil Colm le psadh.

EXERCISES

A. Complete these sentences with the appropriate prepositional pronoun, e.g. rompu. 1. Nuair a theaganns strainsara anseo, bionn filte againn 2. T an t-adach chomh tanai sin gur fidir feicedil 3. Bhi fonn troda ar an bhfear mr agus bhi faitios agamsa 4. Nuair a thdinig Cdit abhaile c a bheadh ach a huncail. 5. Bhi t chomh fuar sin go silfed go ngabhfadh an ghaoth 6. Td fdilte a Mhdirtin ! 7. B 'fhearr dhinn a bheith ag breathn go direach ar fhaitios go mbeadh duine eicint ag tiocht. 8. Bionn an fhuinneoig chomh salach sin nach bhfeicfed aon bhlas 9. Nuair a chuaigh m isteach sa siopa bhi beirt 10. Td fdilte a dhaoine uaisle ! B. Give the nominative singular of the nouns which are in the genitive, e.g. min. 1. Thdinig leorai mna eile inn. 2. Bhi s ina chnai i Idr an ghleanna. 3. bhi an fear bocht tinn anois, nil mrdn maitheasa ann. 4. Ni bheidh mrdn ama againn. Td an-fhaitios orm go ngabhfaidh an teach uilig thri thine 5. Td mo shrn ag cur fola. 6. Bhi siad anseo oiche Shamhna. 1. Bionn ts na bliana nios socra. 8. Td bean mo dhearthdra nios gnaoila.
TRANSLATE:

1. You are welcome ! 2.1 couldn't see through the window. 3. All things considered, it would be much nicer if there was somebody from home there on your arrival in Dublin. 4. My nose is bleeding. 5. He offered twenty thousand pounds for his brother's house. 6. This book is more interesting. 7. The beginning of the year was cold. It was snowing and frosting. 8. Our house was in the middle of the valley. 9. Pdraig's brother is a very intelligent boy. He took his degree after three years at the university. 10.1 thought that it would be as well for me to buy a house. 11. I was only wasting my money paying rent. 12. He was much more at ease with himself when he gave in to his brother. 13. They were helping their father who was cutting turf. 14. Colm had a pain in his back from bending down. 15. The two of them sat on the bank of the lake and took a rest.

VOCABULARY

bisn caoireoil /em. coinne colainn/em. corin fem. crin fem. flacail fem. fiaclir lir fem. locht muinin fem. neaipicn pca nal rille rotha scil fem. sclbha searrach uachtaran beannaigh 2 beann braiteoireacht/em. era crigh 1 pioc 1 piocadh s 1 s aib bacach baileach binn ciotach oilte stadach ttach r ar a laghad ar a mhad faoi dh thar barr thar cionn

basin /ba:s'i:n'/ bisn mutton /ki:r'o:l'/ coinn appointment /kiN'/ (living) body /koLN'/ colainneacha /kru:n'/ cornacha /kru:Nxi:/ crown /kr :n'/ crntacha /kr :Ntxi:/ sow /f'i:kl'/ tooth fiacla /f'i:kL/ /f'i:kLo:r'/ fiaclir dentist lracha /L :rxi:/ /La:r'/ mare lochtanna /Loxt/ fault /min'i:n'/ trust /n':p'k'i:n' po:k/ neaipicn pca handkerchief /N'e:if nap, swoon, fit rill /ra:L'/ rail, railing, banister rit /ro:/ wheel scilearma /s'k'il'/ skill, sclbhaithe /skixr.wi:/ labourer /skL :wi:/ searraigh /s':r/ /s':rx/ foal uachtarin /u:xtra:n /u:xtra:N/ '/ president /b':N/ /b':Nu:/ /br:t'o:r'xt/ /kr :/ /kr :/ /p'uk/ /p'uk/ /sa:/ /sa:/ /:b'i:/ /ba:kx/ /ba:l'x/ /b'i:N'/ /k'itx/ /eL't'/ /sta:dx/ /tu:tx/ /u:r/ /er' Laid/ /er' w'e:d/ /i: yo:/ /har b :r/ /har k'i:N/ bless, greet blessing, greeting hesitating tormenting, annoying torment, annoy pick, pluck, preen picking stick, stab, shove sticking ripe, smart lame exactly melodious clumsy, lefthanded skilled, trained having a stutter awkward, mean fresh at least at most twice outstanding
excellent

VOCABULARY NOTES:

1. iras (lit. toriseout of), 'to cease'

2. t muirtin agam as 'I trust him' 3. td locht agam air 'I have a fault tofind with it' 4. muintn a dhanamh as duine 'to put trust in someone' 5. Caith/t! Take a seat!' 6. isfada nach bhfaca m th. 'It is a long time since I have seen you' 7. rud eicint a chur ina loighe ar dhuine 'to persuade a person of something' 8. ag baint scil as (lit. taking skill out of), 'examining, analysing, diagnosing'

GRAMMAR
1. THE PREPOSITION THAR

(i)
Shiil Cit thar theach eile. Shiil Cdit thar an bhfear sin. Cit walked past another house. Cit walked past that man.

Thar /ha:r/, /h:r/ 'past' causes lenition to a directly following noun, e.g. thar theach 'past a house', except in certain adverbial phrases, e.g. thar sdile (lit. 'over brine') 'beyond the sea, overseas'; thar barr (lit. 'past top') 'outstanding'; thar cionn 'excellent'. When used with the singular article a following noun is eclipsed, e.g. thar an bhfear 'past the man'. (ii) Prepositional pronouns Ordinary form tharam tharat thairis thairti tharainn tharaibh thartu past me past you past him/it past her/it past us past you (pl.) past them Pronunciation /ha:rm/ /ha:rd/ /h:r's'/ /ha:rt'/ /ha:rN'/ /ha:ri:/ /ha:rtb/

The contrast forms and general usage are the same as that of ag and most other prepositional pronouns, e.g. tharam, tharamsa, tharam fin, tharamsa mfin; see Lesson 16. Note, however, that the contrast form of thairis is thar san /ha:rsN/. Tharat, thartu have the alternative forms thartat /hairtd/ and tharu /hairb/ resp., though these are not normally written. Tharaibh has the alternative pronunciation /ha:rb'/. In the impersonal use of the third person singular thairis is replaced by thart 'over, around'.

(iii) Meaning of thar The basic meaning is 'past, beyond, over': Td Cdit ag sil thar an ngeata. Td an madadh ag caitheamh lim thar an mbosca. Chaith Cdit thar bhliain ansin. Cit is walking past the gate. The dog is jumping over the box. Cit spent over a year there.

More idiomatically thar is used: (a) with a bheith to express 'outstandingly, extremely' Td Cdit thar a bheith go maith Cit is extremely good. (b) with mar to express 'compared with how' Td Cdit go maith thar mar a bhi si inn. Cit is well compared with how she was yesterday.

2. GENITIVE WITH BROAD CONSONANT AND -ACH

cir cathair glin sil

wax city knee eye

baladh na carach muintir na cathrach caipin na glnach os cionn na slach

the smell of wax the people of the city the kneecap above the eye

A limited number of feminine nouns form their genitive by making the Final consonant broad and by adding -ach /x/, e.g. cir 'wax', na carach 'of the wax'. It will be noticed that most of these nouns are pronounced with one long syllable and a final slender r, l, n. If the noun is spelt with two short syllables, e.g. cathair 'city', the second syllable is dropped when -ach is added: na cathrach 'of the city'. Further examples are: lair cathaoir traein tin corin crdin stail caora mare chair train bottom crown sow stallion sheep searrach Idrach tin na cathaorach doras na traenach pca tnach ar shon na coronach cloigeann na crdnach cloigeann na stalach craiceann na caorach a female foal the seat of the chair the door of the train hip pocket for the sake of the crown the sow's head the stallion's head sheepskin

The medial r also becomes broad in caoireoil 'mutton': ceathr caorlach 'a quarter (pound) of mutton'.

3. G ENITIVE WITH BROAD CONSONANT, -ACH AND IRREGULAR VOWEL CHANGE

These feminine nouns form their genitive by making the final consonant broad and by adding -ach /x/, and by changing the spelling from:
(i)

oi to o will in aghaidh mo tholach lol against my will

toil /i/ (ii) ui to o cuid l\l

share

ag iarraidh a chodach lol

wanting his share

(offood)

4 . GENITIVE WITH - N

A few feminine nouns form their genitive by adding -n /N'/: comharsa neighbour lacha duck ceathr thigh An Cheathr Rua (place-name) teach na comharsan the neighbour's house coisnalachan the duck's foot os cionn na ceahrn above the thigh muintir na Ceathrn Rua the people of 'Carraroe'

We should further note: ire 'Ireland', muintir na hireann 'the people of Ireland', in Eirinn 'in Ireland'. The form Eirinn is used after prepositions and also optionally as nominative.

5. FORMATION OF ABSTRACT NOUNS

(i) Abstract nouns formed from adjectives (a) with -(e)acht Adjective hn dearg oilte haril deacair aihi white red skilled amused difficult ripe Comparative nios bine nios deirge nios oilte nios barla nios deacra nios aibi whiter redder more skilled more amused more difficult riper Noun bineacht deirgeacht oilteacht barlacht deacracht aibiocht whiteness redness skill drollery difficulty ripeness

To form an abstract noun the ending -(e)acht /xtJ is normally added to the comparative form of an adjective. The ending -eacht follows a slender consonant, e.g. bine, bdineacht; the ending -acht follows a broad consonant, e.g. deacra, deacracht, or by spelling convention (see Appendix 1.6) the ending -ocht follows , e.g. aibi, aibiocht.
A few adjectives with no special comparative form add -iocht /i:xt/, e.g. asca 'easy, quick', eascaiocht 'easiness, quickness'; clisle 'clever', clistiocht 'cleverness'; sdsta 'satisfied', sdstaiocht 'satisfaction'.

(b) with -(e)asy -(e)adas Adjective good maith buioch grateful tinn /i:/ sick beo alive, quick

Noun maitheas buiochas tinneas /i/ beos

goodness gratitude sickness aliveness, quickness

Some adjectives of one syllable form an abstract noun by adding -(e)as; -eas follows a slender consonant, e.g. maith, maitheas; the ending -as follows a broad consonant, e.g. buioch, buiochas; by spelling convention s follows o: beo, beos. Somewhat similar are te /t'e/ 'hot', teas /t':s/ 'heat'; soibhirlsew'r'/ 'rich', soibhreas /saiw'r's/ 'richness' (c)with -(ejadas Adjective ciin binn/vJ

quiet melodious

Noun ciineadas binneadas / i/

quietness melodiousness

Similar to the above are: r 'fresh', ireadas 'freshness' (the final r becomes slender); dorcha 'dark', dorchadas 'darkness'.

(ii) Abstract nouns formed from agent nouns Agent noun bdir feilmara sclbha siopadir cabaire boatman farmer labourer shopkeeper natterer Abstract noun bdireacht feilmaracht sclbhaocht siopadireacht cabaireacht boating farming labouring shopping nattering

To form an abstract noun the ending -(e)acht is often added to an agent noun; for the selection of the variants -eacht, -acht, -ocht see (a) above. Agent nouns in -r become slender and add -eacht, e.g. tillir, 'tailor', tilliireacht 'tailoring'. Abstract nouns of this sort can be used as verbal nouns, e.g. agfeilmaracht 'farming'.

6. ORDINAL NUMBERS

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 30th 31st 32nd 33rd 39th

an chad cheann an dara 7 ceann an tr ceann an ceathr ceann an cigi ceann an s ceann an seacht ceann an t-ocht ceann an nao ceann an deichi ceann an t-aon ceann dag an d ceann dag an tr ceann dag etc. an nao ceann dag an fichid ceann an t-aon ceann fichead an d ceann fichead an tr ceann fichead etc. an deichi ceann fichead an t-aon ceann dag is fiche an d ceann dag is fiche an tr ceann dag is fiche etc. an nao ceann dag is fiche

/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

x'e:d/ da:r/ t'r'i:wu:/ k':ru:/ ku:g'u:/ s'e:u:/ s':xtu:/ toxtu:/ Ni:u:/ d'eu:/ ti:Nu: ..,. d'e:g/ do:u: ... d'e:g/ t'r'i:u: . .. d'e:g/ Ni:u: ... d'e:g/ f'i:u:/ ti:Nu: .. . f'i:d/ do:u: ... f'i:d/ t'r'i:u: . .. f'i:d/ d'eu: ... f'i:d/ ti:Nu: .... d'e:g s fi/ do:u: ... .../ t'r'i:u: . /

c/ O

/ Ni:u: ...

.../

The ordinal numbers can be seen in the above table. An chad 'the First' lenites a following noun (except those beginning with t, d), e.g. an chad bhord 'the first table', an chad duine 'the first person'. An chad used with eile means 'the next', e.g. an chaduair eile 'the next time', an chad bhliain eile 'next year'. All the ordinal numbers except an

lA

common alternative is darna /da:rN/.

chad prefix h to a following vowel, e.g. an dara halt 'the second place', an tr hlla 'the third apple'. Ordinals above thirty-nine are generally avoided by the use of circumlocution, e.g. sin (anois) dh fhichead leabhar 'that there (now) is forty books', sin (anois) leabhar is dhd fhichead 'that there (now) is forty-one books'; or by using the older system reintroduced through the schools: 40th 41th 50th 60th 70th 80th 90th 100th 1000th 1,000,000th an daichead ceann an t-aon ceann is daichead an caogad ceann an seascad ceann an seachtad ceann an t-ochtd ceann an nchad ceann an cad ceann an mili ceann an millin ceann / / / / / / / / / / da:du:/ ti:Nu: ... s ki:gdu:/ s':skdu:/ s':xtdu:/ toxto:du:/ No:xdu:/ k'e:du:/ m'i:l'u:/ m'L'u:Nu:/

After an ordinal numeral, nouns remain unchanged in the genitive, e.g. clann an dara bean 'the second wife's family'.

TEXT

ANFIACLIR Deireann na fiaclir i gcnai go mba chir dhuit a ghoil acu ar a laghad faoi dh sa mbliain. Bm fin i gcna ag caint ar a ghoil ag an bhfiaclir. Bm i gcna go direach ag goil ag cur glaoch air nuair a thosaim ag braiteoireacht. B 'fhidir gurbh fhearr a chur siar cupla seachtain eile I Ar an gcaoi seo, ironn liom a ghoil aige ar a mhad *chuile thr bliain. Bhi m ag an bhfiaclir an Id cheana. Nuair a bhi m i mo shui sa seomra ag fanacht le a ghoil isteach aige, thdinig bean isteach sa seomra. Ni raibh fonn cainte ormsa ach nior irigh an bhean as a bheith ag cabaireacht. 'Td m crdite ag an bhfiacail seo. Nior chodail m nal le dhd oiche. Shilfed go raibh 'chuile chndimh i mo cholainn tinn, td an oiread sin plan inti.' Thar is tamaill, ghlac m truai don bhean bhocht. Thosaigh me a rd nach raibh an scal baileach chomh dona sin agus ag inseacht dhi c chomh maith is a bhi an fiaclir agus cn mhuinin a bhi agamsa as. Ach bhi 'chuile /ocht aicese air. 'Nil maith ar bith ann !' a deir an bhean. 'Chaith mfin thar s bliana thar sdile agus bhi nafiacliri go hiontach. Bhi^siad thar a bheith go maith. Ach maidir le fiacldiri na cathrach seo, n fiaclirna hEireann, nidhanfainn aon mhuinin astu.' Faoin am ar cuireadh fios ormsa le a ghoil isteach ag an bhfiaclir, bhi me ag creathadh leis an bhfaitios. Ach chuaigh fear eile tharam ar a bhealach amach agus dirt seisean liom mo mhisneach a choinnedl. Ni raibh s chomh dona sin !
4

Tdfdilte

romhat,' a deir an fiaclir, 'cn chaoi a bhfuil t - is fada nach bhfaca m th.'

Thar cionn,' a deirimse. Bhi m ag iarraidh a chur ina loighe ormfin go raibh.
4

Caith ft ansin ! *

Shuigh me sa gcathaoir agus chas anfiaclir rotha beag. D'ardaigh s an chathaoir le me a dhanamh nios compirt. Ansin leag s tdille beag cosil le neaipicin pca ar an rdille in aice liom. Lion s gloine agus leag1 iar an mbaisin beag a bhi in aice na cathaorach. Shd s rud eicint isteach i mo bhal agus thosaigh s ag piocadh as mo chuid fiacla. Chaith s scaitheamh ag baint scil astu agus ag cuart poilL Ansin dirt s gur cuireadh corin ar cheann de na fiacla cupla bliain shin agus go raibh barr na cornach briste. Chaithfinn a thiocht ar ais Id eile. D'fhadfainn coinne a dhanamh leis an rna ar mo bhealach amach. Is duine deas anfiaclir. Agus ar ndigh, td s an-oilte. Mar sinfin, caithfidh me a rd go raibh dthas orm nuair a bhain m an doras amach !

EXERCISES

A. Complete these sentences, using the appropriate prepositional pronoun to replace the brackets, e.g. thairis. 1. Chaith an madadh lim (thar an mbosca). 2. Shiil go leor daoine (thar Bhrid) ar maidin. 3. Lig muid an bhliain (thar) (muid) gan mrdn oibre a dhanamh. 4. Bhi an iomarca ciumhaiseanna (thar) (m) sa leaba arir. Bhi m rsta. 5. An ndeachaigh an dochtr (thar) (thusa) gan beann dhuit ar chor ar bith ? 6. Nichuirfinn (thar na comharsanna) rud chomh grdnna sin a dhanamh. 7. Chuaigh Uachtardn na hireann (thar) (seisean) sa gcarr. 8. Chonaic m carr na comharsan ag imeacht (thar) (sibh) ar an mbealach aniar. B. Give the nominative singular of the noun which is in the genitive, e.g. caora. 1. craiceann caorach 8. os cionn mo shlach 2. pca tnach 9. chomh bui le cois lachan 3. cois na cathaorach 10. in aghaidh a tholach 4. os cionn na glnach 11. muintir na Ceathrn Rua(i) 5. i lar na cathrach 12. cuid na comharsan 6. fuinneoig na traenach 13. scldbhaithe na hireann 7. ceathr caorlach 14. cluais na crdrtach C. Write out fully, e.g. an dara hlla. \.2hlla 2. 30 fear 3. 2I ceann
TRANSLATE:

4. 5 hdit 5.15 duine 6. 1 Id bord

1. Just when I was going to ring the dentist I began to hesitate. This (here) is the third time I have done that. 2. The neighbour's son was at the doctor yesterday. They say that he has some peculiar sickness. 3.1 was annoyed by people ringing me. At last, against my will, I made an appointment with one of them. 4.1 did not feel like talking but there are always people who want to natter. 5. The doctors of this city are extremely good. I would be willing to trust any of them. 6. He was over fifteen years abroad. He was farming in America. There is great wealth in that country. 7. He placed a handkerchief on the rail and a glass of water on the basin. 8. At least I bought a quarter of fresh mutton from the shopkeeper yesterday. 9. Was the President of Ireland at the big match on Sunday ? 10. Did you shut the train door ?
*In a sentence where the same subject pronoun occurs after two or more verbs in the past tense, it is sometimes to be understood. This is a feature of narrative style.

VOCABULARY

aithrist/em. l bois fem. call dair fem. dicheall gaol jab masla naprn radharc ronnach scornach maslaigh 2 maslu smaoinigh 2 smaoiniu teamh tigh 1 aerach cneasta leadranach slachtmhar ainneoin (go/nach) ar ns i gcomrtas le 'tuige

/: r's't'/ / : L/ /bos'/ /k :L/ /d:r'/ /d'i:if /gi-L/ /d3a:b/ /ma:sL/ /Na:pru:N/ /rairk/ /ruNx/ /sko:rNx/ /ma:sL/ /ma:sLu:/ /smi:n'/ /smi:n'u:/ /t'e:w/ /t'e:/ /e:rx/ /k'r':st/ /L' :dra:Nx/ /sLa:xtr/

lta pl. bosa

gaolta jabanna masla naprin /Na:pru:n'/ ronnacha scorna

imitation, mimicry clutch, litter palm (of hand) call, necessity oak best effort relation job insult apron sight mackerel throat

insult insulting think (ar: about), recall thinking heating heat, warm airy, lighthearted, giddy honest boring, tedious handsome, well-finished despite, in spite of like in comparison with why?

/N'u:n'/ (with gen.) /er Nu:s/ (with gen.l) / gumo:rts/ /tig'/

VOCABULARY NOTES: 1. td gaol again le ' I am related to' 2. ag cur duine in aithne do dhuine 'introducing a person to another person' 3. cogar ! {lit. whisper), 'hey, tell me !, say !' 4. Ian na sl a bhaint as {lit. to take the full of the eyes out of), 'to get a good and proper look at' 5. danfaidh scis dhom 'that will be sufficient for me; that will do me'

1 E x c e p t i o n a l l y arnos (a preposition which can take the genitive) is followed directly by mise, mfin, etc., e.g. Td Gaeilge aige ar ns thfin 'He can speak Irish like yourself.'

GRAMMAR

1. EMPHATIC WORD ORDER (i) Fronted sentences The copula (see Lesson 11) can be used to emphasise or 'front* the part of a sentence to which particular importance is given. Td an fear ag caint le Cdit anois. Fronting: (a) Is an fear atd ag caint le Cdit anois. It is the man who is talking to Cit now. (b) Is ag caint le Cdit atd an fear anois. The man is talking to Cit now. (lit. It is talking to C. that the man is now.)1 It is to Cit the man is talking now. (c) Is le Cait atd an fear ag caint anois. (d) Is anois atd an fear ag caint le Cdit. It is now that the man is talking to Cit. The appropriate pronoun (, , iad) is used before a definite noun, e.g. Is an fear atd ... 'It is the man who is ...'; Is Cdit atd ... 'It is Cit who is Is iad mo mhuintir atd ... 'It is my people who are ...'; see Lesson 14.
Ni bhionn s anseo go minic. Niminic a bhionns sanseo. He is not often here. It is not often that he is here.

The man is talking to Cit now.

When an adverb or adjective with go (e.g. go minic, go maith) is fronted, no go is required following the copula.

(ii) Responses (a) Ab an fear atd ag caint le Cdit ? Is it the man who is talking to Cit ? Is . Yes. /s'e:/ N h. No. /N 'i: he:/

In responses the appropriate pronoun is repeated with the required form of the copula (see Lesson 14). (b) (c) (d) (e) Ar ag caint le Cdit atd an fear ? Is ea. /s':/ Is it talking to Cit that the man is ? Yes. Is the man talking to Cit ? Ar le Cdit atd an fear ag caint ? Is it to Cit that the man is talking ? Ar anois atd an fear ag caint le Cdit ? Is it now that the man is talking to Cit ? Ar cthal atd an fear ag caint le Cdit ? Is it shy that the man is talking to Cit ? Is the man who is talking to Cit shy ? Nhea. /N'i:h:/ No.

When a preposition, adverb or adjective is fronted, ea is used in responses with the required form of the copula. For a more emphatic response a prepositional pronoun or an adjective can be repeated, e.g. Ar le Cdit atd...? Is li. Ar dearg atd...? Is dearg.
In all the above fronted sentences the copula is often simply understood, e.g. ag caint le Cdit atd ...? Is ea.

iThis type of sentence is common in English as spoken in Ireland..

(iii) Fronted copula sentences Ba cheart dhuit a thiocht. Thusa a ba cheart a thiocht. You should come. You should come.

The topics in copula sentences are not normally fronted in statements except in the phrases ba cheart, ba chir 'you should ...'.In this case the contrast form of the personal pronoun, e.g. thusa, corresponding to the form of do, e.g. dhuit, in the basic sentence is fronted.
2. EMPHATIC CONSTRUCTIONS

(i) Is an chaoi Bhris s an bord. He broke the table. Is an chaoi ar bhris s an bord. Actually, he broke the table. An nglanann Cdit an bord ? Does Cit clean the table ? Ab an chaoi a nglanann Cdit an bord ? Does Cit actually clean the table ? The verb can be emphasised by using is an chaoi... /s'e: xi:/ or ab an chaoi... ? /b'e: xi:/ in questions. Alternatively is amhlaidh ... /s auL/, ar amhlaidh ...? /r auL/ can be used with a direct relative clause. (ii) Is ard Dirt s go raibh s ag imeacht. He said he was going off. Is ard a dirt s go raibh s ag imeacht. What he said is that he was going off. Is ard /s'e:rd/, which is followed by a direct relative (see Lesson 13), is used to emphasise following indirect speech. The forms of the copula which are employed before //iad (see Lesson 11) are used, e.g. Ab ard...? Nach ard ?
3. SOME IRREGULAR GENITIVES

bean /b': N/ woman cota na mnd /mr :/ the woman's coat driofur /d'r'aur/ sister fear mo dhreifire /y'r'ef'i:r'/ my sister's husband Id /L :/ day solas an lae /L t'J the daylight teach /t':x/ house doras an ti /t'i:/ the door of the house leaba /L':b/ bed bun na leapa /L':p/ the bottom of the bed mi /m'i:/ month deireadh na miosa /m'i:s/ the end of the month trd /tra:/ shore bthar na trd /tra:w/ the top of the shore dair /d:r'/ oak crann darai /da:ri:/ an oak tree talamh /ta:L/ ground tomhais na taln /ta:Lu:N/ measuring the ground The genitive of trd is pronounced with a final /w/. The genitive of talamh may be either an talaimh or na taln..

4. GENITIVE OF CERTAIN VERBAL NOUNS IN SET EXPRESSONS

In set phrases, certain verbal nouns have a genitive form which is similar to the verbal adjective. The following are some examples: caitheamh psadh tamh sui
loighc

smoking marrying heating sitting lying

cead caite fainne psta deis tite dit suite ditloite

permission to smoke a wedding ring a heating apparatus a place to sit a place to lie

5. GENITIVE PLURAL IN SET EXPRESSIONS

T na bid anseo. Td inara na mbdid anseo.

The boats are here. The owners of the boats are here.

Normally there is only one plural form (see Lesson 25). However, in some set phrases (mostly concerning animals or parts of the human body) an older genitive plural is still used: nom. pl. gen. pl. the song of the birds an bird anacha ceolnan-an the hen house cearc hen cearca teach na gcearc clapping (hands) bois palm bosa ag bualadh bos ronnach mackerel ronnacha ag iascach ronnach fishing (for) mackerel In form, the old genitive plural is generally the same as the nominative singular, e.g. an 'bird', ceol na n-an 'the song of the birds'. However, in the case of a feminine noun like bois it is the same as the old nominative (ending in a broad consonant), e.g. bois 'palm of hand', bualadh bos 'lit. hitting of hands, clapping'; muic 'pig', cuid na muc 'the food of the pigs, pig food'. In the case of nouns which add a consonant in the genitive singular, e.g. lacha 'duck', gen. lachan (see Lesson 33), the old plural genitive is the same as the genitive singular, e.g. dl lachan 'a brood of ducks'.
Radharc na siil (from suil'eye') 'the sight of the eyes, eyesight' is exceptional..

6. DH 'HOWEVER' WITH ABSTRACT NOUN

dheacracht dheirgeacht Dhd bharulacht However aisti shlachtmhaire chruacha fheabhas

difficult red amusing , beidh Cdit sdsta. strange it is, Cit will be pleased. handsome hard good, excellent

Dhd /y :/, / :/, which is not stressed, causes lenition and is followed by a form which is the same as the abstract noun (see Lesson 33), e.g. dheacracht 'difficulty', dhd dheacracht 'however difficult'. Adjectives ending in -(e)ach, e.g. aisteach 'strange', or in -mhar e.g. slachtmhar 'handsome', or adjectives pronounced with a final vowel, e.g. crua 'hard', take a form the same as the comparative, e.g. nios aisti 'stranger', dhd aisti 'however strange', nios slachtmhaire 'handsomer', dhd shlachtmhaire 'however handsome', nios cruacha 'harder', dhd chruacha 'however hard'. A sentence of the type 'the bigger, the better' is expressed by dhd mhad is ea is fearr. This use of is ea reflects a usage (which is now most infrequent) where it followed an adverbial phrase which was fronted, e.g. ar an mbthar is ea a chonaic m i 'on the road I saw her'. 7. A... IS 'HOW...' Is iontach a fheabhas is atd s. It is amazing how good he is.

A //, which is not stressed and causes lenition, takes the same form of an adjective as follows dhd 'however' (see above). This construction precedes is and a direct relative
c lause (see Lesson 13).

TEXT

ANT ARBH Is cuimhne liom go maith an samhradh a chaith muid ag obair i Sasana. Mic leinn a bhi ionainn an uair sin agus is muide a bhi og agus aerach ! Dhdirire, ni raibh call ar bith dhinn an samhradh a chaitheamh ag scldbhaiocht. Bhi scoldireachtai againn agus ni raibh an t-airgead ag tastdil chomh gear sin uainn. Ach bhi gaol eicint ag fear mo dhreifire le fear a raibh teach sta mr aige i Sasana agus chuaigh muid anonn ag iarraidh jab air. Fear mr Ididir ar ns tarbh a bhi ann. 'An Tarbh' a thugadh muid i gcnai air. Chuir muid muid fin in aithne dh. Dirt me leis go raibh gaol agam leis. Ni roshdsta a bhi s. Is an chaoi a silfed gur ag iarraidh a mhasl a bhi muid ! Ach thug s posta dhdinn ag niochdn soithi sa gcisteanach. B'uafdsach an scldbhaiocht . Bhiodh muid ag obair deich n-uaire an chloig sa l /aige. Bhiodh an t-aer chomh dona sin go mbiodh mo s cor nach tinn i gcaitheamh an lae. B 'igean dhinn naprin mhra fhada a chaitheamh agus sheasadh muid ag an mbdisin o mhaidin go hoiche ag niochdn agus ag triom soithi. A leithide d'obair leadrdnach ! Is cuimhne liom go raibh me ag obair an-chrua. Bhi me ag iarraidh mo dhicheall a dhanamh agus mo chuid airgid a shaothr go cneasta. Ach dhd chruacha a bhinn ag obair, is ea is cantalai a bhiodh an Tarbh. Dhd mhad oibre a dhanfd, ni fhadfd Tarbh a shdsamh. B\fhearr leis a bheith ag clamhsdn.
4

an

Cogar /' a deir comrddai liom Id amhdin. 4 Tuige a bhfuil tusa ag briseadh do chroi ag obair mar sin ? Tig go bog I Is an chaoi nach bhfeiceann an Tarbh ar chor ar bith th. Td radharc na sl go dona aige.' Sin a shil muid no go raibh muid ina seasamh ag an mbdisin Id amhdin ag danamh aithrist air agus chonaic s muid. A leithide de bhuille is a bhuail s ar mo chomrddai ! Hbair dh a mhar. Ach nuair a smaoinim anois air, is digh go raibh an t-ddh orainn nar briseadh muid. Is cuimhne liom an chad phdi a fuair me. Bhreathnaigh si chomh mr an uair sin dhinn i gcomrtas leis an airgead a bhiodh ag mac linn. Bhi seomra codlata againn i dteachain beag ar chula an ti mhir ('teach na gcearc' a thug mo chomrddai air). Dhisigh ceol na n-an go moch ar maidin me. D 'irigh m agus leag me mo chuid airgid amach ag bun na leapa go direach le Idn mo shl a bhaint as ! Gheall an Tarbh dhd scr punt eile an duine dhdinn dhd bhfanfadh muid go deireadh na miosa. Shil muide go ndanfadh an t-airgead a bhi saothraithe againn cis dhinn agus d'imigh muid abhaile. Ainneoin go raibh an obair crua ni chreidfeadh breathn nuair a bhain muid an baile amach. ar muintir a fheabhas is a bhi muid ag

EXERCISES

A. Rewrite the following, bringing the words in bold face to the front of the sentence, e.g. Is ag goil abhaile atd m. 1. Td me ag goil abhaile. 2. Td Cdit anseo. 3. Beidh Brid anseo amdireach. 4. Td an carr ar chla an ti.
1

In certain set phrases l may replace l following a preposition.

5. Beidh Toms ag tiocht ag deireadh na miosa. 6. Bhi anfinne psta ar an mbord. 7. T crann darai ansin. 8. T Peige ag ciri na leapa anois. 9. Bionn s ag caint leis an dochtr go minic. 10. T teach mo dhreijire i nGaiUimh. 11. Bhi m og aerach an uair sin. 12. Ba cheart dhuitse caint leis. B. Prefix silim to the fronted forms of the above sentences, e.g. Silim gur ag goil abhaile at m. C. Rewrite the following, using is ard or is an chaoi appropriately to emphasise the words in bold face, e.g. Shil m go raibh s ann ach s an chaoi a raibh s imithe. 1. Shil m go raibh s ann ach bhi s imithe. 2. Ni raibh m tuirseach. Bhi m thar cionn. 3. Deir s go bhfuil Mdire tinn. 4. Bhi m cinnte go raibh an bord glan. Ni raibh s glan ar chor ar bith. 5. Is amadn fin. 6. Dirt s nach raibh s ssta. D. Give positive responses to the following fronted sentences, e.g. Is ea. 1. Ar ag caint le Brid atd s ? 2. Ab Pddraig atd ann ? 3. Ab iad na comharsanna a dirt ? 4. Ar ag tomhais na taln a bhi s ? 5. Ar amdireach a bheas Tomds anseo ? 6. Ar i gcaitheamh an lae a bhionns t ag obair ? E. In the following fronted sentences the copula is understood. Give negative responses, e.g. Nihea. 1. Mdirtin an t-ainm atd air ? 2. Inn a thdinig s. 3. Brid Bheag a thuganns muide uirthi. 4. Ag deireadh na miosa a bheas an leabhar ridh ? 5. Ceol na n-an a dhisigh th ? 6. Mdirtin a rinne . 1. Na daoine carma a dirt . 8. Ag ciri na leapa atd Brid ? 9. Cdit a deireanns sin i gcnai. 10. 4Fear' an Ghaeilge atd ar 'woman' ? 11. Crann darai atd ann ? 12. Tri phunt atd orthu sin.
TRANSLATE:

1. The woman's coat is on the ground. 2. I thought she would be there but actually, she wasn't there at all. 3. What he said was that he was not satisfied. 4. It is Mire who said that. 5. Is Pdraig fishing for mackerel ? 6. I was doing my best. 7. Was Toms imitating Samas ? 8. You are insulting him. 9. It was cold today compared to yesterday. 10. Why was the work boring ? 11.1 thought I was related to him but, actually, I was not related to him at all. 12. T h e r e w a s n o call for us to work. 13. My throat was sore all day. 14. Hey, tell me, was the wedding ring on the table ?

VOCABULARY

abairt/em. brabach bri/em. caislen frma millen prosn rothar1 scabhtara stair /em. tireolas toirneach fem. Carna Corcaigh marcaiocht fem. parcil 1 parcil fem. please 1 plascadh crugach follin sirilte cards de rir a chile feasta marach

/a:brt'/ /bra:bx/ /b'r'i:/ /kusT' :N/ /fra:ma/ /m'iL' :N/ /p'r'i:su:N/ /rohr/ /skaut'e:r/ /st:r'/ /, t'i:'ro:Ls/ /taum'x/ /ka:rN/ /kork/ /ma:rki:xt/ /pa:rk :l'/ /pa:rka:l'/ /p'l'e:sk/ /p'l'e:sk/ /kru:gx/ /foL :n'/ /s'u:r :L't'/ /k'erdo:s/ /g r'e:r' x'e:l'/ /f':st/ /ma:rx/

abairt caislein /kusT' :n'/ frma prosin /p'r'i:su:n'/ rothair scabhtara

sentence profit importance, energy castle frame blame prison bicycle scoundrel history geography thunder

(place-name) Cork riding; lift park parking burst, explode bursting busy healthy sure what sort of ? gradually, bit by bit from now on, in future but for, except for

VOCABULARY NOTES:
1. cupla bliain n a tr'two or three years' 2. cur as do dhuine 'upsetting a person' 3. ligean airfe'in 'pretending (that)' 4. tablmirt faoi 'attacking, coming to grips with' 5. Cn bhrach ... 'I wouldn't mind b u t w h a t would it matter except that...

1 A c c o r d i n g to the rules of this dialect rothar would be pronounced /ro:r/. However, as this word is a modern coinage, /rohr/ is probably more often used. See Appendix 1.3.

GRAMMAR

1. INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION WITH A BHEITH (i) Optional replacement of go/nach clauses (a) After prepositonal idioms with the copula Ba mhaith liom an carr a bheith ag Cit. I would like Cit to have the car. Ni miste gan airgead a bheith ag It doesn't matter that Mirtn has no money. Mdirtin. After prepositional phrases with the copula, e.g. is maith liomt is cuma liom, etc. (see Lessons 20 and 23) go/nach clauses are frequently replaced by using the subject followed by a //, which causes lenition, and the verbal noun, e.g. Ba mhaith liom an carr a bheith ag Cdit 'I would like Cit to have the car', instead of Ba mhaith liom go mbeadh an carr ag Cdit. A negation is expressed by using gan /gN/ before the subject, e.g. Ba mhaith liom gan an carr a bheith ag Cdit 'I would like Cit not to have the car'. (b) After certain conjunctions marach only that thar is notwithstanding the fact that Cdit a bheith anseo Cit is here

After a certain few conjunctions the infinitive construction with a bheith can optionally replace go/nach clauses, e.g. marach Cait a bheith anseo for marach go raibh Cdit anseo; thar is Cdit a bheith anseo for thar is go bhfuil Cdit anseo. In the case of the prepositions ach 'as soon as, provided that'; ag 'as a result ot the fact that, because', this construction is always used: ach/ag Cdit a bheith anseo 'as soon as/because Cit is here'. (ii) In double conditions Dhd mbeadh Mdirtin anseo agus carr If a Mirtn was here and if he had a car, bheith aige, bheadh Cdit sdsta. Cit would be content. Dhd mbeaSifear ag Cdit agus gan If Cit had a man and if he hadn't any money, airgead a bheith aige, ni bheadh si she would not be pleased. sdsta. In the case of a second condition, instead of simply using another dhd/mara clause, e.g. dhd mbeadh Mdirtin anseo agus dhd mbeadh carr aige .. .'if Mirtn was here and if he had a car ..., the infinitive construction may be used: dh mbeadh Mdirtin anseo agus carr a bheith aige... 2. IDIOMATIC USES OF AGUS (i) Two principal clauses Bhi Brid ann agus i tinn. Brid was there and she was sick. Td Cdit ansin agus leabhar mr aid. Cit is there and she has a big book. D * imigh Mdirtin amach agus gan aonMirtin went out and he had no coat on. chta air.

When two principal clauses are connected by agus, the verb td may be omitted in the second: (a) if the same subject is in both clauses, e.g. Bh Brid ann agus i tinn. (b) if the preposition is in a prepositonal idiom, e.g. Td leabhar agam, refers to the subject of the First principal clause, e.g.T Cdit ansin agus leabhar mar aid.
This construction may be used to imply a certain element of surprise: Bhi Brid ann agus i tinn. 'Brid was there even though she was sick.'

(ii) Agus/is meaning 'when, since' Bhi an bosca ansin is m ag tiocht The box was there when 1 was coming home. abhaile. Bhi an Id gearr is th ag imeacht thart The day was short since you were going round mar sin. like that. A circumstantial phrase ('when ...', 'while ...','since ...\'as ...') can be introduced by agus/is and the verb td is then omitted. (iii) Use of agus/is in responses An bhjuil s mile as seo go Carna ? Is it six miles from here to Carna ? Td m ag imeacht anois. I am going off now. Is maith liom an dit seo. I like this place. Td agus deich mile.! Indeed it is probably ten. Td agus mise. Yes, and so am I. Is maith agus liomsa. Yes, and so do I.

In responses of this sort, which while in unison with the statement or question, add to an amount (e.g. td agus deich mile !) or add to the subject (e.g. td agus mise), agus/is is used and the verb td need not be repeated. Note the use of the contrast form of pronouns or prepositional pronouns, e.g. td agus mise; is maith agus liomsa. If the statement or question is in the negative nd /Na:/ can be used similarly, e.g. Nior cheannaigh Cdit tri chta ?.- Nior cheannaigh nd dhd chta ! 'Cit didn't buy three coats ?' - 'No, she didn't and she didn't even buy two coats !'; Nil me sdsta. - Nil nd mise. 'I am not satisfied.' - 'No, indeed, and neither am I.'

3. EMPHATIC RESPONSES

Statement Rinne m go maith. I did well. Bhidis sdsta leis. They used to be pleased with it.

Response Rinne td. Indeed you did. Bhidis muis ! They were, indeed.

Where a response is emphasised the subject pronouns may be repeated, e.g. Rinne td 'indeed you did' and both receive equal stress. When a combined form is pronounced with a long final syllable it can be stressed equally with the first syllable, e.g. bheidis /'w'e'd'i:s7, oc/arfi:'k :r/. The second syllable of the optional third person plural past form (see Lessons 7 and 26) can also be stressed, e.g. bhiodar /fw'i:'dor/, as opposed to nonstressed AV'i:dr/.

4. A 4 ALL OF THAT WHICH '

Sin a bhfuil anseo. Chaith s a raibh d'airgead aige.

That is all of that which is here. He spent all the money he had.

A // which causes eclipsis (and is followed by the dependent form of an irregular verb) is used to express 'all of that which', e.g. Sin a bhfuil anseo.'That is all of that which is here.' The preposition de is used before a following noun, e.g. Chaith s a raibh d'airgead aige (lit. He spent all of that which he had of money), 'He spent all the money he had'.
When the preposition de is used in a partitive sense (see Lesson 24) it combines with the relative a(r) to give dhd(r) /yu:(r)/, e.g. Ni raibh duine dhd raibh ann sdsta. 'No one of all those who were there was pleased'; Ni chreidim focal dhdr irt s 'I don't believe a word of all that he said'.

5. MONTHS OF THE YEAR

1. Eandir 2. Feabhra 3. Mart a 4. Aibredn 5. Bealtaine 6. Meitheamh 1. Ml

/:Na:r'/ /f'aur/ /ma:rt/ /aib'r' :N/ /b'axtn'/ /m'ehw/ /u:l'/

8. Lnasa 9. Medn Fmhair 10. Deireadh Fmhair 11. Samhain MinaSamhna 12. Nollaig Mi na Nollag

/LU:NS/

/m'a:Nfu:wr'/ /d'er' fu:wr'/ /saun'/ /m'i: N sauN/ /NoLk'/ /m'i: N NoLk/

The above are now accepted as the standardised names of the months. Some of them are traditional in the dialect, e.g. An Mrta 'March', An tAibren 'April', An Bhealtaine 'May', and these take the 1 article, e.g. san Aibredn 'in April'. Others have been introduced through the school system , e.g. Meitheamh 'June', Mil 'July'. Mi 'month' is often prefixed, e.g. MiEandir 'the month of January', Mi Mean Fmhair 'September'.

TEXTS

ANCARR Cheannaigh m seancharr cupla bliain 6 shin. Ni raibh si agam ach Id amhdin nuair a d'irigh liom bualadh faoi charr a bhiparcdilte taobh amuigh de theach na comharsan. A leithide dephlump ! Rith na comharsanna uilig amach agus iad ag ceapadh go mb'fhidir gur bhuail plump mr toirni teach eicint. Sheas an carr cupla bliain no a tri. Ansin thosaigh si ag titim na chile. Bhi m ag caitheamh a raibh d'airgead agam uirthi agus bfigean dhom i a dhiol. Thug m agfear a bhi ag pl le seancharranna briste i. Bhi s an-chrugach agus shil m go raibh m ag cur as dh. Chaith s sil ar an gcarr.
4

An bhfuil t sirdilte go bhfuil t ag iarraidh i a dhiol ?' a deir s.

'Td,1 a deirimse. Dhd mbeadh rotha nua uirthi agus gan an doras sin a bheith briste, thabharfainn curl" punt dhuit uirthi. Nifi tada mar sin i.'
'rhia explains the exceptional pronunciation of Meitheamh.
4

D'fhan m ciin arfeadh nimad n dh. Bhm ag ligean ormfin nar airigh m ar chor ar bith . 'Tabharfaidh m scr dhuit ach i a fhdil ar an bpointe.' scaradh li ar nos l nd dhd scr. Nior chreid s focal

Dirt m leis nach bhfadfainn dhdr 'irt m. 'Scoiltfidh

m leat ,' a deir sfin.

'Tdgo maith.' D'airigh m cupla seachtain ina dhiaidh gur dhiol an scabhtara an carr ar leathchad punt an la ina dhiaidh. Bhi brabach mr aige.

AN ROTH AR Ld amhdin, thdinig an dearthdir is ige atd agam1 abhaile agus rothar nua aige. Gan mrdn achair, bhimfin ag baint traoidil aisti freisin. D'aontaigh an bheirt againn go raibh an rothar an-fholldin le hais an chairr. Shocraigh muid dhd mbeadh rothar agamsa agus an t-am a bheith agam, go bhfadfadh muid imeacht ag breathn ar an tir. Bhi anspis ag mo dhearthdir sa tireolas agus i stair na tire. Cheannaigh me rothar go direach cosdil lena cheann seisean agus thosaigh muid amach. Hbair dh me a mharu ! Dhd mbeadh s de chiall againn tabhairt faoi de rir a chile. Ach ni raibh. Nil a fhios agam cards fuadar a bhi fuinn. Bhi seisean ag iarraidh seanphriosn n caisledn eicint i Idr na tire a fheicedil. Rab muid linn n gur shil m go bplascfadh mo chroi. Shil m dhd mbeadh i bhfad eile le danamh agam go gcaithfinn an rothar thar an gclai agus go n-iarrfainn marcaiocht abhaile ar dhuine eicint. Thosaigh m ag cur a mhilledin ar mo dhearthdir. Cn bhri ach ni raibh seisean tuirseach ar chor ar bith. Thdigfeadh muid scith ach a mbainfeadh muid an caisledn amach. Ba chuma liom carr eile a cheannacht (ach, ar ndigh, an t-airgead a bheith agam). B'fhidir nach mbacfaidh me feasta le deis iompair ar bith. Deirtear go bhfuil an sil barrfholldin!

EXERCISES A. Rewrite the following sentences using the infinitive construction, e.g. Ba mhaith liom an leabhar sin a bheith ag Cdit. 1. Ba mhaith liom go mbeadh an leabhar sin ag Cdit. 2. Nimiste nach bhfuil airgead agam. 3. Dhd mbeadh an t-am agam agus dhd mbeadh an t-airgead agam, dhanfainn . 4. Marach nach raibh mo bhean sdsta, cheanninn uait . 5. Dhd n-imeofd abhaile agus dhd ligfed do scith, bheifed nios fearr anocht. 6. Is cuma liom nach bhfuil Mdirtin anseo.
1

'My youngest brother': the use of possessive pronouns before comparative degrees of the adjective is avoided.

B. Rewrite the following sentences using agus idiomatically as explained in this lesson, e.g. Bhi Brid anseo ar ball agus tag caoineadh. 1. Bhi Brid anseo ar ball agus bhi si ag caoineadh. 2. Thdinig mo dhearthdir abhaile agus bhi bean leis. 3. D'imigh Pddraig amach agus ni raibh cta ar bith air. 4. Nifi dhuit cta eile a cheannacht. Td cta nua sa mbaile agat. 5. C a thiocfadh isteach ach Peadar ? Bhi an hata air. 6. Bhris siad an fhuinneoig. Bhi siad ag iarraidh caoi a chur ar an bhfrdma.
Cum GAEILGE AR NA HABAIRTSEO:

1. Who should come home yesterday but my sister and she had a man with her. 2. Which of them is healthier, a car or a bicycle ? 3.We parked the car outside the neighbour's house. 4. My youngest sister was very interested in geography and history. She wanted to see an old castle in the centre of Ireland. 5.1 thought that my heart would burst. 6. We got a lift home. 7. Look at the profit the scoundrel makes ! 8. If we had the time and if we had permission, we would spend two months in France. 9. We would have been there last year except for the fact that Mirtn was sick. 10.1 will go there next year provided that I get the money.

VOCABULARY

amhrna amhrnaocht fem. rannach bainisteoir comhar comharchumann1 Corcaioch dabht2 fili filiocht fem. freagra Galltacht fem. gearrscal gluaiseacht/em. iarracht fem. line fem. litriocht fem. pros scalaocht fem. scim fem. scribhneoir seirbhis fem. sompla stta sttseirbhs fem. sttseirbhseach teideal traidisin rscal Beartla Breathnach de Brca Mac Suibhne ODirein hEidhin Mille Rordin blais 1 blaiseadh cum 1 cumadh feabhsaigh 2 feabhs
2

/o:ra:Ni:/ /o:ra.Ni:xt/ / :rNx/ /ba:n's't'o:r'/ /ku:r/ /ko:rxumN/ /korki:x/ /daut/ /f'il'i:/ /f'il'i:xt/ /f'r' :gr/ /g :Ltxt/ /g' :rs'k'e:if /gLu:s'xt/ /i:rxt/ /L'i:n'/ /L'it'r'i:xt/ /pro:s/ /s'k'e:ii:xt/ /s'k'e:m'/ /s'k'r'i:N'o:r'/ /s'er'w'i:s'/ /su:mpL/ /st :t/ /st :ts'er'w'i:s'/ /sta:ts'er'w'i:s'x/ /t'ed'L/ /tr:d's'u:N/ /u:rs'k'e:L/ /b':xl'/ /b'r':Nx/ /, 'bu:rk/ /,k 'sr.w'n'/ /,o: 'd'ir'ctn'/ /,o: 'hain'/ /,o: 'mccL'/ /,o: 'ri:rda:n'/ /bLa:s'/ /bLa:s'/ /kum/ /kum/ /f'aus/ /f'ausu:/

amhrnaithe /o:r :Ni:/ singer singing of songs ranna Aran islander manager co-operation co-operative Corcaocha Corkman doubt filithe /f'il'i:/ poet, local song maker poetry freagra answer non-Irish speaking area gearrscalta short story movement iarrachta attempt lnte /L'V.N''/ line literature prose storytelling scimeanna scheme, project scrbhneoir writer seirbhs service sompla example stta state (political) sttseirbhs civil service sttseirbhis civil servant title tradition rscalta novel (man's name) (surname) (surname) (surname) (surname) (surname) (surname) (surname) taste tasting compose, make up composing improve improving

*The pronunciation with /o:/ is explained by its being a modern coined word. In phrases such as gan dabht 'without doubt'.

foilsigh 2 foilsi freagair 2 freagairt fem. gluaiseacht/em. scabhlaracht/em. itiil ciliil cumasach foighdeach mr-le-r poibl

/fail's'/ /fail's'u:/ /f'r':gr'/ /f'r':grt'/ /gLu:s'xt/ /skaul'e:rxt/ / :t'u:l'/ /ka:l'u:l'/ /kumsx/ /faid'x/ /mo:rl'e r :/ /paibT'i:/

publish publishing answer answering moving; movement scolding, abusing, giving out (ar: to) local famous superb, extremely capable patient important, widely spoken of public (interjection indicating dismissal) for lack of never whoever, whatever furthermore, moreover

/a:r/ ara cheal /x':i J (withgen.) chochin 1 /xi:n'/ cibarbith (c/card) /he: b'i/ rud eile dhe /rud el' y'e/
VOCABULARY NOTES: 1. ina bhainisteoir ar '(being) manager of 2. Danfaidh sin ! 'o.k., will do !' 3. T go maith2 'very well'

4. togha fir (lit. a choice of a man), 'excellent fellow'. Rather exceptionally togha is also used in the phrase t s togha 'it is excellent, grand' 5. Nior tnhr dhom ... 'I would have to ... 6. ceart a bhaint de rud 'to get good of, to manage, to find satisfactory' 7. Cheal nach bhfuil tiifuar ? 'Are you not cold ?' The expression cheat may be prefixed to a negative question in response to a negative or inferred negative; it expresses surprise, /x':/, /k'e:/ are common alternatives. Twige may be used in a similar fashion. 8. ar nafilithe 'among the poets' 9. a chuaigh i gcion ar / g'N er'/ 'who impressed, affected, influenced'

GRAMMAR
1. THE SUBJUNCTIVE

(i) The present subjunctive Go sbhla Dia sinn ! 3 God save us! Go gcuire Dia an t-dh ort! May God make you lucky ! Go mbeannai Dia dhuit! May God bless you ! Nr ir sin leat! May you not succeed with that! The present subjunctive is largely confined to set phrases expressing wishes or curses. Go /g/, which causes eclipsis (e.g. go gcuire ... 'that... may put') is used in the positive
^ome common alternative pronunciations arc /p'e: b'i:/, /f'e: b'r'i:/, /he: b'i:/. ^In certain set phrases s is not required. Sinn (an older form) occurs in a few set phrases instead of muid.

and nr /N :r/, which causes lenition (e.g. Ndr fheice Dia an t-dh ort 'May God not see you lucky'), in the negative. The r in ndr is slender before a following i or e, e.g. ndr iri /N :r' air'i:/. Type 1 verbs add -a!-e //: a to a broad consonant, e.g. go sdbhdla ... 'may ... save', e to a slender consonant, e.g. go gcuire ... 'may ... put'. Type 2 verbs add -(aj /i:/: ato a broad consonant, e.g. go mbeannai ... 'may ... bless', to a slender consonant, e.g. Go nir go geal leat ! 'May you succeed brilliantly !'. The form of irregular verbs used is that of the habitual tenses, e.g. feiceann s 'he sees', Ndr fheice Dia an tddh ort! 'May God not see you lucky !'. The present subjunctive of td is raibh, e.g. Go raibh maith agat 'Thank you' (lit. 'May you have good'), and nd raibh. The present subjunctive of the copula is go mba /m/, which prefixes h to , e.g. Go mba h dhuit or Go mba amhlaidh dhuit 'The same to you !\ and Ndr ba, e.g. Ndr ba fhearr a bheas t ! 'May you not be better'. (ii) The Past Subjunctive The use of the past subjunctive, which is in form the same as the habitual past (see Lesson 24), is very limited. It may be used optionally instead of the conditional following dhd, e.g. D'lfainn deoch dhd ngabhfainn ann ' I would have a drink if I went there' or D'olfainn deoch dhd dtinn ann ... 'I would have a drink if I should go there'.

2. SECONDARY IMPERATIVE FORMS (CORRESPONDING TO BODH)

Glanadh s an bord agus niodh Cdit Let him clear the table and have Cit na soithi. wash the dishes. Ladh Mdirtin an leabhar ach nd Let Mirtn read the book but let him briseadh s an chathaoir. not break the chair. Coinniodh muid an cta sin ach nd Let us keep the coat but let us not dirty it. salaiodh muid . Osclaiodh Cdit an doras agus imriodhHave Cit open the door and let us play muide cluife eile. another game. Type 1 adds -(e)adh, -odh/oxl glanadh briseadh ladh niodh Final -igh is dropped after a long vowel. After a short vowel a final -gh is dropped and the syllable is lengthened; see lesson 12. After by spelling convention -odh is added, e.g. niodh. Type 2 adds -(a)iodh /i:x/ salaiodh coinniodh osclaiodh imriodh When the ending has an initial vowel, the last syllable is always lost; see Lesson 12.

All verbal endings are spelt with a 'broad' vowel, e.g. -adh, -aiodh, after a broad consonant, e.g. glan-, sal-, oscl-, and with a 'slender' vowel, e.g. -eadh, -iodh, after a slender consonant, e.g. bris-, roinn-, imr-. Although normally the future is used as a quasi-imperative, e.g. lfaidh muid deoch 'we will have a drink', the above forms can be used with setseisean, si!sise, siad!siadsan, muid!muide; see also Lesson 8.

3. DlABHAlJDHEAMHAN

AS EMPHATIC NEGATIVE /Y'U:N/

Diabhal /d'auiJ 'devil' and dheamhan negatives. (i) Use with indirect relative Ni bhacfaidh m leis. Diabhal a mbacfaidh m leis.

'demon' can be used to form emphatic

1 won't bother with it. Indeed I won't bother with it.

Diabhal or dheamhan can be used with any verb in an indirect relative clause (see Lesson 18).
Diabhal and dheamhan can contain a partitive idea and be followed by the preposition de, e.g. Diabhal ar chuala trie den fhocal sin ariamh. 'Indeed I have never heard (anything of) that word'.

(ii) Use with fronted emphasised subject in sentence containing the verb td Ni raibh duine ar bith ann ach thfin Diabhal duine ar bith a bhi ann ach th fin. There was no one there but yourself. Indeed no one was there but yourself.

Diabhal or dheamhan can be used to bring an emphasised subject to the front of a sentence containing the verb t. In this case a direct relative (see Lesson 13) is used. (iii) Assertive use before go/nach clause Diabhal go bhfuil an dit seo go deas. (iv) Use in responses An bhfuil bosca ar bith ann ? - Diabhal bosca I Ar ligh t an leabhar seo ariamh ? - Diabhal lamh ! Is there any box ? - Indeed no, there isn't! Did you ever read this book ? - Indeed no I didn't! Indeed this place is nice.

In responses the topic of the question, e.g. bosca, or the verbal noun of the question verb, e.g. lamh, are used after diabhal or dheamhan, e.g. Diabhal bosca ! - Diabhal lamh ! Alternatively can be used, e.g. An bhfuil bosca ar bith ann ? - Dheamhan .
4. OPTIONAL VERBAL FORMS

Glanfaidh t an bord, an nglanfais ? You will clean the table, will you ? Ar nigh t na soithi ? - Nios. Did you wash the dishes ? - Yes, I did. Nigh m ar ball iad. I washed them a while ago. Leigh an leabhar ach nd bris an Read the book but do not break the chair, chathaoir, no md bhrisins ... or if you do ... Ar choinnigh t an cta ? Did you keep the coat ? - Ar nddighy choinnios. - Yes, of course I did. Optionally, when a verb is 'echoed' in the same utterance (e.g. Glanfaidh t an bord, an nglanfais ?) or in a response (e.g. Ar nigh t na soithi ?- NiosJ special 'echo' forms may be used in the first and second person singular of the future and past, and in the second person singular of the future and past, and in the second person singular of the habitual

present. Only an adverb is allowed with these forms, e.g. ar ndigh, choinnos; choinnos, go deimhin. (i) Future (a) First person singular Type 1 adds -fie)ad /d/ glanfad brisfead lifead nfead (b) Second person singular Type 1 adds -J\a)is /s'/ glanfais brisfis lifis nfis (ii) Past (a) First person singular Type 1 adds -(e)as /s/ ghlanas bhriseas las nios d'fhliuchas (b) Second person singular Type 1 adds -(a)is /s'/ ghlanais bhrisis lis ns d'fhliuchais (iii) Habitual present (a) Second person singular Type 1 adds -(a)ins /n's'/ glanains brisins lins nns Type 2 adds -(a)ns /i:n's'/ salains coinnins osclains imrins Type 2 adds -(a)os /i:s/ shalaos choinnos d'osclaos d'imros Type 2 adds -ois, -eois /o:s'/ salis coinneois osclis imreois

Type 2 adds -od, -eod /o:l sald coinneod oscld imreod

Type 2 adds -(a)s /i:s'/ shalas choinns d'osclas d'imrs

In type 1, a final gh is dropped and a short syllable is lengthened (see Lesson 12); optionally in the past or future the short vowel may be retained, e.g. nios /n'is/. In type 2 the last syllable is always lost before an ending with an initial vowel (see Lesson 12). All verbal endings are spelt with a 'broad' vowel (-/ad, -/ais, -d, -oid, -as, -ais, -aos, -as, -ains, -ans) after a broad consonant, e.g. glan-, sal-, oscl-, and with a 'slender' vowel (-/ead, -/is, -eod, -eoid, -eas, -is, -os, -s, -ins, -ns) after a slender consonant, e.g. bris-, coinn-f imr-); see Lesson 12.
The special forms of tare tditn /term7 (an bhfuilim ? etc.), tdis /tccs7 (an bhfuilis ? etc.). A slender r may be optionally substituted for s /s7 in second person singular endings, except in the habitual present, e.g. glanfair /gLa: Nr'/ or ghlanfais /yia: NS7.

5. OPTIONAL OMISSION OF AT Cn aois at Toms ? Cn aois Toms ? Cn t-achar atd t anseo ? Cn t-achar anseo th ? Is minic at s lite agam. Is minic lte agam . What age is Toms ? How long are you here ? I have it read often.

When an adjective or noun of amount or frequency, e.g. aois 'age', achar 'period, distance', mead 'amount', minic 'often', are introduced by the copula (incl. c, see Lesson 13), a following at can be omitted. The normal rules for the use of the disjunctive pronouns apply (see Lesson 9). Further examples are: Cn t-am at s ? Cn t-am ? Is iomai1 teach atd pinteilte aige. Is iomai teach pinteilte aige. Diabhal peann n pipar (at) i mo sheomrasa. What time is it ? He has many a house painted. Indeed there is neither pen nor paper in my room.

As diabhal/dheamhan contains a partitive idea (see 3(i) above) the verb t can be omitted. This omission is normal in some common stressed phrases, e.g. Diabhal a fhios agam 'Indeed, I don't know'.
Atd can be similarly omitted in a clause introduced by 'since', e.g. s ag caint air sin (atd) muid 'since we are talking about that'.

6. ALTERNATIVE WORD ORDER IN SENTENCES WITH RELATIVE CLAUSE (i) Chonaic m an fear a bhris an I saw the man who broke the window, fhuinneoig, chonaic m ar maidin . I saw him this morning. (ii) An fear a bhris an fhuinneoig, The man who broke the window, chonaic m ar maidin . I saw him this morning. In a sentence of the sort Chonaic m an fear a bhris an fhuinneoig ar maidin, where a relative clause (a bhris an fhuinneoig) intervenes, possible confusion2 is avoided by repeating the verb, or by starting the sentence with the topic (an fear a bhris an fhuinneoig). This
*Thc adjective iotnai!umi:/, /umu:/ 'many' is o n l y used in the fronted type sentence. i4 r maidin could Im De taken to be part of the relative clause: saw the man Who - broke the window in the

morning'.

type of word order is used after an t4he who', e.g. An t a bheadh ansin bheadh s sdsta. 4 He who would be there would be content.'
A further alternative is that the topic may be appended, e.g. Chonaic rri ar maidin , an fear a bhris an fhuinneoig 'I saw him this morning, the man who broke the window'. In a similar fashion, when it occurs in an emphatic sentence, the subject pronoun + fin may be appended, e.g. Beidh m ag goil ansin, m fin 'I will be going there myself. In a narrative or similar style, the topic may start the sentence, even though no relative clause follows, e.g. Focal nior labhair s n gur thdinig si ar ais. 'Not a word did he speak until she came back.'

7. USE OF SURNAMES

Pddraig Cadhain voc. a Phddraig Ui Chadhain gen. teach Phddraig Ui Chadhain f em. Brid Ni Chadhain muintir Chadhain an Cadhnach

Pdraig O Cadhain's house the Cadhain people the person called O Cadhain

The prefix originally meant 'descendant' and was followed by a genitive and prefixed h to a vowel, e.g. O hEidhin. In the genitive and vocative it takes the form Ui/'vJ, which causes lenition. In the case of females Ni1 is used instead of and is followed by lenition, e.g. Ni Chadhain, NiMhdille, Ni Fhlaitheartaigh, NiEidhin. After muintir, is normally dropped and the remaining portion is treated as a proper noun, e.g. muintir Chadhain. A noun can be formed from a surname. The last consonant is made broad (restoring the original nominative) and -(e)ach /x/ is added, e.g. Cadhain: CadhanacK Maille: Mdilleach, Flaithearta: Flaitheartach. These then behave as masculine nouns ending in -ach, e.g. leabhar an Chadhanaigh 4 Cadhain's book', na Flaitheartai 4 the Flaitheartas'. Traditionally women either retained their maiden name or used their husband's name, e.g. Bean Phddraig Ui Chadhain. In recent years, however, the formula Bean Ui Chadhain has been introduced and corresponds to 4Mrs. Cadhain'. Similarly, in official usage An tUasal Cadhain corresponds to 4Mr. Cadhain'. Mac /k/ behaves somewhat similarly, e.g. Sedn Mac Suibhne, tigh Shedin Mhic Shuibhne. Certain surnames have a prefix de //, e.g. Mdirtin de Brca, Brid de Brca. In this case the de is retained except when a noun is formed, e.g. na Brcaigh. Some surnames end in -ach, e.g. Tomds Breathnach. They can be lenited after a female name, e.g. Mdire Bhreathnach. They are also treated as a noun, e.g. na Breathnaigh 'the Breathnachs'.

TEXTS

AN COMHARCHUMANN Td goJeor comharchumainn anois sna Gaeltachtai uilig. Bionn na comharchumainn sin ag pl le feilmaracht agus le hiascaireacht n le scim ar bith a shileanns siad a chuirfeas feabhas ar shaol na ndaoine. Bionn cuid acu ag iarraidh na seirbhisipoibli ar ns seirbhisi uisce agus leictreachais a fheabhsu. Bionn tilleadh acu i mbun coldisti Gaeilger i.e. colisti
Originally from inion Ui 'daughter of.

a cuireadh ar bun le Gaeilge a mhnadh sa samhradh do ghasir as an nGalltacht. Bionn corrcheann mr ag pl le foilsi leabhartha Gaeilge, go hirithe leabhartha scoile. Td Beartla Flaithearta ina bhainisteoir ar cheann de na comharchumainn seo. Deirtear gur bainisteoir cumasach agus go bhfuil s thar cionn ag pl le 'chuile dhuine. Bionn neart oibre le danamh aige ag iarraidh crsai a fheabhsu. Bionn air a ghoil (go) Baile tha Cliath go minic le castdil ar stdtseirbhisi agus ar lucht gnaithi. Deir Beartla gur minic a bhionns an obair an-deacair. Mar shompla, an Id cheana, bhs ag iarraidh ar fheilmara obair dirithe a dhanamh don chomharchumann. I dtosach, ni raibh an feilmara sdsta an obair a dhanamh. 'Diabhal a mbacfaidh me leis go ceann piosa, ar aon chaoi,' a deir anfeilmara, 'td an iomarca le danamh 'am faoi Idthair.' Rinne Beartla iarracht a chur ina loighe air go mba chir dh a dhanamh. 'Nach ndanfaidh t ?' a deir Beartla. Nidhanfad,' a deir an fear eile, 'ara nach mbeidh td fin in ann a dhanamh.'

'Thusa a ba cheart a dhanamh. Td tusa tharr barr ag obair mar sin,' a deir Beartla, 'ach mara ndanfaidh t e, bhoil, diabhal neart 'am air !' 'Feicfidh muid,' a deir anfeilmara, 'Danfaidh sin,' a deir Beartla. 'Td go maith.' 'Togha fir !' Scaiti, nior mhr dhuit an-fhoighid a bheith agat le daoine. Rud eile dhe, cib ar bith card a tharls, nifidir choichin do chloigeann a chailleadh. Is cuma c chomh gar dhibhfin is a bheas daoine, caithfear a bheith foighdeach. Ni fid dhuit a bheith ag scabhlaracht. Td Beartla thar cionn ar an gcaoi sin c go n-amhdaionn s gur deacair ceart a bhaint de chuid de na daoine. Bionn cldr ar Raidi na Gaeltachta 1 a thuganns eolas do na daoine i dtaobh obair na gcomharchumainn. Uaireanta, bionn s fior-spisidil. AN LTTROCHT thdinig gluaiseacht na Gaeilge chun cinn ag tus na haoise seo, tdthar agfoilsi scalta agus filiocht sa nGaeilge. Ar ndigh, td traidisiun Ididir amhrdnaiocht agus scalaiocht sna Gaeltachtai atd ag goil i bhfad siar; ach o cuireadh an stdta nua ar bun sa mbliain 1922 bhideis nib'fhearr ag daoine leabhartha a fhoilsi. Is Mdirtin Cadhain (1906 - 1970) an scribhneoir pris is m-le-rd dhd raibh againn. B' as Cois Fhairrge agus scriobh s s leabhar gearrscalta agus an t-drscal cdiliuil dd 'Cr na Cillea foilsiodh go gairid thar is an chogaidh. Ar nafilithe is mo a chuaigh i gcion ar na Gaeilgeoiri, t Sen Riordain (1916 - 1977) agus Mirn Diredin (1910 - 1988). Corcaioch a bhi in Sen Riordain agus is Arannach Mdirtin Diredin. 'Linte Liomb' an teideal atd ar cheann de na leabhartha filiocht a chum Sean Riordain.
^ h e Official Standard Irish genitive form is Gaeltachta (see Lesson 25.1 (v)). It is here used in an official title.
4

beidh muid ag caint faoi arist.'

EXERCISES

A. Rewrite the following sentences using diabhal. The words in bold face are to be 'fronted', e.g. Diabhal pingin ar bith a thabharfas m dh. 1. N thabharfaidh m pingin ar bith dh. 2. Ni bhacfaidh me leis. 3. Nil a fhios agam. 4. Nil leabhar ar bith san dit. 5. Ni raibh duine ar bith sdsta. 6. Nior chuala me a leithide ariamh. 1. Nidhearna s bias ar bith 6 mhaidin. B. Rewrite the following negative responses. The words in bold face are to be 'fronted', e.g. Diabhal focal ar bith a thig m. 1. Ar thig t an fear sin ? Nior thig m focal ar bith. 2. Meas t card atd air ar chor ar bith ? Nil a fhios agam. 3. Is mr an truai gur bhris muid an fhuinneoig. Nil neart anois air. 4. Caith siar an deoch seo ! Nidhanfaidh s dochar ar bith dhuit. 5. Card a dirt an mdistir leis ? Ni raibh aird ar bith aige air. 6. An bhfuil scal ar bith agat ? Nil scal ar bith agam. C. Replace the forms in bold face by the special 'echo forms', e.g. Nach rabhais ? 1. A. Ni raibh m i mBaile tha Cliath ariamh. B: Nach raibh ? 2. A: An bhfuil t go maith ? B: Td. 3. A: Ar ghlan t an bord ? B: Ghlan. 4 A; An gcoinneoidh t ? B: Coinneoidh. 5. An bhfuil t fuar, an bhfuil ? 6. Nar ligh t an leabhar ariamh, nar ligh ? I. A: Ar thinig t ar ais arir ? B: Thdinig. 8. Danfaidh t dhom , nach ndanfaidh ? 9. A: An raibh t sdsta ? B: Bhi. 10. A. An mbrisfidh t ? B: Ni bhrisfidh. II. A: Ar oscail t an doras ? B: Dyoscail 12. Ach d'imir t cluife, nar imir ? 13. A: Ni raibh m i nGaillimh ariamh. B: Chea(l) nach raibh ?
Cum GAEILGE AR NA HABAIRISEO:

1. Pdraig is manager of one of the local co-operatives which are working to improve life in the Gaeltacht. 2. The colleges are supposed to teach Irish to children from the non-Irish speaking area. 3. Samas is a superb writer. He wrote a fine novel and a book of short stories. 4. Pdraig had a meeting last week with an important civil servant. They discussed the colleges. 5. When this state was founded people had a better opportunity to publish Irish language books. 6. Did you read that book? Yes, I did without doubt. 7. A: We will be here tomorrow at six. - B: O.K. ! 8. You did well ! 9. Well, indeed, I couldn't help it. 10. A: Did you taste the wine ? B: Yes, I did. 11. A: Did you answer him ? - B: No, I didn't.

APPENDIX I
SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION: KEY TO IRISH SPELLING

LETTER or combination of letters

PHONETIC SYMBOL(S) for the usual sound(s) of this letter or combination

EXAMPLES

(a) Long vowels in spelling

(e)d(i)
(a), i, ae(i) (u), o, ao(i) (u)io, ao (i) eo(i)

lad /e:/ /i:/ /i:/

/i:/ when before r, l, ch

t, bred, Cdit, Sedinin s, Samas, Eire, lae, Gaeilge si, bui, oiche, gaoth, naoi buon, naiondn fior, sol, crochn, buioch b, bdir ns, tin, mo beo,/eoil leonta, ainneoin eochair na, il, glin, ciin, Domhnach, dumhach, ciumhais, dubhaigh, tiubhaigh

/o:/
/u:/ when next to n, m, mh

/o:/
/u:/

(iMij, (i)omh(a), /o/ (i)umh(a), (i)ubh(a) /u:/

when next to n, m, mh when before ch *

(b) Short vowels in spelling a ai

(in a stressed syllable)

/a:/

Sasana
when before a consonant + (e)d(i)scadn

(in a stressed syllable) /u/

/:/ /u/

baile
when at the beginning of a aire, tais, dair, word; when after t, d, s, r, h and haitin before a slender consonant when before a consonant + (e)d(i) caisledn when after sr when before r, s, n,t,d+ (e)d(i)

saicin, raithneach,

ea(i)
(in a stressed syllable)

/:/
/a:/ /i/

/ear, sreamcleas, peain

gearn, spreasn, geadn

Id e(i)
(in a stressed syllable) III

te, eile

/ei/ /i/ /u/

when before n, m, mh (very rarely) when after a broad consonant and before final gh, th in a one-syllable word

(u)i

deimhin beidh milis, duine suigh, bruith

1Also in the words j<?<7 /s'o/, eo /o/, anseo /ns'o/.

io

lul
III when not at beginning of word and before r, s. n, t. d or a final th when before //. m, mh

siopa, iondil bior, fios, cion, giota, giodam cioth pota Donncha, cromadh troid, soir coinne, troime, roimh doirt, boicht, loigh, sroich, cloich dubhy tiubh luchyfliuch, anuraidh, culaith Sasana, Diarmaid, seisean, Mire, tobac, milis

o
(in a stressed syllable)

Jol
/u/

oi

lei l\l lol

when before n, m, mh (not followed by l, n) when before rt, rn, rd, rl, cht; also when al ter broad consonant and before final gh, ch in a one-syllable word when before ch, r, I

(0u a(i), e(a), i, o

luf lol //

(in an unstressed syllable)

(c) Diphthongs and triphthongs in spelling ia(i) /i:/

/i:/ when before n, m, mh in certain words when before n, m, mh in certain words

Diarmaid, bliain mian, srian fuar, Ruairi uanf stuaim abhainn, treabhsar, reamhar, samhraidh, bodhar, foghail meadhg, leigheas, aghaidh, loighe aidhm, staighre, /eidhm,

ua(i)

/u:/
/u:/

(e)abh(a),(e)amh(a), odh(a)t ogh(a)

/au/

(when in a stressed syllable and not at the end of the word)

(e)adh(a)t agh(a)t /ai/ aidht aigh(e)9 eidh, eigh(e)9 oigh(e)

(when in a stressed syllable and not at the end of the word)

uadhadh
(in a stressed syllable)

/U:U:/

chuadhadh cruaiche, tuaithe

uaiche, uaithe
(in a stressed syllable)

/u:i:/

(d) Consonants b (broad) bh (broad) /b/ /P/ /w/ /f/ /u:/

when before th,f

when before th, f when it combines with a preceding stressed (i)u and is followed by an unstressed short vowel /au/ in the middle of a word due to combining with a preceding (silent) when at the end of a one-syllable word, after a short vowel

Bairbre, leaba scuabtha, scuabfaidh Bhairbre, taobh, tdbhachtach scriobhfaidh dubhaigh, tiubhaigh abhainn, leabhar gabh

b (slender) bh (slender) c (broad) ch (broad) c (slender) ch (slender)

/b'/ /w7 /r/ It lid /k'/ /x'/ (silent) Id! Itl / / /ai/ /au/
when in the middle or at the end of a word when before th,f

bal bhal, ruibh, aibhneacha deilbhfidh Cdit, bacach Chdit, bacach Ciarrai Chiarrai Michedi, deich Donncha, sid rodtha, fadfaidh

d (broad) dh (broad)

when before th,f

d (slender) dh (slender)

(silent) /d'/ /t'/ / '/ /ai/ (silent)

when at the beginning of a word Dhonncha due to combining with a meadhgy Tadhg preceding (eja in the middle of a word due to combining with a bodhar preceding o in the middle of a word when at the end of a word samhradh when before th,f when at the beginning of a word due to combining with a preceding ai, ei in the middle of a word when at the end of a word

Diarmaid goidthe, cadtha, goidfidh Dhiarmaid aidhm,feidhm ridh, brisfidh fs feoil fheoily fharraige

/(broad) /(slender)
Jh

/f/ /f'/ (silent)

/g/

g (broad) gh (broad)

lkl

when before th, t when at the beginning of a word due to combining with preceding o in the middle of a word due to combining with preceding a in the middle of a word when at the end of a word, after an unstressed short vowel shown in spelling; when before th,f due to combining with preceding n at the end of a word

gasr, leagan leagtha, leagfaidh ghasr foghail aghaidh geata, chig Pddraig, thdinig, roilig1
tlgthey ligfidh

/au/ /ai/

g (slender)

/g'/

/k'/

/N'/

scillingy fair sing1

^This pronunciation is not affected by the addition of an ending: roiligeacha /riL'k'xi:/, (nios) fairsinge /fa:rs'N'/.

gh (slender)

/ '/

/ai/ (silent) /h/ l, 11 (broad) l (slender) /LI /17

/L'/

when at the beginning of a word due to combining with preceding ai, ei, oi in the middle of a word at the end of a word (always at beginning of word)

gheata, Ghlinsce staighre, leigheas, loighe bacaigh hata, na heochracha lota, call, balla mills, cil, buile

when at the beginning of a word (unless lenited) when before t or after r

leisciil, leaba ceilt, comhairle caill, buille Mdire, am Mhdire, ndmhaid, sndmh sndmhfaidh reamhar, samhradh Domhnachy dumhach falamh, danamh mills,feicim mhiliSy deimhin, cndimh Gaillimh naoi, sndmh, ldntfdna gnaithe

11 (slender) m (broad) mh (broad)

/L'/

/L'/

/m/ /w/
when before th, f due to combining with preceding (e)a in the middle of a word /u:/ due to combining with preceding o, u in the middle of a word (silent) at the end of a word after an unstressed short vowel /f/ /au/

m (slender) mh (slender)

/m'/
/w'/ (silent) at the end of a word after an unstressed short vowel
/N/

n (broad)

V M M nn (broad) n (slender)
/N/

when before q ch, g, gh uncail, long when following any consonant mn, tnth, cnoc, except s(h) at the beginning of a word when following m in the damn middle of a word

tonn, ann ciuin, uaigneas, spatn neart, nm aibhneacha

/n'/
/N'/

when at the beginning of a word (unless lenited) muintir, doimhne, /N'/ when before t or after mh, bh Fraincis, ingne /ij '/ when before c, ch, g, gh (but see next entry) /N7 when before g, which is silenced, scilling at the end of a word in an unstressed syllable

h'l /r7 nn (slender) p (broad) ph (broad)

/N'/

when following any consonant except s(h) at the beginning of a word when following m in the middle of a word

cneasta, gnfomh imni cinnte, tinn, finne, Spdinn Pdidin, capall Phdidin

/P/ /f/

p (slender) ph (slender) r, rr (broad) r (slender)

/P7

Peige, coirp Pheige Ruairi, bord, barr

when at the beginning of a word when before t, d, n, I, th or after s

/f'/ /r/ /r'/ /r/ /r/

/r'/

Ruairi, fir reamhar, ri Mdirtin, airde, tairne, comhairle, beirthe, sreang bairr Sasana, fios Shasana Samas, aois Shamas Shedin, sheol, shiil, shiopa Tomds, bocht agat, tharat Thomdis athair, cioth

rr (slender) s (broad) sh (broad) s (slender) sh (slender)

/s/ /h/ /s'/ /h/ /x'/ /t/ /d/ /h/

(silent) when in the middle or at the
end of a word (see App. 1.4)

when before ed(i), eo(i), iii(i), io, (= /a:, o:, u:, u/) when at the end of a word after an unstressed short vowel (/o/)

t(broad)

th (broad) t (slender) th (slender)

tr, cinnte, ceilt

thir

/t'/ /h/
/x'/ when at the beginning of a word and before /u/ end of a word (see App. 1.4)

thiocfadh flaithis, maith

(silent) when in the middle or at the

Only the three consonants l, n, r are ever doubled, They are never doubled at the beginning of a word. The above table is qualified by the following:
2. THE 'HELPING' VOWEL//

After a short stressed syllable ending in l, r, n an additional // occurs before b, bh,/, m, ch or g. In technical terms this 'helping' (or 'epenthetic') vowel can be said to occur between a voiced dental and any non-dental consonant except p and c. This rule is common to all Irish dialects. Examples:1 Consonants following l, r, n in spelling b bh f 1 Albain seilbh deilbhfidh /Lbn'/ /s'el'w'/ /d'el'f/ n Banba bainbh /ba:Nb/ /ba:n'w'/ r Bairbre seirbhis dearfa /ba:r'b'r'/ /s'er'w'i:s'/ /d':rf/

m seilmide /s'el'm'd'/ ainm /ae:n'm'/ gorm /gorm/

ch

je bolg /boLg/

seanchai /s':Nxi:/ dorcha /dorx/

dearg /d':rg/

Where no example is given, words of the type are rare or non-existent.

The consonants separated by the 'helping' vowel always agree in quality: they are both either broad or slender, e.g. gorm /gorm/, nios goirme /ger'm'/. No additional // occurs between n and g: the sound of the n is influenced by that of the g and the two are usually pronounced /rjgf or /rj'g'/, e.g. rang /ra:rj<^. Also after a syllable having a long vowel sound (except /a:/ or /:/) no additional vowel develops, e.g. tarma /t'e:rm/, tairne /t :rN'/. A weak additional // may sometimes occur between d and r and between m and l, e.g. simlar /s'im'l'e:r/, /s'im'l'e:r/, madra /ma:dri:/, /m :dri:/.
3. SYLLABLE LENGTHENING

Certain stressed syllables which are written short (e.g. im, poll) are pronounced as long syllables. When an original short syllable is lengthened, the following Five changes occur: Vowel change: l 2 3 4 5 Historical1 short vowel /i/ /u/ /e/ /o/ /a:/, /:/ Long vowel (or diphthong) that may replace it /i:/ /u:/ /ai/ /au/ /a:/

The manner and extent of this lengthening is one of the major differences between dialects of Irish. The rules as given here are common to the greater part of West Galway. These changes occur under the following three conditions: (i) One-syllable word (or verb root) before //, rr, nn, m Vowel ange Example Pronunciation 1 2 3 4 5 tinn im droim fonn trom poill poll corr feall fearr ann am /t'i'.N'/ /i:m'/ /drr.m'/ /fu:N/ /tru:m/ or /trum/ /paiL'/ /pauL/ /kaur/ /f'a:L/ /f'a:r/ / :N/ /a:m/

In a verb like meall /m' :L/ older speakers may shorten the vowel before an ending with a vowel, e.g. meallann /m':inN/. Generally, however, the long vowel is kept in all forms. As the table shows, change 2 is optional in a one-syllable word where the vowel /u/ is followed by m, e.g. trom /tru:m/ or /trum/. Changes 1 and 2 may also, optionally, take place in a one-syllable word where the vowel is followed by ng, e.g. long /Lurjg^ or /iAi:rjgf.

*Scc Lesson 1.6(c).

From the table we should expect donn to be pronounced /du:N/, following the same pattern as form; but the word is exceptionally pronounced /dauN/. (ii) Any word, before certain combinations of consonants (a) ls, br, bl Vowel Change 1 3 Example milse soilse oibri poibl Pronunciation /m'i:l's'/ /sail's'/ /aib'r'u:/ /paib'I'i:/

In a limited number of words, the changes may also take place before rs, e.g. girseach /g'air's'x/ (a variation of /g'ir's'x/ 4girl'). Change 5, exceptionally, does not take place before Is, br, bl, (rs), e.g. ailse /:l's'/ 'cancer'. (b) bhn, mhn, bhr, mhr, mhl Vowel Change 1 3 geimhreadh doimhne soibhreas Example /g'i:w'r'/ /daiw'N'/ /saiw'r's/ Pronunciation

(c) rl, rn, rd Vowel Change orldr toirneach bord tarlu tairne garda Example /aunxur/ /taur'N'x/ /baurd/ /ta:rLu:/ /t :r'N'/ /ga:rd/ Pronunciation

From the table, we should expect airde to be pronounced / :rd'/, and it is so pronounced in the set phrase in airde, but elsewhere it is pronounced, exceptionally, as /aird'/ 'height, tallness'. (d) In a word of two or more syllables where the vowel is followed by one of the following combinations of consonants; note that the change is optional in all these cases: Vowel Change mp, nr 1 2 5 Example timpeall iompar conra teampall anr Pronunciation (short) /t'impif /umpr/ /kuNtr/ /t':mpL/ /a:Ntro:/

(long) /t'i:mpif /u:mpr/ /ku:Ntr/ /t' :mpi7 /a:Ntro:/

gr, gl, dr freagra eaglais paidreacha

/f'r':gr/ /:gLs'/ /pd'r'xi:/

/f'r'a:gr/ /ccgLs'/ /pa:d'r'xi:/

mn, mr, ngl, ngr muintir /rniN't'r'/ /mi:N't'r'/ /in's'xt/ /i:n's'xt/ inseacht /imT'ka:N/ /i:m'l'ka:N/ imleacn /im'r'i:/ /i:m'r'i:/ imni imrionn /im'r'i:N/ /i:m'r'i:N/ /b'r'ir) glo:d'/ /b'r'i:g glo:d'/ brionglid ingne /irj'g'r'/ /i:ij'g'r'/ contae /kuNde:/ /ku:Nde:/ In a small number of words where, according to the table, changes 1 and 2 should be optional, they in fact never take place, e.g. pionta /p'Nt/.

4. PRONUNCIATION OF WORDS SPELT WITH TH OR SLENDER CH

In most dialects of Irish a th or slender ch between vowels is pronounced as /h/. In Cois Fhairrge, however, a th or slender ch are silent between two vowels. (i) Absorption of short vowel Any short vowel is absorbed by a neighbouring long vowel (including /a:/ or /:/). Example bthar oiche moth athair athar Pronunciation in other Conamara dialects /bo:hr/ /i:h/ /mohu:/ /hr'/ /ahr/ Cois Fhairrge pronunciation /bo:r/ 1'v.l /mu:/ /:r'/ /a:r/

Cathaoir /kair'/, beithigh /b'ei/, breithinas /b'r'auNs/ are exceptional as /a:/, /e/ combine with /i:/, /u:/ to form a diphthong. The reduction of verbal forms, e.g. moth /mu:/, mothaigh /mu:/ to one syllable leads to verbs in which the first syllable has developed a final long vowel to be optionally treated as Type 1, e.g. motham /mu:i:m'/ or mothaim /mu:m'/, similarly dubhaim /du:i:m'/ or /du:m'/. (ii) No long vowel (a) A stressed vowel is lengthened and absorbs the other vowel: Example ithe rotha mothaigh Pronunciation in other Conamara dialects /ih/ /roh/ /moh/ Cois Fhairrge pronunciation /i:/ /ro:/ /mu:/

Cioth /k'i/, pl. ciothanna /k'uNi:/; the plural ending -(e)anna /N :/ is simply added to a noun ending in th. For pronunciation of4echo forms' (d'itheas etc.) see Lesson 36.

(b) Two unstressed vowels combine and are pronounced as I'vJ Pronunciation in other Cois Fhairrge Example Conamara dialects pronunciation /im'ih/ /im'i:/ imithe /osklh/ /oskLi:/ osclaithe The pronunciations of the following words show a similar development: tuaithe /tu:i:/, cuaiche /ku:i:/; for cloiche lkLo:l,fliche /f'l'ehi:/ see Lesson 30.
5. DROPPING OF THE VOWEL //

The neutral vowel //, to which all unstressed short vowels are reduced, is dropped beside another vowel. Although this is sometimes to be seen in the spelling (e.g .faoin from faoi an), it is more often not shown. (i) Within a word Noun maide /ma:d'/ Verb caith /ka:/ (ii) Between words balla + ard /ba:L - a:rd/ s + anseo /s'e: - n'fs'o/ balla ard /ba:L :rd/ td s anseo /ta: s'e:n"s'o/ + diminutive -in /i:n'/ maidin /ma:d'i:n'/ + plural - /i:/ maid /ma:d'i:/ + present
-eann /N/

caitheann /ka:N/

(iii) Optionally at the beginning of an utterance A + Bhrid / - w'r'i:d'/ An + bhfuil / - wil'/ A Bhrd /w'r'i:d'/ An bhfuil s anseo ? /wil' s'e: n's'o/

6. THREE SPELUNG CONVENTIONS

(i) After /i:/, o rather than a is written before a broad consonant. Corcaioch claiocha scldbhaiocht dliodir nionn d + ann bd + adh compared with Francach anacha feilmaracht siopadir molann

(ii) After , , the a is of an ending is omitted. dnn bddh

(iii) The letters th are dropped before a verbal ending beginning with caith + tear catiear bruith + te bruite

APPENDIX I I GENERAL GUIDE TO PLURAL OF NOUNS AND FORMATION OF VERBAL NOUN 1. PLURAL OF NOUNS

Examples (i) Final consonant is made slender bd: bid pipar: pipir Brcach: Brcaigh francach: francaigh1 (ii) Addition of -a, -e // peann:peanna focal: focla sil: sile
VARIANTS: Final consonant made slender before ending Final consonant made broad before ending Infixing th before -a Infixing t before -a Infixing of t and dropping of final e

Type of Noun
A large group of masc. nouns whose gen. sing, is similar in form (see Lesson 27); many ending in r, n, l, s Two-syllable names of peoples or surnames, ending in ~(e)ach A few two-syllable nouns ending in ~(e)ach

A small group of nouns pronounced with one syllable (where there are two, the middle one is dropped); mostly masc. and ending mainly in l, n, s Most two-syllable masc. nouns which add -e A group of one-syllable fem. nouns which form their genitive by adding -e (see L. 29) Nouns ending in r which add -a (see above) One-syllable nouns with long syllable ending in I, n, r A small group mostly with a medial I, n

capall: caiple doras: doirse limh: lmha cois: cosa leabhar: leabhartha spir: spartha scal: scalta gleann: gleannta mile: mlte line: linte

(iii) Addition of Final -(a)/' Gaeltacht: Gaeltachta bdir: bdir cabaire: cabairi2 siinara: siinara ronnach: ronnacha3 balla: ballai maide: maidi
VARIANTS: Final -(e)ach dropped before ending Final consonant made slender before ending

Two-syllable nouns ending in (ejacht Two-syllable nouns ending in -irl-eoir Two-syllable nouns ending in -aire Two-syllable nouns ending in -ara A large group of two/three-syllable nouns ending in -(e)ach Most nouns ending in -a, -e

Eireannach: ireannai Three-syllable names of peoples or adach: ada rsr: rsiri

surnames A group of two/three-syllable nouns ending in -(e)ach Nouns ending in -r (except gasr, peictir, which do not add Q

'See also (iii) below. 2under a general rule of pronunciation (see App. 1.5) // is dropped before f. 3 S e e also (i) above.

Final consonant made broad before ending t infixed before ending t infixed before ending and final // dropped

fuinneoig :fuirmeogai ri: riti rsa: rsta

Two-syllable nouns ending in -igl-eoig Nouns pronounced with one syllable and ending in a long vowel Some few nouns

(iv) Addition of -(e)acha /xi:/ tuairisc: tuairisceacha bainis: bainseacha dit: diteacha
VARIANTS: Final consonant made slender before ending Final consonant made broad before ending Infixed t before ending (and and dropping of final //) Infixed t before ending (final cons, made broad) Infixed r Infixed Infixed

A large number of two-syllable nouns not included in (i)-(iii); the second syllable may be dropped A small group of one-syllable nouns not included in (i)-(iii)

ubh: uibheacha canddil: canddlacha Idir: Idracha line: linteacha traein: traentacha carraig: carraigreacha
Mainly nouns ending in -dil,or which are broadened before genitive ending -ach (see Lesson 33) A few two-syllable nouns with final // medial n, r A few one-syllable nouns ending in n, r A few random nouns A few nouns with one long syllable ending in I, n A few one-syllable nouns ending in -m A very few one-syllable nouns ending in -s

tr

(final cons, made broad)

dill: alltracha cinam: anamnacha clais: clasganna

n Infixed g (final
Infixed

cons, made broad)

samhradh: samhraiocha Two-syllable nouns spelt with final creideamh: creidiocha -(e)adh, -(e)amh; and a few ending in -aJ-e ola: olaiocha mostly having a medial l, n, r gloine: gloinidcha
/N:/

Infixed

A very few nouns mostly with medial

l, n, r, t

(v) Addition of -(e)anna

VARIANTS: ~(e)anta /Nti:/ -(e)anta /Nti:/, and final - dropped

bus: busanna

Most one-syllable nouns, not included in (i)-(iv) above

uair: uaireanta garrai: garranta

A few words connected with time A very few words

(v) Some more marginal types -n -il -s -bha /w/ meach: meachain, lacha: lachain plump: plumpail leorai: leoraios In some recent English borrowings
(or in child language)

g: gabha

2. FORMATION OF VERBAL NOUNS ENDING EXAMPLES

TYPE OF VERB
All verbs with rcxrts ending in -(e)dil, and a group of mainly Type 1 verbs pronounccd with one syllable

(i) Main types (a) no ending

fs 7, scrobh 7, foghlaim 2 pinteil I

(b) -t It'l (c)-(e)adh // (d) -(i) /u:/ (ii) More marginal types (a) -(e)amh // (b) ~(a)i I'd (c)-(e)ach /x/ -(e)acht /xt/ -(e)achtil /xt :l'/ -(e)achan
/XN/

baint 7, ceilt /, lahhairt1 2, All v erbs of Type 1 and all Type 2 coisint 2, oscailt 2, imirt 2 verbs ending in slender I, n, r glanadh 7, briseadh 1 masl 2, ciini 2
The majority of Type 1 verbs (no other verbs take this ending) A large number of deriv ed Type 2 verbs (no other verbs take this ending)

seasamh 7, comhaireamh I A group of Type tosa 2, ir 2 screadach 7, rit each 2 fanacht 2, ceannacht 2 maireachtil 7, amhdachtil 2 lagachan 7, comhairleachan 2 niochdn 1 fgil /, tigeil coinnel 2 castil 1 leagan 1, ligean 1 ligint 7, tiscint3 feiliint 7, creistiint 7, cailliint (cailleadh) 1 titim 7, doirtim 7 guidhe 1
3 2

1 verbs

A group of Type 2 verbs (mostly also in (i) (d) above) Very few verbs Very few verbs A group of verbs of Types 1 and 2

A small group of derived verbs (see also tichan, dichan, tanaiochan) A few Type 1 verbs with roots ending in -igh Very few verbs of Type 1 Very few verbs of Type 2 Very few verbs of Type 1 Very few v erbs of Type 1 (optionally also -int, see below) Very few verbs of Type 1 A group of Type 1 verbs; optionally some Type 1 verbs with roots ending in /L7 or /r/ Very few verbs of Type 1 Very few verbs of Type 1

-(e)achn /xa:N/ (d) -(e)il /a:V/ -el / :L/ -til /tcd'/ (t)-(e)an /N/ -int /N't'/ (0 -iint /u:Nt'/

(g) -im /rn'/ (h) -e //

*Can also belong to Type 1, e.g. labharfaidh me or labhridh m. T h i s c a n b e explained by the fact that it is pronounced with one syllable. *Can also b e l o n g to Type 2 in all but the past tense, e.g. fanfaidh m orfanidh m. 3 A few verbs of Type 1 have an infixed s: creid, v.n. creistiiiint; tig, v.n. tiscint.

APPENDIX III
THE SPELLING IN THIS BOOK AND OFFICIAL STANDARD IRISH

As stated in the Introduction the spelling throughout this book is largely that of Official Standard Irish.1 This standard is to an extent based on the 'common core' of all Irish dialects, or the most frequent forms, and partly on random choice. As an aid to the2 learner of the Cois Fhairrge dialect some departures have been made from the standard. These departures will be best grasped by the learner by understanding the following points in the general context of variation between dialects of Irish. (Standard forms are given below in brackets.)
1. VARIATION IN CONSONANTS

(i) Broad/slender quality consonants (a) Initial t tends to vary in quality, e.g. tig (tuig), teag (tag), tilleadh (tuilleadh); trainn (teorainn), tastaigh (teastaigh). (b) Medial r, n, I tend to vary in quality, e.g. amdireach (amdrach), mnadh (mineadh); see also aimhreas (amhras). (c) The final consonants of verbal roots vary somewhat, e.g. duin (dn), tig (tg); but note also the medial consonants in coisin (cosain), taspdin (taispedin).

(d) Final r may tend to be broad in masculine nouns, e.g. dochtdr (dochtir), saighdir (saighdiir), tdillir (tdilliir). (e) Feminine nouns which add -e in the genitive (see Lesson 29) tend to end in a slender consonant. Almost all of these are in Official Standard Irish written broad, e.g. hrig (brg), spunig (spng), fuinneoig (fuinneog), Idimh (lmh), cois (cos), cluais (cluas) sndthaid (sndthad), etc. (f) In certain loan words, e.g. suledil (sledil), traoidil (tridil), Meireacd (Meiriced ), there is variation. (ii) Extra consonants A t tends to be added to an original final slender s, e.g. arist (aris), aithrist (aithris). (iii) Permanent lenition Some words, particularly prepositions or prepositional pronouns, which are weakly stressed, tend to be permanently lenited, e.g thri (tri), thar is (tar is); note also chig (cdig), dhdirire (ddirire).
2. VARIATION IN VOWELS

(i) Variation in length In certain words variation in vowel length occurs, e.g. slainte (sldinte), ro- (r-), ar // (dr), drama (drama), ded- (dea-). (ii) Variation of vowel quality (a) The vowels a/o alternate in certain words, e.g. haladh (boladh), falamh (folamh), fascadh (foscadh), sompla (sampla), craith (croith), soibhir (saibhir); also the spelling soibhreas (saibhreas) best explains its pronunciation.
1

Gramadach na Gaeilge

agus I Jtri na

Gaeilge: An Caighdedn Oifigiil. Baile Atha Cliath 1968.

2in order tu avoid excessive departure from Standard Irish, certain spellings which are at variance with the dialect have been retained and a footnote has been added.

(b) The vowels ei/i tend to alternate in certain words, e.g. leitir (litir), peictir (pictir), peilir (pilir). (c) The vowels o/u alternate in certain words, e.g. the spelling orlr (urlr) best explains the pronunciation. (d) The vowels ua/6 alternate in certain words, e.g. fuagair (fgair), comhldar (comhluadar). Similarly: pariste (pariste) (iii) Additional vowel An extra -a/-e has been added to certain words, e.g. lla (till), uachta (uacht), statu (stt), posta (post), rsa (rs), rotha (roth), oifige (oiflg), sochraide (sochraid). The ending -ara is used in place of -ir, e.g. bdistara (bistir), tincara (tincir). A vowel /'occurs in the following: truai (trua),pd (pa), nuaiocht (nuacht), bili(bile), fili (file).
3. VARIATION IN INFLECTION

(i) Dialectal variation There is a deal of variation between dialects, and even within one dialect, in inflection. This is particularly true of the plural endings, the irregular verbs and, to an extent, of verbal noun endings. The tendency is for generalised 'long' endings in the plural (-acha, -anna etc.) to spread: anacha (in), leabhartha (leabhair), etc.; and similarly in the case of verbal nouns, e.g. lagachan(lagu). (ii) a!o in inflection The change a to o in inflection is not shown in Standard spellings glas/nios gloise (glaise); lag/nios loige (laige ); crann/an chroinn (chrainn); abhainn/oibhneacha (aibhneacha).
4. VARIATION IN USE OF LENITION AND ECLIPSIS

There is a certain limited variation in the use of lenition and eclipsis, the most notable example being after prepositions following the singular article. The usage in Official Standard Irish is based on the most frequent situation and is at variance with this dialect only in the case of sa, e.g. sa mbdd (sa bhdd).
5. SOME INDIVIDUAL WORDS

Most of the following forms can be explained by developments within Irish or by their origin as loanwords: mara (mura), goil (dul), loigh (luigh), loighe (lui), gluigh (glaoigh), sol (sula), tumdil (tiomdin), amhdaigh (admhaigh), tuin (tathain), doirt (druid); beainc (banc), bricfdsta (briefeasta), cabhantar (cuntar), cluife (cluiche), compirt (comprd), cuislimara (custaimir), fata (prdta), feilmara (feirmeoir), gallaoireach (galldnach), seilp (seilf).

APPENDIX IV

PRONUNCIATION OF ALPHABET

As stated in Lesson 1, the English names of the letters are commonly used. The following system1 may, however, be recommended: a b c d e f 8 h i J k I m b cede' eif g his j k eil eim led /b'e:/ /k'e:/ /d'e:/ /e:/ /ef'/ /g'e:/ /he:s'/ li:f /cfee:/ lka:l lel'f /em'/ n o P ein p c ear eas t v w ex y zpe /en'/ lo:l /p'e:/ /ku:/ /:r/ /:s/ /t'e:/ /u:/ /w'e:/ /we:/ /eks/ /y'e:/ /ze:/

r s t u V w
X

y
z

*As given in Graimar Gaeilge na mBrithre Crosta. Baile tha Cliath 1960.

KEY TO TEXTS

In this key an effort has been made to keep as close as possible to the wording of the original Irish, even at the expense of more idiomatic English.

Lesson 2 I. 1. Mirtn is there. 2. He is there now. 3. Cit is there too. 4. She is there too. 5. Are they satisfied ? 6. He is satisfied but she is not satisfied. 7.1 am here. 8. We are here. 9.1 am satisfied but are you satisfied ? 10. You (pl.) are not here now. 11. Isn't anybody satisfied ? 12. One is (people are) not satisfied here now. II. 1. The house is there. 2. Is there anyone there ? 3. There isn't anybody at all there now. 4. They say that Cit isn't there now. 5. But is Brid there ? 6. Brid isn't there either. 7. There is a door here. 8. There is a table and a lamp there. 9. There are cups and other things there too. 10. They say that there is a teacher here now. 11. We are satisfied but are they satisfied ? Lesson 3 Rooms There are lots of rooms here. Is Donncha and Cit and Peige and Bairbre here ? Donncha's room is there, Cit's room there, Peige's room there, and Bairbre's room is there. Aren't Pidn and Mire and Diarmaid there too ? Pidn's room is there and Diarmaid's room is there too. Mire's room is here. Mire's coat is here and Mire's money too. Samaisn's books are not here. A Map Tomisn's map is here. Where is Conamara and Kerry ? Conamara is here and Kerry is there. I see Tir an Fhia and Glinsce here and Fionnasclainn there. Isn't Gaoth Sile here ? Gaoth Sile isn't here. Gaoth Sile is there. Are the farmers of Kerry satisfied ? The farmers of Kerry are satisfied but the Conamara farmers are not satisfied. Neither the Glinsce people nor the Fionnasclainn people are satisfied at all. Cit's uncle says that the people of Gaoth Sile are not content either. Mirtn's House The Tir an Fhia road is there. There is anotherfield there. Here there is a wall and a gate and there is Mirtn's house. Mirtn's son and Brid's father are there now too, but there are lots of rooms. There are lots of books and pictures and papers. I see the map of England and the map of America there too. Lesson 4 Another Map 'Cit, is there a map ?' - 'There is a map, certainly.' - 'There are lots of countries on the map. America is there and there is another big country here.' - 'The light isn't good here. There aren't any windows.' - 'There is a good lamp here.' - 'Now, where is Ireland and where is Conamara ?' - 'Ireland is here and Conamara is there.' - 'Is Conamara big ?' - 'It is

reasonably big.' - 'Where is Kerry ? Is there a Gaeltacht there too ?' - 'There is lots of Irish there too.' - 'Is there a college ?' - 'Maybe there is one. I am not sure. There is another nice place there and there is a small Gaeltacht too.' Pictures Well, there are lots of pictures here at any rate. Aren't they nice ? Cit and another fine woman is there and there are other women here. There is another nice picture here but there is rain and the light isn't good. There is a priest there and Pidn's wife and another Irish person here. They are wonderful! There is another amazing one here. There are lots of things on the ground there ! Brd's house is here and there is a big hen and a small pot. There is another beautiful one there and there is a big harp and a penknife there. They are beautiful! Lesson 5 Mirth's Room There is a field and a little river beside the college. There is also a road but the road is quiet There is a big stone on the other side and there is a bird on the stone. The college is reasonably big and there are plenty of rooms. Mirtin's room and Donncha's room are on the same floor. There is a kitchen there too. Mirtn's room isn't big but it is nice all the same. There is a nice big window. There are tables and a few chairs. There is a chair beside the window and there is another one beside the door. There is a little table near the fire. The phone is on the table. There is a fine high ceiling. There is paper on the wall. There is a clock on the wall near the door. There is a map and pictures on the door. Of course, there is also a bed ! It is not big but it is comfortable, all the same. Mire's picture is on the wall beside the bed. It is night time now and Mirtn's books and papers are on the little table beside the phone. The lamp is on the table. There is food and drink on the big table now. There is a dinner plate and a side plate there. There is a knife and fork beside the plate. There is also a cup and there is a saucer under the cup. There is a teaspoon on the saucer. There is also a glass on the table. Mirtn is there. His hand is on the glass and he is, of course, content. He is a year here now. He is pleased with the English (language) teacher but he is not satisfied with the Irish (language) teacher. Nevertheless, he is satisfied with the college. Lesson 6 Dublin Mire Bheag was never there. 'Dublin is big, certainly,' says Mire's mother, 'there are lots of streets and there are not many trees there at all.' Mire's mother was a week there last year, but Mire was sick and so she was never there. 'Mammy, are there many cars and buses there ?' says Mire. 'Yes, there are, and of course there are lots of shops.' - 'Are they nice ?' - 'Yes, they are certainly; there is a nice big shop and we will be there tomorrow.' - 'Were you ever there, Daddy ?' says Mire. 'I was, indeed, I was often there. It is not like the shop here.' - 'Are there lots of clothes ?' - 'Of course, there is everything (there). There are plenty of counters. Maybe there will be coats and jackets at one counter and there will be pairs of trousers and suits at another.' - 'Aren't there shirts and jumpers ?' - 'Yes, certainly (there are). There is everything like that.' "There are dresses and skirts, too,' says Mire's mother. 'There were shoes and socks last year near the door.' - 'Yes,' says Mirtn, Mire's father, 'and I'm sure that they were dear.' - 'No, indeed, they weren't dear at all. They were fairly cheap. Shoes were cheap there anyway. I am not sure whether they will be there tomorrow or not. Dublin is wonderful.'

Mirtn's People's Farm Mirtn's people have a fairly big farm. They are not rich although there are lots of rich farmers and gentry here. Of course, they are not poor either ! Mirtn has plenty of milch cows and lots of sheep. There is a small hill beside the farm and Mirtin's sheep are (normally) there. Mirtn's cows are (usually) on the good land just beside the house. The grass is good there. There are no pigs now although there used to be lots of pigs a few years ago. There are hens as well and, of course, there is a cat and a dog. The cat is important because there are too many big rats here. The cat is sort of blind now but he is cunning enough all the same. Blind cats are often like that. Cats are interesting like that. Mirtn has small children. Everybody has a pet. Seinn, Mirtn's son, has a donkey and of course he steals (lit. is stealing) now and again. There aren't (normally) many donkeys here now but a few years ago there were lots and lots of donkeys here. They are (wont to be) dear now. Brid, Mirtn's daughter, also has a pet Brid has a small horse. Bairbre Bheag was a few months here last year and she was satisfied with the life here. Small children are pleased with the life here. Mirtn had a good year last year. The weather was good. The summer was wonderful although there was not enough water. 'The summer is (normally) nice here but the winter is (normally) bad. Dublin people are always like that! You would be satisfied here now but maybe the winter would be cold and would you be happy then ?' says Mirtn to the young girl. 'Yes,' says Bairbre Bheag. 'I am not sure you would !' says Mirtn. 'O now ! The poor thing !' says Cit, Mirtn's wife, 'she would be content certainly. Young people are always content, aren't they, Bairbre Bheag ?' Lesson 8 Ruairf s People Ruairi and na have a nice comfortable house on the big street beside the school. There are a few young children now and Ruairi has a good job. na's mother used to be there but she is dead now. The woman was (lit. had) a great age and her heart was not good. Ruairi's brother, Pidn, is there now and again. Ruaui hasn't any sister. Donncha I don't see Donncha often now. Of course, he is old and he is often tired, especially in the evening. Usually he is kind of bad-humoured with the child here. 'Be quiet!' he always says, or 'Don't be bold like that!' I hear that his leg was sore again last month and he was a fortnight in bed. I think that the (his) leg isn't right since. If he is well next week, he will be here again.' The School The school is here. It is big enough. There are plenty of teachers here, although there aren't many children altogether here. Pidn's father has a job here. Sometimes, if the weather is bad, the children have dinner here. Yesterday and the day before yesterday it was wet and all the small children were tired and bad-humoured. Of course if they are tired, usually they are bold as well. If the entire week is wet the teachers say that it is bad. I understand the situation well.

A Letter Dublin 2 Dear Pdraig, Dublin is nice now, there is no cold although there is snow yet on the mountains. The autumn and the winter were wonderful here. There were new plays almost every month and a new picture nearly every week. The art gallery and the National Library are near the house. As for the public houses, those are plentiful here! They say that the spring and summer will be hot here this year. I myself don't believe that the heat will be bad as the sea is on this side and the mountains on the other side. That Mirtn isn't usually here now, although I don't understand why. Is the weather good there ? Are Brid and Cit and die whole crowd there still ? Of course, I don't see them at all now, although I see Bairbre now and then. Maybe you yourself will be here next year ? Seinn. The Sea All the children were at the sea yesterday. The weather was lovely. The sea was nice and the water was warm enough. The strand was reasonably good although there were lots of other children. The children had buckets and little spades. The strand was clean and the sand was nice. There was lots of fun. Everybody was pleased with the day. There will be school again tomorrow and the whole crowd will have breakfast early in the morning. If the weather is good, perhaps the children will have another nice day next week. Lesson 10 At The Doctor Mirtn Beag was at the doctor yesterday. There is a new hospital now beside the town and there are lots of doctors. Every doctor has his own room. There was a nurse at a table beside the door. 'Where is your card ?' she said. 'It is here,' said Mirtn Beag. 'Doctor O Flaithearta isn't here just now. He isn't here at this time, but he will be here in a little while.' The room was nice although there was horrible colour on the walls. There was a table beside the window. His bag was on the table and there was a needle beside the bag. Then the doctor came back. The doctor had the card as Mirtn had had an accident a few months ago and his hand was bad. 'I see here,' says the doctor, 'that your hand was still somewhat sore a month ago. Show me your hands. Show me your sore finger again.' The hand was in order again. 'Well, now ! What is it this time ?' - 'I don't feel well. My stomach isn't well and there is a strange taste on my mouth,' said Mirtn Beag. 'Too much sugar !' says the doctor 'or too many cakes, maybe ?' Mirtn Beag hadn't a word to say for sometimes the doctor is bad-humoured enough. 'There is a bottle here,' says the doctor, 'it isn't full but you will have enough there.' Mirtn Beag wasn't long sick. Diary Sunday. - I am here near Spidal again. This house is comfortable. There are a few other strangers lodging here. Their Irish is good. I was here a while last year too and I was

sufficiently pleased with the place. There was a Mass early in the morning and the church was full. If all the strangers weren't here, it is unlikely that it would be full at all. There was fog last night and this morning there is rain and a strong (lit. big) wind. I see the sea and the rocks but I don't see the islands at all. If there was fine weather, I think I would be happy enough here. Lesson 11 On Holidays I used to be on holidays there beside Ceathru Rua years ago, maybe ten years or so. I wasn't married that time. This year my wife and (I) myself and the children were a few weeks there. 'Who are you ?' said the lady who was in charge of the house. 'I am Mirtn,' said I (myself). 'Are you ? Are you Mirtn ?' - 'Yes, I am.' - 'And is that (lady) your wife ?' - 'Yes. Cit is my wife and Brid and Mirtn are the children.' - 'Are they ? Aren't they nice ?' There were a lot of people around about and I wasn't certain whether the house would be full or not. 'Are there many strangers here this year ?' I said (myself). 'Yes, there are really, but although all these rooms are full, there are more at the back of the house. There are still two rooms empty there, but I am not sure if they would be sufficiently big.' - 'Show me them,' I said (myself). 'They are identical, really,' said the lady of the house, 'but there are two windows here and three windows there.' My wife was pleased with the rooms and we were there three weeks all together. The weather was good and everybody had afine rest. The Shop There is a new shop near the office. Although the shop is only there a few weeks, Cit was there already seven times. Cit almost always has a list as the shop is big and there is (normally) a tremendous amount of people there. She was there last week and even though the place was crowded, she got everything on her list. She got a quarter pound of tea, coffee, three bottles of milk, two pounds of sugar, and bread. The tea was dear, it is nearly a pound per pound now. Thefish was dear too but she got nice meat. She got lots of vegetables and a small bag of potatoes. There are also big four-stone bags but they are terribly heavy and Cit has no car. Her basket was almost full; was everything there ? No. There were two other things on the list. She got butter and six eggs at another counter. Then everything was in order. Lesson 12 The Primary School Bairbre is a teacher. Today is Monday and she is sort of tired. The children are (normally) tired and bold on Monday, especially if Saturday and Sunday are wet. Bairbre has children of four andfive years. Donncha had a small accident and there is blood on his nose. 'Clean your nose, now, Donncha,' says the schoolmistress. 'Donncha is a good boy, isn't he ?' - 'Yes, he is,' says the whole class. - 'You clean the blackboard now, Donncha!'

It is a great pity that the children are somewhat tired as the inspector will be there in a while. 'Now, place (put) the books and the pens on the tables,' says the schoolmistress. 'Clean your hands and don't dirty the tables or the chairs for the inspector will be here in a while. Open the books and read them!' Then the inspector came. 'What day is today V says the inspector to the class. The class couldn't say a word with fear. 'You put the questions to the children yourself,' says the inspector to the schoolmistress. 'Today is Monday,' says Bairbre, 'tomorrow is . . . ? ' - 'Tomorrow is Tuesday,' says the whole class. 'And the day after tomorrow ?' - 'Wednesday.' - 'And then...?' - 'Thursday.' - 'And then ...?' said the inspector himself. 'Friday,' said the entire class. 'This is a wonderful class,' said the inspector. Education The Irish system is more or less like the system anywhere. Initially there is the primary school, then there is the secondary school, and then there is the university and other colleges similar to the university. Usually, children are about six years at the primary school and approximately the same amount at the secondary school. There are a few types of secondary school. The community school is common enough now. The community school is a secondary school, really, but trades are prominent (given prominence) together with the other basic subjects. One time there used to be boys' schools and girls' schools but now usually the boys and girls are together. There are Catholic schools and Protestant schools. Indeed sometimes there is also a Jewish school. People say that there isn't much difference between these schools and that it is a great pity that there shouldn't be just the one type. (Other) people say that it is right that the three kinds exist and that the difference is important. The matter is very complicated.

Lesson 13 The Weekend When there is a holiday on a Monday, the weekend is very long. The city is a lonely place at a time like that. Around Christmas, for example, it is really lonely. There are lots of people here, especially old people, who are lonely at the weekend. Loneliness is worse here than (the way) it is in the country. The neighbours here aren't the way they would be in the country. People don't have the time here. Everybody has some work or business here. There is a constant hurry. Lots of people have the notion that the town is better for young people. People say that there are dances and music and every kind of sport here and that there is a better chance of work. All the same, there are lots of young people who are not satisfied to remain here at all at the weekend. They say that the fun is better at home and that there is nothing here but bad dances and that every place is crowded. Of course, there are lots of young girls who are friendly with the boys at home. There are special buses at the weekend and as soon as there is an end to work on Friday evening, the young people are on their way home. Sometimes they are four hours on the way. I myself think that that is too long; I would be tired before I would be at home at all. I would be happier if there was an aeroplane. It would be better. Even so, the young people have music and songs on the bus and although it is full, I think they are happy enough. Of course, there are a lot of people extraordinarily tired on Monday morning !

The Old And The New We got a new school here two years ago. In the beginning, people were willing to knock down the old building (lit. house). Then a few months ago, two strangers came around and they said that the young people would be able to make rings here and that they themselves would be happy to set up a small factory, if people were willing to keep the old school. Then the young women were at the old school every day. It was necessary to wash the walls and paint the doors and to clean the whole place. They said that it would be wonderful if the young people had work. 'When there isn't work,' said one woman, 'there isn't money. Then the people are not willing to stay here.' - 'Isn't that the point,' said another woman, 'when there isn't money, there aren't any marriages. Everything will be better now.' But, of course, everybody wasn't pleased. I was at Mirtn's (the public house here) the other night and I was able to hear the old men although I couldn't see them all. I think there were five or six around the table. 'They say that the young people will have work now,' said one man. 'Oh indeed !' said another old man, 'I can't understand the young crowd at all. They are not satisfied to do the work. Isn't (the) land plentiful around here ? There arc far too many schools and they are not willing to dirty their hands with the land. They are not able to sow seeds, or to grow potatoes or oats or anything !' - 'When we were young,' said another old man, 'we were able to do the work ! That is my opinion !' - 'That is the truth,' said all the men.

Lesson 15 Worry Mire is married to Pdraig. Pdraig is a nice pleasant person and I was pleased when Mire was marrying him. They are married now about seven months and I think Mire is satisfied with life. But I always say that Mire has great patience ! Mire and Pdraig had good positions. Mire had a good pay. She is a wonderful typist and she usually works (is working) as a secretary. He was working for some company selling and buying old cars. Then one day he came home and he said that he wasfinished with the cars and that he was going to begin learning some other trade. 'But what is he doing now ?' said I, 'or what is he going to learn ?' - 'I am not certain yet, father, what he is going to do,' says Mire. 'He is going to do some course. He will be starting learning German or Spanish. He says that Spanish is a big important language.' - 'It is alright to (be) talk(ing) of education,' said I, 'but will Pdraig have any pay while he will be learning languages ?' 'No, but what harm ? Amn't I earning well ? We are young and what is the good of worrying ?' But I do worry. I am not certain that I understand these matters at all. I see Mire going working every morning and coming home then in the evening washing dishes and clothes and making beds. Pdraig has an easy life there, reading and writing. I often see him going off playing cards or drinking a pint. Mire, however, is always working. When I was young, if a young man had a position, he would want to keep it, either that or he would be working hard to get a better one.

New Offices There are new offices being built on the street near this house of ours. This Mirtn of ours has a pal and he is a carpenter and he is working there. The two of them were at a wedding together the other day and they were talking about the offices. 'I know you have a good job there, Seinn/ said Mirtn, 'but, honestly, have people who are knocking downfine old houses like that any sense ? Weren't those old houses good enough for them?' - 'Of course, you are right,' said Seinn. The doors and the windows were wonderful and the wood was fairly good. The floors were falling a little bit, although some of them were alright. All the same, it is a miserable thing to knock down houses like that.' - 'I don't know but I think they would be able tofix up the floors ?' - 'Yes, certainly, they would,' said Seinn, 'but it is pointless for you to talk to that crowd. There is no knowing what (how much) money the big companies have and they want to spend it.' But now people were putting a start to music and to the dancing, although some people were still eating and drinking. 'Somebody is going to sing a song in a few minutes,' said Seinn's wife, 'and I hope that you are not going to be talking about politics again. You have no permission to talk about those matters here now !' Then there was an end to the conversation about the new offices. Evening Ruairi and Pidn were working there digging potatoes. It was getting late now and the sun was setting. There were wonderful colours in the sky and the air was cold. Ruairi was getting tired and he was wanting a rest. 'Pass me my pipe and that tobacco ! Where is my penknife ?' Pidn was not too tired but he was willing to take a rest and to go home then. He also wanted to light his pipe. The two of them were there peacefully smoking beside the stonewall and looking at the sky. The night was falling. The year was almost over and the winter was coming. In a while, the moon would be rising.

Lesson 17 The Theatre Last Friday evening my wife Cit appeared tired. She was afraid that she was getting a cold but even so she felt like going to the theatre. I was glad myself as I am (normally) reluctant to stay at home at the weekend. Atfirst we were looking at the paper looking for some play that would be good. Then Cit said that she felt like seeing the new Irish (language) play 'An Tincara Rua (The Tinker with the Reddish Brown Hair), although I was doubtful as to whether it would be good. It was getting late already. We were in a hurry as we were afraid that the theatre would be full. We got seats, although they weren't too good. We regretted that we were not near the stage as the two of us have bad sight It was not long until the place was crowded. The play itself wasn't too good, but the actors were wonderful, even though they are not very well known at all. All the same it appeared that lots of people were satisfied. Everybody was laughing at the tinker with the reddish-brown hair. He had reddish-brown hair and a big grey beard. He had a big yellow hat on his head and wore a little red trousers. He hadn't any shoes on at all and he had a big long stick. I was surprised that he wasn't cold walking around like that

When the play was over we were hungry and we went visiting friends. We had a small meal together. Lesson 18 A Student Brid is almost three years at the university now. Initially she was involved with chemistry. She had a great respect for the science teacher that she had at the secondary school and she had good knowledge of chemistry and physics. At the same time she was very keen on languages. Then she got a chance of changing. She had an opportunity of doing French and Russian. She did not have French or Russian as subjects at the secondary school and so it was very difficult for her. She was going to a special course by herself for a while and then she got permission to go to the lectures which other students were going to. It was really difficult to learn the two languages together. It wasn't easy to understand the lectures. Then one day the lecturer said that she would have to go to France and spend six consecutive months, or maybe even a year, learning French. Brid got a scholarship last year and she was able to spend almost a year at a French university. She wasn't long getting to know that college nor it wasn't long till she had got to know lots of other students. The French were always asking her questions: 'Where are you from ? Where is Galway ? Why are you here ?' But she was pleased enough with the place except that she hated the food. When she came home she had perfect French. This year, Brid has about ten lectures every week. Sometimes she is very tired. She doesn't feel like doing anything except to go home and light the fire and turn on the radio. Other times she says that it is better to turn off the radio and to sleep for a while. Although Brd's people are well off and though they have a big house near the sea, she herself has a flat. The flat is beside the university. She says that she can't read at home. The young children are (usually) making noise and stealing her books (lit. on her). Even so she is fond of them. She visits them at the weekend. She takes pleasure in playing with the children and in getting fun out of them. They are in the habit of going swimming together. Isn't it a wonderful life which students have ! Lesson 19 The Island This is a small island. There is about six miles between it and the coast. The island itself is about three miles wide and a mile long. The land is extremely bad. There are more rocks and large flat stones than anything else. Of course, people say that it is the most beautiful place in the world. It is wonderful to see the sea and the cliffs. The sea is very deep and very blue. There is not more than two hundred or two hundred and fifty (lit. two and a half hundred) people. But how can the people live there ? 'Just barely,' lots of people say and that is true. All the same, they are able to break the stones and to make small fields. It was necessary to make walls with the broken stones. They have cows and sheep and hens. People work with the horses and the donkeys which they have. One sows potatoes and grows vegetables. The people were wonderful at working together and they were able to extract an existence from the island. Of course, they could always live on fish, although there isn't the same amount of young people fishing now as there used to be. They have a particular small boat. 'Currach' is its name. The currach is common around Conamara and around the entire west coast

However, life used to be far more difficult fifty or even twenty years ago. It is far easier on them now. A boat comes to them often except when there are high seas. The worst thing is that the boat cannot go into the pier as it is not long enough. A plane lands there now a few times every week. But what do people do when they are not working ? The men go to the public house. The men and women are together at the chapel on a Sunday. There is a hall near the school. Sometimes the young crowd are over there (in the more westerly part of the island) dancing or playing cards or just meeting one another. But are there not big changes in the life now ? Yes, certainly. The young crowd are going to secondary school away from the island (lit. outside). I notice that the children are in the habit of looking at pictures from America on the television. There is not the same amount of young people marrying and staying there. What is going to happen now ? Life is not as hard as it used to be but is it changing too quickly ? Will the young people (be) become(ing) dissatisfied ? That is the question. Conversation There were a few women walking (eastwards) to the post office together. They were talking like this: 'It is a fine day !' - 'Indeed even if it is, yesterday was finer.' - 'Maybe it was.' - 'The summer came very early this year.' - 'Yes, it did.' - 'It is warmer and drier than it was last year.' - 'Indeed I am sure it is.' - 'It is hot enough at any rate.' We are forever talking about the weather here. Lesson 20 A Letter Dear Pdraig, I suppose you know now that we will have another election in a few weeks. For a week now, one cannot ignore political affairs. If you listen to the radio or look at a paper or at the television, everybody is talking about the election. We can't think about anything else ! We are all arguing about politics so that it is like a war here. It is a great pity that you are abroad for there is no end to the (lit. one doesn't know what) amount of fun we are getting out of it Fine Gael and the Labour Party are standing together again this time. na says that the coalition which we have had for four years is the best government we ever had. Toms is wont to agree with na but Cit and Brid (usually are) say(ing) that Fianna Fil is better than the other two parties. Ruairi is teasing them all. He says that he doesn't care about politics and he doesn't think it worth voting at all. Daddy says that he doesn't care about politics as long as eveiybody has enough to eat and drink. It is difficult to say who will win. The papers (are) say(ing) that it seems likely that the coalition will win. All the same, I remember that they were wrong the last time. The house is to be painted again this summer and there is lots to do. Mammy is working away, cleaning and painting. Ruairi and myself are helping her. Cit is also helping us (now and again). I suppose that there is great heat over there now. They say that Spain is very hot at this time. Of course you like the heat I prefer the cold to the heat. We will be expecting another letter shortly. Mchel.

Monday morning It is wonderful at the weekend. One can sleep out in the morning. But tomorrow is Monday and everybody will be getting up early again. Pdraig will get up first. He will open the door and let the dog out. He will put on the kettle. He will make a drop of tea and (he will) cut a few pieces of bread and (he will) put butter on them. He will listen to the news on the radio while he will be eating his breakfast. When the news is over he will wash himself and (he will) shave himself and (he will) put on his clothes. Then when Cit will hear Pdraig going off, she herself will get up and will wake the children. She will prepare the breakfast while the children are getting up. The children don't like getting up on Monday morning. They won't get up until the breakfast will be ready and then they will be in a flurry searching for their clothes and getting ready to go to school. Something (lit. will be astray on somebody) belonging to somebody will be astray. Then the commotion will start. 'Where are my shoes ?' - 'That fool will always lose something !' - 'You keep your mouth quiet!' - 'Get a hold of your socks anyway ! Where had you them last night ?' - 'I can't walk to the bus without shoes !' - 'Look at them there under the chair !' - 'Oh the fool !' After breakfast the children will kiss Cit and say goodbye to her. 'You will have to hurry or you will miss the bus,' Cit always says. 'We will have to run !' say the children. Cit will shut the door. She will sit down and drink a cup of coffee. 'The winter is so dark and gloomy,' Cit always says to herself. 'How nice it will be come Maytime when the trees will be in bloom again. Perhaps this year we will be able to go on holidays to Scotland...' However there are clothes to be washed and the entire house will have to be cleaned and swept (lit. one will have to clean and sweep the whole house). The shopping is to be done. There is so much to do on a Monday morning. Lesson 22 The Park There is no saying (lit. one does not know) how nice the park is which is here. I think that it is really pleasant to take a walk here, particularly when the trees and bushes are in bloom. Sometimes I prefer just to sit on a bench and look around me. Every sort of person is here, both old and young. You might see children laughing and playing, or pensioners whispering and conversing together, you might see nuns saying their prayers or young workers stretched on the grass relaxing and sunbathing. There is a little lake and a stream and there is a little bridge over the stream. There are nice hedges on the right-hand side and there is a nice comfortable bench on the lefthand side. This is the place that I prefer. If there was wind, you would have shelter here. I recognise an occasional person here and there. However, I like best not to speak to anyone. Here now come (lit. are) people throwing old bits of bread to the ducks ! It is great fun (lit. to be) looking at the ducks catching the bread. Isn't it a great pity that the weather is forever changing ! The sun might be shining like this now in the morning and without any cloud to be seen, but you would not know what might happen in the evening. It might be raining or even snowing ! If one could depend on the

weather here, who would bother with going on holidays abroad ? We would not need any other place. We would only want to sit here at our ease. There wouldn't be any place in the world that would please me better than this park. A Conversation About The Post Office I don't know for the life of me where the post office is. We will be able to ask the man who is coming up the road. 'Do you know where the post office is ?' - 'Yes I do. Go down this road and turn on the right-hand side. Continue on (lit. east) down the road and you will see the post office on the left-hand side.' - 'What colour is it ?' It is white and it has a green door.' - 'Do you know what time the post will be going (off) ?' - 'No, I don't You will be able tofind out from the woman there what time it will be going.' - "Thank you !' - 'Good day now !' - 'Good bye !'

Lesson 23 Carpentry Peadar doesn't like to be working at home. He is tired in the evening and he feels like relaxing. He likes to read a book or listen to music. He prefers to avoid work if he can. His wife is always joking about him. She says that she works much harder than him. Sometimes she starts to grumble: 'Isn't it well for you, who can sit there listening to records. Look at the amount that I have to do. I prepare the meals and wash the dishes and clean the kitchen. I make the beds and keep the whole house clean. You don't give me any help. You will have to make shelves for all your books !' - 'But give me time, I am tired tonight,' says Peadar, 'but I promise you that I will make them tomorrow.' Peadar is a good carpenter. He is experienced in (lit. has experience on) carpentry. If he starts on work he isn't longfinishing it. 'Where is the hammer and the saw ?' he says to his wife. - 'They are on the stool.' - 'Are there nails and screws there too ? Give them to me !' 'Have you enough there ?' - 'That is enough. There is no need for that amount Show me the wood now !' The boards were not suitable for the wall. They were too long. He had to cut them with the saw. He got a tape-measure to measure them. They were right this time. It was difficult to make holes for the screws. He almost hurt hisfinger with the hammer. All the same, it wasn't long until the work was done. His wife was pleased although there was dust and dirt everywhere. She had to brush the floor and clean the room again. The Public House (A Conversation) 'Hello, Mirtn !' - 'Hello ! How are you ?' - 'I'm middling,' says Seinn, 'how are you yourself ?' - 'I am well enough, brother! What will you drink ?' - 'I'll drink a pint so.' They each got a pint. '(To your) health !' said Seinfn. - 'I will be going to Galway tomorrow* says Mirtn, 'I am going to the races. Who do you reckon will win the big race ?' - 'Fisherman's Bloom, either that or The Lord.' - 'Maybe so,' says Mirtn, 'but I think it is better to put the money on Butcher's Knife.' - 'Indeed, it is not worth your while putting a bet on that old horse !' says Seinn laughing. 'We'll sec !' says Mirtn.

The Boarding School I wasfive or six years at a boarding school. Sometimes when I rise in the morning I think again about that school. The bell was rung and the light lit (lit. one struck the bell and lit the light) at ten to seven every morning. Initially, the bell would frighten you. Of course, you used not feel a bit like getting up. The sheets and the blankets used to be so comfortable and the world outside used to be so cold! If you could just settle your pillow and turn over and sleep again ! But we had to get up. You had to put on your clothes and tie your shoes and make for the chapel. We used to have breakfast at eight o'clock. After breakfast we were obliged to spend a quarter of an hour walking around out in (lit. under) the air and then we used to make the beds. We used to learn the lessons then until the classes began at twenty past nine. The classes used to go on from that until half past twelve (apart from a quarter of an hour when we had permission to read our letters). We had dinner at one. How hungry we were ! But you used not be allowed (lit. used not have permission) to run. You had to walk nice and politely. If you were to run, there would be some punctilious teacher at the door who would stop you. He would send (lit. put) you back and you would have to walk again nice and easily. We used to be taught again between two and four. We used to play games between four andfive. Then we used to drink a cup of tea and eat a piece of bread before we used to begin our lessons. We used to have supper at half past seven. After that we used to have almost an hour to ourselves. Such fun we used to have talking and arguing ! Class six used to be allowed to smoke. It used to please those fellows greatly to (be) lighting) their pipes and show off! At a quarter to nine we were obliged to (go) pray(ing) again. Then when prayers used to be over we were allowed to go to bed. I used to be so tired that I didn't feel like taking my clothes off at all. I could stretch out (lit. back) on the bed and fall asleep. The lights were extinguished at half past ten.

Lesson 25 The Meeting The women of the village are trying to found (lit. to put afoot) a place which the people of the village could use for plays and dances. The Farmers' Society and the Parish Society are talking of something of that sort for twenty-five years but there has been no result to all the talk. Recently, the (lit. woman of the shop) proprietress of the shop and the butcher's wife came together to discuss the affair. Now they are putting pressure on the women of the village to do something about the matter. There was a meeting the other night. The room was not long filling. At eight o'clock there were thirty-three people there. We had to elect a chairman. Some of the women were proposing the butcher's wife, but everybody was not willing to accept her. The schoolmistress was proposing the postmistress. At last, everybody was willing to accept the shop proprietress as chairman. Then we could begin to discuss matters connected with the hall.

Certain people were wanting to use the old school as a hall. They said that it would be too costly to build a new hall. The ground itself would cost too much. The schoolmistress had to tell them that the old school is dangerous and that stones are falling from the walls. The old school would not be suitable at all. This meeting was like any other meeting. There were lots and lots of people wanting to talk. 'Perhaps one could rent a house,' said one speaker, 'so that expense could be saved.' 'But where could we find a house ?' said another speaker, 'I think that it is a mistake to rent a house, and that it is better to build a new hall.' - 'But where could we buy the land ?' said another woman. 'How much would one spend now on an acre? It is most unlikely that we have the money.' - 'Most probably there isn't anybody who would be willing to sell the land to us,' said someone else. Then the shop proprietress said that she and her husband would be willing to sell the field opposite the new shop. Would everybody be satisfied with that ? No. The postmistress was against it. She (lit. was working out) that the shop proprietress was trying to attract more customers to her own shop. She said that thatfield opposite the new houses would be better. The meeting wasn't over until eleven. We were not succeeding in settling anything. At last we had to elect a committee to examine the matter. I'm afraid that we ourselves will be worse than the Farmers' Society or the Parish Society.

Lesson 26 Commotion We had a match yesterday. We were playing against the new college. We won the game. I myself scored two points. A lot of the team came back here to the flat after the match. There was a crowd of students from the new college with us. We had great 'gas'. Some of the people were sitting in the corner singing songs. More of them were dancing in the centre of the room. A crowd of students were standing on the other side of the room arguing about the match. One of them was drunk and he started to boast. He said that he played better than anybody else. Somebody else said that he never played well and that he was no good as a footballer. They started tofight. To make matters worse, didn't one of the neighbours send for the guards. (He had been asleep until the noise woke him.) Then when the two of them were tearing away, somebody burnt a hole in the curtain with a cigarette. He almost set the entire house on fire. We succeeded in stopping thefight just in time, when we heard the guards' car coming around the corner. Only for that we would be in afix. The guards recognised some of the people and they wrote down the names of all the people. When the guards went away, everybody cleared off home. It was bright daylight when I woke up. I think it was about ten o'clock. I was not long awake when I thought of last night. I sat up in the bed and looked around me (lit. myself). The room was in a mess. One would feel like crying. Everything was ruined in the upheaval. When I got up, I put on my clothes. I didn't wash myself or shave myself nor did I succeed in finding a towel or soap or a razor in the mess. I opened the window and began cleaning the room.

Peadar And His House Peadar's house is in the centre of the town. It is only 'a tiny little house' as he says himself. There are two storeys. There is one room and a small kitchen downstairs. There are two bedrooms upstairs. There is a yard at the back of the house. There is a small outhouse in the yard for (the) coal. The house did not cost a lot of money. It was in a district were houses had been let (lit go to the bad) become delapidated. From the wartime onwards, the people of the town were leaving districts like this for the sake of the new houses which are a distance out from the town. Then, before long, there were not many families remaining there. According as the old people were dying, the whole area was becoming delapidated. However, for a year or two, it is greatly in fashion for young people to buy houses like those. Peadar did not understand until it was bought how bad the house was. The floor upstairs was rotten. Indeed, the stairs itself was beginning to rot One of the walls in the kitchen was cracked. I myself think there was a crack on one of the gable walls. Everybody was saying that it was a mistake to buy an old house. 'Buy an old thing and be without anything' people were saying. Clever people always have such proverbs in a case like this. Peadar admitted that the house was in a bad way. However, there was no helping it now except to start working. No work is impossible (to do) if you keep your courage (up). To be sure, Peadar did not lose his courage. You would see him there every night of the week working and sweating. He is a wonderful carpenter and he is fine and strong. He is good at using the hammer and dealing with the saw. It was not long until new wood had been put in place of old wood and all the doors painted. Before long, all the walls were fixed up. Peadar is a lawyer and he likes to reside in the centre of the town. The house is adjacent to the courts and that suits him. Of course, the value of the house is rising according as the young people are buying and (lit. settling) fixing up other old houses in the district. It will be worth a pile of money in the future. 'However, it is not the money which counts,' said Peadar. 'I'm content here and I don't intend to stir from here for the sake of money.'

Lesson 28 The Accident Toms Mr was killed on Tuesday night. It happened suddenly. Nobody was expecting it. (Although I must say that I had a strange dream concerning death on Monday night.) Toms was a huge big man. He was a shy person; the poor man, God rest him. He was on holiday down in County Mayo when the accident happened. He was very fond of fishing and was going to spend a fortnight fishing throughout County Mayo together with Sen. Sen is afirst cousin (lit. to him). On Tuesday evening he was wanting to go on a visit to his son's wife in Gaoth Sile. (She had a child recently.) It was a crooked narrow road. It was slippery because it was raining. There was a big heavy lorry in the middle of the road on which there was barrels tied with ropes. All the ropes weren't tight enough. Suddenly Sen noticed one of the ropes was loose so that it had not a proper grip on one of the barrels. He started to call out to the driver of the lorry: 'Watch out! Watch out!'

It was too late. The barrel fell down on top of the car. She went (lit. from) out of control. She was lifted off the road and she was (lit. hit) smashed against the ditch. Toms Mr was thrown out head first. Between ourselves, it was a terrible thing that the door wasn't locked. The driver of the lorry survived whole and entire. He was not hurt at all. Toms Mr and Sen were brought to the County Hospital. Toms Mr's neck was broken and he died an hour afterwards. Sen's legs were broken, but he will survive, (lit. with the help of God) please God. Toms Mr's body was brought home here as he was born and raised in this parish. The wake was on Tuesday night and the funeral was on Thursday morning. He was buried after twelve (o'clock) Mass. There was a big funeral. Both young and old people were there. There was (in or) about a hundred cars outside the graveyard. The people were to and fro talking with the widow. 'I am sorry for (lit. I don't like) your trouble,' they said (that is what everybody says here). 'I know that, dear,' said the widow. 'Indeed, the poor fellow, he went off suddenly,' the people were saying. The men carried the coffin to the grave. Then the priest said the prayers. Toms Mr was buried in the grave that his father was buried in twenty years ago when he was drowned.

Lesson 29 Housework There was a holiday yesterday and thanks be to God we had no school. It is probable that every teacher is tired like that at the end of a term. It is but a short time now until it will be Christmas and I will take life easier then. I intended to get up early as I had plenty of work to do in the house. I didn't wake until I heard the postman at the door. I got up and went downstairs to look at the letters. The letters did not appear very interesting. There was only an electricity bill and an account from the bank. There was a mass of dirty dishes in the kitchen to wash. I cleared the table and placed the sugar bowl and the milk jug in the press. Then I began washing clothes. I washed all the towels and dishcloths. Then I washed the two sheets and the pillowslip. I put other clothes steeping. There was a lot of sun around midday and I succeeded in hanging them out in the yard at the back of the house. They were not long drying. I didn't bother to iron them as I was too tired. Then I called up Mchel and invited him for supper. He was grateful to me for he said that he himself did not feel at all like cooking. Really, he has no interest in cooking if he can avoid it. I relaxed then for an hour or two. I listened to records. I read the paper and I read a few pages (lit. out of) of 4 Cr na Cille'. At seven o'clock I started to prepare the supper. I (lit. cleaned) peeled the potatoes and put them on. When they were cooked, I mashed them. I cut an onion. I put the onion and a little bit of butter and salt on the mashed potatoes and I mixed them in the saucepan. I boiled the bacon and the cabbage in a big wide pot They taste better like that. However, you must keep the lid on the pot or you will have the smell all over the place.

At a quarter to eight, I laid the table beside the window. I used the new tablecloth that I bought recently in Galway city and I lit a candle on the table. Mchel came on the stroke of eight exactly when the supper was ready and he drew the cork out of the bottle of wine for me. He is much stronger than me! We (lit. got enjoyment out of) enjoyed the meal together. I think that it is delightful to be eating and drinking and conversing like that by candle-light. We will have another meal together at the end of next week.

Lesson 30 The Cheque Everything is much dearer now besides how it used to be a few years ago before we entered the European Union. Of course, the price of oil is also connected with this situation. It is hard on married people who have responsibility or on older people who are depending on the pension. Peige's uncle died six months ago. He left a sum of money (lit. by will) in his will. She (herself) got a cheque from the lawyer the other day. She was never more grateful to anybody than she was to her poor uncle. She had no money to spend for many a day. She felt like buying some clothes. She got up earlier yesterday than she usually gets up. She was standing outside the shop before it was opened. (If she should be there much later the shops would be crowded. There are hoards of country people on holiday up here at present). It was so difficult for her to make her mind up. She was wondering what she would buy. She prefers cotton dresses. They are lighter and usually they are brighter. But it is autumn now and the summer frocks are getting scarcer. They have the nicest ones sold by now. There was one dress that Peige greatly liked. This dress came down only as far as the knees so that it was a little bit shorter than the dresses which were in (the) fashion this year. It had a nice narrow waist. The bottom portion was wider and it had a high neck. She tried the dress on her but it was too small. It was too narrow around the shoulders. Then she went across the street to a big shop which is very famous. She thought that it would be more farseeing and sensible to buy winter clothes. The shopkeepers are preparing already for the winter and anyway it is only a short time until the weather will be getting harsher. They had sheepskin coats very cheap and overcoats which were made of wool. 'The customers are wild about the sheepskin coats this year,' the shop girl said to her. 'They are really a wonderful bargain!' Peige bought a coat which had a nice belt and litde buttons sewn on each side. After that she bought brown shoes which had leather soles and high heels. She was just going (off) out of the shop when she saw a pair of beautiful gloves and a scarf which were the same colour as the coat. That is the worst thing concerning clothes, if you buy one garment, it seems difficult not to buy another one.

A Conversation 'Hello !' - 'Hello !' - 'Where are you (yourself) from, if you don't mind my asking you ?' - 'I am from France.' - 'What is your name ?' - 'Pierre. What is your own name ?' - 'Sen Flaithearta. Seinn Thomis people call me here. How long is it since you came here ?' - 'I am here a few weeks. 1 am learning Irish.' - 'Do you reckon Irish is difficult ?' - 'It isn't that difficult.' - 'Indeed, you (lit. have) can speak marvellous Irish, God bless you ! Where are you staying ?' - 'In that house on the righthand side.' - 'I know, at Mirtn Mr's. How do you like this place ?' - 'I like it a lot but the weather isn't too good at present.' - 'Well, good day to you now !* - 'Good bye.'

Lesson 31 Journalism Liam is a journalist. He has been connected with journalism since he left school. He is attached to the same paper now for six or seven years. He has a great interest in politics. He writes a couple of articles every week about politics. He has also an interest in sport and sometimes, if there is some big match on, he writes an account of it Sometimes in the summer, when some of the other journalists are on holiday, Liam has to write other reports. The year before last, for example, he was asked if he would mind describing fashion affairs. He had to do it as he didn't want to refuse the man who was over him. He wrote an article about the type of boots and glasses that would be fashionable in the autumn! Then, last year, the man who is supposed to deal with religious affairs was sick. Liam was asked to give a report on a conference which church people were holding. He said that he didn't have much knowledge of those matters but people said to him that it did not matter about that. Liam was obliged to spend a few days shaking hands with ministers and interviewing bishops. However, he succeeded in writing a few articles. It is said that it is worth reading them. The Thief Toms is an engineer. He spent a couple of weeks recently working in the west in Cois Fhairrge. A factory is being built there. He liked the few weeks very much and he was feeling sentimental when he was leaving. He was saying to the local people that he would prefer to live in Cois Fhairrge than in Dublin. When he came home he got a fright when he saw the house. It was broken into while he was in the west A television and a camera were stolen, not to mention all his records. The house was in a mess. A lot of his books were thrown all around the room (as a result of the action of) by the thief. Toms was terribly upset. He sent for the police immediately. He was shaking when they came. The police looked at the house but it was difficult to make out how the thief had got in. A policeman asked Toms if the door had been locked. Toms said that it was. They reckoned that perhaps the thief had used a ladder and that he came in upstairs. Toms did not get anything back but he hopes to get money Maybe he won't get the money for a few months.
from

the insurance people.

Advice Colm is sixteen years working in Dublin. He left Cois Fhairrge when he was eighteen years of age. He was a very intelligent boy. He spent four years at the university and then when he took his degree he got a position as a teacher. In the beginning he was sharing a flat with his brother Pdraig and with another lad from home. The other lad was working as a plumber. He was a drole (lit. man) character and the three of them used to have great gas together. Then the brother married and he bought a house. (The other lad was married three months before that). Colm was left alone. He spent a year like that. During that year Colm considered his position. What hurry was he in to marry ? Didn't he have plenty of time ? All the same, he was wondering if he would be more (lit. settled in himself) at ease with himself if he should buy a house. But, in a way, if you had such responsibility, would not life be more difficult ? If there was someone there to meet you when you would come home from work, matters would be much better. Colm was lonely. He (himself) and Pdraig went home on holiday around Easter last year. The turf was to be cut around Eastertime. One day the two brothers were helping the father when he was cutting the turf. After a while, Colm said that he had a pain in his backbone from bending down and that he needed a rest Pdraig also took a rest and the two of them sat on the bank of a lake and began to talk. 'You would be as well off (lit. it would be as well for you) to buy a house,' said Pdraig. 'You are only wasting your money paying rent like that.' - 'What harm,' said Colm, 'life is long !' But Colm yielded to his brother. When the two of them returned to Dublin, Colm started to look for a house. One day, a house was shown to him and as soon as he walked in through the door, he understood that that was the house he wanted. It was just like his brother's house. TTie house was auctioned three weeks after that and Colm succeeded in buying it. There were a lot of people bidding for the house and as a result of that it cost a lot However, all things considered, Colm was well satisfied with it. We heard recently that Colm is to be married.

Lesson 33 The Dentist The dentists always say that you should go to them at least twice (lit. in the) per year. I am always talking about going to the dentist. I am always just calling him up when I begin to hesitate. Maybe it would be better to put it back another week ! In this way, I succeed in going to him at most every third year. I (lit. was at) visited the dentist the other day. When I was sitting in the room waiting to go into him, a woman came into the room. I didn't feel like talking but the woman didn't cease: 'I'm tormented by this tooth ! I didn't sleep a wink for two nights. You would think that every bone in my body was sore, it is so painful.' After a while pity seized me for the woman. I began to say that the situation wasn't quite that bad and to tell her how good the dentist was and what trust I had in him. However, she had every fault to find with him.

'He is no good !' said the woman. 'I (myself) spent over six years abroad and the dentists were wonderful! They were extremely good. But as far as the dentists of this city or (lit. the dentists of Ireland) the Irish dentists are concerned, I would not trust them!' By the time I was sent for to go into the dentist I was trembling with fear. However another man went past me on his way out and he said to me to keep my heart up. It wasn't that bad! '(You are) welcome !' said the dentist. 'How are you - it is a long time since I've seen you !' - 'Excellent,' I (myself) said. (I was trying to persuade myself that I was.) 'Take a seat there!' I sat down in the chair. The dentist turned a little wheel and raised the chair to make me more comfortable. Then he placed a little towel resembling a handkerchief on the rail near me. He filled a glass and placed it on the small basin which was near the chair. He stuck something into my mouth and commenced to pick (lit. out of) at my teeth. He spent a while examining them and looking for holes. Then he said that a crown was put on one of the teeth a few years ago and that the top of the crown was broken. I would have to come back another day. I could make an appointment with the secretary on the way out The dentist is a nice person, and of course, he is very skilled. All the same, I must say I was glad when I reached the door.

Lesson 34 The Bull I remember well the summer we spent working in England. We were students that time and (lit. it is we who were) we were young and lighthearted ! Really, there was no call for us to spend the summer labouring. We had scholarships and we didn't need the money that acutely. However, my sister's husband was related in some way to a man who had a big inn in England and we went over to ask him for a job. He was a big strong man like a bull ('The Bull' we always used to call him). We introduced ourselves to him. I said to him that I was related to him. (Lit. It is not too pleased that he was) he was not too pleased. (Lit. It is the way that you would think that it was trying to insult him we were) actually you would think we were trying to insult him. However, he gave us a position washing dishes in the kitchen. It was a terrible drudgery. He had us work ten hours a day. The air used to be so bad that my throat used to be sore during the day. We were obliged to wear big long aprons and we used to stand at the basin from morning until night washing and drying dishes. Such boring work! I remember that I was working very hard. I was wanting to do my best and to earn my money honestly. But however hard I used to work the more bad-humoured the Bull used to be. However much work you might do, you could not satisfy the Bull! He would prefer to (be) complain(ing). 'Hey, tell me,' said a companion to me one day, 'why are you breaking your heart working like that ? Take it easy ! (Lit. It is the way that) actually the Bull doesn't see you at all. He has bad eyesight.' That is what we thought until w e w e r e standing one day at the basin imitating him and he saw u s . S u c h a blow he hit my companion ! He nearly killed him. However, when I think about it now, it seems that we were lucky that he didn't sack us.

I remember the first pay I got. It looked so big to us in comparison with the money which students used to have. We had a bedroom in a little house at the back of the big house (the 'henhouse' my pal used to call it). The song of the binds woke me early in the morning. I got up and laid out my money at the bottom of the bed just to get a good and proper look at it! The Bull promised us forty pounds each if we would remain until the end of the month. We thought that the money which we had earned would be sufficient for us and we went off home. Despite the fact that the work was hard our people could not believe how well we were looking when we got home.

Lesson 35 The Car I bought an old car a few years ago. I only had it one day when I succeeded in hitting against a car which was parked outside of the neighbour's house. Such a bang ! The neighbours all ran out and they thought that perhaps a great clap of thunder had hit some house. The car lasted two or three years. Then it began to fall asunder. I was spending all of the money which I had on it and I had to sell it. I brought it to some man who dealt with old broken cars. He was very busy and thought that I was upsetting him. He cast an eye (lit. on) over the car. 'Are you sure that you want to sell it ?' said he. 4 Yes, I am,' said 1.4If it had a new wheel and if that door wasn't broken, I would give you a few pounds for it It is not worth anything as it is.' I remained quiet for a minute or two. I was pretending that I did not hear him at all. 4I will give twenty pounds provided that I get it (the car) on the spot.' I said to him that I couldn't part with it for less than forty (pounds). He didn't believe a word I said. 4I will split it with you,' he (himself) said. 4Very well.' I heard a few weeks afterwards that the scoundrel sold the car for fifty pounds the following day. He had a big profit. The Bicycle One day my youngest brother came home with a new bicycle. Before long, I too was having a go at it. The two of us agreed that a bicycle is very healthy compared to a car. We decided if I had a bicycle and if I had the time, that we could go off looking at the country(side). My brother was very interested in geography and in the history of the country. I bought a bicycle exactly like his and we started out He almost killed me ! If we had only had a sufficient amount of sense to attack it gradually. But no ! I don't know what sort of haste we were in. He wanted to see an old prison or some castle in the centre of the country. We tore away until I thought that my heart would burst. I thought if I had much more to do that I would throw the bicycle over the ditch and that I would ask somebody for a lift home. I started blaming my brother. I wouldn't mind but he wasn't tired at all. We would take a rest as soon as we reached the castle.

I wouldn't mind buying another car (if I had the money, of course). Maybe from now on I won't bother with any means of transport It is said that walking is extraordinarily healthy ! Lesson 36 The Co-operative Society There arc lots of co-operative societies now in the Irish-speaking areas. The co-operatives deal with farming and fishing, or with any scheme which they think will improve the lives of the people. Some of them are trying to improve the public services like the water and electricity services. Others are in charge of Irish language colleges (i.e. colleges that were founded to teach Irish in the summer to children from the non-Irish speaking areas). The occasional big one is involved with the publication of Irish language books, particularly school books. Beartla Flaithearta is a manager of one of these co-operative societies. It is said that he is a superb manager and that he is extremely good at dealing with everybody. He has plenty of work to do trying to improve matters. He has often to go to Dublin to meet civil servants and business people. Beartla says that often the work is very difficult. For example, the other day he wanted a farmer to do certain work for the co-operative. At first the farmer wasn't willing to do the work. 'I won't bother with it for a while at any rate,' said the farmer, 'I have too much to do at present.' Beartla made an attempt to persuade him that he should do it. 'Won't you do it ?' said Beartla. 'No,' said the other man, 'won't you yourself be able to do it ?' - 'You should do it. You are outstandingly good at work like that, but if you won't do it, well I just can't do anything about it.' - 'We'll see,' said the farmer, 'we will talk again about it.' - 'Okay,' said Beartla. - 'Very well.' - 'Good man.' Sometimes you would need great patience with people ! Furthermore, whatever (lit. will) may happen, one can never lose one's head. No matter how selfish people are, one must be patient. It is not worth your while giving out. Beartla is excellent in that way although he admits that it is hard to manage some of the people. There is a programme on Raidi na Gaeltachta which gives information to the people concerning the work of the co-operatives. Sometimes it is really interesting. Literature Since the Irish language movement came to the fore at the beginning of this century people are publishing stories and poetry in Irish. Of course, there is a strong tradition of singing songs and storytelling in the Irish speaking areas, which goes a long way back; but since the new state was founded in the year 1922 people had a better opportunity of publishing books. Mirtn Cadhain (1906 - 1970) is the most important writer of prose of all those which we have had. He was from Cois Fhairrge and he wrote six books of short stories as well as the well-known novel Cr na Cille which was published shortly after the war. Among the poets who most impressed Irish speakers are Sen Rordin (1916 - 1977) and Mirtn Direin (1910 - 1988). Sen Rordin was a Corkman and Mirtn Direin is an Aran islander. 'Lnte Liomb' is the title of one of the books of poetry which Sen Rordin composed.

KEY TO EXERCISES Lesson 2 1. T Mirtn agus Brid ansin. 2. T teach ansin. 3. Nach bhfuil boird agus rudai eile ann ? 4. Nil doirse ar bith anseo. 5. Nil fir n gasir anseo. 6. Nach bhfuil lampa ar bith ann ? 7. Nil lampa ar bith ann. 8. Nil doras n lampa anseo. 9. T m ssta anois. 10. An bhfuil t ssta ? 11. Deir s go bhfuil siad anseo freisin. 12. T muide ssta ach an bhfuil sibhse ssta ? 13. T minteoir agus daoine eile ann freisin. 14. Nil tusa ssta ach t mise ssta. 15. Tthar ssta ansin. Lesson 3 1. T peictir, pipar, leabhar agus boird anseo. 2.. T bd Phidn ansin agus t mapa anseo. 3. Nil muintir Mheireac n muintir Shasana ssta anois. 4. T cailin Dhonncha agus fear Pheige ansin. 5. Nil feilmarai Chiarrai ssta agus nil feilmara Chonamara ssta ach a oiread. 6. T garrai Sheinin ansin agus t tarbh Sheinin ansin freisin. T teach Dhiarmaid anseo. 7. T muintir Thomisin ssta. 8. T go leor seomrai (seomrai go leor) anseo. T seomra uncail Bhairbre anseo freisin. 9. C bhfuil bthar Ghaoth Sile ? 10. Nil pipir ar bith anseo, ach t leabhartha eile ann. Lesson 4 1. T go leor tfreacha ar an mapa. 2. A Chit, c bhfuil Sasana ? 3. T fuinneoig bhre ansin agus fuinneoig dheas eile anseo. 4. T s go deas anois. T s go hlainn. 5. T fear maith ansin agus bean mhaith freisin. 6. T Gaeilge mhaith anseo. Nil coliste ar bith anseo ar chor ar bith. 7. A Dhiarmaid, t seomra mr ansin agus t clirseach bhre ann freisin. 8. T fuinneoig mhr bhre anseo. 9. T go leor tireacha agus nisiin ann. 10. B'fhidir go bhfuil bean Phidn agus fear Bhrd anseo. 11. T bisteach agus fuacht ann. 12. T bean dheas ann, agus sagart, feilmara mr agus ireannach mr eile anseo. 13. T Gaeltacht mhr anseo ar aon chaoi. 14. T it bhre anseo agus b'fheidir go bhfuil ceann eile ansin. 15. T muid anseo arist. T s go hiontach. LessonS 1. T seomra Bhrid anseo. T s beag ach mar sin fin, t s go deas. 2. T cisteanach ann agus t si mr freisin. 3. T na leabhartha ansin ar an orlr. T go leor ar an mbord freisin. 4. T Mire ar an bhfn. C bhfuil an fn ? T s ansin in aice leis an doras. 5. T bia ar an bplta. 6. T cupla cathaoir in aice leis an tine. 7. T leabhartha agus pipir ar an gcathaoir. 8. T limh Mhirtin ar an ngloine. 9. An bhfuil t ssta leis an nisin ? 10. T spnig bheag ar an ssar. 11. Nil siad ssta leis an muinteoir ar chor ar bith. 12. T an it dheas ar an mapa. 13. An bhfuil Fraincis ansin ? 14. T Fraincis mhaith ansin. Lesson 6 1. Beidh Baile tha Cliath go hiontach amireach. 2. Bhi m seachtain ann anuraidh. 3. An raibh sibh tinn inn ? 4. An mbeidh tusa anseo amireach ? Beidh muide anseo cinnte ar aon chaoi. 5. Nil s cinnte an mbeidh s anseo arst n nach mbeidh. 6. Bhi teach mr ag an mbean agus bhi go leor seomrai ann. 7. An raibh leabhartha agus pipir ar an mbord ? Bhi, muise. 8. T cta deas ag Mire freisin agus guna iontach. T, muise. 9. An raibh mrn daoine ann ? An rabhadh ssta leis an it ? 10. Beidh go leor leor carranna agus busanna ar an mbthar ach ni bheidh mrn croinnte ann. 11. Bhi cupla duine ag an

ngeata arst, mar sin bh Cit ssta. 12. T line dheas ag Diarmaid, nach bhfuil ? 13. Bh srid ar an taobh eile ach ni raibh mrn daoine ann. 14. Bhi athair agus mthair Pheige rasnta ssta leis an bpeictiur. 15. Bhi linteacha agus treabhsair agus go leor ada eile ar an orlr in aice leis an bhfuinneoig. Lesson 7 1. Bhi gasuir bheaga agMirtn. 2. T fuinneoga mra deasa anseo. 3. T croinnte mra agus garrantai deasa anseo anois ach beidh tithe agus colist anseo. 4. Bhiodh go leor beithigh agus caiple anseo ach anois nil mrn ann ar chor ar bith. 5. Bhds ssta leis an bhfeilm, nach mbidis ? 6. Ni bhiodh an talamh go maith anseo agus bhiodh an iomarca uisce ann. 7. An mbeife ssta leis an saol ar an bhfeilm ? Bheinn, cinnte. 8. Bheadh an geimhreadh agus an samhradh go deas anseo. 9. Bhi neart daoine soibhir anseo. 10. Bhi m ansin cupla seachtain anuraidh agus bhi an aimsir go hiontach. 11. T mac agus inin ag an mbean. 12. muise, an cratr! T s fuar anseo arist. 13. T caoirigh agus caiple ar an gcnoc. 14. A dhaoine uaisle, an bhfuil 'chuile dhuine ssta leis an it ? 15. T m cinnte nach mbeadh an leabhar spisiil ar aon chaoi. Lesson 8 1. Ni raibh cro na go maith ariamh. T si marbh anois, an cratr ! 2. T gasr amhin ann agus t s rasnta g i gcna. 3. M bhionn Pidin anseo trthnna, go hiondil bionn s cantalach go hirithe leis an ngasr. 4. N big dna mar sin ! Bg ciin ! 5. Go hiondil, bionn muid tuirseach trthnna. 6. M bhionn Seinn ansin t m ssta. 7. Feicim go bhfuil an eochair ansin ar an mbord, ach nil m cinnte c bhfuil an doras. 8. M bhionn an t-ulla ansin amireach, beidh Cit ssta. 9. Mara mbeidh an teach in aice leis an scoil, beidh Ruairi cantalach. 10. M bhionn tusa anseo amireach, beidh mise anseo freisin. 11. Bhi s anseo trthnna amhin agus bhi s tinn. 12. M bhionn s anseo trthnna, beidh 'chuile dhuine ssta. Lesson 9 1. Bhi an muinteoir tuirseach ach bhi an feilmara fin ann freisin. 2. Tigm anois . T an doras ansin agus t na heochracha ar an mbord. 3. An bhfuil tu ansin ? Feicim anois thu. 4. Deir si go mbeidh an dream uilig ag an bhfarraige amireach ach ni chreidim ar chor ar bith i. 5. Tigim thusa go maith ach ni thigim iadsan ar chor ar bith. 6. Deir siad go bhfuil na slibhte ansin ach ni fheicim fin ar chor ar bith iad. 7. T scthn anseo. Feicim m fin anois. 8. Beidh mise agus thusa ssta leis an bhfmhar agus leis an earrach anseo. 9. An raibh tusa th fin ag an leabharlann inn ? Bhi ? T s sin go maith. An raibh tu ansin go moch ar maidin ? 10. Bheids sid ssta leis na tithe sta anseo. 11. Bhi an aimsir go maith i mbliana c go raibh sneachta ar na slibhte uilig. 12. Bhi muid coicis anseo anuraidh ach ni raibh sibhse ann ar chor ar bith. Lesson 10 1. Bhi mo mhthair agus m'athair anseo anuraidh. 2. An bhfuil t'athair agus do mhthair ssta leis an teach nua ? 3. T mo chuid leabharthasa anseo ach nil do chuidsa anseo ar chor ar bith. 4. T ar gcuid Gaeilge muide go maith ach nil 'ur gcuid sibhse go maith. 5. T do chuid bainne fin gar. 6. T a sheomra seisean anseo. T a seomra sise ansin. 7. Bhi si ag a theach siud arist inn. 8. Bionn (cuid) ada Mhirtn go deas i gcna. 9. Mara mbeadh a cuid Barla go maith, ni bheadh a huncail ssta ar chor ar bith. 10. T a bhal tinn agus t bias grnna ar a theanga. 11. Dh mbeadh a mhir ceart, bheadh an dochtr ag an ospidal sch ssta (ssta go leor). 12. Ni mide go mbeidh m i bhfad ar listn anseo. T an aimsir go dona. T bisteach agus gaoth ann agus ni fheicim an

fharraige n na Hololn ar chor ar bith. 13. Dh mbeadh aifreann ann go moch D Domnnaigh, ni bheadh teach an phobail ln ar chor ar bith. 14. 'Nil an dochtr anseo ach beidh s ar ais ar ball beag,' a deir an bhanaltra. 'T ceo ann agus bhi timpiste ar an mbthar ar ball.' Bhi a mhla ar an mbord agus bhi snthaid aisteach in aice leis an mla. 15. Nil an buidal ln ach t mo dhthain anseo. 16. Nil an teanga seo deacair ach deir siad go bhfuil do cheannsa sch deacair (deacair go leor).

Lesson 11 A. 1. Ar ...? Is m. 2. Ar ...? Is m. 3. Ab i...? Is i. 4. Ab ...? Is . 5. Ab ...? Is . 6. Ab i...? Is i. 7. Ab ...? Is . 8. Ab i...? Is i. 9. Ab iad...? Is iad. 10. Ar...? Is m. B. 1. Nach i...? Ni hi. 2. Nach iad...? Ni hiad. 3. Nach ...? Ni h. 4. Nach i...? Ni hi. 5. Nach...? Ni m. 6. Nach...? Ni m. 7. Nach i...? Ni hi. 8. Nach ...? Ni h. C. 1. Marab ... 2. Deir siad gurb ... 3. Ms ... 4. Maran ... 5. Deir siad gur ... 6. Is ... 7. Nach...? I. cta amhin 2. aon bhd amhin 3. ocht seachtain 4. seacht n-lla 5. chig bhliana 6. tri huaire 7. s phunt 8. cheithre phunt 9. naoi bpunt deich bpingine 10. dh bhd II. ocht gcathaoir 12. s bliana. 1. T mo chuid leabhartha anseo. T do chuidsa ansin. 2. T a chrta seisean anseo. T a crta sise ansin. 3. T ar dteach fin go deas. 4. T a gheata siud ansin. 5. Fuair bean an ti feoil agus iasc agus im agus arn. Fuair si s huibhe agus fatai agustorthai freisin. 6. Bhi m tamall ar saoire in aice leis an gCeathru Rua tri bliana shin. Bhi an t-uafs daoine ann. Bhianit pldaithe.

Lesson 12 A. 1. A: Is ... B: Ab ea? 2. A: Ar... B: Is ea. 3. A: Is ... B: Ab ea? 4. A: Ar... B: Is ea. 5. A: Nach ... B: Is ea. B. 1. deas 2. maith 3. bocht 4. mr C. oscail, salaigh, nigh, pacil D. imrg, brisig, ligi, glanaigi, pintelaigi 1. an t-aon bhean amhin 2. na cheithre leabhar dheasa 3. na tri fhuinneoig mhra 4. an taon fhear mr amhin 5. an (na) d theach mhra 1. Ni banaltra m. Is dochtr m. T an t-ospidal ansin. Nach deas ? Nil anseo ach an taon ospidal amhin. 2. Ar dochtur thusa freisin ? Is ea. 3. Go deimhin, deir s gur dochtiri n minteoir iad na daoine sin uilig (ar fad). 4. Coinnigi na leabhartha ach n salaigi iad leis na peanna. 5. Glan thusa an bord. Ansin nigh na soithi. N bruith an fheoil arist agus n hoscail an doras ar chor ar bith. 6. 'Glan do shrn, ms do thoil , agus ansin glan an clr dubh,' a deir an mhistres. Glan fin agus glan do shrn fin,* a deir an buachaill. 7. Is mr an truai go raibh Mirtn dna D Cadaoin agus Dardaoin. Bhi s dna D Luain an tseachtain seo caite. 8. Bionn buachaill agus cailini in ind ag an rang D Mirt agus D hAoine.

A. 1. a bhi 2. at 3. a bhes 4. a bhionns 5. a bheadh B. 1. nach bhfuil 2. nach mbionn 3. nach mbeidh 4. nach raibh 5. nach mbiodh 1. T an droch-sheancharr canna ag Cit, an carr a bhi ag Brid nuair a bhi si anseo anuraidh. 2. C at ansin ? Mise, oscail an doras ! 3. T an it seo go direach mar a bhiodh s nuair a bhinn anseo cupla bliain shin. 4. Bionn an bus i gcna luath, chomh luath is a bhionns tu ag an siopa bionn si ann. 5. T mo gheansai anseo ach t s i bhfad romhr. 6. Bhi na comharsanna uilig ag an damhsa D Sathairn. Bhi s fiormhaith. Bhi ceol agus amhrin ann. 7. T baril ag daoine go bhfuil an chathair nios measa, go hirithe faoi Nollaig. T m cinnte go mbionn si uaigneach ag an deireadh seachtaine. Lesson 14 A. 1. a thiscint 2. fs 3. a oscailt 4. a chreisdiuint 5. a lamh 6. a ghoil 7. a bheith 8. a bhriseadh 9. atheacht 10. psadh B. 1. Is ea. 2. Is i. 3. Is iad. 4.1s. 5.1s. 6.1s. C. l.Nihea. 2.Nihi 3.Nihi. 4.Nh. 5.Nihea. 6.Nihea. 1. T cigear n seisear anseo at in ann Fraincis a thiscint. 2. Sin iad na tri shagart a bhi ag teach an phobail D Domhnaigh seo caite. 3. Seo an dream g at ssta an obair a dhanamh. T siad in ann siolta a chur agus fatai agus coirce a fhs. 4. B'igean a ghoil ag an seanteach arist anuraidh agus na doirse agus na fuinneogai a phinteil agus an it uilig a ghlanadh. 5. Ni raibh ach aon duine amhin ann a bhi ssta a theacht (a thiocht). 6. Danaig na boscai ach n danaig an iomarca.

Lesson 15 A. 1. ag fs 2. ag 61 3. ag foghlaim 4. ag briseadh B. 1. a dhanamh 2. a thigeil 3. a bhriseadh 4. a fhoghlaim 5. a phacil 6. a iarraidh C. 1. domophsadh 2. dh bualadh 3. dhrbpl 4. dh thigeil 5. dho'ur moladh 6. phinteil 1. T an-fhoighid ag Mire. Is clscrobha maith i agus is runai iontach i. Bionn a hathair i gcnai ag moladh Mhire. 2. Bhi s ag pl le ceannacht agus diol carranna agus bhi s ag saothr go maith. Anois t s ag goil ag foghlaim Gearminis agus Spinnis. Nil pi ar bith ag an gcratr, ach cn dochar ? 3. Cn mhaith a bheith ag foghlaim ceird eile go cramach ? Chns at s dh foghlaim, bm ag danamh imni faoi na crsa seo. 4. T daoine irithe ssta go direach an rud a deirim a dhanamh. 5. Diolaigi an carr sin agus ansin ceannag ceann eile. Lesson 16 A. 1. agam 2. aice fin 3. aige 4. aige sin 5. aige 6. agat fin 7. aige 8. agaibhse 9. againne 10. acu 1. Bhi s an-deas ag Ruairi a thiocht an trthnna cheana. Bhi comrda eile anseo agam agus is simara at ag obair ar an tsrid in aice leis an gceann seo 'ainne. 2. Is mr an truai seantithe mar sin a leagan agus oifigi nua a thigeil. Bhi an t-adhmad go maith. C

go raibh na horlir ag titim ruainne beag, t m beagnach cinnte go bhfadfa caoi a chur ar 'chuile shrt mar sin. 3. T s fnach agat (a bheith ag) caint leis an dream ud. Nil a fhios cn t-airgead at ag na daoine seo. Bfonn comhlachtai mar sin ssta rud ar bith a dhanamh. 4. Bhi roinnt daoine ag an mbainis a bhi ag ithe agus ag 61. Bhi daoine eile ag casadh amhrin agus ag damhsa. 5. T sil agam go bhfuil an ceart agat agus go mbeidh Cit ag tiocht anseo amireach. 6. Bhi s ag ir fuar agus bhi an oiche ag titim. T an bheirt acu ag caitheamh piopai go suaimhneach in aice leis an gclai, agus ag tigeil scith. Lesson 17 A. 1. brn 2. thas 3. drogall 4. faitios 5. ocras 6. fearg 7. fonn 8. imni 9. tart 10. deifir B. l.bn 2. gorm 3. liath 4. glasa 5. dearg 6. bui 7. dubh,donn 8. uaine 9. rua 1. Bhi sciorta gorm uirthi agus cta bui. Bhi si ag breathn go maith c go raibh cuma thuirseach uirthi. 2. T s ag breathn ar an bpipar ag traiocht eolas faoin drama nua, an ceann a shflim a bheas go maith. 3. Bhi an amharclann pldaithe. Mar sin fin, fuair muid suochin in aice leis an stitse ar phunt. Bhi an drama go maith ach bhi na haisteoiri go dona, c go bhfuil cli orthu. 4. Bhi treabhsar agus line ormsa. Bhi sciorta agus geansai ortsa. Bhi cta agus caipin airsan mar bhi slaghdn air. 5. Bhi ocras agus tart orainn agus mar sin chuaigh muid ar cuairt acu. Bhi fonn orainn bil maith a ithe. 6. Breathnaigi 'chuile it. Trag an finne !

Lesson 18 A. 1. T crann ansin a bhfuil billeogai bui air. 2. Feicim an bhean a raibh cta gorm uirthi. 3. T an fear anseo a bhfuil a mhac tinn. 4. Sin an l a raibh Cit anseo. 5. Sin an fth a mbeidh m ssta. 6. Sin an uair nach raibh t ssta. 7. Sin an buachaill a shflim a mbeidh an leabhar aige. 1. Bhi cion aice ar an minteoir eolaiocht ach bhi an-tir aice ar theangacha. 2. Bhi na lachtir agus na lachtanna an-dona. Maidir leis na scrudaiocha, bhi siad uafsach ! 3. Bhi m asam fin. An raibh tusa asat fin freisin ? T s deacair aithne a chur ar dhaoine ar an ollscoil. 4. T aithne agam ar Mhirtn ach nil a fhios agam c bhfuil s (cn it a bhfuil s) anois. 5. C as na daoine sin ? Nil m cinnte ar as an bhFrainc n as an Spinn iad. 6. Fuair m leitir as Meirice dh l as a chile. 7. Ni raibh torann ar bith astu ar feadh piosa. 8. Casaigi as an raidi ! Lasaigi an tine agus athraig 'ur gcuid adai! T daoine ag tiocht ar cuairt againn. Nil a fhios agam cn fth a bhfuil siad ag tiocht anois. 9. C air a bhfuil an leabhar ? Ar an mbord. 10. Tig an leabhar anios as an mla!

Lesson 19 A. 1. Is dorcha an seomra seo n an ceann eile. Sin an seomra is dorcha. 2. Is tiucha an tadhmad seo n an cinel eile. Sin an t-adhmad is ticha. 3. Is cruacha a bheas an ubh seo n do cheannsa. Sin i an ubh is cruacha. 4. Is fusa an leabhar seo. Sin i an leabhar is fusa. 5. Is measa a bheas an peictir eile. Sin an peictiur is measa. 6. Is fearr an aimsir seo. Sin an aimsir is fearr. 7. Is foide an bthar eile. Sin an bthar is foide. 8. Is l an teach seo. Sin an teach is lu. B. 1. amuigh 2. anios 3. anuas 4. aniar 5. thoir 6. thuas 7. istigh 8. istigh

C. 1. schad duine 2. ocht mbd dag 3. tr phunta dhag 4. cheithre horla dag 5. s pingine dag 6. chig sheomra dhag 7. tr chupn dag 8. dh phlta dhag 9. dh fhichid (dh scr) bliain 10. fiche (scr) pingin 11. deich n-uaire 12. chig chathaoir dag 13. cheithre chrann dag 14. tr pingine dag 15. cheithre fichid (scir) mile 16. naoi gcupn dag 17. ocht gcad teach 18. aon bhord dag 19. chig bhliana dag 20. tr mhfle bliain 1. Nil an saol chomh crua sin anois. T m cinnte nach bhfuil s chomh crua is a bhiodh (s). 2. Tugaim faoi deara go mbiodh an geimhreadh nios cruacha blianta shin agus bhiodh s nios trioma freisin. 3. T Brid nios l n Cit. T Bairbre chomh beag canna. 4. Chomh beag leis an mbean sin ! 5. Beidh ar Mhirtn bocht a ghoil siar amach. T s chomh mshsta sin go mbeidh ar Bhrd a ghoil freisin.

Lesson 20 A. 1. ... nach fidir a oscailt. 2. ... is fidir a oscailt. 3. ... nach fidir a bhriseadh. 4.... ar maith li ceol. 5.... nach maith leis gasir bheaga. 6.... ar maith li a bheith ag foghlaim teangacha. B. 1. leisean 2. leis 3. leo 4. linn 5. leatsa 6. libh 7. liom 8. li 9. leis 10. li 1. Le mi anuas anois, t 'chuile dhuine ag cuimhni ar an toghachn agus ag caint faoin bpolaitiocht. Ni maith liomsa pirt ar bith. Nil m ag goil ag caitheamh vta. 2. Bionn muid ag isteacht leis an raidi agus ag breathnu ar an nuaiocht ar an teilifis beagnach 'chuile l. Is deacair a r c aige a mbeidh an bua. 3. T na ballai agus na doirse agus na fuinneogai uilig le glanadh agus le pinteil arist i mbliana. 4. Ni cuimhne liom an oiche a raibh tu anseo. 5. Ni maith linn an teas. Is fearr linn an fuacht. 6. Bhi Ruairi grnna le Mchel. T ad aige leis. 7. Bhi droim Mhirtin leis an ngeata agus bhi s ag caitheamh toitin. 8. C as th ?

Lesson 21 A. 1. Imreoidh tu ... 2. Osclidh tu ..., dinfidh t ... 3. Breathnidh t ..., lifidh tu ... 4. Coinneoidh t ..., paclfaidh t ... 5. Athridh t ...., glanfaidh t ... 6. Nfidh t ...., fgfaidh t... B. 1. Beidh s ag glanadh agus ag scuabadh na seomra uilig. 2. Beidh siad ag lamh leabhartha agus ag foghlaim teangacha. 3. Beidh muid ag isteacht leis an raidi agus beidh muid ag cuidiu libh ag an am canna. 4. Nuair a bheas m ag danamh cupn tae, beidh m ag breathn ar an bpipar. 5. Nuair a bheas si ag ciri na leapacha, beidh si ssta. C. 1. fmsa 2. faoi 3. futhu 4. fuinne 5. fuibhse 6. fut 7. fuithi 1. ireoidh m go moch ar maidin amireach. Diseoidh m na gasuir agus riteoidh m an bricfsta. T faitios orm go gcaillfidh siad an bus arst amireach. 2. Bh Pdraig anseo faoi Chisc agus beidh sise anseo go gairid. 3. Lig amach an t-uisce sin. Nifidh m m fin agus bearrfaidh m m fin anois. Ansin cuirfidh m orm mo chuid adai. 4. Bh faoi Mhirtin a ghoil (go) Baile Atha Cliath inn. Is digh liom go bhfuil s ann faoi seo. Beidh mise ag fanacht go dti D Domhnaigh. 5. Caithfidh m imeacht anois gan mhoill ach cuir sios an citeal agus lfaidh muid braon tae i dtosach. 6. Bhi 'chuile dhuine ssta seachas thusa.

A. 1. N phsfadh ... 2. D'osclidis... 3. N bhacf... 4. D'fhadfainn ... 5. Chaillfeadh s ... mara ndanfadh s ... 6. N scuabfadh s n n nfeadh s ... 7. An osclfa ... 8. Labhreoinn... 9. Shufds... 10. D'fhliuchf... 11. Bhrisf... 12. Shalfa... B. l.uainn 2. uaidh 3. uaithi 4. uaibh 5. uaithi 6. uaimse... uaitse 7. uaidh 1. T Mirtn anseo mhaidin. 2. Tastaonn uaim a fhiafra cn it a (c) bhfuil an teach. 3. D'fheicfe beagnach 'chuile shrt (chinel) duine anseo; mnrialtaagus pinsinara, mic linn agus oibrithe, sagairt agus gasuir. 4. Dh mbeadh an aimsir te, thaithneodh s liom mo scith a ligean agus bolg-le-grin a dhanamh. 5. Ni raibh uaidh ach a fhil amach cn it a raibh an posta agus cn t-am a mbeadh an posta ag imeacht. 6. D'fhadfadh an ghrian a bheith ag scairteadh inniu agus amireach d'fhadfadh s a bheith ag bisteach n ag cur shneachta. Ni bheadh a fhios agat card a tharldh. 7. Fuair m leitir uaitse an tseachtain seo caite agus ceann uathusan inn. 8. Caithfidh m lla a ithe 'chuile l bhi m tinn.

Lesson 23 A. 1. Scairteann ... 2. Cleachtann s ... 3. Nim ... agus cirm ... 4. Breathnaonn si ... 5. Osclaionn siad ... agus dineann siad ... 6. Lim ... ach ni shalaim iad ... 7. Seachnaim Baile Atha Cliath... B. l.dhuinn 2. dhomsa 3. dh 4. dhaoibh 5.dhi 6. dhuitse 7.dhibh 8. dhuit... dh 1. Taithnonn s liom a bheith anseo. Tastaonn uaim lamh agus isteacht le ceirnini. Is fidir liom daoine as Baile tha Cliath a sheachaint. 2. M thosaionn t ag scriobh leitir, ni bhionn s deacair i a chrochn. 3. (Ta)spin dhom an sbh agus an casr. Cn it a (c) bhfuil na tirn agus na scriuanna ? An bhfuil siad feilinach don pholl seo ? 4. M t t ag goil ag an rsa mr, cuir geall ar Scian an Bhistara. 5. Thar is don teach sta dnadh, thinig s abhaile. 6. Hbair dh titim ar an mbthar. Bhi an bthar an-fhliuch. 7. Is furasta dhuitse a bheith ag magadh faoi. Lesson 24 A. 1. Chaitheadh muid ... 2. Ladh cuid ... ach bhiodh cuid acu nach ladh ... 3. Ni bhreathnaiodh... 4. D'irodh... 5. An n-lt... ? 6. Cheanglannse ... 7. C a niodh... n an nit... ? 8. Mh'anam go n-imridis ... B. 1. dhiom 2. dhiot 3. dhinne 4. dhi 5. dhibh 6. dhe 7. dhiobh 8. dhi C. T s ... 1. leathuair thar is an tr 2. ceathru don naoi 3. fiche (nimad) thar is an seacht 4. an haon (a chlog) 5. fiche (nimad) don s 6. chig (nimad) thar is an tr 7. ceathru thar is an d dhag 8. fiche (nimad) thar is an naoi 9. an deich (a chlog) 10. leathuair thar is an haon dag 1. Ni bhiodh fonn orm mo chloigeann a thigeil den pheiliur. 2. T na brilln agus na ciumhaiseanna agtitimden leaba. 3. Bhi an minteoir ag iarraidh buille maith den mhaide a thabhairt don bhuachaill. 4. Ni raibh s d' am (de sps) againn limt anuas den bhalla sol m thinig an minteoir. 5. T m tuirseach de 'chuile shrt! 6. An bhfuil peictir agat dhi ? 7. Bain dhiot do chta. Cuir ort do sheaicad agus ceangail do chuid brga. 8. Much (cas as) an solas mr agus las an lampa. 9. Scanrannse i gcna nuair a stopadh an carr ag na soilse. 10. Mhineadh Mirtn gasuir anseo freisin. 11. Bhiodh s an-phointeilte ! Bhiodh 'chuile dhuine bran dhe. 12. Bhi duine dh chuid mic ar scoil anseo freisin.

A. (a) 1. ... na hoifige. 2.... an bhistara ... 3.... na Gaeltacht... 4. ... an tincara ... 5.... na n-iascairi... 6.... na dtithe... (b) 1.... an bhistara. 2.... na hoifige. 3.... Sheinn. 4.... mhuintir na Gaeltacht. (c) 1.... an bhistara... 2.... an tseomra ... 3.... an bhalla. 4.... na hoifige. 5.... na farraige. 6.... na dtithe... 7.... mhuintir Chonamara. B. 1.... os mo chionn 2.... os ar gcomhair 3.... os a cionn ... 4. os a chomhair 5.... le t'aghaidh 6.... os do chionnsa C. 1. tri bhd is tri fichid 2. aon leaba dhag is d fhichead 3. bliain is fiche 4. deich nulla is cheithre fichid 5. deich bpunt is tri fichid 6. fiche bd 7. chig sheomra dhag is fiche 8. aon an dag is tri fichid 9. cheithre fichid duine 10. dh fhichead peann 11. seacht bpunta fhichead 12. ocht gcrann is cheithre fichid 13. deich gcathaoir fhichead 14. s dhuine is d fhichead 15. naoi gcinn dag is cheithre fichid 16. s pingine is d fhichead 17. cad is dh bhd 18. tri fichid bliain 1. Drochsheans go n-aontidh bean an tsiopa le bean an phosta. 2. T siad ag tigeil an halla nua os comhair na dtithe nua. 3. T an talamh an-chostasach anois. C mhad a d'iocf ar acra ? 4. Glacfaidh an coiste le bean an bhistara mar chathaoirleach. Ni bheidh toghachn ar bith ann. 5. Coisnionn 'chuile shrt an iomarca anois. 6. T s ar intinn agam carr a thoigeil ar cios. 7. T doras na hoifige os comhair an phosta.

Lesson 26 A. 1. Ar shalaigh tu ...? 2. Ar nigh tu ...? 3. Nar ligh t ...? 4. Ar oscail t ...? 5. Nar bhris t ...? 6. Ar imir tu bhfuil tu ...? 7. Ar fhoghlaim t ...? 8. Ar tigeadh ...? 9. Ar hosclaiodh...? 10. Nar glacadh le ... B. Deir siad... 1. gur shalaigh tu ... 2. gur nigh t ... 3. nar ligh tu ... 4. gur oscail tu ... 5. nar bhris tu ... 6. gur imir t ... go bhfuil tu ... 7. gur fhoghlaim tu ... 8. gur tigeadh ... 9. gur hosclaiodh... 10. nar glacadh le... C. l.inti 2. ionainne 3. ionatsa 4. ansin 5. iontu 6. ionam 7. ionaibh 8. ann 9. inti 1. T an dochtr i ngr le banaltra at ina cna san ospidal. 2. Mac linn at ionam (Is mac linn m). T m i mo chnai san rasn seo le s bliana. 3. Chuir m na buidil i bhfalach in aonturas. 4. Bhi cuid de na daoine ina sui sna cuinni ag imirt chrtai. Bhi tilleadh acu ina seasamh i lr an tseomra ag danamh gaisce faoin gcluife. 5. Dhigh duine eicint poll sa gcuirtih. Mar bharr ar an gclampar, bhi comharsa ina dhuiseacht agus chuir s fios ar na ganiai 6. Bhi m i mo shui ag an s maidin inn. Bhi m chomh tuirseach sin nach raibh m in ann mo thille n an ghallaoireach a fhil. 7. Nuair a imeos na saighdiir agus na gardai, baileoidh muid linn abhaile. 8. Milleadh an gasr.

Lesson 27 A. 1. glanta 2. pinteilte 3. athraithe 4. nite 5. osclaithe 6. dinte 7. curtha 8. ceannaithe 9. ligthe 10. dite ll.scuabtha 12. danta B. 1. casr, gasr, dochtr, saighdir 2. orlr, clr, carr 3. prtar, Peadar, cabhantar, bthar, treabhsar 4. far, pipar, suipar 5. doras, solas, turas 6. bs, Toms 7. bal, sipal, scal, an 8. tamall, capall, tuarastal, pobal 9. ceol, stl 10. arn, amadn, oilen,

sruthn 11. airgead, droichead 12. clog, corp 13. cat,cnoc 14. aonach, bealach, Sasanach 15. cogadh, samhradh, geimhreadh, deireadh 16. iasc, cliabh 17. bord, neart, sagart, saol 1. D'amhdaigh Toms go raibh bun an doiris lofa agus go raibh an balla scoilte. Ni raibh a fhios aige n go raibh an teach ceannaithe. 2. Choinnigh s a mhisneach agus bhi an teach nite agus glanta agus pinteilte gan mrn achair. 3. De rir mar a bhi na comhldaracha ag fgil an cheantair agus na seandaoine ag fil bhis, bhi an ceantar ag goil chun donacht. 4. Deir siad gurb an misneach a chomhaireanns. M choinnonn t do mhisneach, ni bheidh obair ar bith dodhanta. 5. Bhi carr an tsagairt treasna an bhthair uaim ag geata an tsipil. 6. N corraigh ! Fan san it a bhfuil t ! Ni bheidh m ag fanacht i bhfad. Lesson 28 A. Chuala... 2.... iosfaidh ... 3. Tiocfaidh ... teagann ... 4.... darf... 5. Nar 'irt... r. 6. Rug... 7. ... rugadh ... 8. Teara ... 9. Ni 'arfainn ... 10. ... go dtiocfaidh... 11.... breith... 12.... breith... B. l.crann 2. sac 3. ceann 4. leanbh 5. fear 6. mac C. 1. citin 2. teachan 3. maidin 4. deochain 5. leabhairn 6. saighdiirin 7. brign 8. doirisin 1. Bhi m ag brionglidi arst arir i dtaobh an bhis (faoin mbs). Bh m ag cur allais leis an bhfaitios. 2. Fainic ! T rpa scaoilte. Nil greim ar bith aige ar an mbairrille. Fainic an dttfeadh s. 3. Bhi m ag fuagairt ar thumlai an leorai. 4. C gur thit an bairille anuas go tobann i mullach an chairr, nior gortaiodh duine ar bith. 5. Rugadh agus tigeadh bean Thomis Mhir sa bpariste seo. Cuireadh i san uaigh channa. Bhi sochraide mhr ann. 6. T an-dil ag Sen i gcarranna. Is tumla an-chontirteach . An bhfuil doras an chairr glasilte ? Lesson 29 A (a) 1. Ni dhearna ... 2. Ni thann ... 3. Ni dheachaigh ... 4. Ni bhfaighidh ... 5. Ni ghabhfaidh ... 6. Ni bhfuair... 7. Ni fhaca m... 8. Ni fhaigheann ... (b) 1. An ndearna ...? 2. An dtann ...? 3. An ndeachaidh ...? 4. An bhfaighfidh ...? 5. An ngabhfaidh...? 6. An bhfuair...? 7. An bhfaca...? 8. An bhfaigheann ...? B. 1. caint 2. ceist 3. gruaig 4. it 5. tir 6. scoil 7. seachtain 8. cluais 9. spir 10. brig 11. pirc 12. oiche 13. srid 14. muintir 15. roilig 16. ceird 17. cuis 18. aois 19. limh 20. cois 21. im 22. aimsir 23. moill 24. suim 25. Fraincis 26. fuinneoig 27. leabharlann C. 1.... na coille. 2.... na muice ... 3.... an tslibhe. 4.... na sride 5 grine ... 7.... na hite. 8.... na haille... cille 6.... na

D. 1. niosgoirme 2. nios bodhaire 3. nios reimhre 4. nios coithrime 5. niosmilse 6. nios soibhre 7. nios troime 8. nios teinne 9. nios isle 1. Ni dheachaidh m sios an staighre leis na leitreacha a fhil. Bhi a fhios agam nach bhfaighinn ach bill n cuntas 6n mbeainc. 2. Thug m cuireadh do thrir n ceathrar arir. 3. T jug an bhainne agus babhal an tsiucra ar an mbord. C (cn it a) bhfuil an taepait agus na cupin agus na ssair ? 4. Cuirfidh m sios na fata. M t fonn ccaireacht ort, gearr suas an gabiste agus an t-oinnin. Mease ar an bpeain iad. 5. Taithnionn uibheacha rstaithe agus bagun liom. (Is maith liom...) 6. Sin agam an t-im, ms do thoil ! 7. Ni fhaca m ariamh i mo shaol bithre nios caime n nios cuinge n na ceanna a chonaic m i lr na tire. 8. Nil ann ach braon bainne ar thin an bhuidil. Gabhfaidh m ag an siopa agus

ceannidh m buidal eile. 9. T an sicra agus an tae gann. 10. Nm mo chuid linteacha fin agus crochaim sa ngeard iad. Triomaonn siad an-sciobtha. Lesson 30 A. bisteach 2. scian 3. cloch 4. curach 5. fearg 6. uaigh 7. tuath 8. cisteanach 9. glac 10. baintreach ll.cearc 12. gealach B. 1 ... os a chionn. 2. ... ina bun ? 3.... ina dtaobh ... 4.... dh bharr. 5.... lena ais. 6.... os a cionn. 7.... ina mease. 8.... ina dhiaidh. C. 1.... os mo chionn. 2.... inar n-aghaidh. 3.... i do dhiaidhsa. 4.... os mo chomhair... 5.... ar a son. D. 1. nios soilche, nios gloine 2. nios fliche, nios trioma 3. nios moiche, nios deireanai 4. nios sine, nios ige 5. nios girre, nios foide 6. nios gile, nios dorcha 7. nios leithne, nios caoile 8. nios ceirte, nios contrilte 9. nios loige, nios lidire 10. nios moille, nios scioptha 11. nios goinne, nios fairsinge 12. nios goirbhe, nios mine 13. nios m, nios lu 14. nios airde, nios isle 15. nios ciallmhaire, nios seafid 16. nios milse, nios seirbhe 1. D'irigh m inn nios moiche n go hiondil. Shil m (Bhi m ag ceapadh) dh bhfanfainn go mbeadh na siopa pldaithe. 2. Go minic, bionn cads nios gile n olann ach irionn cads nios soilche nios scioptha. Go hionduil, bionn olann nios seasmhai. 3. Thraoiil m orm an chulaith. Bhi an seaicad rochung thart ar na guailli. Bhi an treabhsar nios girre n an ceann a bhi orm. Nior thinig s anuas ach go dti mo ruitini. 4. Bheadh s nios ceirte do chuid airgid a choinneil le haghaidh na coise tinne. 5. Ni fhaca m ariamh bord cisteanai nios aisti! T s nios gloine n ar gceann muide (an ceann seo 'ainne) ach t s scoilte ag an ngrian. 6. Tugann muid Mirtn ar an bhfear sin. 7. C at i mbun na hite ? Lesson 31 A. 1. Ba chuma. 2. Ba mhaith. 3. Ba deacair. 4. B'igean. 5. B'fhi. 6. B'fhearr. 7. Ba chir. 8. Ba. B. (a) 1. Niorbh igean ... 2. Niorbh fhearr ... 3. Niorbh fhiu... 4. Ni ba deacair (Nior dheacair)... 5. Ni ba chir (Nior chir)... 6. Niorbh fhurasta... (b)Deirs... 1. gurbhigean ... 2. gurbh fhearr... 3. gurbh fhiu... 4. go mba deacair (gur deacair)... 5. go mba chir (gur chir)... 6. gurbh fhurasta... C. Ba mhaith liom... 2. Ba chuma... 3. Niorbh fhiu ... 4.... a ba cheart... 5.... nach mba gh (nar gh)... 6. B'fhearr ... 7. B'fhurasta... 8. Arbh fhearr ... 9. B'fhiu ... 10. Arbh fhearr... 11. Dhmba'in ..., ni bheinn... 12.... nach mba mhaith (nar mhaith) 1. Chaith m an tseachtain ag craitheadh limh le ministara agus ag caint le easpaig. 2. Is iriseoir maith (iriseoir maith at ann). Scrobh s cupla alt bre i dtaobh an chluife mhir (faoin gcluife mr) an tseachtain seo caite. 3. Bhi s ag inseacht do mhuintir na hite gurbh fhearr leis cna i gCois Fhairrge. 4. Ni raibh a chuid spaclir air agus chraith s limh lena dhriofuir in it an easpaig. 5. Goideadh a chuid ceirnini uilig, gan trcht ar a chuid leabhartha. 6. An mba chuma leat (Ar chuma leat) dh gcaithfinn toitin ? 7. T m cinnte gurbh fhiu dhuit muintir rann a chloisteil ag caint. 8. An mba deacair (An mbeadh s deacair) iad a thiscint ? 9. An mba 'in an dochtr thall ansin ? Ba cheart dhom caint leis. 10. Fuair m cuireadh le a ghoil ar cuairt ag teach a hathar. Ni raibh m ag iarraidh i a eiteachtil. 11. Ni fhadf cur sios ar an teach. 12. Bhi m ceaptha a ghoil ar ais an tseachtain seo caite, ach bhi m tinn.

A. 1. ... rompu. 2. ... thrid. 3. ... roimhe. 4. ... roimpi... 5. ... thrt. 6. ... romhat.. 7.... romhainn... 8.... thrthe. 9.... romham. 10.... romhaibh ... B. 1. min 2. gleann 3. maitheas 4. am 5. fuil 6. Samhain 7. bliain 8. dearthir 1. T filte romhat. 2. Ni raibh m in ann feiceil thrd an bhfuinneoig. 3. Thrd is thrid, bheadh s i bhfad nios deise dh mbeadh duine eicint as an mbaile romhat i mBaile tha Cliath. 4. T mo shrn ag cur fola. 5. Thairg s fiche mile punt ar theach a dheartlira. 6. T an leabhar seo i bhfad nios spisila. 7. Bhi ts na bliana fuar. Bhi s ag cur shneachta agus ag cur sheaca. 8. Bhi an teach seo 'ainne i lr an ghleanna. 9. Is buachaill an-mheabhrach dearthir Phdraig. (Buachaill an-mheabhrach at i ndearthir Phdraig.) Bhain s a chim amach thar is tri bliana ar an ollscoil. 10. Shil m (Bhi m ag ceapadh) go mbeadh s chomh maith dhom teach a cheannacht. 11. Ni raibh m ach ag cur mo chuid airgid amu ag ioc cios. 12. Bhi s i bhfad nios socra ann fin nuair a ghill s dh dhearthir. 13. Bhi siad ag cuidi leis an athair a bhi ag baint mhna. 14. Bhi pian ina dhroim ag Colm bheith ag cromadh anuas. 15. Shuigh an bheirt acu ar bhruach na locha agus thig siad scith. Lesson 33 A. 1. ... thairis 2. ... thairti ... 3. ... tharainn ... 4. ... tharam ... 5. ... tharatsa ... 6.... thartu 7. ... tharsan 8. ... tharaibh B. 1. caora 2. tin 3. cathaoir 4. gluin 5. cathaoir 6. traein 7. caoireoil 8. suil 9. lacha 10. toil 11. An Cheathru Rua 12. comharsa 13. irinn (ire) 14. crin C. 1. an dara hulla 2. an deichiu fear fichead 3. an t-aonu ceann fichead 4. an cigi hit 5. an cigi duine dag 6. an t-aonu bord dag 1. Go direach nuair a bhi m ag goil ag cur glaoch ar an bhfiaclir, thosaigh m ag braiteoireacht. Seo an tr huair arinnem sin. 2. Bhi mac na comharsan ag an dochtur inn. Deir siad go bhfuil tinneasaisteach eicint air. 3. Bhi m crite ag daoine ag cur glaoch orm. Faoi dheireadh, in aghaidh mo tholach,rinnem coinne le duine acu. 4. Ni raibh fonn cainte ar bith ormsa ach bionn daoine ann i gcna a bhionns ag iarraidh a bheith ag cabaireacht. 5. T dochtir na cathrach seo thar a bheith go maith. Bheinn ssta muinn a dhanamh as duine ar bith acu. 6. Bhi s thar chig bhliana dag thar sile. Bhi s ag feilmaracht i Meireac. T soibhreas mr sa tir sin. 7. Leag s neapicin pca ar an rille agus gloine uisce ar an mbisn. 8. Ar a laghad, cheannaigh m ceathru caorlach r n siopadir inn. 9. An raibh Uachtarn na hireann ag an gcluife mr D Domhnaigh ? 10. Ar dhin tu doras na traenach ? Lesson 34 A. 1. Is ag goil abhaile at m. 2. Is i Cit at anseo. 3. Is amireach a bheas Brid anseo. 4. Is i an carr at ar chula an ti. 5. Is ag deireadh na miosa a bheas Toms ag tiocht. 6. Is ar an mbord a bhi an finne psta. 7. Is crann darai at ansin. 8. Is ag ciri na leapa at Peige anois. 9. Is minic a bhionns s ag caint leis an dochtur. 10. Is i nGaillimh at teach mo dhreifire. 11. Is m a bhi g aerach an uair sin. 12. Thusa a ba cheart caint leis. B. Silim... 1. gur ag goil abhaile atm. 2. gurb i Cit... 3. gur amireach ... 4. gurb i an carr... 5. gur ag deireadh na miosa ... 6. gur ar an mbord ... 7. gur crann darai ... 8. gur agcirina leapa... 9. gur minic ... 10. gur i nGaillimh ... ll.gurm... 12.gur thusa...

C. 1 is an chaoi a raibh s imithe. 2 is an chaoi a raibh m thar cionn. 3. Is ard a deir s go bhfuil Mire tinn. 4. ... Is an chaoi nach raibh s glan ar chor ar bith. 5. Is ard fin amadn ! 6. Is ard a dirt s nach raibh s ssta. D. I. Is ea. 2. Is . 3. Is iad. 4. Is ea. 5. Is ea. 6. Is ea. E. 1. Ni hea. 2. Ni hea. 3. Ni hea. 4. Ni hea. 5. Ni h. 6. Ni h. 7. Ni hiad. 8. Ni hea. 9. Ni hi. 10. Ni hea. 11. Ni hea. 12. Ni hea. 1. T cta na mn ar an talamh. 2. Shil m (bhi m ag ceapadh) go mbeadh si ann ach is an chaoi nach raibh si ann ar chor ar bith. 3. Is ard a dirt s nach raibh s ssta. 4. Is i Mire a dirt sin. 5. (Ar) ag iascach ronnach at Pdraig ? 6. Bhi m ag danamh mo dhichill. 7. An raibh Toms ag danamh aithrist ar Shamas ? 8. Dh mhasl at t ! 9. (Is) fuar a bhi s inniu i gcomrtas leis an l inn. 10. 'Tuige (Cn fth) a raibh an obair leadrnach ? 11. Shil m (bhi m ag ceapadh) go raibh gaol agam leis ach is an chaoi nach raibh gaol ar bith agam leis. 12. Ni raibh call ar bith dhuinn obair a dhanamh. 13. Bhi mo scornach tinn i gcaitheamh an lae. 14. Cogar ! (Ar) ar an mbord a bhi an finne psta ?

Lesson 35 A. 1. Ba mhaith liom an leabhar sin a bheith ag Cit. 2. Ni miste gan airgead a bheith agam. 3. Dh mbeadh an t-am agam agus an t-airgead a bheith agam, dhanfainn . 4. Marach mo bhean a bheith mishsta, cheanninn . 5. Dh n-imeof abhaile agus do scith a ligean, bheife nios fearr anocht. 6. Is cuma liom gan Mirtn a bheith anseo. B. 1. Bhi Brid anseo ar ball agus i ag caoineadh. 2. Thinig mo dhearthir abhaile agus bean leis. 3. D'imigh Pdraig amach agus gan cta ar bith air. 4. Ni fi dhuit cta nua a cheannacht agus cta nua sa mbaile agat. 5. C a thiocfadh isteach ach Peadar agus hata air. 6. Bhris siad an fhuinneoig agus iad ag iarraidh caoi a chur ar an bhfrma. 1. C a thiocfadh abhaile inn ach mo dhriofur agus fear li. 2. C acu is folline (at nios folline), carr n rothar ? 3. Pharcil muid an carr taobh amuigh de theach na comharsan. 4. Bhi an-spis ag an driofuir is ige at agam sa tireolas agus sa stair. Bhi si ag iarraidh seanchaislen a fheiceil i lr na tire. 5. Shil m go bplascfadh mo chroi. 6. Fuair muid marcaiocht abhaile. 7. Breathnaigh an brabach a dhananns an scabhtara! 8. Dh mbeadh an t-am againn agus cead a bheith againn, chaithfeadh muid dh mhi sa bhFrainc. 9. Bheadh muid ansin anuraidh marach go raibh Mirtn tinn (marach M. a bheith tinn). 10. Gabhfaidh m ann an bhliain seo chugainn (an chad bhliain eile) ach a bhfaighidh m an t-airgead. Lesson 36 A. 1. Diabhal pingin ar bith a thabharfas m dh. 2. Diabhal a mbacfaidh m leis. 3. Diabhal a fhios agam. 4. Diabhal leabhar ar bith (at) san it. 5. Diabhal duine ar bith a bhi ssta. 6. Diabhal ar chuala m a leithide ariamh. 7. Diabhal bias ar bith arinnes mhaidin. B. 1. Diabhal focal ar bith a thig m. 2. Diabhal a fhios agam. 3. Diabhal neart anois air. 4. Diabhal dochar ar bith a dhanfas s dhuit. 5. Diabhal aird ar bith (a bhi) aige air. 6. Diabhal scal ar bith agam. C. 1. Nach rabhais ? 2. Tim. 3. Ghlanas. 4. Coinneod. 5. ... an bhfuilis ? 6. Nar lis ? 7. Thinigeas. 8. ... nach ndanfais ? 9. Bhos. 10. Ni bhrisfead. 11. D'osclaos. 12.... nar imris ? 13. Chea(l) nach rabhais ?

1. T Pdraig ina bhainisteoir or cheann de na comarchumainn itiil at ag obair le feabhas a chur ar shaol na Gaeltacht (le saol na Gaeltacht a fheabhsu). 2. T na colist ceaptha Gaeilge a mhnadh do na gasuir as an nGalltacht 3. Is scrbhneoir cumasach Samas (Scrbhneoir cumasach at in Samas). Scrobh s rscal bre agus leabhar gearrscalta. 4. Bh cruinni ag Pdraig le sttseirbhseach mr-le-r (tbhachtach) an tseachtain seo caite. Phligh siad na colist. 5. Nuair a cuireadh an stta seo ar bun bhi deis nf b'fhearr (nfos fearr) ag daoine leabhartha Gaeilge a fhoilsiu. 6. Ar ligh t an leabhar sin ? Las (ligh), cinnte. 7. A: Beidh muid anseo amireach ag an s. B: Danfaidh sin ! 8. Rinne tu go maith. 9. Bhoil, diabhal neart (a bhQ 'am air! 10. A: Ar bhlais tu an ffon ? B: Bhlais(eas). 11. A: Ar fhreagair tu ? B: Nior fhreagair (Nfor fhreagraios).

IRISH - ENGLISH VOCABULARY

The number in each entry refers to the lesson where the word (and its pronunciation) was given in the vocabulary section. WORD a a a a a ab abair GRAMMATICAL NOTES MEANING LESSON 4 5, 10 13 24 35 11 28 35 13 5 12 2,35 2 19 27 25 24 16 19
16

vocative particle adj. his, her, their relative particle particle (with indep. numbers) conj. all that (which) question form of copula vb.,hab.deir-,fut.dzr-, say past dirt, v.n. r, v.adj. rite abairt n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -( sentence abhaile adv. home(ward) abhainn n.fem.,gen.abhann,pl. aibhneacha river bhar n., gen., pl. bhair subject, material ach conj. but, only, provided that ach a oiread either ach amhin except achar n., gen. achair distance, period of time gan mrn achair before long acra n.,pl.- acre dh n. luck adhmad n., gen. adhmaid wood aduaidh adj., adv. north
aer n., gen. aeir air, sky, firmament

aerach
ag

adj.
prep.

airy, lighthearted, giddy

at, to

34
6, 15, 16

(with v.n.) agallamh ag cur a. ar aghaidh in aghaidh ar aghaidh le haghaidh agus aibi aibiocht Aibren aice in aice (le) aidhm aifal Aifreann aill ille aimhreas aimsir ainm ainneoin a. go/nach aird
n., gen. agallaimh

on account of interview interviewing against in front of for (the purpose of) and, and... is smart smartness April beside, near aim regret Mass cliff, big rock more/most beautiful doubt, suspicion weather, time name despite despite the fact that heed, notice

35 31 31 25 29 25 2,35 33 35 35 5,29 App. I 17 10 19 19 17 7 19 34 20 20

prep. (+ gen.) prep. (+ gen.) prep. (+ gen.) conj. adj. n. fem n., gen. -din

ripe, ripeness,

prep. (+gen.) n. fem. n. n., gen. -inn, pl. -acha n. fem., gen. -e comp. olainn n. n. fem., gen. -e n., gen. -neacha prep. (+gen.) conj. n. fem.

airde in airde aire aireachtil airgead airigh irithe go hirithe ais le hais ar ais aisteach aisteoir it in it aithne cur in a. do aithneachtil aithnigh aithrist itiil l lainn Albain alias cur allais alt altir am amanna in am amach a. anseo a. is a. amadn amireach an l a. amhin amharc amharclann amhdachtil amhdaigh amhrn amhrna amhrnaocht amplch am amuigh an an ananachain anall anam aneas aniar a. sa leaba anios

n. fem. adv. n. fem. v.n. fem. (see airigh) n., gen. airgid vb. 2, v JI. aireachtdil adj. adv.
prep. (+ gen.) adv. adj., comp. aisti n., gen. -ra, pl. -i n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -eacha prep. (+ gen.) n. fem. v.n. fem. (see aithnigh) vb. 2, past daithin n. fem. adj., comp. -la n., gen. il, pl. lta adj., comp. ille n. fem. n., gen. -ais n., gen. ailt, pl. -anna n. fem., gen. -6ra, pl -acha n., gen. ama, pl. -anna adv. adv. adv.

height, tallness high up care money hear, feel certain, particular particularly, especially besides, compared with back peculiar, strange, queer actor place in place of, instead of knowing (of person) introduce recognise imitation, mimicry local clutch, litter beautiful Scotland sweat sweating ^article altar time sometimes in time out(wards) in the future, in a while extremely fool tomorrow tomorrow only sight theatre admit song singer singing greedy astray, wasted without, out

App. I App. I 3 14 15 8 30 10 10 17 4 18 34 22 34 36 34 4, 19 18 27 31 32 3 26 19 21 6 12 5, 11 17 17

n., gen, pl. -din adv. adj.

n.
n. fem., gen. -ainne, pl. -a v.n. fem. (see amhdaigh) vb. 2, v.n. amhdachtil n., gen., pl. -din n., pl. -ithe n. fem. adj., comp. amplai adv. adv. question particle article adj. n. fem., gen. anachan adv. n., gen. anaim, pl. -nacha adv., adj. adv., adj. adv.

27 13 36 36 30 21 19 2 4,5 very, excellent 13 misfortune 31 19 from over there, from beyond 3 soul south 19 19 from behind, from the west 26 up in the bed 18,19 up from below

ann ann in ann annamh anocht anoir anois anonn anr anseo ansin ansiud anuas le seachtain etc. a. anuraidh aoibhinn aois aon aonach aontaigh Aontas Eorpach aont a.... dag a.... fichead ar ar bith etc. ar ar ar ar ara rachas aran rainn Arannach rasn arbh ard ardaigh ard arir an oiche a. ariamh arist arm ar ndigh aru amireach ar anuraidh aru inn as asal at athair thas athraigh athru

adv. adv. adj. adv. adv., adj. adv. adv.

there able (can) rare tonight from the east now over, across hardship here there 'there'(implying distance) down from above for the last week, etc. last year pleasant age, century one, any fair agree European Union eleventh twentieth on

2,26 14,26 15 12 19 2 19 App. I 2 2 2 19 20 6 4 8 13 27 20 30 33 33 4 10 11 26 26 36 31 11 31 36 18 31 5,30 27 10 6 4 26 8 8 8 18 7 3

17

n
adv. adv. ad\. adv., adj. adv. adj. n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -anna num. n., gen. -aigh, pl. aontaf vb. 2, v.n. aontii n. v.n. (see aontaigh)

prep. (sec bith clc.) adj. our question form of copula question particle (past tense) indirect relative particle (past tense) interjection (expressing offhandedness, dismissal) n, gen.-ais insurance a. gen. ard in bread n. fem., gen. rann Aran n., gen. -aigh, pl. -a Aran islander n., gen., pl. -din flat, apartment question form of copula (past/cond.) adj., comp. airde high, tall \ b. 2, \ .n. ard it raise,rise,grow higher \ .n. (see ardaigh) adv. last night ad\. adv. n., gen., pl. airm (see digh) adv. adv. adv. prep. n., gen., pl. asail (see id) n., gen. at har, pl. -arha n., gen. -ais vb. 2, v.n. athrit v.n. (see aihrai$h)

last night ever, never again army, weapon the day after tomorrow the year before last the day before yesterday out of, from donkey father jy

change

18

ba b babhal bac bacach bacadh bacail bd bdir bdireacht bagn bigh bail b. Dhia ar baile as an mb. Baile tha Cliath baile mr baileach bailigh baili baili leis bain bineacht bainis bainisteoir bainne bainron baint b. as b. de b. amach t b. agam le baintreach Bairbre bairille bisn bisteach baladh ball ar b. ball balla bn banaltra banbh barr de bh. thar b. barrbaril baril barlacht bs fil bhis chun bis bsta

past/cond. of copula v.n. (see bigh) n., gen. babhail, pl. -anna vb. 1, v.n. bacadh adj., comp. bacai v.n., (see bac) n. fem., gen. bacafola n., gen., pl. bdid n., gen. -ray pl. -ir n. fem. n. vb. 1, v.n. b n. fem. n., pl. bailte

bowl bother, prevent lame lameness boat boatman boating bacon drown blessing a blessing from God on home, village from home Dublin town exactly, quite collect clearing off take (with effort), extract, reap whiteness wedding (feast) manager
milk

31 28 29 22 33 33 3 32 33 29 28 30 13 32 6 10 33 26

n., pl. bailteacha mra adv. (in negatives/interrogatives) vb. 2, v.n. baili v.n. (see bailigh) vb. 1, v.n. baint n. fem. n. fem., gen. bainse, pl. bainseacha n., gen. -eorat pl. - n. n. fem., gen. -a, pl. -acha v.n. fem. (see bain)

queen teasing taking off/from reaching, achieving I am connected with widow (woman's name) barrel basin rain(ing) smell

16 33 16 36 7 32 20 24 32 30 28 3 28 33 4 18

n. fem., gen. baintri, pl. -ai n., pl. -i n., pl. -( n. fem., gen. bdisti n., gen. -aidh adv. n., gen., pl. boill n., pl. - adj., comp. bine n. fem., pl. -i n., gen., pl. bainbh n., gen. bairr prep (+ gen.) adv. adj. adj., comp. -la n. fem., pl. barlacha n. fem. n., gen. bis, pl. -anna

n., pl.

10 in a while, a while ago member, piece (of furniture or clothing), instrument, place 28 3 wall 17 white 10 nurse piglet, young pig App. I 26 top 27 on account of 33 outstandingly good 13 outstanding 32 drole, amusing, comical 13 notion, opinion 33 drollery 17 death dying 27 to death 30 waist

beag b. bdeach beagn beagnach beainc bal bealach chun bealaigh Bealtaine bean b. an ti b. rialta beannaigh beannu Barla bearr Beartla b' igean bil beilt beir b. ar beirt beithioch beo beos b' fhidir bheith bhi bhoil bi bia bille billeoig binn binn binneadas binse bior bith ar b. blais blaiseadh blaosc bias blasta blth bliain i mbliana b bocht bodhar bog bog bogadh ar b.

adj., comp. l, beige n. adv. n. fem., gen -e, pl. -eanna n., pl. bil n., gen. -aigh, pl. bealai n. fem. n. fem., gen., pl. mnd vb. 2, VJI. beann v.n. (see beannaigh) n. vb. 1, v.n. bearradh (see igean) n., pl. -ocha n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -eanna vb. 1, hab. beir-, fut. bar-, past rug v.n. breith, v.adj. beirthe n. fem., gen. beirte n.f gen., pl. beithigh adj., comp. -cha, -chte n.
adv.

small, little tiny little a little almost bank (money) mouth, brim, opening way away May woman, wife the lady of the house, hostess nun bless, salute, greet English (language) shave, cut (hair) (man's name) meal belt give birth to, lay (eggs) seize, catch, hold two people cow, beast alive, lively, quick aliveness, quickness perhaps, maybe well be food bill leaf gablewall sweetsounding, melodious melodiousness bench point, pointed stick atall taste eggshell, skull taste, good accent; anything tasty, sharp (knife) bloom, blossom year this year cow poor deaf, hollow (sound) soft, tender, mild and damp soften, move about steeping

4 27 27 9 29 10 13 27 21 4 11 22 33 5 21 36 14 17 30 22 14 7 19 33 4 4 7,8 5 29 17 27 33 33 22 App. 1 2 36 29 10 19 21 5, 11 9 7 7 26 15 29

v.n. (see bi) (past tense of bO (pause word) vb. 1, pres. t, hab. bi-t fut. beidh past bhi, v.n. bheith n. n., pl. -i n. fem., gen. -et pl. -6ga n. fem., gen. -e, pl. beanna adj., comp. -e n., gen. -ais n., pl. -i n., pl -anna adv. vb. 1, v.n. blaiseadh v.n. (see blais) n. fem., gen. blaoisce, pl. -anna n. adj. n., pl. -anna n. fem., gen. bliana, pl. blianta n. fem., pl. ba (generally beithigh) adj. adj., comp. bodhaire adj., comp. boige vb. 1, v.n. bogadh v.n. (see bog)

1 1 . rem., gen. botse, pl. bosa, gen.pl. bos palm of hand 34 bualadh bos clapping n., gen. boilg 22 bolg belly danamh b.-le-grin sunbathing n., gen., pl. boinn 29 bonn coin gen. boinn, pl. -acha 29 sole n., gen., pl. boird 2 bord table n., pl. -t bosca box 14 n., gen. bthair, pl. bithr bthar road 3 n. brabach profit 35 adj., comp. -at 7 bradach thieving, sly, dishonest n. fem., pl. - 24 brilln sheet (bed) n. fem. braiteoireacht hesitating 33 vb. 1, VJI. brath 22 braith depend n., pl. -,acha 21 braon drop v.n. (see braith) brath adj, comp. -cha, -chte 4 bre fine n., gen., pl. brie 28 breac fish n. fem., gen. brige, pl. -a brag lie, falsehood 1 adj. 24 bran rotten smelling n., gen., pl. Breathnaigh 36 Breathnach (surname) vb. 2, v.n. breathn 16 breathnaigh look v.n., pl. -(see breathnaigh) breathnu 22 b. uaidh looking (idly) into distance v.n. fem. (see beir) 22, 28 breith birth n. breithinas judgment, opinion App. I n. fem. 35 br force, vigour cn bhr ach ... what would it matter except... Brid (woman's name) 2 bricfsta n., pl - breakfast 9 vb. 1, v.n. briseadh bris break, sack 12 v.n., pl. brisbcha (see bris) briseadh v.adj. briste broken 19 v.n. brionglid dream(ing) 28 n. fem., gen., pl. -6ga 6 brig shoe n. fem. broinn breast, womb 22 n., gen. brin brn sorrow 17 v.n. (see brigh) bru n., pl. -anna bruach bank (river) 31 vb. 1, v.n. bru bruigh press, bruise, crush, mash 29 vb. 1, v.n. bruith bruith boil, cook 12 n. bua victory 20 n., gen. buachalla, pl. -i buachaill boy 12 vb. 1, v.n. bualadh buail hit, strike, beat, come/go briskly 15 v.n. (see buail) bualadh n. fem., gen. -e, pl. - buatais boot 31 adj., comp. butocha bui yellow, bronzed (from sun) 17 n., gen., pl. -iid buicad bucket 9 n., gen., pl. -il buidal bottle 10 n. fem. buile fit of anger n., pl. builli buille blow, stroke 24 adj., comp. buiche buioch grateful 29 n., gen. -ais buiochas gratitude, thanks 18 b. le Dia thanks be to God 29 n. fem. buion band (of people) App. I n., pl. -i bistara butcher 23 n. bun bottom, basis 12 afoot, going on ar bun
bois

cur ar bun i mbun bunbhar bunscoil bus c _ cabaire cabaireacht cabhantar cca cads cideo caife cil cailc cailin ciliil caill cailleadh caint caint ar cainteoir caipin caiptin Cisc caislen Cait
caite

n., gen., pl. bunbhair n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -eanna n., pl. -anna

setting up, founding in charge of, running basic subject, raw material primary school bus where? talkative person, natterer prattling, nattering counter cake, (homemade) bread cotton how long since ? coffee fame, renown,reputation chalk girl famous, renowned lose, miss talk(ing), expression mentioning, talking of talker, speaker cap captain Easter castle (woman's name)

14 30 12 12 6 3 4 33 6 10 30 30 11 30 App. I 3 36 21 15 25 25 12 27 21 35 2

adv. (+ dep. form) n., pl. -I n. fem. n., gen., pl. -air n., pl. - n., gen.-ais adv. (= cfhaid) n. n. fem. n. fem., gen. -e n., pl. - adj., comp. -la vb. 1, v.n. cailleadh v.n. (see caill) n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -anna n., gen, -ra, pl. -i n.,pl. - n., pl. - n. fem., gen. Csca n., gen., pl.-in
(sec caith)

caith ... seo caite caitheamh c. faoi i gc. Caitliceach call cam ^ candil cantalach caoga caogadu caoi ar aon ch. cur c. ar sa gc. go/nach cn ch. is an ch. caoin caoineadh caoireoil caol caora capall

vb. 1, v.n. caitheamh, v.adj. caite

use (up), spend, wear, throw, shoot 16 have to 21 last 8 taking a seat during Catholic call, need, necessity crooked auction auction cantankerous, bad-humoured fifty fiftieth way, means at any rate fixing, mending in order that, so that what way, how actually cry, lament mutton slender sheep horse 33 29 12 34 28 4 8 25 33 14 4 16 20 23 34 26 33 30 7 7

v.n. (see caith) adj., comp. -i

n., gen. -ight pl. -i

n. adj., comp. caime vb. l,v.n. candil n. adj., comp. -ai num. num. n. fem, pl. -nna

vb. l,v.n. caoineadh v.n. (see caoin) n. fem., gen.caorlach adj., comp. caoile n. fem. gen. -ach, pl. canirs6h n gen. pl. caiple

carabhata n.. pL -/ n. fem., gen. carad, pl. cairde caraid n., gen. cairr, pl. -anna carr n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -reacha carraig n., pl. - crta n., pl. -anna cs cuir i gc. vb. 1 v.n. casadh cas vb. 1, v.n. castil cas v.n. (see cas) casadh v.adj. (see cas) casta v.n. (see cas) castil n., gen, pl. -ir casr n., gen., pl. cait cat n. fem., pl. caihracha cathair n. fem., gen. cathaorach, pl -eacha cathaoir n., gen., pl. -igh cathaoirleach pron. c c mhad/cn mhid nil a fhios cn conj. c go/nach n., pl. -anna ceacht pron. ceachtar cead n. n., pl. -tha cad num. cad n., pl. ceamara v.n. (see ceangail) ceangal vb. 2, v.n. ceangal ceangail n., gen. cinn, pl. cinn/ceanna ceann faoi ch. go c. tinneas cinn adj. canna v.n. (see ceannaigh) ceannacht vb. 2, v.n. ceannacht ceannaigh n., gen. -air, pL ceantracha ceantar vb. 1, v.n. ceapadh ceap v.adj. ceaptha v.n. (see ceap) ceapadh v.adj. (see ceap) ceaptha n. fem., gen. circe, pl. -a cearc pron. card c. fin cards adj., comp. ceirte ceart n. ceart c. a bhaint n. ceas num. ceathair n. ceathrar n. fem., gen. -n, pl. -na ceathr Ceathr Rua (An Ch.) num. ceathr n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -eanna cibh vb. 1, v.n. ceil ceil cile a ch.

scarf
friend

car, cart rock card case, sympathy take for instance, for example turn, sing, play meet turning complicated meeting hammer cat city chair chairman who ? what ? where ? how much ? what size ? there is no knowing how although, even though lesson either, any permission, leave hundred, hundredweight hundredth camera tie, bind head, roof, end, one at the end of, after for (a space of time) headache same buy area, district think supposed to hen what? what is it ? what sort of? right, correct right, correctness to manage, find satisfactory heavy feeling after meal four four people quarter, thigh, quatrain (place-name) fourth pier, quay conceal one another

30 9 6 10 10 13 16 19 12 23 7 13 5 25 9 16 7 24 24 16 19 33 31 24 4 16 31 17 5, 19 15 27 23 31 4 10 35 8 16 36 1 24 15 11 11 33 19 App. I

le(n)a ch. (n)a ch. as a ch. mar a ch. cil ceilt cim ceimic cir ceird ceirnin ceist i gc. ceo ceol 'chaon chad an ch. ... eile cheal cheana an l ch. ch. fin cheithre choichin chomh ch. ... le ch. ... is ch. maith chig chugainn seo ch. 'chuile chun chuns ciall ciallmhar Ciarrai cib ar bith c cigire cill cine cinel cinn cinneadh cint cinnte cion cion goil i gc. ar cionn os c. thar c. cor cios tigeil ar c. ciotach ciotail

n., pl. -iocha

v.n. (see ceil)

together asunder in a row, consecutively alike, same (traditional) dance step, degree, style chemistry
wax

18 11 25 32 18
23

n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -eanna n. fem., gen. -e

n. fem., gen. carach

n fem., gen. -e, pl. -eanna n., pl. -I n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -eanna n.
n., gen. ceoil, pl. -ta

trade, skill 12 gramophone record 23 question in question, under consideration 12 fog; anything, nothing 10
music 13

adj. (= gach aon) num. prep. (+gen.) adv. num. adv. conj.

num. adj. (+ len.) (= gach uile) prep. (+gen.) conj.

n. fem., gen. cille

each of, every first the next for lack of previously the other day already four never as as ... as as ... as as well five next, coming every to while
sense

30 33 36 16 11 11 36 19 7 11 8 7 27 15
16

adj. n pl. -I n. fem., gen. -e n., pl. -iocha n., pl. -acha adv. vb. 1 , VJI. cint, cinneadh
v.n. (see cinn) v.n. (see cinn)

sensible Kerry whoever, whatever inspector churchyard race kind, sort sort of, somewhat decide sure, certain affection

30 3 36 12 29 7
1

adj., adv. n.

4 18

impressing, affecting, influencing 36

prep. (+ gen.)

adv.
n. fem. pl. -anna, gen. cire
n., pl. -anna

above, over excellent

comb, ridge

25 33
1
25

adj., comp. dotal

n. fem., gen. ciotaiola

rent hiring gauche, awkward gaucheness, awkwardness

33 33

n fom., gen. ceaiha, pl. -anna cioth n., pl. cisein CSe" n. fem., gen. cisteanat, pl. -a cisteanach n., pl. -acha citeal adj., comp. -e ciin n., gen. -ais ciineadas vb. 2, v.n. ciini ciinigh v.n. (see ciinigh) ciini n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -eanna ciumhais n., pl. -ocha cla n. fem., gen. -e, pl. clasganna clais n. fem., gen. clirs, pl. -a clirseach n., gen. -din clamhsn n., gen. -air clampar mar bharr ar an gc. n. fem., gen. cloinne, pl. -anna clann n., gen. cldir, pl. -acha clr clr dubh vb. 1, v.n. cleachtadh cleacht v.n. (see cleacht) cleachtadh n., gen. cleis, pl. -anna cleas adj. cli n., gen., pl. clibh cliabh adj. cliste n. fem. clistiocht n. cliu n. fem., gen. cloiche, pl. -a cloch n., gen. cloig, pl. -anna clog a chl. (= cloch) cloich n., gen. cloiginn, pl. cloigne cloigeann vb. 1, hab./fuL clois, past chuala, clois

shower basket kitchen kettle quiet quietness, silence quieten

App. I 11 5 21 5 33 App. II

24 blanket (single width) stonewall (around Field), fence 16 App. n furrow, drain 4 harp grumbling, complaining 23 21 commotion, quarrel 26 to make matters worse 30 family, offspring, children 12 board, lid, programme 12 blackboard be accustomed to, practise 23

trick, plan left pannier basket clever cleverness fame, renown stone, stoneweight clock, bell o' clock head hear typist ear fathead cover game, match bone button honest hill cooking sleep asleep to sleep, asleep war whisper hey, tell me! say! whispering fortnight wood, forest appointment candle keep, hold

App. I
22

27
27 33 17 5 24 17 14, 28 15 29 28 29 12 32 30 34 7 29 18 26 24 20 22 34 22 8 29 33 29 12

cloisteil clscrobha cluais cluasnach cldach cluife cnimh cnaipe cneasta cnoc ccaireacht codail codladh i mo (etc.) ch. a chodladh cogadh cogar cogar ! cogarnail coicis coill coinne coinneal coinnel coinnigh

v.n. cloisteil, v.adj. cloiste v.n. fem. (see clois) n M pl. clscrobhailhe n. fem., gen. -et pl. cluasa n., voc., pl. cluasdnal n., gen. -aigh n pl. -i n. fem., pl. -( n., pl. -i adj. n., gen., pl. cnoic n. fem. vb. 2, v.n. codladh v.n. (see codail)

n., gen. -aidh, pl. cogaiocha

n.
n. fem., gen. cogarnaiola n. fem., gen. -e n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -te n. fem., pl. n. fem., gen., pl. coinnle v.n. (see coinnigh) vb. 2, v.n. coinnel

coir coirce cirigh ciri coirnal cois Cois Fhairrrge coisin coisint coiste coitianta colainn coliste col ceathar Colm comhair os c. comhair comhaireamh comhairle cur c. ar comhairleachan comhairligh comhar comharchumann comharsa comhdhil comhlacht comhldar Cmhargadh comhr comhrialtas comrtas i gc. le (mar) compirt ar mo ch. compirteach comrda cna i gc. i mo (etc.) ch. cnaigh Conamara congarach conra contae Contae Mhaigh Eo contrilte contirt contirteach cor ar ch. ar bith cras corc Corcaigh Corcaioch corin corp

adj., comp. cra n. vb. 2, v.n. ciri v.n. (see cirigh) n gen., pl. -il n. fem., gen. -e, pl. cosa, (gen.pl. vb. 2, v.n. coisint v.n. (see coisin) n., pl. - adj. n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -eacha n., pl. -i n., pl. col ceathracha gen. Coilm prep. (+ gen.) vb. 1, v.n. comhaireamh v.n. (see comhair) n. fem., pl. -cha v.n. (see comhairligh) vb. 2, vJI. comhairleachan n., gen. comhair n. gen., pl. -ainn n. fem., gen. -n, pl. -nna n. fem., gen. -la, pl. -eanna n., pl. -a n., gen., pl. -air n., gen. -aidh n., pl. comhrit n., gen. -ais n., gen. -ais, pl. comrtais n. adj., comp. - n., pl. comrddaithe v.n. (see cnaigh)

fair, generous oats arrange, make (a bed)

32 14 15

comer 26 cos) leg, foot, shaft (knife, broom etc.) 8 31 (place-name) cost; defend 25 committee common body college first cousin (man's name) in front of, opposite count advice advising 25 12 33 4 28 32 25 27 32

App. II advise co-operation 36 co-operative society 36 neighbour 13 conference 31 (business) company 15 company, household, family 27 Common Market 30 conversing, conversation 16 coalition government 20 competition, comparison 34 in comparison with comfort, ease 22 at my ease comfortable 5 comrade, pal 16 always residing, standing idle reside (place-name) near, adjacent coffin county Co. Mayo wrong danger dangerous stir, movement, twist, situation at all system cork, plug Cork person from Cork crown corpse 7 26 26 1 27 28 28 28 20 25 25 18 3 12 29 35 36 33 27

vb. 2, v.n. cna adj., comp. -ai n. fem., pl. -iocha n., pl. -cha adj. n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -eacha adj., comp. - n., pl. -anna n., gen, pl. -ais n., gen, pl. coirc n., pl. Corcaiocha n. fem. gen. cornach, pl cornacha n., gen., pl. coirp

corr corra corraigh csta costas costasach cosil coslacht cta c. mr cothrom cr craic craiceann c. caorach crigh crin craith craitheadh cr. limh le crann cr c. na cille creath creathadh cratr creid creideamh creisdiint croch i gcrch crochnaigh crochn cr croch crochadh cro crom cromadh crua cruach crugach cruinnel cruinnigh cruinni cuach cuairt ar c. cuan cuan mara cuart cuartaigh cuid cuidigh cuidi cig cigear cigi

adj. vji. (see corraigh) vb. 2, v.n. corral n., pl. -t n., gen. -ais, pl. costaisl adj., comp. -ai adj., comp. -la n. fem., pl. -at n., pl. -1 pl. -mra adj., comp. coithrime v.n. (see crigh) n. fem. n., gen. craicinn, pl. craicne vb. 1, v.n. cr n. fem., gen. crnach, pl. -tacha vb. 1, v.n. craitheadh v.n. (see craith) n., gen. croinn, pl. croinnte n. fem.

occasional, odd stir, move coast cost costly, expensive alike, like appearance, resemblance coat greatcoat level, equal fun, 'gas', a laugh and a chat skin sheepskin torment, annoy sow shake, upset

22 27 19 25 25 6 17 2 30 29 13 30 33 33 31 31 6 29 31 7 14 31 23 23 27 28 8 32 15

shaking hands with tree clay the clay of the churchyard vb. 1, v.n. creathadhshake, tremble poor thing, poor fellow believe faith, religion finish, end to completion finish (small) outhouse lift, hang, go up heart stoop, bend (a limb) hard, harsh stack of turf busy gathering; collection gather, collect meeting cuckoo visit visiting bay sea urchin search part, share, portion (of food) help five five people fifth

v.n. (see creath) n., gen., pl. -ir, voc. pl. -acha vb. 1, v.n. creisdiint n., gen. -imh, pl. creidiocha v.n. (see creid) n. fem. vb. 2, v.n. crochn v.n. (see crlochnaigh) n., pl. crit vb. 1, VJI. crochadh v.n. (see croch) n., pl. -t( vb. 1, VJI. cromadh v.n. (see crom) adj., comp. -chaf -chte n. fem., gen. cruaiche, pl. -a adj., comp. -a v.n. fem. pl. -acha (see cruinnigh) vb. 2, v.n. cruinnedl n., pl. cruinniocha n. fem., gen. cuaiche, pl. cuacha n. fem. n., pl. -ta n., pl. -ta mara v.n. (see cuartaigh) vb. 2, v.n. cuart n. fem., (gen. codach) vb. 2, VJI. cuidi v.n. (see cuidigh) num. (after a) n. num.

App. I
35 25 25 25 30 17 32 32 32 10 20 24 14, 15 33

cuimhne is c. le cuimhnigh cuimhniu c. air fin cinne cuir cuireadh cuirt cirtn cis danann s c. cuislimara cl ar chla culaith cum cuma as c. cuma is c. le cumadh cumann cumasach cumha cunamh le c. D cng cuntas cupn cupla c. ceann n tri cur c. sios citeal c. as do c. sios cur curach cram cramach crsa cthal dabht daichead daichead dair dall damhsa dna dnlann daor dara dath ar aon d. de de bharr, etc.

n. fem., pl. -
vb. 2, VJI. cuimhni v.n. (see cuimhnigh)

memory recollect, think considering one's position (internal) corner, nook put, sow, bury invitation court curtain cause, case it is sufficient customer back behind suit (of clothes) compose, makeup appearance, look out of shape it seems all the same to

20 20 32 26 12 29 27 26 29 34 25 11 6 36 17 18 20 25 36 31 28 28 29 2 5 35 21 35 31 1 19 27 15 15 28 36 25 33 34 7 13

n., pl. -
vb. 1 , v.n. cur
n., gen. -idh, pl. cuirtocha n. fem., gen. -e, pl -eanna

n., pl.

-R

n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -eanna

n., pl. - n.
n. fem., pl. cultacha vb. 1, v.n. cumadh

n. fem.

v.n. (see cum)

n., gen., pl. -ainn

adj., comp. -at n. n. adj., comp. cuinge

n., gen. -ais, pl. cuntaisi n., gen., pl. -din

n.
v.n. (see cuir)

society, club superb, extremely capable loneliness, homesickness help, aid with God's help narrow account cup a few, two or three two or three putting on a kettle upsetting description foam, froth, skum curragh, coracle responsibility, care, task careful course, pl. matters, affairs shy doubt forty fortieth oak tree blind dance, dancing bold art gallery dear, expensive second colour the one colour off, of

n. n. fem., gen. -a, pl. -a

n., gen. -raim

adj., comp. -ai n., pl. -at adj., comp. cuthaile

num. num.
n. fem., gen. darai

adj., comp. doille n., pl. - adj.

n. fem., gen. ddnlainne, pl. -a

8
9

adj., comp. daoire num.

n., pl. -anna
prep.

6
33 10 30 24

(see barr, etc.)

de Brca D D. Cadaoin D. Domhnaigh D. hAoine D. Luain D. Mirt D. Sathairn de(-) deacair deacracht dag deaide dan danamh d. amach d. ar deara tugaim faoi d. Dardaoin dearfa dearg dearg deargadh dearmad danamh d. dearthir deas deas deich deichi deichnir deifir deilbh deimhin go d. deir deireadh d. seachtaine chun deiridh faoi dheireadh Deireadh Fmhair deireanach deirgeacht deis deo go d. deoch dh dh dh dh dh fhichead dhirre dhar dhrag

(surname) Wednesday Sunday Friday Monday Tuesday Saturday good difficult difficulty -teen daddy do, make making out, reckoning making for n. adj.
vb. 1, v.n. deargadh

36

10, 12
12 12 12 12 13 10 33 19 14, 29 22 24 19 12 App. I 14 17 25 8 22 4 11 33 15 13 App. I 12 2, 28 13 27 21 35 16 33 18 30 5 11 10 15, 23 35 19 11 15, 23 15

12

adj. adj., comp. deacra n. fem. num. n.

vb. 1, hab. /fuL dan-, past rinne, v.n. danamh, v.adj. danta v.n. (see dan)

adj., comp. deirge

VJI. (see dearg) n., pl. -acha n., gen -ra, pl. -racha

I notice Thursday positive redden, light (pipe, fire) red mistake forgetting brother right (side) nice ten tenth ten people hurry, haste warp (in weaving) indeed say end weekend backwards at last October last, late redness opportunity, apparatus forever, really drink two if to/of him, her, etc. of all those that... forty in earnest, seriously to/of him, her, etc. twelve people

adj.

adj., comp. deise

num. num. n.

n. fem.
vb. 1, v.n. deilbh, v.adj. deilfe

vb. 1, hab. deir-, fuL dar-. past diiirt, VJI. rd, v.adj. rdite n., gen. -idh, pl. deiri

adj., comp. -at

n. fem.
n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -eanna

adv.
n. fem., pl. -eanna

num. conj. prep. + pron. num. adv. prep. + pron. n.

dheamhan dheas dh. Dia D. dhuit/dhaoibh diabhal diaidh i ndiaidh dialann Diarmaid dcheall difrocht dlis dnnar dol direach go direach diil dl dlodir do do d d faoi dh ceann n dh dochar dochtur dodhanta digh digh is digh le ar ndigh doimhne doirt doirtim doisinne domhain domhan dona donacht donn Donncha doras dorcha dorchadas dthain mo dh. dothigthe drama dream drimire driofr drochdrogall droichead droim druncaera

36
adv. n., gen. D

n., gen. -ail, pl. -a/a

prep. (+ gen.)
n. fem., gen. -ainne, pl. -a

southwards, in/from the south God (greeting) 28, devil after diary (man's name) (best) effort difference faithful, dear dinner sell straight, direct, honest exactly, direcdy, just suck law lawyer your to, for two twice one or two harm doctor impossible to do burn it seems likely, suppose of course, needless to say depth approach, draw near dozen deep world bad(ly) badness, illness brown (man's name) door dark darkness sufficiency enough for me impossible to rear play, drama group of people, crowd ladder sister bad reluctance
bridge

19 22 23 36

24, 26 10
34 12 29 8 15 15 7 1 27 27 10 23 33 24 15 10 27 26 20 5 33

n. n. fem., pl. -a
adj., cp. dUse n., gen., pl. dnnir

vb. 1
adj., cp. dr vb. 1, v.n. diil

n.,pl. -onna
n., gen. -ra, pl. -ir

adj. prep.
v.n. (see digh)

num.

n.
n., gen. -mrt pl. -irt

adj.
vb. 1, v.n. d

n. fem.
vb. 1, v.n. doirtim v.n. (see doirt)

App. I
26 19, 28 19 4 27 17 3 2 17 33 10 27 9 9 31 8 13 17 22 20 25

n.
adj., cp. doimhne n., gen. -ain adj., cp. measa

n. fem.
adj., cp. doinne n., gen. dor ais, pl. doirse

adj.

n.
n. fem.

adj. n., pl. -ai

n., pl. -anna n.f pl. -i fem., gen. drifiret pl. driofracha

n.
n., gen., pl. droichid n., gen. drama, pl. dramanna n., pl. -ai

back drunkard

dubh
dubhaigh

dchan dchas dil din duine dirt diseacht i mo dh. disigh dul dumhach dnadh dusta

adj., cp. diubhe vb. 2, v.n. dchan n., gen. -ain n., gen. -ais

n. fem. vb. 1
n., pl. daoine (sec deir) v.n. (see disigh)

black 12 blacken App. I, II blackening; potato blight App. II nature, background, instinct 22 desire 28 close, shut 21 person 2 21 awake 21 App. I 21 23 9 12 20 6 17 30 31 5 35 34 9 16 33 31 13 19 14 2 12 12 4 33 25 16 4 21 23 36 9 20 31 13 14 8 18

vb. 2
v.n. (see goil) n., gen. - mhai pl. -anna v.n. (see din)

wake, awaken sandhill dust he, him jealousy clothe(s) face, forehead light church bird January spring easy, quick easyness, quickness bishop some barely, almost was obliged to other along (with), together Irish Irish person ceasing, stopping succeeding get up,rise,become Ireland after after I had notwithstanding he, him listen, keep quiet, not interfere refuse aeroplane science

n. pron. (disjunctive) pron. 'neuter' (in response) n.

n., gen. -aigh, pl. -at n., gen., pl. eadain

ea ad adach adan adrom eaglais an Eanir ard earrach asca ascaocht easpag eicnt igean ar igin b' igean do eile ind , in ind (le) ireannach ir ir as ir le irigh irinn is thar is thar is dhom thar is go/nach eisean ist isteacht eiteachtil eitigh eitlen 'eo eochair eolaocht

adj., comp. adroime n. fem., gen. -e

n., gen. in, pl. -acha

n. pron.
n., gen. -aigh, pl. earrat

adj. n. n., gen., pL -aig adj.

adj. adj., comp. -ai

n., gen. -aigh, pl. -ai v.n. fem. (see irigh)

vb. 2
n. fem., (alt. ir), gen. ireann

prep. (+gen.)

pron. (contrast form of i)

vb. 1. v.n. isteacht v.n. (see ist) v.n. fem. (see eitigh) vb. 2, v.n. eiteachtdil n., gen., pl. -din

pron.
n. fem., gen. eochrach, pl. eochracha key

n. fem.

eolas fad i bhf. ar f. ar fh. fada le f. le f. an l fadbhreathnaoch fg fgil faigh fil f. amach falloch filte fainic finne fairsing faisean faiseanta faitios fl falach i bhf. falamh fan fna le f. fnach fanacht faoi fare farraige fs fascadh fata cur fhata fth cn f. feabhas chun feabhais Feabhra feabhsaigh feabhs fad fadachtil feadal feadh ar f. feall fear far
fearg

n., gen. -ais

knowledge length far, long way altogether in length long for a long time, this long time for many ' s the day farseeing leave get, find finding out neglectful welcome warning beware (of)! ring plentiful, spacious fashion, habit fashionable fear, timidity fence, hedge in hiding, hidden empty wait, stay, remain sloping pointless, aimless

17 19 10 11 19 13 30 30 15 15, 29 22 30 32 28 14
9

adj., comp.foide

adj., comp. -na

vb. 1 v.n fgil

v.n. (seefg)
vb. 1, hab. faigh-, fut. gheobh-, past fuair, v.n.fil, vadyfdite v.n. (see faigh)

adj., comp .failli n., pl. -

n. fem., pl. -acha

interj. (+ indir. rel.) n., pl. -(

adj., comp. -e
n. adj.
n., gen .fait/s n., pl. -ta

27 31 12 22 26 11 17, App. II App. I 13

5, 21 5 9

adv. adj.
vb. 1 v.n. fanacht

adv.

adj., comp. -ai

v.n. (seefan) prep.
n., pl. -anna

under, about fork n. fem., pl. -i sea vb. 1, \.n.fds (gen.fis, pl. -anna) grow n., gen. -aidh shelter n., pl. -ai potato sowing potatoes n. reason, cause for what reason, why n., gen .feabhais excellence improving n. February vb. 2, v.n.feabhs improve
v.n. (sec feabhsaigh) vb. 1, vji. fadachtdil v.n. fem. (see fad) n. fem., gen .feadaiola

14 22 11 16
9 9

27 27
35

36 22 4 18, 27 28 2 7 17

can whistling during, for the duration of treachery, foul deed

man

prep. (+ gen.)
n., gen.feill n., gen., pl .fir
n., gon.fir

n. fem., gen.feirge

grass anger

fearr is f. Ic fasig feasta feic feiceil feidhm fidir is f. le feil feiliuint feiliunach feilm feilmara feilmaracht fin feoil fiacail fiaclir fafra fiafraigh fiin Fianna Fil fiche fil filocht fill nileadh Fine Gael fion Fionnasclainn fior(-) fios cur f. ar t a fh. agam firinne fisic fiu is f. flaithis fliuch fliuch fliuchadh focal foghail foghlaim foighdeach foighid fill go f. foilsigh foilsi foireann folir ni f. do follin fomhar

better, best prefer n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -6gat beard adv. from now on, in future vb. 1 habffut. feic-, past chonaic, see
adj. (comp. of maith) v.n .feiceil, v Adj. feic the v.n. fem. (see feic)

13 20 17 35 14,29 App. I 20 27 23 7 3 33 9, 19 11 33 33 22,31 30 20 11,19,25 36 36 32 20 15 3 13 16 26 14 18 20, 23 App. I 8 22 10 App. I 15 36 15 15 36 26 23 35 9

use, function
vb. 7, VJI. feiliuint v.n. (see feil)

can suit, be appropriate suitable, appropriate farm farmer farming self, even meat tooth dentist ask, enquire wild, fierce (political party) twenty poet, local songmaker poetry return, fold (political party) wine (place-name) real, true, genuine knowledge, information sending for know truth physics it is / it seems worthwhile heaven wet wet word stealing, trespassing learn patient patience for a while, yet publish crew, team, staff, set it is obligatory for, must healthy autumn, harvest

adj., comp. -ai

n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -eacha n., pl. -a

n. fem. n. fem., gen.feo/a

n. fem., pl.fiacla n., gen. -6ra, pl. -i v.n. fem. (see fiafraigh) vb. 2, v.n.fiafrai adj., corny, fiine

n. fem., gen., pl .fichid n., pl.filithe

n. fem. vb. 1, v.n.filleadh v.n. (see fill)

adj.
n., pl. -anna

n. fem. n. fem., gen. -e n. pl.

adj., comp. /fiche vb. 1, VJI.fliuchadh v.n. (seefliuch)

n., gen. -ail, pl.focla

n. fem, gen.foghla vb. 2, vji.foghlaim

adj. n. fem., gen. -e

vb. 2, \si.foilsi v.n. (seefoilsigh) n. fem., gen.foirne

adj., comp. -e n., gen. -air

fn fonn fs Frainc Fraincis frma francach Francach freagair freagairt freagra freisin fuacht fuadar fuagair fuagairt fuaigh fuil fuair fuar fud ar f. fuil cur fola fuinneoig furasta g gabiste gabh gach gadai Gaeilge Gaeilgeoir Gaeilgeoireacht Gaeltacht Gaillimh gaineamh gire gir gairid le g. go g gaisce danamh g. galaoireach gall Galltacht galn gan gann gaol ti g. agam le gaoth Gaoth Sdile gar

n., pl.-anna

n. adv. n. fem., gen. -e n. fem., gen. -e n., pl. -i

n., gen., pl. -aigh n., gen., pl. -aigh vb. 2, v.n.freagairt v.n., (setfreagair) n., pl. -i

telephone desire yet, still France French (language)

frame
rat Frenchman answer answer also, as well, indeed cold haste call out, announce sew cold throughout blood bleeding window easy need cabbage go

5 17 9 18 5 35 7 18 36 36 2 4 21 28 30

adv.
n., gen. fuaicht

n.
vb. 2, VJI. fuagairt v.n. (see fuagair)

vb. 1, v.n.fuil
v.n. (see fuaigh)

(seefaigh)
adj., comp.fuaire

prep. (+ gen J
n. fem., gen. fola n. fem., gen. -e, y\.fuinneogai

adj., comp. fusa

n. n., pl. -i
vb. 1, hab. t-, fut. gabh-, past chuaigh, v.n. goil, v.adj. goite adj. (see also'chuile, 'chaon) n., pl. gadaithe

28 12 32 3 19 23 21 19, 29 32 31 4 33 33 4 21 9 17 33 20 26 26 1 36 11 35 29 34 10 3 30

n. fem. n., gen. -6ra, pl. -i n. fem. n. fem., pl. -ai n. fem., gen. -e
n, gen.gainimh

n., pl. -i v.n. adj.

n. fem. n. fem. n. n. n., gen., pl. -win prep.
adj., comp. goiruie n., gen. gaoil, pl. -ta
n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -anna

adj., comp. goire

every thief Irish (language) Irish speaker speaking Irish Irish-speaking area Galway sand laugh laughing short recently short ly feat, boast boasting soap anglified person, foreigner English-speaking area (in Ireland) gallon without 14, 21, scarce relation I amrelatedto wind (place-name) near

g. d fin
garbh

garda garra gasr g geadn geansa geal go geal gealach geall mar gh. ar geall gealladh gar gearn geard Gearminis gearr is g. go/nach gearr gearradh gearrscal geata gill gilleadh geimhreadh geirseach Ghidach g ginn giodam giota glac glac glacadh gl. le glan glan glanadh glaoch cur gl. ar glas glas glasil gleann glic Glinsce gliogar gloine gluaiseacht gluigh glin gnaithe gnaoiuil gniomh

adj., comp .goirbhe n., pl. -ai

n., pl. garranta n., gen., pl. gasir n. fem., pl. gabha

n.
n., pl. -ocha

adj., comp. gile

n. fem., gen. gealat n., pl. -ta vb. 1, v.n. gealladh v.n. (see geall)

selfish rough, harsh, coarse guard, policeman field, garden child goose patch of land pullover, jumper, jersey bright, white brilliantly moon bet on account of promise sharp, sour complaint yard German (language) short it will be a short time until cut short story gate yield, submit winter small girl Jewish although, even though wedge sprightly walk small portion take, seize, accept closed hand(ful), grasp accepting, assuming clean, clear clean, clear

35 30 26 3 2

App.H App. I
6 26 36 16 23 7 23 10

adj., comp. gire

n.
n., pl. -anna

App. I
27 29 21 36 3 32 7

n. fem., gen. -e adj., comp. girre

vb. 1, vJI. gearradh VJI. (see gearr) n., pl. -ta n., pl. - vb. 1, v.n. gilleadh v.n. (see gill) n., gen. -idht pl. geimhrlocha n. fem., gen. geirsl

App. I
12
1

adj. conj.
n. fem., pl. geanntracha

24

n.
n., pl. -I
vb. 1, v.n. glacadh n. fem., gen. gloice VJI. (sec glac)

App. I App. I
25 25 25 9 12

adj., comp. gloine

vb. 1, v.n. glanadh

v.n. (see glanj

v.n. (see gluigh)

adj., comp. gloise

n., gen. glois, pl. -anna vb. 1, v.n. glasdil n., gen. -a, pl. -ta

adj., comp. -e n.
n. fem., pl. -icha n. fem., pl. -ai vb. 1, v.n. glaoch n. fem., gen. glnach, pl. gline gen. glnach, pl. glnta n., pl -

adj., comp. -la

n., pl. -anna

ringing, calling up 29 17 green (plants), grey (animals) 28 lock 28 lock 32 valley 7 cute, cunning, clever (place-name) 3 'crock*, sth. unstable 24 5 glass 36 movement, moving 29 call 30 knee 30 generation 13 business, affairs 20 decent, generous act(ing), action App. I

gnthachtil gnthaigh go go go go go ceann, etc. gob go dti go lir goid goil dul chun cinn goile goirdeacht gorm gortaigh gortu gr i ngr grin grnna grsta gr. Dhia air greann greim grian gruaig gruama gual gualainn guidh guidhe gna gunna gur gur, gurb, gurbh halla hata hbair h. do i iad iadsan iarnil iarr iarracht iarraidh d 9 i. amhin iasacht ar i. iasc iascach

v.n. fem. (see gnthaigh) vb. 2, v.n. gnthachtil

win, gain as far as, up to beak, spout, prow, nib as far as, up to steal going progress stomach, appetite, pl. guts shortness blue hurt, injure love in love detestation, hatred ugly, horrible grace(s) God rest him humour, fun grip, bite, stitch sun hair gloomy coal shoulder pray dress, frock gun

particle (subordinating) particle (adverbial) prep. particle (optative)

(see ceann, etc.) n., gen. goib, pl. -anna

22 2 15 21 36 27 22 18 14 14 10 33 17 23 26 26 18 10 28 28 28 16 17 21 17 30 24 6 26 26 11,31 19 17 23 26 9 9 9 29 15 36 15 28 11 19

prep.
(see uilig) vb. 1, v.n. goid v.n. (see gabh; also dul) n., pl. -acha

n. fem. adj., comp. goirme

vb. 2, v.n. gort VJI. (see gortaigh)

n.
n. fem., gen. grnach adj., comp. grdinne

n.
n., gen. grinn n., gen. greama, pl. greamanna n. fem., gen. grine n. fem., gen. -e

adj.
n., gen. guail n. fem., gen. -e, pl. guailli vb. 1, v.n. guidhe v.n. (see guidh) n., pl. -t n., pl. -i

particle (subordinating, past) (subordinating forms of copula) n., pl. -i n., pl. -(

hall hat almost

prep. pron. (disjunctive) pron. (disjunctive) pron. (contrast form of iad)

vb. 1, v.n. iarndil vb. 1, v.n. iarraidh n. fem., pl. -ai v.n. (see iarr)

n. fem., pl. -at

n., gen. isc

v.n.

in she, her they, them they, them iron attempt, want, request attempt blow, go in one go loan on loan fish fishing

iascaire
iascareacnt

i bhfad i bhfus idir i dtaobh etc. im imeacht imigh imir imirt imleacn imni 'in in aghaidh, etc. inin inite inn an l i. innealtir innis inniu an l i. inseacht intinn ar i. ioc iochtar in i. iomai is i. iomarca iompaigh iompair iompar i. cloinne iompu ionadh ionann ionduil go h. ionga iontach iontas danamh i. iriseoir iriseoireacht is ise (seal isteach istigh ith ithe Mud luil jab jug

n., pl. / n. fem. adv. adv. prep.

(see taobh, etc.)

fisherman fishing, being a fisherman far, along way over here 12, between, both butter departing, pl. events depart, go off play navel worry, anxiety daughter edible yesterday yesterday engineer tell, relate today today mind, intention in mind, intending to pay bottom part underneath many's the an excess of, too much turn carry carriage, transport being pregnant wonder, surprise same, identical usual usually
nail (finger, toe)

23 33 10 19 28 11 15 15 12 14

n., gen. -e
v.n. (see imigh), pl. -at vb. 2, v.n. imeacht vb. 2, v.n. imirt v.n. fem. (see imir)

n. n. fem. pron.
(see aghaidh, etc.) n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -acha

App. I
15 14 7 27 6 12 31 25 12 25 25 26 36 7 24 28 28 30 20 11 8

adj. adv. n., gen. -6ra, pl. -

vb. 2, v.n. inseacht

adv.
v.n. (see innis) n. fem., gen. -e

vb. 1, v.n. ioc

n., gen. (ochtair

n. fem.
vb. 2, v.n. iomp vb. 2, v n. iompar v.n. (see iompair) v.n. (see iompaigh) n., pl. iontai

adj. adj., comp. -la

n. fem., pl. ingne, iongaiocha

App. I
4 17 31 31 11,20 9 7 19 19 16, 28 14 35 34 29

adj., comp. iontai

n., gen. iontais

n., gen. -ra, pl. - n. fem. copula pron. (contrast form of i) adj., comp. isle adv., adv.,
vb. 1, fut. (os-, v.n. ithe v.n. (see ith)

wonderful wonder, amazement wondering journalist journalism she, her low inwards, in within, in eat July job jug

pron. n.
n., pl. -anna n., pl. -anna

l sa l labhair labhairt lch lacha lag lag lagachan laghad ar a 1. lidir limh lir lampa ln lr ilr las lasadh lthair i 1. i 1. na huaire faoi 1. le le haghaidh, etc. leaba leabhar leabharlann leac lacht lachtir leadrnach leag leagan leaid leigh lamh lean leanacht leanbh leann leas baint 1. as leath leathan leathanach leathar leathchad leathshil leathuair leictreachas ligh lim de 1. caitheamh 1. lim

n., gen. lae, pl. laethanta vb. 1, v.n. labhairt VJI. fem. (see labhair)

day per day speak

8 App. H, 22 15 22 26 App.H 33 27 5 33 2 10 25 18

adjcomp. l pleasant n. fem., gen. -n, pl -in, (gen.pl. -n) duck

adj., comp. loige vb. 1, v.n. lagachan v.n. (see lag)

weak weaken smallness at least strong hand, arm, handle mare lamp fuU the full of centre, middle in the centre of light in the presence of at the present moment at present with, against bed book library flat stone, slab lecture lecturer boring, tedious lay, place, knock down version, idiom lad melt, dissolve follow child ale use, benefit using half broad, wide page leather fifty one eye half-hour electricity read jump
suddenly

n.
adj., comp. Ididire n. fem., gen. -e, pl. Idmha n. fem., gen. Idrach, pl. Idracha n., pl. -I

adj. n.

n.
vb. 1, v.n. lasadh v.n. (see las)

prep. (+ gen.) prep.

(see aghaidh, etc.) n. fem., gen. leapa. pl. leapacha n., gen. leabhair, pl. -tha n. fem., gen. leabharlainne, pl. -a n. fem., gen. leice, pl. -racha n., pl. -anna n., gen. -6rat pl. - i

30 21 20 5 3 9 19 18 18 34 12 14 32
1

adj., comp. -ai

vb. 1, VJI. leagan n. (see leag; pl -acha) n., pl. -s vb. 1, v.n. ledmh v.n. (see ligh) vb. 1, VJI. leanacht v.n. (see lean) n., gen. linbh n., gen. -e n., gen. -a n. fem., pl -acha adj., comp. leithne n., gen. -aigh, pi. -ai n., gen. leathair, pl. -acha

22 28 32 25 25 19 29 29 30 19 32 24 29 12 24 33 24

n.
n. fem., gen. 1 eathshlach n. fem., gen. -e n., gen. -ais vb. 1, v.n. liamh n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -eanna

vb. 1, v.n. limt

jumping jump

limt ieine leis an leisclil leithead ar I. leithid(e) mo 1. leith go 1. leitir leonta leor go I. is 1. leorai Liam liath lig ligean I. air line lion lionadh liosta litrfocht lobh lobhadh loch locht t 1. agam ar Lochn Beag loigh loighe i mo I. cur ina 1. ar listn ar I. lom long lu luach luath lb lbadh luch lucht luib Lunasa m ms mac m. linn Mac Suibhne madadh

vn, (see tetm) n. fem.. pl. -teacha (seele)

shirt, shift lazy width in width the likes of me

6 4 19 19 24 19 9 App. I 3 23 13 31 17 21 35 36 25 11 36 27 22 33 5 19 26 33 10 29 App. I 27 13 30 App. I 20 35 8 11 3 18 36 7

adj., comp. -la n. n. fem.

n. fem., pl. leitreacha

adj.

..and a half letter sprained plenty of, enough enough lorry (maris name) grey let pretending line fill list literature rot lake fault I have f. to find with (place-name) He lying persuading lodging in lodging bare, exposed ship value, price early soon bend, flex mouse people (connected with) loop, stitch (knitting) August if son student (surname) dog

n., pl. -s adj., comp. -cha, -chte

vb. 1, VJI. ligean v.n. (see lig)

n. fem., pl -te
vb. 1, v.n. lionadh VJI. (see lion) n., pl. -

n. fem.
vb. 1, VJI. lobhadh v.n. (see lobh) n. fem., gen.a, pl -anna n., gen. loicht, pl. -anna

vb. 1, VJI. loighe v.n. (see loigh)

n., pl. - adj., comp. loime

n. fem., gen. loinge (sec beag)

n.

adj., comp. -cha, -chte

comp. tisce
vb. 1, VJI. lbadh v.n. (see lub) n. fem., pl. -ain

n. n. fem. n. conj.

(= md+is)

n., gen., pl. mic

n., gen. madaidh, pl madrai

magadh maide maidin ar m. maidir le maime mair Mire maireachtdil mairg Mirtn mistir mistres maith maitheas mla mail maoin mapa mar mara marab marach m. go/nach maraigh marar marbh marc as m. marcaiocht margadh Mrta mar masla maslaigh masl mthair m meabhair meabhrach meach mad c mh. ar a mh. meadhg meaisn meall Men Fmhair men lae menscoil meas meas t meas measa measc i m. measc

n.,gen.-aidh n., pl.

n. fem., gen. maidine, pl. -acha

n. fem.
vb. 1, v.n. maireachtdil v.n. fem. (see mair)

joke, mocking stick, pole morning in the morning as for mammy live, last (woman's name) regret, trouble (man's name) master, schoolmaster mistress, schoolmistress good wealth, prosperity
bag

23 17 9 9 6 19 3 21 2 20 12 4 15 32 10 30 1 3 9, 13 8, 10, 11 11 26 35 28 26 8 18 35 30 35 34 34 6 2 18 32

n. fem.
n., pl. mistri n. fem., pl. -ai adj., camp, fearr

n. fem. n. fem., gen. -a n., pl. -i adj., comp. moille n. n., pl. - i prep., conj. conj. conj. + copula prep.
vb. 2, v.n. mar

slow, late riches map as, like if not, unless only for, except for except for the fact that kill if not, unless dead
mark, target off target, wrong

conj. (with past)

adj.
n., pl. -anna

n. fem.
n., gen. -aidht pl. margai

ride, riding, lift

market

n.
VJI. (see maraigh) n., pl. -i vb. 2, v.n.masl v.n. (see maslaigh) n. fem., gen. mthar, pl. -acha

March insult insult mother me intelligence, mind

intelligent

pron.
n. fem., gen. meabhrach

adj., comp. -ai

n. fem., pl. meachain

bee how much at most whey machine lump, mass September

mid-day secondary school think, reckon do you think ? thinking, esteem, respect among, amidst mix, stir (liquid)

App.n
12 33

n. n.
n., pl. -anna n., pL -tracha

App. I
13 29 35 29 12 18, 23 29 29

n. n.
n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -anna vb. 1, v.n. meas

n.
(set dona)

prep. (+ gen.)
vb. 1, VJI. meascadh

meascadh mid cn mhid mir maracha coise Meireac meisce ar m. Meitheamh mh'anam m mian Mchel mil mile milis mli mill milleadh millen cur m. ar millin millin mimhinte min mn minic go m. ministara miosr miotig mise misneach mshsta miste n m. le mo moch go m. mide n m. moill min mol moladh monarcha mr m. millteach m.-le-r t m m. le nor mhr dhom mrn mothaigh moth gan mh. much mchadh

v.n. (see measc)

n. Genites adj.)
n. fem., gen. -e, pl. maracha

n. fem. n.
(for a mh' anam) n. fem., gen. miosa, pl -onna

n.
n., voc., gen. Mchl, n. fem., gen. meala n., pl. milte Mcheil

adj., comp. milse num.

vb. 1, v.n. milleadh v.n. (see mill) n., gen. -din

amount, size what size finger toes America drunkenness drunken June indeed, faith! month desire (man's name) honey mile, thousand sweet thousandth ruin, destroy blame blaming million millionth bad-mannered, impolite meal fine, smooth often minister, clergyman (tape) measure glove I courage, heart dissatisfied .. doesn't mind my early (in the morning) it is unlikely delay turf, peat praise, recommend factory big, great huge important, widely spoken of I am friendly with I am obliged to much almost feel, perceive unconscious extinguish, quench, put out

21 10 3 26 35 19 7 App. I 20 32 14 29 33 26 35 19 33 20 30 6 31 23 30 2 27 19 20 10 9 10 17 17 12 14 4 28 13 36 6 21 21 24

n., gen., pl. -in num. adj. n. fem., gen. -e adj., comp. -e adv., comp. - n., pl. - n., gen. -ir
n. fem., gen. -e, pl. miotga

pron. (contrast form of m) n. fem., gen. -i adj. adj. adv., comp. moiche

n. fem., gen. -e% pl. -anna n. fem., gen. mna vb. 1, v.n. moladh v.n. (see mol) n. fem., gen. -n, pl. -in

adj., comp. m

n. adv.
vb. 2, VJI. moth v.n. (see mothaigh) vb. 1, v.n. mchadh v.n. (see much)

muic muid muide min muinel muinn danamh m. as t m. agam as minte minteoir muintir muir Muire Dia is M. dhuit muis(e) mullach mnadh na n n nach nach ndrthach naonn nire nireach nisin nisinta nmhaid naoi naonr nao naprn nr nar nar narbh nead nal neaipicn n. pca neart n n N nigh nil nochn nor norbh nos n n go/nach ncha

n. fem., gen. -e, pl. muca, gen.pl. trutc pron. pron. (contrast form of muid) vb. 1, v.n. miinadh n., gen. muinfl n. fem.

Pig
we we teach neck trust trusting I trust in polite, well-mannered teacher people, family, relations sea The Virgin Mary indeed! now ! top, summit

2
2 24

28
33

adj. n., gen. -eora, pl. -( n. fem., gen. -e n. fem., gen. mara (reply to Dia dhuit) interj. n., gen. mullaigh, pl. mullai v.n. (see rniin)

20
2 3 32 23

6
28 24

article (pl. and fem. sing.) conj. particle (negative, imperative) particle (negative indir. relative) (+ copula) particle (negative relative) adj., comp. -of n., gen., pl. -din n. fem. adj. n., gen., pl. -din adj. n.fem., pl. - num. n. num. n., gen., pl. -tiin particic particle particic (= nar + copula) n.fem., gen. neide, pl. -racha n. n., pl. -i n., gen. neairt particle (negative) (= ni+ copula) n. (in set phrases) (prefix in surnames) \b. 1, v.n. niochdn (ncg.of td) v.n. (see nigh) particle (neg., past) (= nior + copula) (comp. form of copula) conj. conj. num.

8
nor, neither 2

8 2 11
3 natural infant shame shameful, disgraceful nation national enemy nine nine people ninth apron (negativeoptative) (subordinating, past) (question, past) nest wink of sleep napkin handkerchief strength, lots of thing wash

16
App. I 17

16
4 9 App. I

11
15 33 34 36

26 26
31 27 33 33 6

2,6 11
19 36 12

2
26 31 19
or
6

until ninety

17 25

nchad nimad Nollaig faoi N. Mi na Nollag ns ar ns

nua

num. n., gen. -id, pl -cha n. fem., gen.Nollag, pl. -eacha n.,pl. -anna prep. (+gen.)
adj., comp. -cha,-chte

ninetieth minute, moment Christmas around Christmas December custom like

new

nuaiocht nuair 6 6 ... amach

O

n. fem. conj. prep. from

(prefix in surnames) n. fem., gen. oibre, pl oibreacha

news when from ...on work(ing) eight eight people eighty eightieth eighth hunger young worker work, use night tonight education office youth island skilled skill onion amount, much that much so much drink oil wool evil, wicked university inch floor open (see sin) hospital pack (man's name) (man's name) prayer pay paper, newspaper

obair ocht ochtar ocht ochtd ochtu ocras 6g oibri oibrigh

oibriu

num. n. num. num. num. n., gen. -ais adj., comp. ige n., pl. oibrithe vb. 2. v.n. oibri
v.n. (see oibrigh)

Oche an o. anocht oideachas oifige j ge oilen oilte oilteacht oinniun oirea d an o. a o. 61 Ola olann ole ollscoil or 1 ach orlr oscail OSCai 11
os cionn, etc.

n. fem., pl. -annta n., gen.-ais n. fem., pl. -i n. fem. n., gen., pl -din adj. n. fem n., gen., pl. -in n. (no t prefixed after article) vb. 1, VJI. 61, gen. 6il
n. fem.

n. fem., gen. olla adj.

n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -eanna n., gen. -aigh, pl. orlai

n., gen., pl. orlir

vb. 2, v.n. oscailt v.n. (see oscail) (see cionn, etc.) n., gen., pl. ospidil vb. 1, v.n. pacil
(dimin. of Pdraig)

shin ospidal pacil Pdraig Pidn paidir p pipar

n. fem., pl. paidreacha n. fem. n., gen., pl. pipir

pirc ^ n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -eanna parcil vb. 1, v.n.parcdilfcm. pirtl n., pL pirtithe P. an Lucht Oibre piste n., pl.- paiteanta adj. pariste n.,pl.-/ Peadar gen.-air peain n., pl. -eanna peann n.,plpeanna peata n.,pl. peictiur n., gen., pl. iftr Peige peileadir n., gen. -6rat pl. peiliur n., gen., pl. -ir pinteil vb. 1, vji.pin/eil fem. pinteilte adj. pire n.,pl.- pian n. fem., pl.-ta pingin n. fem., pl. pingineacha pinsean n.,pl.-acha pinsinara n., pl. -i pioc vb. 1, v.n.piocadh piocadh v.n. (see pioc) pionta n., pl.- piopa n., pl. -i piosa n., pl. -I plta n., pl. -I pl. beag pl -aibeaga pl* mr pl. -amra
pl v.n. (see pligh)

large field, park pari: (political) party Labour Party child perfect parish (maris name) frying pan pen pet picture (woman's name) footballer pillow paint painted pair, two (things) pain penny pension pensioner pick pint pipe piece, bit, patch, short period plate side plate dinner plate burst, explode discuss, deal with, be connected crowded plumber blanket (double width) bang, loud noise, peal community, public at large (Catholic) church (building) community school pocket kiss kiss public point, point of time on the spot, immediately punctual, precise, punctilious politics hole porter, stout marry, get married post, job, mail, post office married pot mess Protestant

22 35 20 20 11 18 25 23 29 12 7 3 3 26 24 14 19 12 32 11 30 22 33 15 16 13 5

plasc vb. 1, vji. plascadh pligh vb. 1, v.n. pl pldaithe adj. pluimara n., pl. - pluid n- fem., gen. -et pl. -eanna plump n., pl. -a(l pobal n., gen., pl. -ail teach an phobail pobalscoil n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -eanna) pca n., pl. -i P6g n. fem., pl -a p6g vb. 1, VJI.pgadh pgadh v.n. (see p6g) poibll adj. pinte n.,pl.- ar an bp. pointeilte adj. polaitiocht n. fem. poll n., gen., pl. poili Prtar n., gen. -air PS vb. 1, VJI.psadh psadh v.n.(seeps) posta n., pl -i psta v^dj. (seeps) pota n.. pl. -i praiseach n. fem. Pratastnach adj.

35 15 11 32 24 24 12 10 12 4 21 21 36 26 26 24 16 23 27 14 8 11 4 26 12

prosn pros prs puca punt r radharc raidi rille raithneach rang rsa rsr rath rab rabadh reamhar rasnta ridh rir 1 VII de r. de r. mar de r. a chile riteach ritigh r rialta rialtas rifneach rith ina r. rorobar roimh roilig roinn roinn roinnt ronnach rpa rst rstadh rotha rothar rua ruainne Ruairi rud r. beag r. eile dhe sin an r. Ruis Ruisis ritn

n., gen, pl. -din n., pl. -anna n., gen. pris

n.
n., gen. puint, pl. -ai

prison press, cupboard prose spread, canvas (of sail) pound (weight or money)

35 29 36 1 11 20, 28 34 18 33 App. 1 12 23 13 22 26 26 4 15 27 35 21 32 22 20 7 12 21 13 29 32 28 36 16 16 16 34 28 29 33 35 17 16 8 2 10 36 14 18 18 30

VJL (see deir) il, gen. radhairc

nn pl.

n. fem., gen. raithni n., pl. -anna n., pL rdstal n. gen. -ir, pl. -ir

n.
vb. 1, v.n. riabadh vJL (see rab) adj., comp. reimhre adj. adv. adj., comp. -che, -chte prep. (+ gen.) conj. v.n. (see riitigh) vb. 2, v.n. riteach n.f pl. rttl adj. n., gen. -ais n., pl. -a vb. 1, v.n. rith adj. n., gen., pl. -air prep. n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -eacha n. fem., gen. -e vb. 1, v.n. roinnt v. n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -edlacha adv. n., gen. -aigh, pl. -at n., pl. -t vb. 1, v.n. rstadh v.n. (see rst) n., pl. riti n., gen., pl. rothair adj., comp. -cha,-chte n. n., pl. -at

sight radio rail, railing, banister bracken, fern class (school) race razor wealth, prosperity, good tear, smash, act violently fat, thick reasonable, reasonably priced reasonably, moderately, fairly ready, finished, easy, smooth according to according as gradually, bit by bit prepare, clear, solve king regular government ruffian run running too, over, excessively dishcloth before graveyard, cemetery (state) department divide, share dividing, division somewhat mackerel rope fry, roast wheel bicycle reddish-brown alittlebit (man's name) thing a small quantity, a little bit furthermore, moreover that is the thing (the point) Russia Russian (language) ankle

n. fem., gen. -e n. fem., gen. -e

n., pl -I

rna ruibh rusta sa s sbh sbhil sbhilt sac sch

n., pl. -aithe n. fem. n., pl. -I

secretary viciousness wrist, cuff

15 App. I 30

sagart sibhara saighdir sil sile thar s. adj., comp. soilche salach n., gen. -air salachar vb. 2, v.n.sal salaigh n., gen. -ainn salann adv. sail VJI. (see salaigh) sal n. fem., gen. Samhna Samhain M na Samhna vb. 2, v.n. saml samhlaigh v.n. (see samhlaigh) samhl n., gen. -aidh, pl. samhraiocha samhradh (see/) san n. fem. saoire ar s. n., gen. saoil, pl. saolta saol os comhair an tsaoil adj., comp. saoire saor vb. 2, VJI. saothr saothraigh VJI. (see saothraigh) saothr n. fem. sraocht Sasana n., gen., pl. -air ssar n., gen,, pl. -ain sspan adj. ssta n. fem. sstaocht scabhlaracht n. fem. n., pl. - scabhtara n., gen., pl. -din scadn vb. 1, VJL scairteadh scairt VJI. (see scairt) scairteadh n., pl. scaiti scaitheamh scamall scanraigh scanr scaoil scaoileadh scar scaradh
adv. n., gen., pl. -aill vb. 2, v JI. scanr v.n. (see scanraigh) vb. 1, VJI. scaoileadh v.n. (see scaoil) vb. l, v.n. scaradh v.n. (see scar)

(see) vb. 1 , v.n. s n., pl. -anna vb. 1, v.n. sbhilt fem. VJI. (see sbhil) n., gen. soic adj. adv. n., gen., pl. -airt n., pl. - n., gen. -uir, pl. -1 n. fem., gen. sla, pl. slta n.

26
stick, stab, shove saw save sack satisfied (after eating) sufficiently, enough priest sawyer soldier heel brine, seawater overseas, abroad dirty dirt dirty salt over, across Hallowtide November imagine summer holiday on holiday life, world publicly, openly cheap earn, achieve (with effort) 33 23 25 28 10 4 25 26 30 20 29 23 12 29 19 21 35 22 7 11 7 27 6 15

arguing, dispute 20 England 3 saucer 5 saucepan 29 satisfied, content, willing, happy .2 satisfaction 33 scolding, giving out 36 scoundrel 35 herring App. I shine 22 period of time (pl.) sometimes cloud take fright, frighten, scare loosen, free separate, part, spread 22 22 24 28 27

n., gen., pl. -din scthn n. fem., gen. sceiche, pl. -a sceach n., gen. scil, pl. scalta scal n., pL scalaithe scala n. fem. scalaocht n. fem., gen. -e. pl. -eanna scim n. fem., gen. scine, pl. sceana scian sc. phca n. fem. scil baint sc. as n. fem., pl. scilleacha scilling scioptha adj. sciorta n., pl -I n. fem., pL -anna scth ligean mo etc. scith n., pl. sclbhaithe sclbha n. fem. sclbhaocht n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -eanna scoil ar sc. sc. chna vb. 1, v.n. scoilteadh scoilt v.n. (see scoilt) scoilteadh n. fem., pl. -at scolireacht n., gen. scip scp smaoinigh vb. 2, VJI. smaoini v.n. (see smaoinigh) smaoini snmh vb. 1, VJI. sndmh n. fem., gen. -et pl. - snthaid n. sneachta cur shn. sobhriste adj. socair adj., comp. socra s. ionam fin n. fem., pl. - sochraide socraigh vb. 2, VJI. socr VJI. (see socraigh) socr adj., comp. soibhre soibhir n., gen. soibhris soibhreas n. fem., gen. -e soill adv. soir n., gen. soithigh, pl. soithi soitheach sol m conj. n., gen. solais, pl. soilse solas n., pl. - sompla mar sh. son ar shon prep. (+ gen.; ar son D adj. so-lta n. srt
adv.

mirror hawthorn, briar story, news, matter, situation storyteller storytelling scheme, project knife pocket knife, penknife skill, knowledge examining, analysing, diagnosing shilling fast, speedily skirt rest, school holiday relaxing labourer labouring, hard work, drudgery school at school boarding school crack, split scholarship scope, freedom think (about) swim needle, injection snow snowing breakable quiet, steady at ease with myself funeral settle, arrange settling; settlement, arrangement rich richness, riches fat eastwards, east dish, (sailing) vessel before light example for example for the sake of, on behalf of for God's sake! easily drunk sort, kind somewhat every sort, everything spade Spain Spanish parched space, (necessary) time

9 30 8 4 36 36 4 33 33 11 19 11 22 33 33 8 24 27 18 1 34 18 10 9 15 27 32 32 28 24 24 7 33 29 19 12 13 4 36 25 27 6 6 6 9 18 15 20 23

'chuile sh. spid 'spin(t) Spinn Spinnis spalptha sps

n.
n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -eanna (see taspdint) n. fem., gen. -e n. fem., gen. -e

adj.
n., gen. spis

spaclir n.(pl.) spectacles, glasses 31 speal n. fem., gen. speilc, pl. -anna scythe 30 spir n. fem., gen. -e, pL spartha sky 16 speisialta adj. special 13 spisiil adj., comp. -la interesting 7 Spidal n. (+ art), gen. -il (place-name) 10 n. fem., gen. -e spirt sport, fun, pleasure 9 baint sp. as getting fun out of 18 spraoi spree danamh spr. playing 18 n., gen., pl. -in spreasn big useless man, 'dope' App. I spnig n. fem., gen. -t, pl. -eanna spoon 5 sp. bheag teaspoon sp. mhr tablespoon n. fem., gen. -e, pl -eanna srid street, level ground around house 6 n. fem., gen. sreainge. pl. -anna sreang cord App. I a fem., pl. -ta srian reins App. I vb. 1, VJI. sroicheachtil sroich reach App. I v.n. (see sroich) sroicheachtil n. fem., gen. srine, pl. -anna srn nose 12 n., pl. -anna sruth current, flow 20 n., gen., pl. sruthin sruthn stream 22 adj., comp. -at stadach having a stutter 33 n. fem., gen. stadaola stadal stutter 33 n., pl. -t staighre stairs, stairway 19 n. fem., gen. stalach, pl. staltracha stallion stail 5 n. fem., gen. -t stair history 35 n., pl. -t stitse stage (theatre) 17 n., pl. -t stta state (political) 36 n. fem., gen. -e sttseirbhs civil service 36 n., gen. -igh, pl. sttseirbhs sttseirbhseach civil servant 36 n., pl. t stoca sock, stocking 6 n., pl stca stcach youth 28 vb. 1, VJI. stcil fem. stcil prepare, get ready 21 n., gen. stilf pl. -ta stl stool 23 vb. 1, v.n, stopadh Stop stop 24 v.n. (see stop) stopadh n., gen., voc. stir, pl strtha str store, treasure, darling 28 n., gen., pl. stir str storey 27 n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -anna strainc grimace 17 n., pl. -t strainsara stranger, foreigner 10 n. fem. stuaim dexterity, skill App. I suaimhneach adj., comp. -t peaceful, tranquil 16 suarach adj., comp. -t miserable, mean 33 suaral n. fem., gen. suaralola meanness 33 suas adv. upwards, up 19 su v.n. (see suigh) i mo etc. shu up (out of bed) 26 suigh sit 21 vb. 1, v.n. sul sil sl eye 8 sil le n. fem., gen. slach, pl. -e, gen.pl, expecting, looking forward to 20 baint ln na sl as getting a good and proper look 34 suleil n. fem., gen. -dlat pl -dlacha ceiling 5 suim n. fem, gen. -e interest, amount 29 suochn n., gen., pl -din seat 17 n., gen., pL -ir suipar supper, evening meal 24

t (seefcO important 7 adj., comp. -ai tbhachtach give 28 vb. 1, hab./past tug, fuL tabhr-, tabhair v.n. tabhairt, v.adj. tugtha t. dhom give me! 23 tabhairt VJI. fem. (see tabhair) t. ar calling (name) 30 t. faoi attacking, coming to grips with 35 t. le bringing, taking away tada anything, nothing, some 13 n. tae tea 11 n., pl. -anna taepait teapot 29 n., pL -eacha taghd fit of anger 18 n. fem. tillir tailor 32 n., gen -ra, pl. tilliir tilliireacht tailoring 33 n. fem. tairg offer 32 vb. 1, v.n. tairiscint tairiscint v.n. fem. (see tairg) t. ar bidding for 32 tairne n. pl. -I nail 23 tais adj. damp App. I taithneachtil v.n. fem. (see taithnigh) taithneamh n. gen. taithnimh enjoyment, pleasure 29 baint t. as enjoy taithnigh vb. 2, v.n. taithneachtil please 22 taithnonn s liom it pleases me, I like talamh n. fem., gen. taln(a)ltalaimh, pl. 4 taltai ground, land tamall n., gen. tamaill, pl. -cha 10 period, while, distance tana adj., comp. -cha 19 thin tanaigh vb. 2, v.n. tanaiochn App.H thin tanaochn VJI. (see tanaigh) taobh n., gen. taoibhe, pl. -nna side, direction 5 ar th. na limhe deise/cl on the right/left hand side 22 t. istigh inside t. amuigh outside t. amuigh de 24 outside of, excluding i dtaobh 28 prep. (+gen.) concerning, with regard to tarbh 3 n., gen., pl. toirbh bull tarlaigh 19 vb. 2, past tharla, VJI. tarlu happen tarl v.n. (see tarlaigh) tarraing vb. 2, v.n. tarraingt draw, pull, attract 21 tarraingt VJL (see tarraing) tart n., gen. tairt thirst 17 (ta)spin vb. 1, VJI. (ta)spint show 23 (ta)spint VJI. (see (ta)spin) t m do mo (tha)sp. fin 24 I am showing off tastaigh vb. 2, VJI. tastil 22 need tastaonn s uaim I need tastil VJI. (see tastaigh) te hot adj., comp. teocha t an t pron. he who, a person who 36 teach n., gen. ti, pl. tithe 2 house t. an phobail (secpobal) t. sta hostelry, public house, inn teacht v.n., alt tiocht (see teag) t. as 28 surviving 34 tamh v.n. (see tigh) 10 teanga n. fem., pl. -cha tongue, language

teann le t teannta i dt teara tarma teas teideal tigh teilifs thinig thall thar th. a bheith th. mar thar etc. barr thart th. ar thiar thios thoir thri thri thine thrna chile thri gach scal thrid thr. is thr. thu thuaidh th. thuas thusa ti tiarna tig tigh tilleadh timpeall t. ar timpeall's timpiste tincara tine tinn tinneas tiocht tir Tir an Fhia tireolas tirim tiscint tit titim tiubh tiuchan tiubhaigh

adj., comp. teinne prep. (+ gen.)

taut, tight, from sheer... in a fix

firm

28 30 26 28 29 9
36

vb. 1, hab. teag-t fat. tioc-. past thdinig come

v.n. teacht, tiocht, v.adj. teagtha

n., pl -t n.
n., gen. teidil

term heat
title

vb. 1, v.n. tamh n. fem., gen. -e, pl -anna

(sec teara)

heat, warm television over there, across there past, beyond, over more than, extremely compared with

34 19 19 33

adv. prep. (see barr, etc.) adv. adv. adv. adv. prep.

adv.
pron. (disjunctive)

over, around 11 around in the west, back there 19 down below 9 in the east 9 through 32 on fire upset 32 finally 32 through 32 all things considered, on the whole
you 9

adv.
adv. pron. (contrast form of th)
N.,

(sec teach) pl. -i

north(wards), in/from the north up above you lord understand at the house of, at...'s more circuit around around around about, approximately accident tinker fire sick, sore sickness country, land (place-name) geography dry understanding fall thick, dense thicken

19 19 9 23 14 14 11 29

prep. (+ gen.) n.

vb. 1, VJI. tiscint

n., gen. timpill, pl. -eacha

prep. (+ gen.) n., pl. ( n., pl. -i

n. fem., pl. tinte

adj., comp. tinne n.

(= teacht) tl fem., gen. -e, pL tlreacha

n. adj., comp. trioma v.n. fem. (see tig)

vb. 1, v.n. titim v.n. (see tit)

12 2 17 5 6 33 14, 28 4 3 35 19 14 16 19
App. I

adj.. comp. ticha,

v.n. (see tiubhaigh) vb. 2, v JL tiuchan

tibhc

tis tnuth tn. le tobac tobann togh togha t. fr t s t. toghachn toib ar th. tig tigeil toil ms do th. tin tir toirneach toitn tom Tomisn Toms tomhais toradh traigh trainn traocht torann trramh bhi t. air tosach chun tosaigh i dt. tosaigh tos tr trcht gan tr. ar traein traidisin traoiil trthnna treabhsar treasna tr tri fichid trioblid n maith liom do trocha triomaigh triom tr trir troid fonn troda troigh trom

u.

adj., comp. tobainne

vb 1, v.n. togha v.n. (see togh)

adj. n.t gen., pl -din

vb. 1, v.n. tigeil v.n. (see tig) n. fem. gen. tolach n. fem. gen. tnach, pl -eanna

thickness, density longing longing for tobacco sudden choose, elect choosing; choice, election an excellent man (you are) it is excellent election on the point of take up, excite, record, build

1 App. I 16 28 25 25 36 20 30 15

n. fem. n. fem. gen. toirni n., pl. -t n. fem., pl. -anna (diminutive of Tomds) gen. -dis vb. 1, VJI. tomhais, pl. -i
n., pl. torthai vb. 2, v.n. traocht n. fem., gen. trann, pl -eacha vji. (see trcdgh) n., gen. torainn n., gen. trraimh, pl. trraocha n., gen. tosaigh, pl. tosai vb. 2, v.n. tos v.n. (see tosaigh) n. fem., gen. trd, pl. -nna n., gen. trdicht n. fem., gen. traenach, pl. traentacha n., gen., pl. -iin vb. 1, v.n. traoidil fem. n., pl. -i n., gen., pl. treabhsair

will 12 please bottom, rear end 29 keen desire, chase 18 thunder 35 cigarette 16 bush 22 (man's name) 2 (man's name) 28 measure 23 fruit, crop, result, pl. vegetables 11 look for 17 boundary, border, limit 31 noise wake he was waked front forward, ahead in the beginning, at first begin, start strand mention, trade, traffic not to mention train tradition try, v.n. trial, experiment evening pair of trousers across three sixty trouble (said when sympathising) thirty dry third three people fight desire to fight foot (measure) heavy 18 28 27 12 15 9 31 32 36 30 8 6 25 11 19 28 28 25 29 33 15 26 11 11

prep. (+ gen.) num. num. n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -i

thr.
num.
vb. 2, v.n. triom v.n. (see triomaigh)

num. n.
n. fem., pl. -anna

n. fem., pl. -the

adj., comp. troime

trual tu tille tuairim tuairisc tuarastal tuath tui tuige tuin tuint tuirse tuirseach tumil tumilt tumla turas in aon t. tus tusa ttach ttal uachta uachtar in u. uachtarn uafs an t-u. uafsach uaigh uaigneach uaigneas uair u. an chloig uaine uan uasal ubh ud udar udar uile uilig inara ireadas uisce lla na uncail 'ur r rscal sid vta

n. fem. pron.

n., pL-i
n., gen. -e, pl. -eacha n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -eacha n., gen. tuarastail n. fem., gen. tuaithe n. fem.

adv.
vb. 1, VJI. tint v.n. (see tuin) n. fem. adj., comp. tuirsi vb. 1, v.n. tumilt v.n. (see tumil) n., pl. tumlcdthe n., gen. -ais, pL -cha n. pron. (contrast form of tu) adj., comp. tta n. fem., gen. ttaola n. fem., pl. -t n., gen., pl. -air

pity you towel opinion account, inquiry salary countiy(side) straw, thatch why urge, put pressure on tiredness tired, weary drive driver journey on purpose beginning, start you mean, clumsy, awkward meanness, clumsiness

12 2 26 14 31 26 30 1 34 25 20 8 28 28 26 16 2 33 33 30 26 33 11 11 28 13 13 11,13 8 13 17 App. I 7 11 9 18 8 25 33 7 8 8 3 10 33 36 25 20

will, testimony upper part, cream on top n., gen., pl. -in president n., gen. uafis terror tremendous amount adj., comp. uqfsal terrible, awful n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -eanna grave adj., comp. uaign lonely n., gen. uaignis loneliness n. fem., gen. -e, pl. -eannta occasion, time, weather adv. (pl) sometimes (clock) hour adj. green n., pl. uain lamb adj., comp., pl. uaisle noble, belonging to gentry n. fem., gen. uibhe, pl. uibhe(acha)egg pron. that (distant) n., pl. -acha reason, cause, material for n., pl. dcdr author
(see'chuile, uilig) adj., adv. (= uile go lir) n., pl. - n., gen. ireadais n. n., pl. st. n., pl -eacha adj. adj., comp. ire n., gen. rscil, pl -ta
n. fem. n., pl. -

altogether, entire, whole owner freshness water apple (woman's name) uncle your (pl.) fresh novel usage, using vote

E N G L I S H - IRISH V O C A B U L A R Y

Only words given in the exercises at the end of the lessons arc given here. This vocabulary should be used in conjunction with the Irish - English vocabulary, which is more detailed and which refers back to the lessons in which the word was first given. The abbreviations n. (noun) vb. (verb), adj. (adjective) and adv. (adverb) are used immediately after the English word where a distinction is necessary. able in ann about faoi abroad thar sdile accept glac accident timpiste according to derir account cuntas acre aora across treasna actor aisteoir actually is an chaoi admit amhdaigh afraid td faitios ar after thar is, i ndiaidh again arist against in aghaidh ago 6 shoin agree aoniaigh all uilig, arfad all the same marsinfin it seems... to is cuma le all things considered thrid is thrid almost beagnach, hbair do alone asfin also freisin although c igcna always America Meireac and agus ankle ritin annoyed crte another eile answer freagair any ar bith, aon anyway ar aon chaoi appearance cuma Ma apple coinrte appointment rainn Aran bi, is are around thart, timpeall alt article mar as as for maidirle ask fiafraigh, cuir ceist agplle associated with at ag at all ar chor ar bith at last faoi dheireadh autumn avoid awake back n. back adv. bad n. bad adj. bad-humoured bag bank (money) bank (river) barrel basin bear beautiful bed before before long begin in the beginning believe bend (down) beside besides best effort bet bicycle big bill bishop bit little bit blackboard blanket bleeding blow blue boast boat bold book boring born (was b.) bottle bottom box boy bread fmhar seachmn diseacht droim areas donacht (go) dona, drochcantalach mdla beainc bruach bairille bdisin beir dkdnn leaba solmd gan mrdn achair tosaigh i dtosach creid crom inaice seachas dicheail geall rothar mr bille easpag piosa ruainne beag, beagdn cldrdubh ciumhais, pluid agcurfola buUle gorm (ag) danamh gaisce bdd ddrta leabhar leadrdnach rugadh buidal bun, tin bosca buachaill ardn

breakfast bright brother build buU burn burst bury bus but butcher butter buy by now cabbage call n. call vb. call out cap car card carefully carpenter case in any case cast castle centre certain certain(ly) chair chairman change chapel charge (in ch.) child Christmas church cigarette city civil servant class clean vbJadj. clear vbJadj. oat cold adj. cold n. cold n. (disease) clear off! college clothes come committee compared to company concerning consecutive

briefdsta geal dearthdir tig tarbh digh plasc cuir bus ach bistara im ceannaigh faoi seo gabdiste call gluigh, tabhair ar fuagair caipin carr cdrta (go) cramach siinara cds ar aon chaoi caith caislen Idr dirithe cinnte cathaoir cathaoirleach athraigh sipcd imbun piste, gasr Nollaig teach an phobail, eaglais toitin cathair sttseirbhsectch rang glan glan cta fuar fuacht slaghddn bailighleat coldiste add teag coiste igcomrtasle comhldar i dtaobh asachile

content cook cooking cooperative (society) corner correct cost vb. cotton count country courage cow crack vb., n. crooked crowd crowded cup curtain cut cutting turf dangerous dancing daughter day dead death degree delay dentist describe die difficult dirty adj. dirty vb. discuss dish dissatisfied district do doctor door doubt down downstairs dream dress drink driver drop dry adj. dry vb. Dublin early early in morning earn Easter

sdsta bruith ccaireacht, bruith comharchumann coirnal, cinne ceart coisin cadds comhair tir, tuath misneach b, beithioch scoilt cam dream pldaithe cupdn cirtin gearr baint mhna contirteach damhsa inin Id marbh bds cim moill fiaclir cur sios ar fdilbhdis deacair salach salaigh pligh soitheach mishdsta ceantar dan dochtur doras aimhreas, dabht anuas sios an staighre brionglidi gna 61 tumdla braon rim triomaigh Baile Atha Cliath luath go moch saothraigh Cdisc

furasta, asca ith ubh egg toghachdn election Sasana England English (language) Barla go leor, dthain enough go hirithe especially trthnna evening 'chuile dhuine everybody 'chuile shrt everything go direach exactly scrd exam seachas, ach amhdin except marach except for costasach expensive thar (a bheith) extremely easy
cat

frost fry full funeral gate geography German (language) get get up girl give give in glass glasses go go away good grave great grip ground grow guard hall hammer hand handkerchief hang happen hard hard (difficult) harm harp have he head healthy hear heart heat help ft. help vb. I can't help her here hesitate hey (tell me!) hide hill him hire his history hole holiday home(ward)

sioc rst Idn sochraide gecaa treolas Gearmdinis faigh irigh cailin gloine speacldiri gabh imigh maith uaigh an-, mr greim talamh fds garda halla casr Idimh neaipicinpca croch tarlaigh crua deacair dochar cldirseach td...ag s, seisean cloigeann, ceann folldin clois croi teas cunamh cuidigh nQ neart agam air a anseo braiteoireacht cogar cuiribhfalach cnoc , eisean tigarcios a stair poll saoire abhaile

fairly faU fame family far farm farmer farming father fear fed up feel like few field fifteen finish find out fire fine first (at f.) finger fish n. fish vb. five five persons fix flat floor fog fond food fortnight found four four persons France French (language) fresh Friday from

rasnta tit cli, cdil comhldar i bhfad feilm feilmara feilmaracht athair faitios brande tdfonnar cupla garrai cig dag criochnaigh faigh amach tine bred idtosach mir iasc iascach dug cigear cuircaoiar drasdn orldr ceo tdcionagar bia,beatha coicis cuir ar bun cheithre ceathrar An Fhrainc Fraincis r D hAoine 6, as

hope n. hope vb. horrible horse hospital house how much hunger hungry hurt husband I if imitate impossible important improve in indeed information instead of insult intelligent intend interest interested in interesting invitation invite Ireland Irish (language) Irish (person) is island jacket jealous jealous of joking journalist jug jump jumper just keen (on) keenness keep Kerry ketde key kitchen knock down know

at last lasting last night m, mise last year m,dh learn danamh aithrist least (at 1.) dodhanta leave tbhachtach, mr-le-r lecture feabhsaigh, cuir lecturer feabhasar let i letter muise, go deimhin library eolas life init lift n. maslaigh light n. meabhrach light vb. t...faoi like vb. spis like that t spis/suim ag i likely (it is not 1.) spisiil listen cuireadh live (inhabit) tabhair cuireadh do local irinn local people Gaeilge lock ireannach lodging is, bi lonely oiledn long adv. look seaicad loose tadar lorry tdadag love agmagadh iriseoir mackerel jug make lim man geansa manager godredch many map tdan-tiragar Mass tir match coinnigh matters Ciarra maybe citeai meal eochair meat cisteanach meeting leag mention t afhios ag, middle tdaithneag milk minister

dchas tsilag grnna capcl ospidal teach cmhad ocras t ocras ar gortaigh fear(cile)

lady bean lady of the house bean an ti ladies and gentlemen a dhaoine uaisle lamp land language last lampa tir, talamh teanga deireanach, an...seo caite faoi dheireadh seasmhach ar&r anuraidh foghlaim aralaghad fg lacht lachtir Ug leitir leabharlann saol marcalocht solas las, dearg is maith le, taithnigh mar sin nmide ist cnaigh, ina chna ditiil muintir na hdite glasdil listin uaigneach i bhfad breathnaigh scaoilte leorai grd ronnach dan fear bainisteoir go leor, mrdn mapa Aifreann cluife cwrsat b'fhidir biU feoil cruinni trcht lr bainne ministara

mirror miss mix Monday money month more morning mother mountain mouth music must mutton my

pain paint pair of trousers pal pan park vb. parish nail tcdme party cng narrow pass nisin nation patience cabaireacht nattering pay n. in aice, gar near peaceful necessary (it was n.) b'igean peculiar need tastaigh pen needle sndthaid penny neighbour comharsa pensioner neither nd people never ariamh, choichin, go deo perhaps new nua permission news nuaiocht person newspaper pipar (nuaiocht) phone next an chad... eile picture nice deas pillow night oiche pity noise torann place n. non-Irish speaking area Galltacht place vb. nd plate nor srn play n nose tabhairfaoi deara play vb. notice vb. baril playing cards notion rscal please novel anois pleased now muis(e)! plenty now! beanrialta pointless nun politics banaltra nurse poor poor fellow o.k. danfaidh sin post oats coirce post office off de postmistress offer potato thairg office pound oifige often praise go minic prefer old sean one n. prepare ceann one (only) president amhdin onion priest oinnin profit only (there is o.) nH ann ach provided that open oscail

scdihdn ccuU mease D Luain airgead mi lleadh maidin mdthair sliabh bal ceol caithfidh, td ar caoireoil mo

opportunity opposite or other our outside over there own

deis os comhair n eile, cheana ar taobh amuigh thail ansin fin pian pintedil treabhsar comrdai pecn parcdii pariste pcr sin foighid p suaimhneach asteach peann pingin pinsinara muintir, daoine Vfhidir cead duine fn peicr peilir trued

ax

leag plta drama imrigh, cas imirt chdrtai mdsdothoil sdsta go leor fdnach polaitiocht bocht cratr posta posta bean an phosta punt mol isfearrle riteach uachtardn sagart brabach ach

public house publish punctilious purpose (on p.) put on put off quarter quickly quiet race radio rail rain raise rate (at any r.) read really reasonable record refuse related relax remember rent reside rest rich right ring road room rope rotten ruin same satisfied Saturday saucer saw say(s) scarce school at school schoolmistress science scoundrel screw sea search seat secretary see seed seU send for

teach 6sta foilsigh pointedilte inaonturas cuir/cas ar, cuir sios cas as ceathr sciobtha, go beo ciuin rsa raidi riUe bisteach tig, croch, ardaigh araonchaoi ligh dhdirire,florrasnta ceirnin eitigh tgaolag ...le ligascith is cuimhnele cos cnaigh, t...inachna scth soibhir ceart cuir glaoch ar bthar seomra rpa lofa mill canna ssta DSathairn ssar sbh deir gann scoil arscoil mistres scoile eolaiocht scabhara scri farraige, rrnr traigh suochn runai feic
siol

diol cuirfiosar

shake shave she sheep sheet shine shirt shoe shop shopkeeper shop proprietress short shortly short story should shoulder show shut sick sickness side since sing sister sit six skirt small smoke snow snowing so soap some soldier son song soon sore sour sow Spain Spanish (language) spend split Spring stage stairs stand start state stay steal stick still stir stonewall stop

crcdth bearr si caora briUin sccrt line brig siopa siopadir bean an tsiopa gearr, gairid gogairid gearrscal ba cheart go gualainn taspdin dn tinn tinneas taobh 6 cas (amhrn) driofr suigh s sciorta beag caith sneachta curshneachta mar sin, chomh... sin galaoireach roinnt, cuid saighdir mac amhrdn luath tinn searbh cuir An Spdinn Spdinnis caith scoilt Earrach stditse staighre seas tosaigh stdta fan goid maide fs,igcnai corraigh clai stop

strange street student sudden sugar sugar bowl suit suitable Summer sun sunbathing Sunday superb suppose supposed to sure sweating table take take fright talk(ing) tall taste tea teach teacher teapot teaspoon television teU terrible that the theatre them then there they thing think third thirst thirsty thousand three three people throat through Thursday tie time tired togetiier tomorrow tongue too too much/many

aisteach srid mac linn tobann sicra babhal an tsicra cidaith feilinach samhradh grian danamh bolg-le-grin DDomhnaigh cumasach is digh le ceaptha cinnte, sirilte cwrallais bord tig,bain, tabhair le scanraigh caint ard blais tae min minteoir taept spnig bheag teilifis innis uafsach sin; go an,na amharclann iadfsan) ansin ansin, ansiud, ann siadfsan) rud sil, ceap, cuimhnigh tr tart td tartar mile tri trir scomach thri Dardaoin ceangml am, aimsir, uair tuirseach le chile, in indi amdireach teanga roan iomarca

too (also) top towel trade train tree tremendous amount trust try Tuesday turn turn off twenty two two people typist ugly uncle understand university unlikely until up (out of bed) us valley vegetables very victory visiting vote wait wake wall want warm wash waste watch out! water we wealth wear weather wedding wedding ring Wednesday week weekend welcome well (pause word) well adv. westward wet adj., vb.

freisin barr, mullach tudille ceird traen crann ant-uafds muinin traoidil DMirt cas cas as fiche, scr dhd,add beirt closcriobhai grdnna uncail tig ollscoil drochsheans go dti inashui muid(e) gleann torthai anbua ar cuairt vta fan disigh balla tastaigh, iarr te nigh cuiram fainic! uisce muid(e) soibhreas caith aimsir, uair bainis fdinnepsta DCadaoin seachtain deireadh seachtaine fdilte bhoil go maith siar fliuch

when when? where? whether... or not which? while n. in a while while conj. who? whole why? wife will willing wind window wine Winter with without woman wonderful wood wool worker working worry worrying worse worthwhile (it sec

write writer

nuair cnuair? c?cnit? an...n nach cacu? tamail arbaii chns c? uilig, iomln cnfth ? tuige ? bean (chile) toil, uachta sdsta gaoth fuinneoig flon geimhreadh le gan bean iontach adhmad oleum oibri (ag) obair imni danamhimni nios measa w.) isfi scriobh scribhneoir geard bliain i mbliana bui inn t, tusa, th, thusa sibh(se) g do 'ur

yard year this year yellow yesterday you you pl. young your your pl.

A BRIEF BIBLIOGRAPHY DICTIONARIES Dnaill, Niall (ed.) Foclir Gaeilge - Barla (Government Publications, Dublin 1977) de Bhaldraithe, Toms (ed.) English -Irish Dictionary (Government Publications, Dublin 1959) GLOSSARIES OF GALWAY IRISH de Bhaldraithe, Toms Foirisin Focal as Gaillimh (Royal Irish Academy, Dublin 1985) Mille, T.S. Liosta Focal as Ros Muc (Irish University Press, Dublin 1974) Siadhail, Mchel Tarma Tgla agus Ts as Inis Mein (Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin 1978) SUGGESTED FURTHER READING Before proceeding to read material outside the course the learner is strongly advised to study carefully Appendix EL The following three works are by highly regarded twentieth-century authors who have written broadly in a West Galway dialect. They have all been, at least partly, published in English language versions and these are also listed for convenience. Conaire, Pdraic Scothscalta (Sirsal agus Dill, Dublin 1956) O Conaire, Pdraic 15 Short Stories translated from the Irish (Poolbeg Press, Dublin 1982) Cadhain, Mirtn An Braon Broghach (Government Publications, Dublin 1968) Cadhain, Mirtn The Road to Bright City (Poolbeg Press, Dublin 1987) hEithir, Breandn Lig Sinn i gCath (Sirsal agus Dill, Dublin 1976) hEithir, Breandn Lead Us Into Temptation (Routledge and Kegan, London 1978) The following folktale is issued bilingually and may be helpful amon a Brc Eochair Mac Rt in irinn: Eochair, a king's son in Ireland (Comhairle Bhaloideas ireann, University College Dublin, 1982) SPECIALISED LINGUISTIC AND DlALECTOLOGICAL INTEREST de Bhaldraithe, Toms The Irish of Cois Fhairrge, County Galway (Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin 1945) de Bhaldraithe Toms Gaeilge Chois Fhairrge: An Deilbhiocht (Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies 1953) Siadhail. Mchel Modern Irish (Cambridge University Press 1989) O'Rahilly, TJF. Irish Dialects Past and Present (Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin 1972) McCloskey, James Transformational Syntax and Model Theoretic Semantics (D Reidel Dordrecht and Boston 1979)

Stenson, Nancy Studies in Irish Syntax (Narr, Tubingen 1981) Wigger, Arndt Nominalformen im Conamara-Irischen (Liidke, Hamburg 1970) Wagner, Heinrich Linguistic Atlas and Survey of Irish Dialects: Volumes I - TV (Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin 1958,1964,1966,1969) SOCIOLOGICAL INTEREST Hindley, Reg The Death of the Irish Language (Routledge, London 1990)

GRAMMATICAL INDEX
a Call of that which') a ... is Chow') Adjective after numbers comparative degrees irregular forms one-syllable, ending in vowel two-syllable, ending in vowel with broad consonant + a with final slender consonant emphatic adjective/in genitive with feminine noun with masculine noun modifying plural nouns modifying singular nouns possessive predicative use prefixed 197 191 53 89 89 88 178-9 159-60, 165-6 35, 41 165 146 28 16 40-1 16 58
144

so-, do-, inreflexive (fin)

35, 41

seo, sin, d/sid sin/seo with 'amsa, 'adsa, etc.

use with chomh use with copula verbal adjective Adverb comparative direction/position formation use with preposition le Alphabet Article absence of indefinite definite plural definite singular general usage genitive use with numbers Broad consonants

36 74
89-90 45-6 143-4 88-9 90-2 69 99 1,223 7 35 19, 32-3 32-3 129-31 53 2-4

ceann

41,53

Compound subject or object 36 Copula emphatic construction 190 future 96 idiomatic use with as 84-5 with do 118 with le 98-9 past/conditional 170-2 present 44, 50-1 relative 96, 171 use with comparative (superlative) of adjective 179 use with adjective 45-6 use with nouns 44,50-1

cuid
dhd + abstract noun ('however') Diminutive suffix -n Dropping of the vowel // Eclipsis after verbal particles Emphatic construction Emphatic negative (diabhal/dheamhan) Emphatic word-order Helping vowel Idiomatic use of agus/is 4 IF-clauses Indirect questions Infinitive construction Lenition after verbal particles in personal names of slender l, n Months Noun formation of abstract noun gender genitive general summary of usage plural irregular genitives main uses of two nouns in genitive relation verbal noun with broad consonant with broad consonant + a with broad consonant + a and vowel change with broad consonant + ach with broad consonant + ach and vowel change with n with slender consonant with slender consonant + e with slender consonant and vowel change plural use of a + lenition use with pronoun object with numbers verbal noun use of a + lenition use of ag vocative plural singular Numbers cardinal counting/independent ordinal personal

41
191 153 3, 217 18 23-4 51,190 202-3 190 213-4 195-6 31-2,39 24 195 11 23-4 12 16 197 184-5 15-6 129-31 145-6 191,218-9 190 131 130 190 172 177-8 178 183 183 184 144-5 158-9, 164-5 152 218-9, 11 v.n. 68 68 46-7 62, 219-20 112 67-8 28 152-3 46,92-3,131-2 125 185-6 69

use of ceann
Prticles verbal past tense
vocative

53
23-4 137
15

ricpvjaiuuu

ag expressing 'to have*

use of ag 'as a result o f use with verbal noun

cr
use with ag cur

as de do
idiomatic use with copula

faoi go, go dti i idir le

idiomatic use with copula use with directional adverbs

roimh thar thri

not combining with personal pronouns questions with prepositions Pronoun personal contrast disjunctive emphasis feminine of reference prepositional pronouns, usage s referring to feminine nouns

72-4 24 164 67-8 77-9, 82 79 83-5 123-5 117-8 118 104-5 105-6 138-9 151-2 97-8 98-9 99 111-2 176 182-3 177 106 85 19,59 8 35 35-6 59 73 59 63-4 67 fn. 1 58 99 205 57-8 82-3 32,24 27-8 196 73 45, 51, 189 201 vn. 7 2-4 1-2,58 206 214-6 109-11 103-4 122-3 116-7 51-3 202 24 150-1, 157-8

seolsinlsid
sin referring back standing alone use of in responses Relative clauses direct indirect Responses 4 if-clauses combined forms emphatic with a fhios with copula with negative questions Slender consonants Stress Surnames Syllable lengthening Verb conditional future habitual past habitual present imperative secondary independent and dependent forms irregular verbs

(Verb) optional verbal forms particles past subjunctive

136, 203-5 23 136-7

201-2

autonomous form combined forms conditional contrast future habitual past habitual present imperative past summary table

7-8
8

27-8 27
8

23 27 27 31 22 27

TABLE OF SOUNDS
A KEY T o THE SYMBOLS USED IN PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION SYMBOL EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION OR EQUIVALENT (APPROXIMATE)

1. Simple vowel sounds: long i: e: : a: a: o: u: si s fear hata t cta t English: machine French: lit French: th Irish or Scottish English: day somewhat longer than English: plaid somewhat longer than English: pan somewhat longer than French: patte English: saw Irish or Scottish English: go German: Rose somewhat more retracted than English: rude slightly more open than German: gut

2. Simple vowel sounds: short i e o u milis eile pota tusa milis, eile, pota slightly closer and more advanced than English: bit (as common in Ireland) English: pen German: Gott Scottish English: hot English: put English: bullock, above

3. Combined vowel sounds (diphthongs and triphthongs) i: ei ai au u: u:u: u:i: siar beidh staighre treabhsar slua chuaidheadh cuaiche somewhat shorter than /i:/ followed by // /e/followed by /i/ somewhat like /e/ followed by /i/ somewhat like /e/ followed by /u/ somewhat shorter than /u:/ followed by // /u:/ followed by a vowel somewhat shorter than /u:/ /u:/ followed by a vowel somewhat shorter than /i:/

4. Broad consonants b p d t g k w f s Y x m N
L

Bairbre, bui Pidn Donncha Toms gasr, gaoth Cit, caoi Bhairbre, Mhire fs, faoi, Phidn Sasana ghasr, Dhonncha, ghaoth Chit, chaoi Mire n, naoi
l

b u English: but p u English: put

du tu The sounds Id/ and /I/ are said to be 'dental', i.e. the tip of the tongue is placed against the upper front teeth (with English t and d it is advanced only as far as the teeth-ridge).

g u somewhat more retracted than English: gum k u somewhat more retracted than English: cut English: won English: fun English: suck
The organs of speech are in the same position as for the sound /x/, but /y/ is voiced.

Scottish English: loch German: Buch English: much

The sounds /N/ and /L/ are tenser than English n and I; to achieve this quality, raise the centre of the tongue towards the soft palate.

1 3 r

ngasr, ngaoth Ruairi

English: sung
The sound /r/ is 'flapped', i.e. the tip of the tongue makes one tap against the back of the teeth-ridge, as in Scottish English: bar, Spanish: oro

5. Slender consonants b' P' d' t' g' k' w' f' s' ' x' m' N' n' bal Peige Diarmaid tir geata Ciarrai, ceo bhal, Mheirice feall, Pheige Samas Dhiarmaid, gheata Chiarrai milis ni, abhainn Pidn ngeata L' 1' r' ligh, coill milis Mire n ng l
j l

ly d t' kj v' f
1

English: beauty English: pew English: duty English: tune English: gules English: cure English: view English: few English: sure, sheep English: you English: Hugh, German: ich

iri n >

English: music English: new, minion English: nick (see /g/ above and Lesson 1) English: lure, million English: lisp (see hi and Lesson 1)

6. Consonants without broad/slender contrast d t Deain Teaim jug h hata, thr, Shamaisn English: day ]
\ with the tongue brought further back

English: tame J English: jug English: hat

LEARNING IRISH
MCHEL SIADHAIL
Learning Irish is an introductory course to the Irish Language. The product of many years of teaching experience as well as much original research, it serves a double function: providing a sound pedagogical approach to the ordinary language learner and at the same time furnishing the professional linguist with an authentic description of the spoken language. The book does not presuppose prior knowledge of Irish and gives thorough coverage of the grammatical patterns of the language. Texts and exercises are presented in an authentic, interesting, conversational style and in carefully graded stages. The learner is assisted in mastering the pronunciation by the use of phonetic spelling and by a related set of cassette recordings. The book can therefore be used either by an individual who wishes to teach himself the language or as a classroom text. 'At last there is a teach-yourself Irish text that really works. . . . Learning Irish provides a logical introduction to beginners with no previous knowledge of Irish as well as a sound review for those who have studied Irish.' Janet Egleson Dunleavy, American Committee for Irish Studies Newsletter 'A better language course than anything else available.' Evening Herald
Mchel Siadhail h a s been a lecturer at Trinity College Dublin and a professor at The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. Other linguistic works include Modern Irish (Cambridge University Press 1989). Now working fulltime as a poet, his most recent books are Hail! Madam Jazz: New and Selected Poems (Bloodaxe Books 1992) and A Fragile City (Bloodaxe Books 1995). A former member of the Arts Council, he is a member of the Cultural Relations Advisoiy Committee of the Republic of Ireland and Chairman of ILE (Ireland Literature Exchange). Cover illustration: Jack B. Yeats, detail from In the Tram (National Gallery of Ireland) This book is to be used in conjunction with the set of audio cassettes LEARNING IRISH (ISBN 0 - 3 0 0 - 0 6 4 6 3 - 2 ) which is available separately. ISBN 0 - 3 0 0 - 0 6 4 6 2 - 4

Yale University Press New Haven and London